title: efficacy of physiotherapy interventions on … · web viewappendix 1: search strategy...

APPENDIX 1: SEARCH STRATEGY

Database: Ovid Medline 1. Dysmenorrhea/2. primary dysmenorrhea.mp.3. menstrual cramps.mp.4. Manual therapy.mp.5. Manipulative therapy.mp.6. Manipulative physiotherapy.mp.7. Exercise/8. Therapeutic exercise.mp.9. Aerobic exercise.mp. or Exercise/10. Biofeedback.mp.11. Hydrotherapy/12. Ultrasonic Therapy/13. Infrared Rays/ or Infrared therapy.mp.14. heat therapy.mp.15. Cryotherapy/16. paraffin wax.mp.17. Laser Therapy/18. short wave diathermy.mp.19. micro wave diathermy.mp.20. Acupuncture/21. Acupressure/22. TENS.mp. or Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation/23. IFT.mp.24. INTERFERENTIAL THERAPY.mp.25. Massage/26. RCT.mp.27. 1 or 2 or 328. randomize controlled clinical trials.mp.29. randomized control trials.mp.30. Randomized Controlled Trial/31. 26 or 28 or 29 or 30

32. 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 2533. 27 and 31 and 32Legend: mp = key words; / = MeSH; * = truncations.

The number of studies identified in Ovid Medline = 20

1. Akin, M., et al. (2004). Continuous, low-level, topical heat wrap therapy as compared to acetaminophen for primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 49(9): 739-745.

2. Akin, M. D., et al. (2001). Continuous low-level topical heat in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Obstetrics & Gynecology 97(3): 343-349.

3. Bazarganipour, F., et al. (2010). A randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of applying a simple acupressure protocol to the Taichong point in relieving dysmenorrhea. International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics 111(2): 105-109.

4. Bennink, C. D., et al. (1982). The effects of EMG biofeedback and relaxation training on primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 5(3): 329-341.

5. Chantler, I., et al. (2009). Diclofenac potassium attenuates dysmenorrhea and restores exercise performance in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of Pain 10(2): 191-200.

6. Chen, H.-M. and C.-H. Chen (2004). Effects of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point on primary dysmenorrhoea. Journal of Advanced Nursing 48(4): 380-387.

7. Chen, H.-M. and C.-H. Chen (2010). Effects of acupressure on menstrual distress in adolescent girls: a comparison between Hegu-Sanyinjiao matched points and Hegu, Zusanli single point. Journal of Clinical Nursing 19(7-8): 998-1007.

8. Dawood, M. Y. and J. Ramos (1990). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized crossover comparison with placebo TENS and ibuprofen. Obstetrics & Gynecology 75(4): 656-660.

9. Guo, A. and Q. Meng (2008). Acupuncture combined with spinal tui na for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in 30 cases. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 28(1): 7-9.

10. Hedner, N., et al. (1996). [TENS is effective in painful menstruation]. Lakartidningen 93(13): 1219-1222.

11. Hondras, M. A., et al. (1999). Spinal manipulative therapy versus a low force mimic maneuver for women with primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized, observer-blinded, clinical trial. Pain 81(1-2): 105-114.

12. Kashefi, F., et al. (2010). Effect of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point on primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 16(4): 198-202.

13. Kempf, D., et al. (2009). [Laser needle acupuncture in women with dysmenorrhoea: a randomised controlled double blind pilot trial]. Forschende Komplementarmedizin 16(1): 6-12.

14. Lee, C. H., et al. (2011). A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of a far infrared-emitting sericite belt in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 19(4): 187-193.

15. Milsom, I., et al. (1994). A comparative study of the effect of high-intensity transcutaneous nerve stimulation and oral naproxen on intrauterine pressure and menstrual pain in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 170(1 Pt 1): 123-129.

16. Mirbagher-Ajorpaz, N., et al. (2011). The effects of acupressure on primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 17(1): 33-36.

17. Pouresmail, Z. and R. Ibrahimzadeh (2002). Effects of acupressure and ibuprofen on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 22(3): 205-210.

18. Taylor, D., et al. (2002). A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of an acupressure device (relief brief) for managing symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 8(3): 357-370.

19. Tugay, N., et al. (2007). Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and interferential current in primary dysmenorrhea. Pain Medicine 8(4): 295-300.

20. Wang, M.-C., et al. (2009). Effects of auricular acupressure on menstrual symptoms and nitric oxide for women with primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 15(3): 235-242.

Database: AMED

1. Dysmenorrhea/2. primary dysmenorrhea.mp.3. menstrual cramps.mp.4. Manual therapy.mp.5. Manipulative therapies/6. Manipulative physiotherapy.mp.7. Exercise/8. Therapeutic exercise.mp.9. Aerobic exercise.mp.10. Biofeedback/11. Hydrotherapy/12. Ultrasonic therapy/13. Infrared therapy.mp.14. Heat therapy/15. Short wave diathermy/16. Microwave diathermy.mp.17. Paraffin wax.mp.18. Acupressure/19. Acupuncture/20. TENS.mp. or Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation/21. Interferential therapy/22. IFT.mp.23. Massage/24. Randomized controlled trials/25. RCT.mp.26. 1 or 2 or 327. cryotherapy.mp.28. Laser therapy low level/29. randomized controlled clinical trials.mp.

