Title Stratigraphy of the late Mesozoic Tetori Group in the HakusanRegion, central Japan : an overview

Author(s) Kusuhashi, Nao; Matsuoka, Hiroshige; Kamiya, Hidetoshi;Setoguchi, Takeshi

Citation Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series ofgeology and mineralogy (2002), 59(1): 9-31

Issue Date 2002-05-31

URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/186684

Right

Type Departmental Bulletin Paper

Textversion publisher

Kyoto University

Mem.Fac. Sci., Kyoto Univ., Sen Geol, & Mineral. (2002) 59(1), 9-31

Stratigraphy of the late Mesozoic Tetori Groupin the Hakusan Region, central Japan: an overview

" Department of Geology

Nao Kusuhashi", Hiroshige Matsuoka*, Hidetoshi Kamiya" and Takeshi Setoguchi"

and Mineralogy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

ABSTRACT

The late Mesozoic Tetori Group is distributed in central Japan. Although the stratigraphy of thisGroup is thought to be quite important to study the fossil assemblage including various vertebrate

remains collected from the Group, it is rather complicated, We review in the present paper the geo-logical studies on the Tetori Group around Mt. Hakusan to give accurate information especially onthe stratigraphy of this Group.

The Tetori Group consists of the Kuzuryu, Itoshiro and Akaiwa subgroups in ascending order.The formations compose these subgroups in the reviewed districts are as follows. Kuzuryu River district, Fukui Prefecture

Kuzuryu Subgroup. Shimoyama, Oidani, Tochimochiyama, Kaizara and Yambarazaka formations. Itoshiro Subgroup. Yambara, Ashidani, Obuchi and Itsuki formations. Akaiwa Subgroup. Akaiwa and Kitadani formations. Tedori River district Ishikawa Prefecture ' Itoshiro Subgroup. Gomijima and Kuwajima formations. Akaiwa Subgroup. Akaiwa and Myodani formations. Shokawa district Gifu Prefecture , Kuzuryu Subgroup. Ushimaru, Akahoke and Mitarai formations. Itoshiro Subgroup. Otaniyama, Okurodani and Amagodani forrnations. Akaiu?a Subgroup. Okura and Bessandani formations, Following forrnations are thought to be almost the same horizon: the upper part of the Kaizara Forma-

tion and the lower part of the Mitarai Formation; the Kuwajima, Itsuki and Okurodani formations;the lower part of the Akaiwa Formation along the Tedori and Kuzuryu rivers and the Okura Formation. Only five formations are correlated to the geologic time units based on the index fossils: the Kaizara

(Bathonian to Oxfordian), Yambarazaka (Oxfordian), Mitarai (Callovian to ?Tithonian), Kitadani and

Myodani (upper Barremian to lower Aptian) formations. To summarize, the Kuzuryu, Itoshiro andAkaiwa subgroups in these districts are roughly correlated to the Middle to Upper Jurassic, Upper Juras-

sic to lower Lower Cretaceous and Lower Cretaceous, respectively. The formations from which vertebrate remains have been collected are: the Otaniyama, Itsuki,Kuwajima, Okurodani and Amagodani formations of the Itoshiro Subgroup, and the Akaiwa andKitadani formations of the Akaiwa Subgroup.

INTRODUCTION The Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous TetoriGroup is distributed in central Japan. This Groupis composed of the Middle to Upper JurassicKuzuryu Subgroup, Upper Jurassic to Lower Cre-

taceous Itoshiro Subgroup and Lower CretaceousAkaiwa Subgroup in ascending order (Maeda,1952a, 1961e). A number of fossils such as plants,invertebrates and vertebrates have been discovered

10 Kusuhashi,from the Group, and particularly, the fossils from

the Neocomian part of this Group compose oneofthe most diverse assemblages ofthe world. TheGroup, therefore, is important to understand theJurassic to Cretaceous biota in Asia of that period.

Moreover, the Tetori Group is unique since it iscomposed of both marine and non-marine depositsof this period. It thus provides significant paleon-

tological informations upon correlation betweenmarine and non-marine faunas ofthe late Mesozoic. However, the stratigraphy ofthe Group is compli-

catect especially for the foreign researchers,because distribution of the Tetori Group is broad,anq since the mountains are quite precipitous, theformations composing this Group are given differ-ent names regionally (Maeda, 1961e). In the pre-sent paper, we review the geological studies on the

Tetori Group, especially around Mt. Hakusan to set-

tle the complication and give accurate informationon the geology and paleontology of this Group.

PREVIOUS STUDIES

It was more than one hundred years ago that stud-

ies about the Tetori Group were started. Geyler(1877) reported the fossil plants that had beencollected from Shiramine Village, Ishikawa Prefec-

ture, where the Group is distributeq and proposedthat they can be correlated to the Middle Jurassicflora in Siberia. The studies after that are men-

tioned in detail in Maeda (1961e), Matsuo andOmura (1966) and Ishikawa Prefecture Board ofEducation (1978). The outline ofthe previous stud-ies is simply described here.

After the Geyler's report, many authors havepaleontologically worked mainly on fossil plantsfrom this Group (e.g. Yokoyama, 1889; 1894;Nathorst, 1890; Seward 1907; Yabe, 1922;Tanaka, 1926; Kobayashi, 1927, 1939; Oishi,1933a, b, 1936, 1940; Shimakura, 1934; Ogura etal., 1951; Amano and Endo, 1952; Maeda, 1952b,1954, 1955b, c, d; Kimura, 1953, 1957, 1958,1961, 1975a, b; Matsuo and Kida, 1953; Matsuo,1954a, b, 1989; Matsuo and Omura, 1968; Kimuraand Sekido, 1971, 1975, 1976a, b, 1978; Kimuraand Asama, 1975; Masuda and Watanabe, 1979;Suzuki and Terada, 1989; Ge et al., 1993; Ohanaand Kimura, 1994; Chiba and Oura, 1995; Kimuraand Ohana, 1997). Yokoyama (1889) reported

Matsuoka et al.

many fossil plants and suggested that they are of Middle Jurassic. Then Yokoyama (1894) named the Mesozoic formations, which are distributed in this area and are abundant in Middle Jurassic fossil

plants, the Tetori Series. The flora collected firom

the Tetori Group indicates temperate and moder- ately humid climate (e.g. Ohana and Kimura, 1995). In addition to the plants, invertebrate fossils such

as ammonites and bivalves have been found from the Group (e.g. Yokoyama, 1904; Kobayashi, 1927; Oishi, 1933a, b; Kobayashi and Suzuki, 1937; Maeda, 1949a, 1955b, 1959c, 1962a, b, c, 1963a, b; Hayami, 1959a, b, 1960; Kobayashi et al., 1959;

Sato, 1962; Maeda and Kawabe, 1963; Sato and Kanie, 1963; Fujiyama, 1978; Ido and Matsukawa, 1989; Tamura, 1989; Isaji and Hasegawa, 1990; Isaji, 1993; Matsukawa and Ito, 1995; Matsukawa et al., 1997; Fujita et al., 1998; Nakada et al.,

1998; Ito et al., 1999; Kumon and Umezawa, 2001). Several formations are correlated to the geo-

logic time units by some of these ammonites and bivalves.

As studies on the Tetori Group were advancea discoveries of many vertebrate remains including dinosaur footprints have become reported and they have been studied intensively (e.g. Shikama, 1969; Azuma et al., 1987; Azuma and Hasegawa, 1987, 1989; Azuma et al., 1988; Azuma, 1990, 1991a, b; Kondo et al., 1990; Takeyama et al., 1990; Azuma et al., 1992; Goto, 1992; Kojima et al., 1992; Takeyama et al, 1992; Azuma et al., 1994; Hasegawa et al., 1995; Hirayama, 1996a, b, 1997, 1999a, b, 2000; Hirayama and Azuma, 1996; Hirayama et al., 1996; Manabe and Evans, 1996; Matsukawa et al., 1996, 1997; Unwin, Manabe et al., 1996; Unwin, Shimizu et al., 1996; Evans and Manabe, 1997a, b, 1998; Yabumoto, 1997, 2000; Cook et al l998' Gifu-ken Dinosaur Fossil Exca- -) 7 vation Party, l999b; Kobayashi, 1999; Manabe, 1999; Azuma and Currie, 2000; Hirayama et al., 2000; Isaji and Okazaki, 2000; Manabe, Barrett et al., 2000; Matsuoka, Isaji et al., 2001; Shikano et al., 2001). In the last few years, tritylodontids (Setoguchi et al., 1998; Matsuoka et al., 1999; Setoguchi et al., 1999; Matsuoka, 2000a, 2000c; Matsuoka and Setoguchi, 2000) and fossil mam- mals (Manabe, Rougier et al., 2000; Rougier et al.,

1999; Takada and Matsuoka, 2001; Takada et al. 2001) have been found and it has become clear

Stratigraphy of the

that the vertebrate fossil assemblage collected from

the Tetori Group contains diverse taxa.

