tkk lecture 6 smart fault location - mwftr · 9. 9. what is the smart meter? • the smart meter is...
TRANSCRIPT
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FAULT DETECTION AND LOCATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
6. Fault Location Using Utility Smart Grid Infrastructure
Charles Kim
June 2010
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Trouble Call Ticket
Trouble Call Info.
Local Calls from Customers
Dedicated Toll Free Customer Services
Outage Management: Current Status
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Efforts for Improvement (Off-line)
• Fault Indicators• SCADA• Substation-based
Feeder Monitoring System (PQView)
• Fault Location Algorithms
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PQView: Picture of San Marcos West Bus w/ estimated fault locations
Red lines represent estimated fault locations
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DSOR: June 15, 2008
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Problem• Long and expensive Outage Response
– Distribution fault location involves errors– Fault indicators have shown reliability problems– SCADA information is not being used properly– Maps show multiple fault locations or inaccurate position– Fault distances are difficult to interpret– Current OMS is not efficient
• Solution Needs– Accurate location of fault– Use of the existing fault location algorithms– Fault anticipation with detection of self-clearing insulation
breakdown events– Use of Smart Grid infrastructure (IED, communication,
smart meters) into advanced OMS
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• PQView or Monitoring Systems at Substations• Fault Location Methods are employed• Fault Indicators are installed• Data bases created with load data has been used for
fault locating and other analysis• OMS system has been replied upon customer calls and
crew dispatch and communication• SCADA incorporated• GIS applied• Smart Meters are deployed• Smart Grid Demo Projects are undergoing.• Vendors are swarming around the utility engineers for
new technology, new method, and mew integrated system
• New hope of fast response to outage problem
Available Means for Solution
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Solution Approach
Customer
Calls
Network DB Pre-Fault Values
V, I, θ, R, X
Fault Values
V, I, θ, R, X
FaultLocationAlgorithms
Possible
Locations
SCADA Info
Eliminationof False Locations
Smart Meter
Status DB
Accurate Fault Location
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What is the Smart Meter?• The Smart Meter is a digital technology device that is capable of
taking remote reads • Two-way communication between electric meters and utility
back office– Remote disconnect/connect integrated within the meter– Interval storage of meter reads – residential hourly,
commercial & industrial (C&I) every 15 minutes – Tamper / theft detection
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How Does Smart Meter Work?
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Smart Meter and DR
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AMR vs AMI
• Source: G. Pritchard and J. Buxton, “AMI 101” May 13, 2009
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Smart Meter System Components
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Smart Meter Requirement
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AMI Can Do a Lot!• Billing and Member Service
– Remote Disconnect, Service Limiting– Theft and Meter Tampering– Rates and Financial Planning– Demand Limiting– Outage Detection and Restoration– Prepay
• Engineering and Operations– Distribution Transformer Loading Assessment– System Planning and Work Plan Evaluation– Voltage Monitoring and Evaluation– Blink Count Evaluation
• Energy Management and Demand Response– Time of Use (TOU)– Critical Peak Pricing (CPP)– Peak Loss Evaluation– Meter Accuracy Improvement
• Fault Detection/Location ?? Outage Management Tool– “Ping” the meters
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AMI Benefit in Fault Location and Restoration• Outage Notification (“Last Gasp”) Message from a meter when
it loses power over the same network (LAN) sending metering data to a gateway or meter data collector.
• “Pinging” of AMI from OMS – Identification of Energized/De-energized Meters– Verification of restoration after outage
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• No Fault Location Algorithm• Only AMI (Smart Meters
and Trouble Calls)• Relies solely on an efficient
trouble call management system and an easily accessible AMI &Smart Meter data base, and GIS for fast crew dispatch.
• Drawbacks:– Does not give diagnostic
insight into the distribution power systems
– Self-clearing faults are not detected
Alternative Solution – AMI Alone
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Better Solution Approach
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EPRI Vision
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AMI and OMS
• Source: “Outage Management Systems (OMS)” , NEI Electric Power Engineering, 2008
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OMS Screen Example
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AMI Functions in OMS• Outage Notification
– AMI detects the outages and transmits outage messages to AMI network.
– AMI network sends its outage data to the OMS.• Outage Verification
– OMS orders AMI to periodically “ping” all the meters.• System Restoration
– AMI reports restored meters to the OMS.• Restoration Verification
– AMI status– AMI detects sustained voltage and transmits
message to OMS.
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AMI-Supported Fault Location
• Source: El-Fouly and Abbey, “On the Compatibility of Fault Location Approaches and Distributed Generation”, 2009 CIGRE/PES Symposium on Wide Scale Renewable Resources in Power Delivery System, Calgary, July 2009.
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AMI Solution for Outage Management – White Paper• RF-based AMI solution uses a combination of
capabilities that when integrated with an OMS system provides a more complete outage solution for the utility.
• AMI solution include the following:– Endpoint outage notifications (last gasp capability)– Configurable electric metering endpoints that can
differentiate between momentary and sustained events
– Endpoint meter power status check or verification– Positive restoration notifications– Outage/exception logging and reporting by endpoint
devices and/or collectors•Source: “Mesh networks and outage management,” by Raymond Kelley and Ron D. Pate. www.elster.com. http://www.elster.com/en/downloads/Mesh_networks_and_outage_management.pdf
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Outage Message Flow
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Meter Polling and Status Check
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Power Restoration Notification
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DTE’s Approach with Grid Sensor (not Smart Meter)
• Close to wireless fault indicator
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Fault Location
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Cooper Power with Smart Sensors
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Issues• No standard of using Smart Meters for distribution fault location --?
Meter Data Management• Smart meter generated data (1 million meters read every hour =
50TB)• Is current communication system (stand alone or part of wider
communication network) fast enough to link thousands of smart meters and to access DBs for urban area networks? (max/optimal) Number of Endpoint meters reporting/Pinging outageto avoid data traffic jam and slow process??
• Handling Multiple simultaneous “last gasp” messages.• Strategic selection of pinging meters?• Power Loss or Communication Loss?• Meter Malfunction and/or communication malfunction?• Topology Dependence?• Polling Method? Triggered Event Reporting from Meter?• Theoretical limits in time and accuracy, etc?• The effect on DG and DER in the Network?• Hybrid Methodology?
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Research Questions• Modeling and Simulation of AMI
Network• Virtual AMI System• AMI Test-bed for fault location
purpose.• Minimum Data Throughput for
fault location purpose.• Self-Diagnosis of AMI Network• Large Data Handling• Robust Algorithm for AMI
enabled fault location• Demonstration Project Source: “National Power
Grid Simulation Capability: Needs and Issues,” A report from the National Power Grid Simulator Workshop, Dec 9-12, 2008, Argonne, IL