30. randomized control trials.mp.31. 24 or 25 or 29 or 3032. 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 27 or 2833. 26 and 31 and 32

The number of articles identified in AMED = 11. Taylor D, Miaskowski C, Kohn. (2002) A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of an

acupressure device (Relief Brief) for managing symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Journal of

Alternative & Complementary Medicine 8(3): 357-370.

Database: EMBASE

1. Dysmenorrhea/2. Primary dysmenorrhea.mp. or dysmenorrhea/3. Dysmenorrhea/ or Menstrual cramps.mp.4. Manual therapy.mp. or manipulative medicine/5. Manipulative therapy.mp.6. Therapeutic exercise.mp.7. Hydrotherapy/8. Ultrasound therapy/9. Infrared therapy.mp.10. Laser therapy.mp. or low level laser therapy/11. Acupuncture/ or acupressure/12. TENS.mp.13. Interferential therapy.mp.14. IFT.mp.15. Massage/16. Randomized controlled trial/17. RCT.mp.18. Exercise/19. Biofeedback.mp.20. Paraffin wax.mp.21. Cryotherapy/22. Heat therapy.mp.23. Short wave diathermy.mp.

24. Micro wave diathermy.mp.25. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation.mp.26. 1 or 2 or 327. Randomized controlled clinical trials.mp.28. Randomized control trials.mp.29. 16 or 17 or 2830. 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 2531. 26 and 29 and 30

The number of articles retrieved in EMBASE = 621. Akin, M., et al. (2004). Continuous, low-level, topical heat wrap therapy as compared to acetaminophen for

primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of Reproductive Medicine for the Obstetrician and Gynecologist 49(9): 739-745.

2. Akin, M. D., et al. (2001). Continuous low-level topical heat in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Obstetrics and Gynecology 97(3): 343-349.

3. Barker, R., et al. (2006). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as prehospital emergency interventional care: Treating acute pelvic pain in young women. Neuromodulation 9(2): 136-142.

4. Bronfort, G., et al. (2010). Effectiveness of manual therapies: The UK evidence report. Chiropractic and Osteopathy 18:3.

5. Brown, J. and S. Brown (2010). Exercise for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) 2: CD004142.

6. Bu, Y. Q. (2011). [Observation on therapeutic effect of acupuncture at Shiqizhui (Extra) for primary dysmenorrhea at different time]. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 31(2): 110-112.

7. Bu, Y. Q., et al. (2011). Clinical study on the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with preconditioning acupuncture. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 17(3): 224-227.

8. Cambron, J. A. (2001). Recruitment and accrual of women in a randomized controlled trial of spinal manipulation. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 24(2): 79-83.

9. Chen, H. M. and C. H. Chen (2010). Effects of acupressure on menstrual distress in adolescent girls: a comparison between Hegu-Sanyinjiao matched points and Hegu, Zusanli single point. Journal of clinical nursing 19(7-8): 998-1007.

10. Chen, M., et al. (2010). [Clinical observation on acupuncture combined with acupoint sticking therapy for treatment of dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis]. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 30(9): 725-728.

11. Chen, S. Z., et al. (2011). [Preliminary comparison on the time-effect rule of pain-relieving in the treatment of moderate dysmenorrhea between acupuncture on single-point and acupuncture on multi-point]. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 31(4): 305-308.

12. Cho, S. H. and E. W. Hwang (2010). Acupressure for primary dysmenorrhoea: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 18(1): 49-56.

13. Ernst, E. (2003). Chiropractic manipulation for non-spinal pain - A systematic review. New Zealand Medical Journal 116(1179):U539.

14. Ernst, E. (2000). Does spinal manipulation have specific treatment effects? Family Practice 17(6): 554-556.

15. Fugh-Berman, A. and F. Kronenberg (2003). Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in reproductive-age women: A review of randomized controlled trials. Reproductive Toxicology 17(2): 137-152.

16. Guo, A. and Q. Meng (2008). Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in 30 cases. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 28(1): 7-9.

17. Han, S. H., et al. (2006). Effect of aromatherapy on symptoms of dysmenorrhea in college students: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 12(6): 535-541.

18. Hedner, N., et al. (1996). TENS is effective in painful menstruation. [Swedish]. Lakartidningen 93(13): 1219-1222.

19. Hondras, M. A., et al. (1999). Spinal manipulative therapy versus a low force mimic maneuver for women with primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized, observer-blinded, clinical trial. Pain 81(1-2): 105-114.

20. Hu, Y. L., et al. (2011). [Effect on PGF2alpha in plasma in primary dysmenorrhea treated with eye acupuncture]. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 31(8): 683-686.

21. Jin, Y. B., et al. (2009). Randomized controlled study on ear-electroacupuncture treatment of endometriosis-induced dysmenorrhea in patients. [Chinese]. Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research / [Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan Yi xue qing bao yan jiu suo bian ji] 34(3): 188-192.