Other geological studies have also been pro-gressed (e.g. Fujimoto, 1930; Imamura, 1933; Ijiri,

1936; Iwaya, 1940; Suzuki, 1943; Ueda andMatsuo, 1950; Kobayashi, 1954; Hirayama et al.,1955; Kawai, 1955, 1959, 1961a, b; Obara, 1961;Omura, 1964, 1965, l967, 1973; Bessho and Fuji,1967; Kano, 1986; Matsuo, 1989a; Yamada, Niwaet al., 1989; Takeuchi and Takizawa, 1990;Takeuchi et al, 1991; Koido and Harayama, 1992;Soma et al., 1992; Gifu-ken Dinosaur ResearchCommittee, 1993; Matsukawa et al., 1993;Ishimoto, 1994; Kumon et al., 1994; Suzuki et al.,

1994; Fujita et al., 1995; Tsujimori, 1995;Kusunoki, l997; Takizawa, 1998; Hasegawa andYoshida, 1999; Matsukawa and Nakada, 1999;Matsukawa and Takahashi, 1999). These studiesprovided important informations about the TetoriGroup, for example: the Tetori Group has depos-ited in the strike-slip basin (Masuda et al., 1991;

Otoh, 1998); the Group had provenances except forthe Hida Belt (Obayashi et al., 1992; Obayashi,1995; Sugimoto et al., 1997; Sugimoto et al.,1998). Dr. Shiro Maeda energetically studied about

the Tetori Group, and disclosed the great aspectssuch as stratigraphy and geological structures ofthis Group (e.g. Maeda, 1949b, 1950a, b, 1951a,b, 1952a, c, 1953, 1955a, 1956, 1957a, b, c, d e,f, 1958a, b, c, 1959a, b, a 1960a, b, 1961a, b, c, a

e; Maeda et al., 1954; Maeda and Takenami,1957a, b; Takenami and Maeda, 1957, 1959;Maeda and Fukui, 1960; Maeda and Nagasaki,1964). Recently, several sedimentological investiga-

tions were conducted as well (e.g. Takizawa andTakeuchi, 1990; Kumon and Kano, 1991; Masudaet al., 1991; Takeuchi and Takizawa, 1991; Fujitaet al., 1994; Fujita, 1996, 1997; Umezawa, 1997;Gifu-ken Dinosaur Fossil Excavation Party, 1999a;

Okazaki and Isaji, 1999; Kumon and Umezawa,2001), and the sedimentary environments of thisGroup have been revealed increasingly.

STRATIGRAPHY OF THE TETORI GROUP

The Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous TetoriGroup is distributed in Ishikawa, Gifu, Fukui,Toyama and Nagano prefectures of the Inner Zone

Tetori Group in the Hakusan Region 11

of central Japan (Fig. 1). It unconformably overlies

the Paleozoic metamorphic rocks and the Triassic

to Early Jurassic granites, Hida Gneiss andGranites, in the northern area, and the Paleozoicsedimentary rocks and the Sangun Schists in thesouthern area (Maeda, 1961e). The name "Tetori Group" has been used with-out being clearly defined. The Tetori Series(Yokoyama, 1894) became to be called afterwardas the Tetori Group (e.g. Oishi, 1933a; Maeda,1949a) or the Tetori Supergroup (e.g. Maeda,1951b; Kawai, 1961a, b). Maeda (1961e) used the"Tetori Group" and completed the stratigraphy ofthe Group, and after then it became generallydefined as the Group. We use the name TetoriGroup of Maeda (1961e). The Tetori Group is composed of three sub-groups: the Kuzuryu, Itoshiro and Akaiwa sub-groups in ascending order (Maeda, 1952a, 1961e).These subgroups were primarily defined as groups

(Maeda, 1951b, 1952a) but later they becamecalled as subgroups (e.g. Maeda, 1955d 1957a, b,1961e).

Maeda (1961e) divided the disnibution of theTetori Group into the Hakusan and Jinzu regions(Fig. 1). In the present paper, we review the stra-

tigraphy of the Tetori Group in the Hakusan region,

especially in the Kuzuryu River, Tedori River andShokawa districts (Fig. 2), because these districts

are typical of the Group.

As for the stratigraphy of the Tetori Group inthese districts, we mostly follow Maeda (1961e)and Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Education(1978). References cited in lithofacies sections are

mentioned at the end of each section.

1. HAKUSAN REGIONThe Hakusan region is the typical wide distribution

of the Tetori Group. Stratigraphy of the Groupalong the Kuzuryu River, Tedori River, and in theShokawa district (Fig. 2) is reviewed here. The geo-

logical correlation is shown in Fig. 3. A numberof important Mesozoic fossil records including•plants and vertebrates have been reported fromthese districts (Fig. 4).

1. 1 Along the Kuzuryu River, with Itoshiro and Takinami RiversThe Kuzuryu, Itoshiro and Akaiwa subgroups are

12 Kusuhashi, Matsuoha et aL

130'v'"x•;l'reasZi-ettt.

i.i.W.'•.,'•,!/Iil:i'i"ve,•.

:.g-•:E,/l,j/l'll•:i

4o•

.tew.rtpai.g,....ma.;SkitrdShl'giiil}}X'ta`i'i'I`es.-trt,,,i,-.

,,.,R

,"/k$'tittuaffg'esia"

-36.5

'v

oISHIKAwA.,oeeee%-oeeoo

.ilSl)e

gO..ovusa -------pt"-S-

.--eoeOe/t)eooeeooo

/p

-eblliEoe

-1/./GtFU

l

36't.IFUKUItN• Hak.

"Il.oeOOOst'20kM.eOe

Fig. 1. Main distribution of the Tetori Group (modified from Maeda, Jin., Jinzu region.

1961e). Hak., Hakusan region;

distributed along the Kuzuryu, Itoshiro andTakinami rivers (Maeda, 1961e). The upper part ofthe Akaiwa Subgroup is typically distributed along

the Takinami River. The Tetori Group in this dis-trict contacts with faults or unconformably overlies

the Hida Gneiss, Permian, Carboniferous, Silurian-Devonian and schists, and is overlain by the UpperCretaceous or Tertiary volcanic and plutonic rocks

(Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989). The Kuzuryu Sub-group in this district is composed of theShimoyama, Oidani, Tochimochiyama, Kaizaraand Yambarazaka formations, Itoshiro Subgroup isof Yambara, Ashidani, Obuchi and Itsuki forma-tions, and Akaiwa Subgroup is of Akaiwa andKitadani formations, in ascending order (Maeda,1952c, 1961e). The standard division of theKuzuryu and Itoshiro subgroups was defined inthis district (Maeda, 1961e).

Kuzuryu SubgroupThe Kuzuryu Subgroup (Maeda, 1951b, 1952a,1961e) in this district consists of conglomerates,

pebbly sandstones, sandstones and shales. The lower-

most part of the Subgroup is composed of basalconglomerate, and upper part is of marine deposits(Maeda, 1961e). In this district, the total thickness

of this Subgroup is about 1000m (Maeda, 1961e).

Shimoyama Formation Authon Maeda (1950a, 1952c). Other names. `Shimoyama Conglomerate'(Maeda, 1961e); `Lowest Formation' (Yamada,Niwa et al., 1989).

Type section. Shimoyama, Izumi Village, FukuiPrefecture (type section of the `Shimoyama Con-glomerate' of Maeda, 1961e). Thickness. 200 to 300 m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Shimoyama Formation is thebasal conglomerate of the Tetori Group, and con-sists of conglomerates (dominant) and coarse-grained or pebbly sandstones. Conglomerates arecomposed mainly of rounded or subrounded peb-bles and cobbles of clastic rocks such as granite,

gneiss, limestone, chert, sandstone and shale.