22. Kashefi, F., et al. (2010). Effect of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point on primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 16(4): 198-202.

23. Kempf, D., et al. (2009). Laser needle acupuncture in women with dysmenorrhoea: A randomised controlled double blind pilot trial. [German]. Forschende Komplementarmedizin 16(1): 6-12.

24. Kim, S. Y., et al. (2009). A systematic review evaluating cost-effectiveness of upuncture. Value in Health Conference: ISPOR 12th Annual European Congress Paris France. Conference Start: 20091024 Conference End: 20091027. Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 12(7): A255.

25. Ladson, G., et al. (2011). The effects of metformin with lifestyle therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized double-blind study. Fertility and Sterility 95(3): 1059-1066.e1057.

26. Lee, H. (2009). Auricular seed acupressure as a possible complementary option for primary dysmenorrhoea: Commentary. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 14(3): 193-194.

27. Li, C. H., et al. (2008). Acupuncture at Siguan points for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 28(3): 187-190.

28. Li, W. L., et al. (2006). Analysis on therapeutic effect of substance-partitioned moxibustion at Guanyuan (CV 4) and shenque (CV 8) for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea of cold-damp type. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 26(7): 481-482.

29. Li, Y. M., et al. (2011). [Observation on immediate analgesic effect of acupuncture at Shiqizhui (EX-B 8) only or multi-acupoints in patients with dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial]. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 31(3): 199-202.

30. Ma, Z. B., et al. (2008). Clinical studies on the indications of 33 acupoints. Medical Acupuncture 20(4): 269-275.

31. Mannheimer, J. S. and E. C. Whalen (1985). The efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in dysmenorrhea. Clinical Journal of Pain 1(2): 75-83.

32. Melchart, D. and A. Eustachi (2011). Is acupressure an effective and low-cost self-administered treatment for dysmenorrhoea? Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 16(4): 295-296.

33. Mirbagher-Ajorpaz, N., et al. (2011). The effects of acupressure on primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 17(1): 33-36.

34. Papaioannou, A., et al. (2007). Patient adherence to osteoporosis medications: Problems, consequences and management strategies. Drugs and Aging 24(1): 37-55.

35. Pouresmail, Z. and R. Ibrahimzadeh (2002). Effects of acupressure and ibuprofen on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan / sponsored by All-China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine 22(3): 205-210.

36. Proctor, M. L., et al. (2001). Spinal manipulation for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (4): CD002119.



39. Proctor, M. L., et al. (2002). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (1): CD002123.

40. Robinson, N., et al. (2011). The evidence for Shiatsu: A systematic review of Shiatsu and acupressure. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11:88.

41. Smith, C. A. and B. Carmady (2010). Acupuncture to treat common reproductive health complaints: An overview of the evidence. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 157(1-2): 52-56.

42. Smith, C. A., et al. (2011). Acupuncture to treat primary dysmenorrhea in women: A randomized controlled trial. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011:612464.

43. Streng, A. (2007). Summary of the randomized controlled trials from the German model projects on acupuncture for chronic pain. Journal of Chinese Medicine 83: 5-10.

44. Sun, L. H., et al. (2009). Randomized controlled clinical study on ginger-partitioned moxibustion for patients with cold-damp stagnation type primary dysmenorrhea. [Chinese]. Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research / [Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan Yi xue qing bao yan jiu suo bian ji] 34(6): 398-402.

45. Taylor, D., et al. (2002). A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of an acupressure device (Relief Brief) for managing symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 8(3): 357-370.


47. Van Mil, E. G. A. H., et al. (2007). The effect of sibutramine on energy expenditure and body composition in obese adolescents. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 92(4): 1409-1414.

48. Wang, M. C., et al. (2009). Effects of auricular acupressure on menstrual symptoms and nitric oxide for women with primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 15(3): 235-242.

49. Wang, S. F., et al. (2009). Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on primary dysmenorrhea. Neuromodulation 12(4): 302-309.

50. Wang, S. X., et al. (2009). Observation on therapeutic effect of acupoint application on dysmenorrhea of excess syndrome and effect on prostaglandins. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 29(4): 265-268.

51. Witt, C., et al. (2004). Acupuncture trial phases of the health insurance scheme for engineers and joined health insurance companies. [German]. Zeitschrift fur Arztliche Fortbildung und Qualitatssicherung 98(6): 473-475.

52. Witt, C. M., et al. (2008). Acupuncture in patients with dysmenorrhea: a randomized study on clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in usual care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198(2): 166.e161-166.e168.

53. Wong, C., et al. (2012). Effects of acupressure on dysmenorrhea in college students: A non-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain Conference: 31st Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Pain Society Honolulu, HI United States. Conference Start: 20120516 Conference End: 20120519. Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 13 (4 SUPPL. 1): S93.

54. Wu, R. D., et al. (2007). Observation on ear point taping and pressing therapy for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 27(11): 815-817.