Stratigraphy of the Tetori Group in the Hakusan Region 13

Ishikawa Pref.

Tedori RiverX 1"NvO-"N v-.1

oO

NN

FukuiPref.

ohnoe

Takinami R.

Katsuyama

s' N N.. x l

Kuzuryu River

ae

v

Rts 0

es-

1 t ' ' l c..

NNNv

At.H.27o2

la.lo •.

Ata,sdwrwR,s'

1-

Mano R.

q•

t{

1/

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N N 2 't

1

Oshira -kawa R.

ltoshirQ R. -

sl

Ns ' t N

Ogamigo R.

' ttt . ,. <lilll ' .' ' '1''' 1 L:

o Mitarai R.

y-Nl

s

)

l

/ -t-t..-

0o

Åëp

t/

Shokawa River <iilll2

o'

Gifu Pref.

Nagara R.

1Okm

Fig. 2. Main distribution of the Tetori Group in the Hakusan region (modified from Yamada, Nozawa et al 1989; Yamada et al,, 1990; Wakita et al., 1992; Kano et al., 1999).

(Maeda, 1952c, 1961e; Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989). Fossils. Few fossils (Maeda, 1952c; Yamada,Niwa et al., 1989).

Age. Middle Jurassic?

Oidani Formation Author. Maeda (1952c). Other names. `Shimowakogo Sandstone andShale' (Kobayashi, 1954); `Oidani Alternation'(Maeda, 1961e); lower part of the CLower Forrna-tion' (Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989). Type section. North part of Tandoguchi, Izumi,Fukui (type section of the `Oidani Alternation' of

Maeda, 1961e). Thickness. 300m in north of Tandoguchi and200 to 650m in Mana River area (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Oidani Formation consists of

t)

alternations of coarse-grained sandstones andblackish shales. Upper part of this Formation isinterpreted as marine deposits. It conformably over-

lies or partly interfingers with the ShimoyamaFormation. (Kobayashi, 1954; Maeda, 1961e;Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989). Fossils. Plants and belemnites (e.g. Maeda,1952c, 1961e; Kobayashi, 1954). Age. Middle Jurassic?

Tochimochiyama ]Formation Author. Maeda (1950a, 1952c). Other names. `Dosaiyama Conglomerate andSandstone' (Maeda, 1961b); `TochimochiyamaSandstone' (Maeda, 1961e); upper part of the`Lower Formation' (Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989). Type section. Oidani to Horadani, Izumi, Fukui

14

AgeStandard Division

Kusuhashi, Matsuoka

Tedori River District

et aL

r KuzDu•,ry.tvi,Rtiver 1

Taki nami R. .EtUoZsUh7rUo RRI

Shokawa District Mttaralgawa R. &OgemigoR,

Late NohlRhvolites{lnc.OmichideniFm.)

Alblan

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Barremien

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Val.

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OIcureConglornerate ----

----Ben

nthenien

oi8thsm ttsukiShele

ObuchiConglemerateAshidenlAlternationYambeteCongeomerate

stu"

Kirnmefldgian

Oxtordien oxt,

Ceelevien -:ee-[•-

ei9=

Bethenlen

=b=:thYco

YemberazakaAlternatSon

KelzeraShete

OideniAlternation

ShlmameConBaSocian

TochlmochlyemeSandstone

tomerateAalenlan tttttXX-tXtlXt//tSttt//ttttttlt-tttltltttttttilt-t/x-lttttttttltltN/-t-Xtt""""tt"ttt"t-t"NttSlrt-f"ff"f;BasementComlex"fXf"ftl--t/tttttlttttttttttittttr/-xt-/tt/itix//lti/ttlttltttttlttttttix/x

OmichidenSFm.

MyodanlFrn• ew1/1/lil

Akalwe Fm.

KuwajimeFm.

GemljimaFm.

tt//tttttttttltttitti/t-ix-/tnltttt/ttitixttxtt/xttlt/tll/ttttttxtlitxlt-lt/-xxlt/t/tltttttttttxtxt/it/ttttltttttxtxtttl.vn"i-ttv""1f/ Hida Metemorphic f

i• Rocks it"' '' ' ' '.tt)7t.)7t)).)))ttxtl-/l/tlttltltttxxltiil/ixxtxltltltttttlttttlXtNi/tlttttttttltttttx/ttlst/tnlrlttttttttxttlxxt/ttxtttttttlttttltttt

Nohi Rhyolltes

. ent. )CaizaraFm.ag.'en'•

TechtmochiyamaFm. Oidenl Fm, Shimoveme Fm.

Akaivvs Fm.

ltsukl Fm.

ObuchiFm. AshldanlFm. YambaraFm.YembarazakeFm

ttl tltttt1/': Hlda Metemorpttc ;t. Rocks & Peleozeie -.. Sedimentery Rocks /hrttttt""ttt--

NohiRbyelltes

BessendeniFrn.

Okure Fm.T oR:Sl.IecenniFmM.' i

OteniyemeFrn.

MiteraiFm. agax Akehoke Fm. Ushlmeru Fm.

xltt/lt.NtUtUUU((tll - trxti, HIda Metemorphic •.

X Rocks littttttirttttttiitxt-tttntt/tttntttxtstlttlttttttlltt

ev111ilii Nippononaiaryoseklane(blveive) . Index feSSSIS Eill}v Ammonites '--"" Correlated horlzens

Fig. 3. Schematic stratigraphy of the Tetori Group in the Hakusan region. Stratigraphy is modified after Maeda (196le). Index fossil records are from Maeda (1961e); Sato (1962); Sato et al, (1963); Sato and Kanie (1963); Isaji (1993). Radiometric ages are from Gifu-ken Dinosaur Research Committee (1993).

(type section of the `Tochimochiyama Sandstone'of Maeda, 1961e). Thickness. 200 m in Itoshiro River area, 650 min Ono River and 1800 m in Mana River (Maeda,1961e).

Lithofacies. In the type section, the Tochimochi--

yama Formation is composed of alternation ofpebbly sandstones and fine-grained sandstones,and rare shales are intercalated. Conglomeratescome to be dominant to the westwara and are ma-jor along the Mana River. Sandstones are arkosicand light gray to light blue. Conglomerates consist

of pebbles and cobbles of gneiss, granite, quartzporphyry, chert and sandstone. This Formation isthought to be fan-delta front to slope deposits. It

overlies the Oidani Formation with conformity.(Maeda, 1952c, 1961b, e; Masuda et al., 1991). Fossils. Plants and belemnites (e,g. Maeda,1950a, 1952c, 1961b, e).

Age. Middle Jurassic?

Kaizara Formation Author. Oishi (1933a); Maeda (1950a, 1952c). Other names. `Nagano (Shale) Formation' (Ijiri,

1936); `Kurotodo Shale' (Kobayashi, 1954);`Kaizara Shale' (Maeda, 1961e); `Middle Forma-tion' (Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989).

Type section. Horadani, Izumi, Fukui (typesection of the `Kaizara Shale' of Maeda, 1961e). Thickness. 195 to 230m in Itoshiro River areaand 200 to 500m in Ono River area (Maeda,1961e).

Lithofacies. The Kaizara Formation consistsmainly of massive or laminated blackish shalescontaining nodules, and alternations of sandstonesand shales are frequently intercalated. The alter-

nations are seen relatively more often in thewestern side. Lenticular fine to coarse-grainedsandstones are occasionally observed and lightyellowish acid tuff is intercalated. This Formationis thought to consist of fan-delta slope deposits.It conformably overlies the Tochimochiyama For-mation, and partly contacts the basement with fault

or unconformity. (Maeda, 1952c, 1961c, e;Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989; Masuda et al., 1991). Fossils. Marine mollusks such as ammonites,belemnites and Inoceramus (e.g. Yokoyama 1904;Oishi, 1933a; Ijiri, 1936; Kobayashi, 1947;Kobayashi and Fukada, 1947; Maeda, 1950a,1952c, 1961e; Hayami, 1960; Sato, 1962; Sato etal., 1963; Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989).

Age. This Formation is correlated to the Batho-nian to Oxfordian on the basis of ammonites (e.g.Kobayashi, 1947; Maeda, 1952c, 1961e; Sato et

Stratigraphy of the Tetori Group in the Hakusan

NohiRhyolites{jnc.OmichidaniFormation)

.""-mT-

---------u--p-T------ -. -- .- ".

E!El!-=--==-------r-L---------"-----------

--------"---QQQQQ----------.-tmTr!---tr---------------T--+"T--

--"------"------r-----T---r--a=oLe•=o-e

KitadaniAIternation

--------

AkaiwaSandstone

------OkuraConglomerate----------

[tsukiShale

-----ObuchiConglomerate

-----A$hidaniShale-Ygm-bata-Co:ner-lom--e--,at,

YambarazakaAlternation-----

KaizaraShaie

-----TochjmochlyamaSandstone-----

OidaniAlternation

-----ShimoyamaConglomerate

-TJ-T-------=--=--==J

o-o-o- o'

suaa//v,,,twe----------

,twe

-------------E-ts--S------

---------------8-----Z-1-1-1-1-1-1-EagtwNgfii.\,-N.-g.,-twNe---P--------twN--------------

-----------t""+"--"---ooooooooooooooo---"-

-

ooooo------oooooodObJob----.H

-t-T-.=---=--.--------

-------------------:-:-J-:-:-

oooooooooooooooHidaMetamorphlcRocks&

PaleozoicSedimentaryRocks200m

Region

Sedimentary Environments

15

Lake & Mouth Bars

Braided River & Meandering River (Bessandani Formation)

Alluvial Fan: Longitudinal Bar$

Fan-delta Plain: Lake & Mouth Bars

Fiuvial Dominated Prograding Delta (Kuwajima Fm,)

oa-ocD Channel&OverBanksi-oK' Basin PlainkLFan-delta Front

Brackish (Ushimaru Fm.)Marine

l:!lillli] Tuff V?f!8abkraaitdee[:lli/lt::ationalongtheAsuwaRiver (:lillSF Ammonites

# Shale-:-':- s..d,,... 1!> illi:II"llll'iiakM,",/o,.50a,nlM,tF//i9,m",/IZ,it'nh,e,in,';?de,O[sl,hR/}Ik/ilw,a8,llJll21ict,Nmp,,

Nipponoanaia ryosekianag-g-g ,.,,,,,..,.,... `'Kita,da.",i,F,Og:r,ae8gn.Ln,i.h,e•,5::gr\&,Zeye,r,S,iitg'fg,,,,, N BelemnitesEiillii congiomerete tw piants g othermo"usks

Fig. 4. Schematic columnar section ofthe standard division ofthe Tetori Group (modified after Maeda, 1961e), and fossil records of the Group in the Hakusan region, Sedimentary environments are cited mostly from Masuda et al, (1991),

al., 1963).

Yambarazaka Formation Authon Maeda (1950a, 1952c). Other names. `Yambarazaka Alternation'(Maeda, 1961e); a part of the `Upper Formation'(Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989). Type section. Yambarazaka area in the left side

ofthe Itoshiro River, Fukui Prefecture (type section

of the `Yambarazaka Alternation' of Maeda,1961e).

Thickness. 70 to 120m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Yambarazaka Forrnationconsists of alternations of conglomerates, sand-stones and shales. Angular patches of shale arefrequently contained as gravel. This Formation is

16 Kusuhashi,interpreted as fan-delta slope deposits. It con-formably overlies the Kaizara Formation, and inthe western side, lower part of this Formation is

contemporaneous with the Kaizara Formation.(Maeda, 1952c, 1961e; Yamada, Niwa et aL, 1989;Masuda et al., 1991).

Fossils. Plants, mollusks such as ammonites,belemnites and bivalves, and brachiopods (e.g.Kobayashi, 1957; Maeda, 1950a, 1952c, 1961e,1963a; Sato, 1962). Age. This Fonmation is correlated to the Oxfor-dian on the basis of ammonites (Maeda, 1952c,1961e; Sato, 1962).

ITOSHIRO SUBGROUPThe Itoshiro Subgroup (Maeda, 1951b, 1952a,1961e) in this district consists of conglomerates,pebbly sandstones, sandstones and shales, and un-conformably overlies the Kuzuryu Subgroup. Thelowermost part of the Subgroup is composed ofmarine deposits, and the other part is of non-marine deposits (Maeda, 1961e). In this district,the total thickness of this Subgroup is about580m (Maeda, 1961e).

Yambara Formation Author. Maeda (1950a, 1952c). Other names. `Yambara Conglomerate' (Oishi,1933a; Maeda, 1961e); `Itsuki Conglomerate'(Ijiri, 1936); `Nakajima Conglomerate' (Kobay-ashi, 1954); lower part of the `Lower Formation'(Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989). Type section. Bank of the Itoshiro River,Yambara, Izumi, Fukui (type section of the`Yambara Conglomerate' of Maeda, 1961e). Thickness. 50 to 53 m in the type section, and300 m in south of Kurotodo (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Yambara Formation consistsmainly of conglomerates composed of roundedpebbles to boulders of gneiss, limestone, granite,

quartz porphyry, sandstone, slate and shale.Staurolite-bearing sillimanite schist cobbles are

also reported. Boulders, one or two meters indiameter, including reworked clasts ofthe KuzuryuSubgroup are sometimes observed. This Formationis composed of fan-delta slope deposits. It uncon-

formably overlies the Yambarazaka Formation ofKuzuryu Subgroup. (Maeda, 1950b, 1952c,1961e; Ueda and Matsuo, 1950; Yamada, Niwa et

Matsuoka et al.

al., 1989; Masuda et al., 1991; Tsujimori, 1995).

Fossils. Marine mollusks such as bivalves (Maeda, 1952c, 1961e). Age. Late Jurassic?

Ashidani Formation Author. Maeda (1950a, 1952c). Other names. `Ashidani Alternation' (Maeda, 1961e); middle part of the `Lower Formation' (Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989). Type section. Along the Itoshiro River, near Yambara, Izumi, Fukui (type section of the `Ashidani Alternation' of Maeda, 1961e). Thickness. 178m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Ashidani Formation consists of alternations of pebbly sandstones, blackish shales,

and intercalated thin coal beds. This Formation is thought to be deposits that are formed in brack-

ish waters. It conformably overlies the Yambara Formation. (Maeda, 1952c, 1961e). Fossils. Plants and brackish-water bivalve, Ostrea (Maeda, 1952c, 1961e). Age. Late Jurassic?

Obuchi Formation Author. Maeda (1950a, 1952c). Other names. `Obuchi Conglomerate' (Maeda, 1961e); upper part of the `Lower Formation' (Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989). Type section. Along the Itoshiro River, north of

Yambara, Izumi, Fukui (type section of the `Obuchi Conglomerate' of Maeda, 1961e). Thiekness. 150 m. Lithofacies. The Obuchi Formation is composed of conglomerates of rounded pebble to cobble of gneiss, granite, quartz porphyry, sandstone and no limestone. The size of clasts is much smaller than in the Yambara Formation. This Formation con- formably overlies the Ashidani Formation. (Maeda,

1952c, 1961e). Fossils. Almost no fossil (Maeda, 1952c, 1961e). Age. Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous?

ltsuki ]Formation Author. Oishi (1933a); Maeda (1950a, 1952c). Other names. `Itsuki (Izuki) Shale' (Maeda, 1961e); `Upper Formation' (Yamada, Niwa et al., 1989). Type section. Along the Itoshiro River, Itsuki,

Stratigraphy of the

Izumi, Fukui (type section of the `Itsuki Shale' of

Maeda, 1961e). Thickness. 50 m in the type section and 200 to250m in the other distributions (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Itsuki Formation is composedmainly of blackish shales, and thin sandstones andarkoses are intercalated. This Formation is inter-preted as fan-delta plain deposits. Lacustrine and

mouth bar deposits are observed in the Formation.It conformably overlies the Obuchi Formation.(Maeda, 1952c, 1961e; Masuda et aL, 1991). Fossils. Brackish water mollusks such as Ostrea,

marine mollusks such as Inoceramus, and brachio-pods (e.g. Maeda, 1952c, 1961e; Fujita et aL,1998). Besides, the footprints of bird and dino-saurs (Azuma et al., 1988; Takeyama et al., 1990),

and the dinosaur remain (Manabe, 1999) werediscovered. Upper part of the Formation yieldsplant stem, Xenoxylon latiporosum (Maeda, 1961c). Age. Early Cretaceous? Comment. The `Jobu Formation', from whichManabe (1999) reported a tyrannosaurid tooth,means the `Upper Formation' of Yamada, Niwa etal. (1989) that is invalid name of this Formation.