55. Xiong, J., et al. (2011). [Efficacy impacts of psychological factors on primary dysmenorrhea treated with acupuncture]. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 31(6): 493-497.

56. Xiong, J., et al. (2012). De-qi, not psychological factors, determines the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture treatment for primary dysmenorrhea. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 18(1): 7-15.

57. Yang, J. J., et al. (2008). Influence of ginger-partitioned moxibustion on serum NO and plasma endothelin-1 contents in patients with primary dysmenorrhea of cold-damp stagnation type. [Chinese]. Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research / [Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan Yi xue qing bao yan jiu suo bian ji] 33(6): 409-412.

58. Zafari, M., et al. (2011). Comparison of the effect of acupressure, fish oil capsules and ibuprofen on treatment of primary dysmenorrheal. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 5(8): 1115-1119.

59. Zhi, L. X. (2007). Randomized controlled study on superficial needling for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 27(1): 18-21.

60. Zhi, L. X. (2007). Randomized controlled study on the analgesic effect of superficial needling plus electrostimulation of sanyinjiao (SP6) for primary dysmenorrhea. [Chinese]. Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research / [Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan Yi xue qing bao yan jiu suo bian ji] 32(5): 342-346.

61. Zhu, X., et al. (2008). Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2)(CD005288).

62. Zhu, Y., et al. (2010). Efficacy observation of primary dysmenorrhea treated with isolated-herbal moxibustion on Shenque (CV 8). [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 30(6): 453-455.

Database: CINAHL

S31

S25 and S29 and S30

S30

S4 or S5 or S6 or S7 or S8 or S9 or S10 or S11 or S12 or S13 or S14 or S15 or S16 or S17 or S18 or S19 or S20 or S21 or S22 or S23 or S26

S29

S24 or S27 or S28

S28

"randomized control trials"

S27

(MH "Randomized Controlled Trials") OR "randomized controlled trials OR randomized controlled clinical trials"

S26

"short wave diathermy"

S25

S1 or S2 or S3

S24

"RCT"

S23

(MH "Massage")

S22

"IFT"

S21

"TENS"

S20

"Interferential therapy"

S19

(MH "Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation")

S1 (MH "Acupuncture")

8S17

"Microwave diathermy"

S16

(MH "Acupressure")

S15

(MH "Laser Therapy")

S14

"Paraffin wax"

S13

(MH "Cryotherapy")

S12

"Heat therapy"

S11

(MH "Infrared Therapy")

S10

"Ultrasound therapy"

S9 (MH "Hydrotherapy")S8 (MH "Biofeedback")S7 "Exercise OR Therapeutic exercise OR Aerobic exercise"S6 "Manipulative physiotherapy"S5 "Manipulative therapy"S4 (MH "Manual Therapy")S3 "Menstrual cramps" OR (MH "Dysmenorrhea")S2 "Primary dysmenorrhea"S1 (MH "Dysmenorrhea")

The number of studies identified in CINAHL = 61. Bronfort, G., et al. (2010). Effectiveness of manual therapies: the UK evidence report.

Chiropractic & Osteopathy 18: 3-35.

2. Kashefi, F., et al. (2010). Effect of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point on primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 16(4): 198-202.

3. Melchart, D. and A. Eustachi (2011). Is acupressure an effective and low-cost self-administered treatment for dysmenorrhoea? Focus on Alternative & Complementary Therapies 16(4): 295-296.


5. Ou, M.-C., et al. (2012). Pain relief assessment by aromatic essential oil massage on outpatients with primary dysmenorrhea: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Research 38(5): 817-822.

6. White, A., et al. (2011). Primary dysmenorrhoea: RCT. Acupuncture in Medicine 29(4): 312-312.

Database: Web of Science

Set Search History#37 #36 AND #35 AND #29

#36

#28 OR #27 OR #26 OR #23 OR #22 OR #21 OR #20 OR #19 OR #18 OR #17 OR #16 OR #15 OR #14 OR #13 OR #12 OR #11 OR #10 OR #9 OR #8 OR #7 OR #6 OR #5 OR #4

#35 #34 OR #32 OR #30 OR #24

#34 Topic = (randomized control trials)

#33 #32 OR #31 OR #30 OR #24

#32 Topic = (Randomized controlled clinical trials)

#31 Topic = (Randomized clinical trials)

#30 Topic = (Randomized controlled trials)

#29 #3 OR #2 OR #1

#28 Topic = (paraffin wax)

#27 Topic = (biofeedback)

#26 Topic = (transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation)

#25 #2 OR #1

#24 Topic = (RCT)

#23 Topic = (Massage)

#22 Topic = (IFT)

#21 Topic = (Interferential therapy)

#20 Topic = (TENS)

#19 Topic = (Acupuncture)

#18 Topic = (Acupressure)

#17 Topic = (Microwave diathermy)

#16 Topic = (Short wave Diathermy)

#15 Topic = (Laser therapy)

#14 Topic = (Cryotherapy)

#13 Topic = (Heat therapy)

#1 Topic = (Infrared therapy)

2#11 Topic = (Ultrasound therapy)

#10 Topic = (Hydrotherapy)

#9 Topic = (Aerobic exercise)#8 Topic = (Therapeutic exercise)#7 Topic = (Exercise)#6 Topic = (Manipulative physiotherapy)#5 Topic = (manipulative therapy)#4 Topic = (manual therapy)#3 Topic = (menstrual cramps)#2 Topic = (primary dysmenorrhea)#1 Topic = (dysmenorrhea)

The number of studies identified in Web of Science = 93

1. (2010). Exercise for dysmenorrhoea. Obstetrics and Gynecology 116(1): 186-187.