AKAIWA SUBGROUPThe Akaiwa Subgroup (Maeda, 1951b, 1952a,1961e) in this district consists mainly of sand-stones, shales and tuffs, and conformably overliesthe Itoshiro Subgroup. In this district, the total

thickness of this Subgroup is about 600m (Maeda,1961e).

Akaiwa Formation Author. Kawai (1961a); Ishikawa PrefectureBoard of Education (1978). Other names. `Nochino Sandstone' (Oishi,1933a); `Akaiwa Sandstone' (Maeda, 1961e). Type section. Byakudan and Oarashidani,Shiramine Village, Ishikawa Prefecture (IshikawaPrefecture Board of Education, 1978). Thickness. 500 to 600m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Akaiwa Formation in thisdistrict is composed of coarse-grained arkoses con-

taining rounded gravels. Lithofacies ofthe Forma-tion in this district is similar to that in the type

section (along the Tedori River). This Formationis interpreted as braided delta and alluvial fandeposits. It conformably overlies the Itsuki Forma-

Tetori Group in the Hakusan Region 17

tion. (Maeda, 1961e; Masuda et al., 1991). Fossils. Plants (rare) (Maeda, 1961e, 1962c).

Age. Early Cretaceous?

Kitadani Formation Author. Unknown. Other names. `Lower part of the OmichidaniFormation' (Maeda, 1953); `Chinaboradani Alter-nation of Tuff, Shale and Sandstone' (Maeda,1957b); `Kitadani Alternation of Sandstone, Shaleand Tuff' (Maeda, 1958b); `Kitadani Alternation'(Maeda, 1961e). Type section. Nakanomatadani (branch of theTakinami River), Katsuyama City, Fukui Prefecture(type section of the `Kitadani Alternation' ofMaeda, 1961e). Thickness. 100 m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Kitadani Formation in thisdistrict consists of alternations of red-brownishtuffs, blackish shales and sandstones. Sandstonesare fine to coarse-grained and are generally light

grayish to deep greenish. Thin coal beds areintercalated. This Formation is interpreted as lacus-

trine deposits. It conformably overlies the Akaiwa

Formation. (Maeda, 1957b, 1958b, 1961e; Masudaet al,, 1991).

Fossils. Bivalves such as Plicatounio andTrigonioides, and plants (e.g. Maeda, 1957b,1958b, 1961e). Vertebrate remains including dino-

saurs (Azuma, 1990; Isaji and Hasegawa, 1990;Takeyama et al., 1992; Hirayama and Azuma,1996; Azuma and Currie, 2000) and fresh-waterbivalve Ni pononaia ryoseke'ana (Isaji, 1993).

Age. Occurrence of IVi pononaia ryoseldanaindicates that the Kitadani Formation in this area

is correlated to the upper Barremian to lowerAptian (Isaji, 1993).

Comment. This Formation (originally `KitadaniAlternation') is defined as a part of the standard

division by Maeda (1961e) in the Takinami River

area.

1.2 Along The Tedori RiverThe Itoshiro and Akaiwa subgroups are distributedalong the Tedori River (Maeda, 1961e). TheGroup contacts the Hida Gneiss with faults, andis unconformably overlain by the Upper CretaceousOmichidani Forrnation (Ishikawa Prefecture BoardofEducation, 1978). The Itoshiro Subgroup in this

18 Kusuhashi,district is composed of Gomijima and Kuwajimaformations, and the Akaiwa Subgroup is of Akaiwa

and Myodani formations, in ascending order(Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Education, 1978).The "Akaiwa Sandstone" (Akaiwa Formation) ofthe standard division by Maeda (1961e) wasdefined in this district. Though Maeda (1961e) and

Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Education (1978)interpreted the Omichidani Formation as a part ofthe Tetori Group, here we exclude it from theGroup following Kawai (1961a) and Omura (1973). The provenance of the Tetori Group in theShiramine area was analyzed on the basis of chemi-cal composition of detrital garnet, and as a result, it

was suggested that the present Hida Gneiss andGranite were only minor sources for the clasticrocks of the Tetori Group in the Shiramine area(Obayashi, 1995). By the way, the Tetori Series (Yokoyama, 1894)named undoubtedly after this Tedori River. In olddays, Japanese people had a custom to write downthe unvoiced consonant even for the voiced pronun-

clatlon.

ITOSHIRO SUBGROUPThe Itoshiro Subgroup in this district consists of

conglomerates, sandstones and shales. The lower-most part of the Subgroup is composed of basalconglomerate, and upper part is of non-marinedeposits (Maeda, 1961e). In this district, the total

thickness of this Subgroup is about 300m(Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Education, 1978).

Gomi'ima Formation Author. Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Education(1978).

Other names. `Gomijima Conglomerate' (Oishi,1933a; Kawai, 1961a; Maeda, 1961e); `Gomijima(Conglomerate) Formation' (Omura, 1964). Type section. Gomijima to Onabara area of theTedori River, Okuchi Village, Ishikawa (type sec-tion of the `Gomijima Conglomerate' of Maeda,1961e).

Thickness. 50 to 350m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Gomijima Formation is thebasal conglomerate of the Tetori Group in thisdistrict. Conglomerates are composed ofthe clastsof aplite, granite, quartz porphyry, gneiss, basicgreen schist, biotite schist, hornfels, sandstone,

Matsuoka et al.

slate and chert. Subangular boulders that reach to two meters in diameter are often observed. This Formation contacts with faults or unconformably overlies the Hida Gneiss. It is not distributed in the

Shiramine area. (Maeda, 1961e; Omura, 1964; Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Education, l978). Fossils. A few non-marine mollusks (Maeda, 1961e). Age. Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous?

Kuwnjima Formation Author. Oishi (1933a); Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Education (1978). Other names. The `Kuwajima Alternation' (Kawai, 1961a; Maeda, 1961e); `Kuwajima (Alter- nation) Formation' (Omura, 1964). Type section. From Nishijima to south of the Kuwajima "Kaseki-kabe" that is the famous fossil locality, along right side of the Tedori River, Kuwajima, Shiramine Village, Ishikawa (Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Education, 1978). Thickness. 100 to 150m (Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Education, 1978); 350 to 450m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Kuwajima Formation in this district consists of alternations of grayish sand- stone and blackish coaly shales. Sandstones con- tain an amount of biotites. This Formation is thought to be fresh-water deposits of fluvial domi- nated prograding delta system. It conformably over-

lies the Gomijima Formation, and contacts the basement with faults in the Shiramine area. (Maeda, 1961e; Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Edu- cation, 1978; Okazaki and Isaji, 1999; Morikiyo and Sato, 2002). Fossils. Abundant plants including standing stem

Xenoxyion latiporosum, mollusks, insects and vertebrates (e.g. Maeda, 1961e; Omura, 1967; Fujiyama, 1978; Hirayama, 1996b; Matsuoka, Hasegawa et al., 2001; Matsuoka, Isaji et al., 2001). Especially the "Kaseki-kabe" in the Shiramine area is a famous locality of plant fossils

(Maeda, 1961e), and recently it has also become known to yield vertebrate fossil assemblage includ- ing various taxa (e.g. Hirayama, 1999a; Matsuoka, 2000b). Age. Early Neocomian (Early Cretaceous)?

Stratigraphy of the Tetori

AKAIWA SUBGROUPThe Akaiwa Subgroup in this district consistsmainly of arkoses, sandstones and mudstones, andconformably overlies the Itoshiro Subgroup. Inthis district, the total thickness of this Subgroup

is about 1350 m (Ishikawa Prefecture Board ofEdu-cation, 1978).