2. Amso, N. N., et al. (1998). Uterine thermal balloon therapy for the treatment of menorrhagia: the first 300 patients from a multi-centre study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 105(5): 517-523.

3. Bhattacharya, S., et al. (1997). A pragmatic randomised comparison of transcervical resection of the endometrium with endometrial laser ablation for the treatment of menorrhagia. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104(5): 601-607.

4. Bronfort, G., et al. (2010). Effectiveness of manual therapies: the UK evidence report. Chiropractic & Osteopathy 18: 3.

5. Brown, J. and S. Brown (2010). Exercise for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(2).

6. Brown, J. and S. Brown (2010). Exercise for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)(2): CD004142.

7. Bulletti, C., et al. (2010). Endometriosis and infertility. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 27(8): 441-447.

8. Carroll, D., et al. (2001). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)(3): CD003222.

9. Check, J. H. (2011). Chronic pelvic pain syndromes - traditional and novel therapies: Part I surgical therapy. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology 38(1): 10-13.

10. Chen, H.-M. and C.-H. Chen (2010). Effects of acupressure on menstrual distress in adolescent girls: a comparison between Hegu-Sanyinjiao Matched Points and Hegu, Zusanli single point. Journal of Clinical Nursing 19(7-8): 998-1007.

11. Cheong, Y. and R. W. Stones (2006). Chronic pelvic pain: aetiology and therapy. Best Practice & Research in Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 20(5): 695-711.

12. Cho, S. H. and E. W. Hwang (2010). Acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhoea: a systematic review. Bjog-an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 117(5): 509-521.

13. Cho, S.-H. and E.-W. Hwang (2010). Acupressure for primary dysmenorrhoea: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 18(1): 49-56.

14. Daley, A. J. (2008). Exercise and primary dysmenorrhoea - A comprehensive and critical review of the literature. Sports Medicine 38(8): 659-670.

15. Daniels, J., et al. (2009). Laparoscopic Uterosacral Nerve Ablation for Alleviating Chronic Pelvic Pain A Randomized Controlled Trial. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association 302(9): 955-961.

16. Dawood, M. Y. and J. Ramos (1990). TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE-STIMULATION (TENS) FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA - A RANDOMIZED CROSSOVER COMPARISON WITH PLACEBO TENS AND IBUPROFEN. Obstetrics and Gynecology 75(4): 656-660.

17. Dobos, G. and I. Tao (2011). The Model of Western Integrative Medicine: The Role of Chinese Medicine. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 17(1): 11-20.

18. Ernst, E., et al. (2011). Acupuncture in Obstetrics and Gynecology: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 39(3): 423-431.

19. Fugh-Berman, A. and F. Kronenberg (2003). Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in reproductive-age women: a review of randomized controlled trials. Reproductive Toxicology 17(2): 137-152.

20. Gilliam, M. L. (2010). Exercise for Dysmenorrhoea. Obstetrics and Gynecology 116(1): 186-187.

21. Gold, E. B., et al. (2007). Diet and lifestyle factors associated with premenstrual symptoms in a racially diverse community sample: Study of women's health across the nation (SWAN). Journal of Womens Health 16(5): 641-656.

22. Han, S.-H., et al. (2006). Effect of aromatherapy on symptoms of dysmenorrhea in college students: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 12(6): 535-541.

23. Hawk, C., et al. (2007). Chiropractic care for nonmusculoskeletal conditions: A systematic review with implications for whole systems research. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13(5): 491-512.

24. Hawk, C., et al. (2005). A randomized trial investigating a chiropractic manual placebo: A novel design using standardized forces in the delivery of active and control treatments. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11(1): 109-117.

25. Helms, J. M. (1987). Acupuncture For The Management Of Primary Dysmenorrhea. Obstetrics and Gynecology 69(1): 51-56.


27. Jun, E.-M., et al. (2007). Effects of acupressure on dysmenorrhea and skin temperature changes in college students: A non-randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 44(6): 973-981.

28. Kashanian, M. and S. Shahali (2010). Effects of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point (SP6) on the process of active phase of labor in nulliparas women. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 23(7): 638-641.


30. Kempf, D., et al. (2009). Laser Needle Acupuncture in Women with Dysmenorrhoea: A Randomised Controlled Double Blind Pilot Trial. Forschende Komplementarmedizin 16(1): 6-12.

31. Khan, K. S., et al. (2012). UNCERTAINTIES PAGE How effective are non-drug, non-surgical treatments for primary dysmenorrhoea? British Medical Journal 344.