Akaiwa Formation Author. Kawai (1961a); Ishikawa PrefectureBoard of Education (1978). Other names. `Akaiwa Sandstone' (Oishi,1933a; Maeda, 1961e). Type section. Byakudan and Oarashidani, nearKuwajima, Shiramine, Ishikawa (Ishikawa Prefec-ture Board of Education, 1978). Thickness. 1000 m (Ishikawa Prefecture Boardof Education, 1978); 1400 m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Akaiwa Formation in thisdistrict is composed of coarse-grained arkoses(dominant) and alternations of muddy sandstonesand reddish gray to blackish gray mudstones.Arkoses contain rounded clasts of siliceous sand-stone and few of gneiss. This Formation in thisdistrict is subdivided into lower conglomeratesdominant part and upper part that consists of thick

and massive coarse-grained sandstones. The For-mation is interpreted as delta deposits. It conforma-

bly overlies or interfingers with the KuwajimaFormation. (Maeda, 1958b, 1960a, 1961e; Omura,1965; Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Education,1978).

Fossils. Plants, mollusks and vertebrates remains

(e.g. Maeda, 1958b, 1961e; Kimura and Sekido,1976b, 1978; Kondo et al., 1990; Hirayama,1996b; Matsuura et al., 1998; Matsuura, 2001). Age. Lower Cretaceous? Comment. The `Akaiwa Sandstone' (AkaiwaFormation) of the standard division of Maeda(1961e) was defined in this district.

Myodani Formation Author. Kawai (1961a); Ishikawa PrefectureBoard of Education (1978). Other names. `Kitadani Alternation' (Maeda,1961e).

Type section. Around Otadani to Omichidani,Shiramine, Ishikawa (Ishikawa Prefecture Board ofEducation, 1978).

Group in the Hakusan Region 19 Thickness. 350 m (Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Education, 1978) Lithofacies. The Myodani Formation consists of alternations of arkoses, tuffaceous sandstones and

mudstones. Arkoses of this Formation resemble that ofthe Akaiwa Formation. This Formation con- formably overlies or interfingers with the Akaiwa Formation. (Kawai, 1961a; Maeda, 1961e; Omura, 1965; Ishikawa Prefecture Board of Education, 1978). Fossils. Plants (Kawai, 1961a), mollusks such as

Ni pononaia ryosein'ana (Maeda, 1961e; Isaji, 1993), vertebrates (e.g. Hirayama, 1996b).

Age. Occurrence of A(i pononaia iyosein'ana in- dicates late Barremian to early Aptian (Isaji, 1993).

1,3 Shokawa District (Along the Mitarai and Ogamigo Rivers) The Kuzuryu, Itoshiro and Akaiwa subgroups are distributed in the Shokawa district (Maeda, 1961e). The basement is seldom exposed in this district, but

partly the Group unconformably overlies the Funatsu Granitic Rocks, and it is unconformably overlain by the volcanic rocks (Kamiya and Harayama, 1982; Gifu-ken Dinosaur Research Committee, 1993). The Kuzuryu Subgroup in this district is composed of the Ushimaru, Akahoke and Mitarai formations, Itoshiro Subgroup is of Otaniyama, Okurodani and Amagodani formations, Akaiwa Subgroup is of Okura and Bessandani formations, in ascending order (Maeda, 1952a, 1961e). Along the upper reaches of the Oshirakawa River near the Shokawa district, the Itoshiro and Akaiwa subgroups are distributed (Maeda, 1958b, 1961e; Gifu-ken Dinosaur Research Committee, 1993). From the Tetori Group of the Oshirakawa district, dinosaur footprints have been reported (Kunimitsu et al., 1990; Shikano et al., 2001).

KUZURYU SUBGROUP The Kuzuryu Subgroup in this district consists of conglomerates, arkoses, sandstones and shales. The upper part of the Subgroup is composed of marine deposits (Maeda, 1961e). In this district, the total thickness of this Subgroup is about 600 m

(Maeda, 1961e).

20 Kusuhashi, Ushimaru Formation Author. Maeda (1952a); Iwaya (1940) called this

Formation as `Ushimaru Formation' only in thefigures (`Ushimaru Lower Corbicula and PlantFormation' in the text).

Other names. `Ushimaru Alternation' (Maeda,1961e); lower part of the "Ushimaru Formation"(Mtsukawa and Nakada, 1999). Type section. Riverbeds of Shokawa andNonomata rivers from Ushimaru to north ofNonomata, Shokawa Village, Gifu Prefecture (typesection of the `Ushimaru Alternation' of Maeda,1961e).

Thickness. 320 m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Ushimaru Formation is com-posed mainly of alternations of sandstones andblackish shales. Gravels are fine pebbles of sand-stone, slate, granite and diorite. This Formationis interpreted as deposits formed in brackish water.

(Maeda, 1952a, 1961e). Fossils. Plants and non-marine mollusks (Maeda,1952a, 1961e). Age. Middle Jurassic?

Akahoke Formation Author. Maeda (1952a). Other names. `Akahoke Sandstone' (Maeda,1961e); middle to upper part of the "UshimaruFormation" (Matsukawa and Nakada, 1999). Type section. Nonomata and Akahoke rivers,Shokawa, Gifu (type section ofthe `Akahoke Sand-stone' of Maeda, 1961e). Thickness. 200m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofa'cies. The Akahoke Formation consists ofsandstone-dominant alternations. Sandstones arecoarse-grained and arkosic. Coal beds that is five

to ten centimeters thick and dark greenish toyellow-brownish tuffs are intercalated. Depositsformed in inner shelf to shoreface associated withdelta progradation are observed in the upper part.This Forrnation conformably overlies the Ushimaru

Formation. (Maeda, 1952a, 1961e; Kumon andUmezawa, 2001). Fossils. Plants and non-marine mollusks (Maeda,1952a, 1961e). Age. Middle Jurassic?

Mitarai Formation Author. Maeda (1952a); Iwaya (1940) called this

Matsuoka et al.

Formation as `Mitarashi (Mitarai) Formation' only in the figures (`Mitarashi Middle Corbicula and Plant Formation' in the text). Other names. `Mitarai Shale' (Maeda, 1961e); uppermost part of the "Ushimaru Formation" and the "Mitarai Formation" (Matsukawa and Nakada, 1999). Type section. Matsuyamadani of west to Mitarai, Kaijodani and Mitarai, Shokawa, Gifu (type section of the `Mitarai Shale' of Maeda, 1961e). Thickness. 90m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Mitarai Formation consists majnly of pebbly or coarse-grained sandstones in the lower part, and of blackish shales in the middle

to upper part. In the middle part, acid tuffs and tuffaceous shales are intercalated. The Formation is composed of inner and outer shelf deposits. It

conformably overlies the Akahoke Formation. (Iwaya, 1940; Maeda, 1952a, 1961e; Ito et al., 1999; Komatsu et al., 2001; Kumon and Umezawa, 2001). Fossils. Marine mollusks such as ammonites, belemnites and bivalves (e.g. Iwaya, 1940; Maeda, 1952a, 1961e; Sato and Kanie, 1963; Komatsu et aL, 2001). Age. This Formation is correlated to the Callovian to ?Tithonian on the basis of ammonites

and inoceramids (Hayami, 1960; Maeda, 1961e; Sato and Kanie, 1963).

ITOSHIRO SUBGROUP The Itoshiro Subgroup in this district consists of conglomerates, arkoses, sandstones and shales, and conformably overlies the Kuzuryu Subgroup. In this district, the total thickness of this Subgroup

is about 1250m (Maeda, 1961e).

Otaniyama ]Formation Author. Maeda (1952a); Matsukawa and Nakada (1999). Other names. `Otaniyama Sandstone' (Maeda, 1961e); `Okurayam', `Jigokudani' and `Otaniyama' formations (Gifu-ken Dinosaur Research Commit- tee, 1993); almost equal with the `Okurodani (Sand-

stone and Conglomerate) Formation' (Iwaya, 1940). Type section. Mt. Otaniyama of west to Mitarai, and Okurodani, Shokawa, Gifu (type section of the `Otaniyama Sandstone' of Maeda, 1961e). Thickness. 720m (Maeda, 1961e).