32. Koninckx, P. R., et al. (2008). Anti-TNF-alpha treatment for deep endometriosis-associated pain: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Human Reproduction 23(9): 2017-2023.

33. Latthe, P., et al. (2006). Factors predisposing women to chronic pelvic pain: systematic review. British Medical Journal 332(7544): 749-751.

34. Lee, C. H., et al. (2011). A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of a far infrared-emitting sericite belt in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 19(4): 187-193.

35. Lee, E. J. and S. K. Frazier (2011). The Efficacy of Acupressure for Symptom Management: A Systematic Review. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 42(4): 589-603.

36. Lee, T. L. (2000). Acupuncture and chronic pain management. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore 29(1): 17-21.

37. Lethaby, A., et al. (2005). Endometrial destruction techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4).

38. Lethaby, A., et al. (2005). Endometrial destruction techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)(4): CD001501.

39. Lethaby, A., et al. (2009). Endometrial resection / ablation techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)(4): CD001501.

40. Lethaby, A., et al. (2009). Endometrial resection ablation techniques for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(4).

41. Li, Y.-M., et al. (2011). Observation on immediate analgesic effect of acupuncture at Shiqizhui (EX-B 8) only or multi-acupoints in patients with dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 31(3): 199-202.

42. Ling, F. W. and G. Pelvic Pain Study (1999). Randomized controlled trial of depot leuprolide in patients with chronic pelvic pain and clinically suspected endometriosis. Obstetrics and Gynecology 93(1): 51-58.

43. Liu, C.-Z., et al. (2011). Immediate Analgesia Effect of Single Point Acupuncture in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pain Medicine 12(2): 300-307.

44. Liu, C.-Z., et al. (2011). Immediate Analgesia Effect of Single Point Acupuncture in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial (vol 12, pg 300, 2011). Pain Medicine 12(4): 685-685.

45. Ma, Y.-X., et al. (2010). A Comparative Study on the Immediate Effects of Electroacupuncture at Sanyinjiao (SP6), Xuanzhong (GB39) and a Non-Meridian Point, on Menstrual Pain and Uterine Arterial Blood Flow, in Primary Dysmenorrhea Patients. Pain Medicine 11(10): 1564-1575.


47. Nnoaham, K. E. and J. Kumbang (2008). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(3).

48. Nnoaham, K. E. and J. Kumbang (2008). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) (3): CD003222.

49. Park, J., et al. (2008). The Status and Future of Acupuncture Clinical Research. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 14(7): 871-881.

50. Pinion, S. B., et al. (1994). Randomized Trial Of Hysterectomy, Endometrial Laser-Ablation, And Transcervical Endometrial Resection For Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding. British Medical Journal 309(6960): 979-983.




54. Proctor, M. L., et al. (2006). Spinal manipulation for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3).

55. Proctor, M. L., et al. (2005). Surgical interruption of pelvic nerve pathways for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(4).

56. Proctor, M. L., et al. (2007). Behavioural interventions for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) (3): CD002248.

57. Proctor, M. L., et al. (2002). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) (1): CD002123.

58. Radosa, M. P., et al. (2010). Coagulation versus excision of primary superficial endometriosis: a 2-year follow-up. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 150(2): 195-198.

59. Rakhshaee, Z. (2011). Effect of Three Yoga Poses (Cobra, Cat and Fish Poses) in Women with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 24(4): 192-196.

60. Robinson, N., et al. (2011). The evidence for Shiatsu: a systematic review of Shiatsu and acupressure. Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11:88.

61. Rubi-Klein, K., et al. (2010). Is acupuncture in addition to conventional medicine effective as pain treatment for endometriosis? A randomised controlled cross-over trial. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 153(1): 90-93.

62. Sesti, F., et al. (2011). Dietary therapy: a new strategy for management of chronic pelvic pain. Nutrition Research Reviews 24(1): 31-38.

63. Smith, C. A. and B. Carmady (2010). Acupuncture to treat common reproductive health complaints: An overview of the evidence. Autonomic Neuroscience-Basic & Clinical 157(1-2): 52-56.

64. Smith, C. A., et al. (2011). Acupuncture to treat primary dysmenorrhea in women: a randomized controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1-11.

65. Smith, C. A., et al. (2011). Acupuncture to treat primary dysmenorrhea in women: a randomized controlled trial. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011: 612464.

Mary Keir, 03/02/14,

Au: References # 47 and 48 appear to be the same reference; please check.


Au: References #64 and 65 appear to be the same reference; please check.

66. Smith, C. A., et al. (2011). Acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(1).

67. Smith, C. A., et al. (2011). Acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)(1): CD007854.

68. So, E. W. S. and E. H. Y. Ng (2010). Acupuncture in reproductive medicine. Women's Health (London, England) 6(4): 551-563.

69. Stein, K. and C. Ascher-Walsh (2009). A Comprehensive Approach to the Treatment of Uterine Leiomyomata. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 76(6): 546-556.

70. Stones, R. W. and J. Mountfield (2000). Interventions for treating chronic pelvic pain in women. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)(2): CD000387.