Stratigraphy of the

Lithofacies. The Otaniyama Formation consistsmainly of coarse-grained arkoses, and conglomer-ates, as well as intercalated pebbly sandstones.Conglomerates are composed of well-sorted finepebbles of quartz, chert and sandstone. The litho-

facies of the Formation resembles that of theAkaiwa Formation. This Formation is interpretedas deposits formed in shoreface to delta. It con-formably overlies the Mitarai Formation. (Maeda,1952a, 1961e). Fossils. Mollusks such as Ostrea and belemnites(e.g. Maeda, 1952a; Kumon and Umezawa, 2001).In the Oshirakawa district, dinosaur footprints have

been reported from the strata that are correlatedto the upper part of this Formation (Kunimitsu etal., 1990; Shikano et al., 2001).

Age. Late Jurassic?

Okurodani Formation Author. Maeda (1952a); Gifu-ken DinosaurResearch Committee (1993); Matsukawa andNakada (1999). Other names. `Okurodani Alternation' (Maeda,1961e); almost equal with the `Ogamigo(Corbicula and Plant) Formation' (Iwaya, 1940). Type section. Okurodani (branch of the OgamigoRiver), Shokawa, Gifu (type section of the`Okurodani Alternation' of Maeda, l961e). Thickness. 250m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. In the Okuodani Formation, black-ish shales are dominant and fine arkoses are interca-

lated. The lithofacies of this Formation resemblethat of the Itsuki Formation in Itoshiro River area

and of the Mitarai Formation in this district. The

Otaniyama Formation grades into this Formation.(Maeda, 1952a, 1961e). Fossils. Plants and mollusks (e.g. Yokoyama,1889; Maeda, 1952a, 1954, 1961e). Abundantvertebrate remains have also been reported fromthis Formation (e.g. Hirayama, 1996b; Manabeand Evans, l996; Evans and Manabe, 1997a, b,1998; Yabumoto, 1997; Evans et aL, 1998;Hirayama et al., 2000).

Age. Radiometric ages indicating 161 to 81 Mawere obtained by FT and K-Ar dating from tuffsof the Okurodani Formation in this district and the ,age of the Formation was estimated to be approxi-mately 140 to 120 Ma (Neocomian), consideringthe age of the upper igneous rocks (Gifu-ken

Tetori Group in the Hakusan Region 21Dinosaur Research Committee, 1993). But thisestimation is based on poor foundations.

Amagodani Formation Author. Maeda (1952a); Matsukawa and Nakada(1999), but they interpreted this Formation to beincluded in the Akaiwa Subgroup. Other names. `Amagodani Sandstone' (Maeda,1961e); `Amagodani Formation' and lower part ofthe `Bessandani Formation' (Gifu-ken DinosaurResearch Committee, 1993); almost equal with`Ogamigo (Corbicula and Plant) Formation'(Iwaya, 1940).

Type section. Amagodani and Ichigodani(branches of the Ogamigo River), Shokawa, Gifu(type section of the `Amagodani Sandstone' ofMaeda, 1961e). Thickness. 300 m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. The Amagodani Formation is com-posed mainly of coarse-grained sandstones, and thelower part of this Formation is of alternationsof conglomerates and fine-graded sandstones.Conglomerates consist of pebbles of quartz, sand-

stones and slates. This Formation is thought tobe lacustrine deposits. It conformably overlies the

Okurodani Formation. (Maeda, 1952a, 1961e). Fossils. Plants, mollusks and vertebrates (Maeda,

1952a, 1961e; Gifu-ken Dinosaur Research Com-mittee, 1993; Hasegawa et al., 1995; Unwin,Manabe et al., 1996).

Age. Neocomian?

AKAIWA SUBGROUPThe Akaiwa Subgroup in this district consistsmainly of conglomerates and sandstones, and con-formably overlies the Itoshiro Subgroup. In thisdistrict, the total thickness of this Subgroup ismore than 720m (Maeda, 1961e; Matsukawa andNakada, 1999).

Okura Formation Author. Maeda (1952a); Matsukawa and Nakada(1999).

Other names. `Okura(dani) Conglomerate'(Maeda, 1961e); lower part of the `BessandaniFormation' (Gifu-ken Dinosaur Research Commit-tee, 1993).

Type section. Okura along the Ogamigo River,Shokawa, Gifu (type section of the `Okura(dani)

22 Kusuhashi, Matsuoka et al.

Conglomerate' of Maeda, 1961e). Thickness. 120m (Maeda, 1961e). Lithofacies. In the Okura Formation, conglomer-ates that consist mainly of pebbles to cobbles oforthoquartzite are dominant, and thin sandstonesare intercalated. Though the relationship with the

Amagodani Formation was suggested to be uncon-formity (Maeda, 1952a) or disconformity (Maeda,1961e), Gifu-ken Dinosaur Research Committee(1993) and Matsukawa and Nakada (1999) pointedout that it is conformity. (Maeda, 1952a, 1961e;Matsukawa and Nakada, 1999) Fossils. Few fossils (Maeda, 1952a, 1961e; Gifu-

ken Dinosaur Research Committee, 1993). Age. Early Cretaceous? Comment. The `Okura Conglomerate' (OkuraFormation) of the standard division by Maeda(1961e) was defined in this district.

Bessandani Formation Author. Maeda (1952a); Matsukawa and Nakada(1999).

Other names. `Akaiwa(dani) Sandstone' (Maeda,1961e); upper part of the `Bessandani Formation'(Gifu-ken Dinosaur Research Committee, 1993). Type section. Bessandani in the upper reaches of

the Ogamigo River, Shokawa, Gifu (Maeda, 1952a). Thickness. More than 600m (Matsukawa andNakada, 1999). Lithofacies. The Bessandani Formation iscomposed mainly of coarse-grained sandstones,and conglomerates are partly intercalated. Thelithofacies of this Formation resembles that of the

Akaiwa Formation along the upper reaches of theTedori River. This Formation is interpreted asbraided and meandering river deposits. It con-formably overlies the Okura Formation. (Maeda,1952a, 1961e; Matsukawa and Nakada, 1999). FossilS. Plants (Gifu-ken Dinosaur ResearchCommittee, 1993). Age. Early Cretaceous?

Note on the chronology of the Tetori Group inthe Shokawa district: the radiometric ages indicat-

ing 150 to 85 Ma were obtained by FT and K-Ardating from the tuffs of the `Bessandani Formation'

of Gifu-ken Dinosaur Research Committee (1993).The tuffs are thought to be of the Amagodani orOkura Formation, and the age was estimated to be

approximately 140 to 120 Ma, considering the ageof the upper igneous rocks (Gifu-ken DinosaurResearch Committee, 1993), but, as mentionedabove, this estimation is based on poor foundations.

1.4 Other DistributionsThe Tetori Group is distributed some other districts

in the Hakusan region: the Kuzuryu and Itoshirosubgroups along the Asuwa River, Fukui Prefec-ture; the Akaiwa Subgroup in the Itoshiro district,

Fukui; the Kuzuryu Subgroup in the Mochianadistrict, Fukui; the Kuzuryu and Itoshiro subgroups

in the Furukawa district, Gifu Prefectrue (Maeda,1961e). A fossil reptile, Tedorosaurus asuwaensis,was reported from the middle part of the KuzuryuSubgroup in the Asuwa River area (Shikama,1967, 1969). This is the first vertebrate remainreported from the Tetori Group.

1.5 Correlation and Age of the FormationsMaeda (1961e) correlated the formations of theTetori Group each other based on the stratigraphicsequence, fossils and geoiogic trends of the Tetori

Group and the neighboring Mesozoic formations(Fig. 3). In these districts, following formations are

thought to be almost the same horizon: the upperpart of the Kaizara Formation and the lower partof the Mitarai Formation; the Kuwajima, Itsuki and

Okurodani formations; the lower part of theAkaiwa Formation along the Tedori and Kuzuryurivers and the Okura Formation (Maeda, 1961e).Hayami (1960) suggested that the Mitarai Forma-tion is more or less younger than the KaizaraFormation, based on the pelecypod and inoceramidfaunas.