71. Sutton, C. J. G., et al. (1994). Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial of Laser Laparoscopy in the Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with Minimal, Mild, and Moderate Endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 62(4): 696-700.

72. Sutton, C. J. G. and K. D. Jones (2002). Laser laparoscopy for endometriosis and endometriotic cysts. Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques 16(11): 1513-1517.

73. Taylor, D., et al. (2002). A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of an acupressure device (relief brief) for managing symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 8(3): 357-370.

74. Terry, R., et al. (2011). The Use of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) for the Treatment of Pain: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Pain Medicine 12(12): 1808-1818.


76. Vercellini, P., et al. (1999). A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist compared with expectant management after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 106(7): 672-677.

77. Vercellini, P., et al. (2009). Medical, surgical and alternative treatments for chronic pelvic pain in women: a descriptive review. Gynecological Endocrinology 25(4): 208-221.

78. Walsh, D. M., et al. (2009). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for acute pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2).

79. Walsh, D. M., et al. (2009). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for acute pain. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (2): CD006142.

80. Wang, M.-C., et al. (2009). Effects of Auricular Acupressure on Menstrual Symptoms and Nitric Oxide for Women with Primary Dysmenorrhea. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 15(3): 235-242.

81. Wayne, P. M., et al. (2008). Japanese-style acupuncture for endometriosis-related pelvic pain in adolescents and young women: Results of a randomized sham-controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 21(5): 247-257.

82. Witt, C. M., et al. (2008). Acupuncture in patients with dysmenorrhea: a randomized study on clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in usual care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198(2).

83. Witt, C. M., et al. (2008). Acupuncture in patients with dysmenorrhea: a randomized study on clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in usual care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198(2): 8.


Au: References #82 and 83 appear to be the same reference; please check





84. Wu, L. L., et al. (2012). Effects of Noninvasive Electroacupuncture at Hegu (LI4) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) Acupoints on Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 18(2): 137-142.

85. Yang, H., et al. (2008). Systematic review of clinical trials of acupuncture-related therapies for primary dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica 87(11): 1114-1122.

86. Yilmazer, M., et al. (2012). Efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief in women undergoing office endometrial biopsy. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 285(4): 1059-1064.

87. Yu, Y.-P., et al. (2010). Immediate Effect of Acupuncture at Sanyinjiao (SP6) and Xuanzhong (GB39) on Uterine Arterial Blood Flow in Primary Dysmenorrhea. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16(10): 1073-1078.

88. Zhu, X., et al. (2011). Acupuncture for pain in endometriosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9):CD007864.

89. Zhu, X., et al. (2011). Acupuncture for pain in endometriosis. Cochrane database of systematic

reviews (Online) (9): CD007864.

90. Zhu, X., et al. (2007). Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (4): CD005288.

91. Zhu, X., et al. (2007). Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4).

92. Zhu, X., et al. (2008). Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2).

93. Zhu, X., et al. (2008). Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (2): CD005288.

Database: PEDro

Search strategy: SimplePrimary dysmenorrhea and Therapy: Acupuncture, Acupressure, TENS, exercise, heat, cryotherapy, paraffin wax, massage, biofeedback, interferential therapy, short wave diathermy, microwave diathermy, hydrotherapy, laser, spinal manipulation.

The number of studies identified in PEDro = 40

1. Daley AJ. (2008) Exercise and primary dysmenorrhoea: a comprehensive and critical review of the literature. Sports Medicine 38(8):659-670.

2. Proctor ML, Hing W, Johnson TC, Murphy PA. (2006) Spinal manipulation for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3):CD002119.

3. Proctor M, Farquhar C, Stones W, He L, Zhu X, Brown J. (2002) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1):CD002123.

4. Yang H, Liu C-Z, Chen X, et al. (2008) Systematic review of clinical trials of acupuncture-related therapies for primary dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 87(11):1114-1122.


Au: References #90–93 appear to be the same reference; please check.


Au: References #89 and 90 appear to be the same reference; please check.

5. Liu, C.-Z., et al. (2011). Immediate Analgesia Effect of Single Point Acupuncture in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pain Medicine 12(2): 300-307.

6. Smith, C. A., et al. (2011). Acupuncture to treat primary dysmenorrhea in women: a randomized controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011;(612464): Epub.


8. Ma, Y.-X., et al. (2010). A Comparative Study on the Immediate Effects of Electroacupuncture at Sanyinjiao (SP6), Xuanzhong (GB39) and a Non-Meridian Point, on Menstrual Pain and Uterine Arterial Blood Flow, in Primary Dysmenorrhea Patients. Pain Medicine 11(10): 1564-1575.

9. Kokjohn, K., et al. (1992). The effect of spinal manipulation on pain and prostaglandin levels in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 15(5): 279-285.

10. Wang, M.-C., et al. (2009). Effects of auricular acupressure on menstrual symptoms and nitric oxide for women with primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 15(3): 235-242.