Some formations in the districts are correlated to

the geologic time unit by index fossils: the Kaizara

(Bathonian to Oxfordian), Yambarazaka (Oxfor-dian) and Mitarai (Callovian to ?Tithonian) forma-

tions based on the ammonites and inoceramids(e.g. Kobayashi, 1947; Maeda, 1952c, 1961e;Hayami, 1960; Sato, 1962; Sato et al., 1963; Satoand Kanie, 1963), and the Kitadani and Myodaniformations (upper Barremian to lower Aptian) byNi pononaia tyosekiana (Isaji, 1993). Matsumotoet al. (1982) discussed the age of some formations

of the Group based on fossil mollusks and stra-tigraphic relations: the Gomijima and Kuwajima

Stratigraphy of the Tetori

formations (lower Neocomian), and the KitadaniFormation (Hauterivian to lower Aptian). Besides,the quite rough radiometric age indicating 140 to120 Ma was obtained from the Okurodani Forma-tion (Gifu-ken Dinosaur Research Committee,1993), and the formation is thought to becorrelated to the Neocomian. To summarize, theKuzuryu, Itoshiro and Akaiwa subgroups arecorrelated to the Middle to Upper Jurassic, UpperJurassic to lower Lower Cretaceous (lower? Neo-comian) and Lower Cretaceous (upper Neocomianto Aptian), respectively.

2. JINZU REGIONThe Jinzu region is another distribution of theTetori Group. Though the Kuzuryu, Itoshiro andAkaiwa subgroups are also distributed in thisregion, it is difficult to distinguish the non-marine

Itoshiro and Akaiwa formations (Maeda, 1961e). Fossil plants and mollusks are collected from the

Tetori Group distributed in this region and someformations are correlated to the geologic time units

by index fossils. The Kuzuryu Subgroup in theKiridani district is correlated to the upper Oxfor-

dian to Kimmeridgian on the basis of ammonitesand trigoniids (Maeda and Takenami, 1957a;Maeda, 1958c). The Kuzuryu Subgroup in theArimine district yields trigoniids and ammonitesthat indicate Late Jurassic (Maeda and Takenami,1957a; Takenami and Maeda, 1957). The Itoshiroand Akaiwa subgroups of this region are correlatedto the Lower Cretaceous with fossil plants (Maeda,

1956). In this region, Hasegawa and Yoshida(1999) correlated the Itoshiro Subgroup to theKimmeridgian and the lowest part of the AkaiwaFormation to the Kimmeridgian to lower Tithonian,estimating from the compound-specific carbonisotope stratigraphy.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Among the wide distributions of the TetoriGroup, stratigraphy of the Group in the KuzuryuRiver, Tedori River and Shokawa districts(Hakusan region), where abundant fossil plants andvertebrate remains have been reported is reviewed.In these districts, following formations are thought

to be almost the same horizon: the upper part of the

Kaizara Formation and the lower part of the

Group in the Hakusan Region 23 Mitarai Formation; the Kuwajima, Itsuki and Okurodani formations; the lower part of the Akaiwa Formation along the Tedori and Kuzuryu rivers and the Okura Formation. Only five forma- tions of the Tetori Group are correlated to the geo-

logic time units based on the index fossils in these

districts: the Kaizara (Bathonian to Oxfordian), Yambarazaka (Oxfordian), Mitarai (Callovian to ?Tithonian), Kitadani and Myodani (upper Barre- mian to lower Aptian) formations. To summarize, the Kuzuryu, Itoshiro and Akaiwa subgroups in these districts are roughly correlated to the Middle

to Upper Jurassic, Upper Jurassic to lower Lower Cretaceous and Lower Cretaceous, respectively. Reliable radiometric age has never been obtained from the.Group. The formations from which vertebrate remains have been collected are: the Otaniyama, Itsuki, Kuwajima, Okurodani and Amagodani formations of the Itoshiro Subgroup, and the Akaiwa and Kitadani formations of the Akaiwa Subgroup. The Tetori Group is thick and there are a lot of strata of which sedimentary environments resemble each other, thus we have a good chance to collect fossil vertebrates from other localities.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to Mr. Ichio Yamaguchi, Ms. Mikiko Yamaguchi (Kuwajima, Shiramine Village, Ishikawa) and Mr. Shizuo Simojima (Shokawa Vil- lage Board of Education, Gifu) for their assistance to our field researches. Drs. Shinji Isaji (Natural

History Museum and Instimte, Chiba) and Makoto Manabe (National Science Museum), who lead the research on the Tetori Group, taught us the basic outline of the Group. H. M. personally indebted to Dr. Yoshikazu Hasegawa (Gunma Museum of Natural History) for introducing the Tetori Group.

We also thank Prof. Fujio Masuda, Messrs. Hajime Naruse and Tadashi Araya (Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University) for reading the manuscript of this paper. Dr. Toshifumi Komatsu (Department of Earth Sciences, Kumamoto Univer- sity) gave us helpfu1 advices and comments about the stratigraphy and fossil records of the Tetori

Group. Special thanks are due to Shiramine Village Board of Education, Ishikawa Prefecture,

24 Kusuhashi,and Shokawa Village Board ofEducation, Gifu Pre-fecture, for their support for our course of research.

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Stratigraphy of the Tetori Group in the Hakusan Region 27

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* in Japanese ** in Japanese with English abstract or summary ti in German c in French , in Russian and English

Note: The titles put between double quotation marks are trans- lated into English on authors' responsibility.

Stratigraphy of the Tetori Group in the Hakusan

APPENDIX

Correspondent Japanese characters of the proper nouns. Most of thetext of this contribution. In alphabetical order.

Akahoke dift;iEkpt fu, Akahoke River thftJilk. JkerJII

Akaiwa eSklESAmagodani 7=! tih;'as."Arimine Jfi-thS

Ashidani gJ'N.X

Asuwa River EELIIJIIBessandani "jJ LIJ.GyX

Byakudan gA:-N."Chinaboradani 3inSB?MJ'N.XDosaiyama Le,]bj' th

Fukui 3di'A:Funatsu fi'n"iS

Furukawa diJllGifu tis2EGomijima Eiilp*nHakusan, Mt. Hakusan eM, Hakusan region ALIIE<Hida fKk,eqpt

Horadani vrli l7Jei);"

Ichigodani i f d'JGNN

Ishikawa EJIIItoshiro Eltue, Itoshiro River JEflikeJIIItsuki, Izuki iJIH

Izumi IN7RJigokudani ftlltt;GZg

Jinzu iMLt, Jinzu region pmLtXKaijodani ?'blTL2GS

Kaizara .E.MKatsuyama waMKiridani, Kiritani NilA'.X

Kitadani dt:'Ls.N

Kurotodo ee,,.gp-

Kuwajima #kKuwajima "Kaseki-kabe" 4reTtJEf)Å}a", "Kaseki-kabe" ItJEf-ittkKuzuryu JLJ'fidi, Kuzuryu River JFt,!'R[Eiuijll

Mana River ftEJHMatsuyamadani *A'scLinasMekkodani, Mekko-dani ravine E ww;'esmN ( ENJn )

Region 31

proper nouns are appeared in the

Mitarai I'NEIF?Sli, Mitarai River amE]i2StJil

Mochiana iSi'-"NMyodani HAJ'N.X

Nagano EEIEi'

Nakajima rpXNakanomatadani pP 7 {RA'.NNishijima il!iÅí

Nochino ikl5'Nonomata vekiR, Nonomata River ggi'klXJilOarashidani J<MJ'N.XObuchi, Ofuchi JJi<iee

Ogamigo River Hk-ltzaBJIIOidani Jl<#').6tS

Okuchi ffeNOkura JltEOkurayama JJI<AE LIJOkurodani JJS<E,,,J'ts.-

OmichidanirtLeA'.XOnabara l(IEIOno River Jk<iSIigJll

Oshirakawa Jf<eJ1I, Oshirakawa Riyer JX<UJIiOtadani IJI<NasOtaniyama, Mt. Otaniyama IJX<Jee:sL" th

Sangun ='asShimowakogo -F" IE:ttIi]i

Shimoyama -F--Shiramine UdeSShokawa lr"t] JII, Shokawa River EJIITakinami River iSEE'?!llJll

Zx"Tandoguchi 15PNTetori Elliffsc, Tedori Riyer IEffKJI(

Tochimochiyama defitLIJTogatani ve fr :kcgS

Toyama va' Lin

Ushikubi-gawa, Ushikubi River ti:'tsJllUshimaru tl: itL

Yambara -IEIYambarazaka MIS.ili