12. Yu, Y.-P., et al. (2010). Immediate Effect of Acupuncture at Sanyinjiao (SP6) and Xuanzhong (GB39) on Uterine Arterial Blood Flow in Primary Dysmenorrhea. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16(10): 1073-1078.

13. Zhi, L. X. (2007). Randomized controlled study on the analgesic effect of superficial needling plus electrostimulation of sanyinjiao (SP6) for primary dysmenorrhea. [Chinese]. Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research / [Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan Yi xue qing bao yan jiu suo bian ji] 32 (5): 342-346.

14. Bu, Y. Q., et al. (2011). Clinical study on the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with preconditioning acupuncture. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 17(3):224-227.

15. Shi, G. X., et al. (2011). Effects of acupuncture at Sanyinjiao (SP6) on prostaglandin levels in primary dysmenorrhea patients. The Clinical Journal of Pain 27(3):258-261.


17. Li, W. L., et al. (2006). Analysis on therapeutic effect of substance-partitioned moxibustion at Guanyuan (CV 4) and shenque (CV 8) for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea of cold-damp type. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 26(7): 481-482.

18. Taylor, D., et al. (2002). A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of an acupressure device (relief brief) for managing symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 8(3): 357-370.

19. Bu, Y. Q. (2011). [Observation on therapeutic effect of acupuncture at Shiqizhui (Extra) for primary dysmenorrhea at different time]. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 31(2): 110-112.

20. Dawood, M. Y. and J. Ramos (1990). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized crossover comparison with placebo TENS and ibuprofen. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1990 Apr;75(4):656-660.

21. Israel, R. G., et al. (1985). Effects of aerobic training on primary dysmenorrhea symptomatology in college females. Journal of the American College of Health 33(6):241-244.

22. Lundeberg, T., et al. (1985). Relief of primary dysmenorrhea by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 64(6):491-497.

23. Snyder, B. J., G. E. Sanders (1996). Evaluation of the Toftness system of chiropractic adjusting for subjects with chronic back pain, chronic tension headaches, or primary dysmenorrhea. Chiropractic Technique 8(1):3-9.

24. Thomas, M., et al. (1995). Pain and discomfort in primary dysmenorrhea is reduced by preemptive acupuncture or low frequency TENS. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 5(3):71-76.

25. Youn, H. M., et al. (2008). (Effect of acupuncture treatment on primary dysmenorrhea: a study on single blind sham acupuncture, randomised controlled clinical trial) [Korean]. The Journal of the Korean Acupuncture and Moxibustion Society 25(3):139-162.

26. Zhi, L. X. (2007). Randomized controlled study on superficial needling for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 27(1): 18-21.

27. Li, C. H., et al. (2008). (Clinical observation of the use of acupuncture on 4 gate points for primary dysmenorrhoea) [Chinese - simplified characters]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu [Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion] 28(3): 187-190.

28. Wang, S. X., et al. (2009). Observation on therapeutic effect of acupoint application on dysmenorrhea of excess syndrome and effect on prostaglandins. [Chinese]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 29(4): 265-268.

29. Chen, H.-M. and C.-H. Chen (2004). Effects of acupressure at the Sanyinjiao point on primary dysmenorrhoea. Journal of Advanced Nursing 48(4): 380-387.

30. Yuk, S. S. and E. M. Lim (2005). (A clinical study on the effect of crossing over treatment of acupuncture and herbal medication for primary dysmenorrhea) [Korean]. Journal of Oriental Obstetrics and Gynecology 18(4): 144-152.

31. Guo, A., Q. Meng (2008). Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in 30 cases. Chung I Tsa Chih Ying Wen Pan [Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine] 28(1): 7-9.

32. Helms, J. M. (1987). Acupuncture for the management of primary dysmenorrhea. Obstetrics and Gynecology 69(1): 51-56.

33. Milsom, I., et al. (1994). A comparative study of the effect of high-intensity transcutaneous nerve stimulation and oral naproxen on intrauterine pressure and menstrual pain in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 170(1 Pt 1): 123-129.

34. Neighbors, L. E., et al. (1987). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea. The Clinical Journal of Pain 3(1): 17-22.

35. Pouresmail, Z. and R. Ibrahimzadeh (2002). Effects of acupressure and ibuprofen on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Chung I Tsa Chih Ying Wen Pan [Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine] 22(3): 205-210.

36. Walsh, D. M., et al. (2009). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for acute pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD006142.

37. Lewers, D., et al. (1989). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the relief of primary dysmenorrhea. Physical Therapy 69(1): 3-9.

38. Li Y (1998). Warm acupuncture for 130 cases of primary dysmenorrhea [Chinese - simplified characters]. Shanghai Zhenjiu Zazhi [Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture and Moxibustion] 17(3): 16-17.

39. Witt CM, Reinhold T, Brinkhaus B, Roll S, Jena S, Willich SN (2008). Acupuncture in patients with dysmenorrhea: a randomized study on clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in usual care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198(2): 166.e161-166.e168.

40. Mannheimer JS, Whalen EC (1985). The efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in dysmenorrhea. The Clinical Journal of Pain 1(2): 75-83

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