title an attempt on rearing a dugong calf (dugong dugon
TRANSCRIPT
Title An attempt on rearing a dugong calf (Dugong dugon) and itsbehaviors
Author(s)
ADULYANUKOSOL, KANJANA;KITTIWATTANAWONG, KONGKIAT; VIRIYAKUNPAT,KANOKSAK; PRASITTHIPORNKUL, ANUWAT;CHANTHARATREERAT, CHANSIN
CitationProceedings of the International Symposium onSEASTAR2000 and Bio-logging Science (The 5thSEASTAR2000 Workshop) (2004): 52-63
Issue Date 2004
URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/44105
Right
Type Conference Paper
Textversion publisher
Kyoto University
An attempt on rearing a dugong calf (Dugong dugon) and its behaviors
KANJANA ADULYANUKOSOL*, KONGKIAT KITTIWATTANAWONG, KANOKSAK VIRIYAKUNPAT, ANUWAT PRASITTHIPORNKUL & CHANSIN CHANTHARATREERAT1 Phuket Marine Biological Center, P.O.Box 60, Phuket, Thailand 1Department of Pediatric, Vachira Phuket Hospital, Muang, Phuket, Thailand * [email protected]
ABSTRACT Within one month, a female dugong calf (Dugong dugon) of 107 cm long had twice been stranded at Paklok sub-district, Phuket province, on 3 February 2004 and 2 March 2004. Firstly, it was released back to the sea and secondly transferred to be reared at Phuket Marine Biological Center. The calf carried a large wound on its muzzle and the wound completely healed after medical care within 2 months. Milk, in a concentration of 15-30 g of powdered milk made up to 100 cc in volume, had been offered to the calf 4-5 times a day, starting from 100 cc and then gradually increasing to 500 cc. Its behaviors were intensively observed 24 hours, 4 times during 15-30 March 2004. It was found that the minimum breathing interval times were 1 second in 24 hours during daytime (06.00-17.59) and 2 seconds during nighttime (18.00-05.59) while the maximum was 559 seconds (24 hours and nighttime). The minimum: maximum numbers of diving time, per hour were 29:97 (24 hours and daytime) and 30:82 (nighttime). It seemed that in a weak condition, the calf frequently surfaced to breath and could not dive for long period as in a normal condition. The gastrointestinal tract and lungs of the calf were severly infected by bacteria and it died after 79 days of the keeping period.
KEYWORDS: dugong, calf, rearing, behavior, breathing
INTRODUCTION Dugongs (Dugong dugon) are the large herbivorous marine mammal in the tropical-subtropical areas of the Indo-Pacific. Adult dugongs typically range between 2.4-3 m in length and 250-420 kg in weight, with females slightly larger than males. Size at birth is quite variable, with neonates ranging from 1.1-1.2 m in length and 20-35 kg in weight. Calves begin to consume some seagrasses soon after birth but continue to suckle from their mothers for at least 18 months (Nishiwaki and Marsh, 1985). Throughout their geographical distribution, attempts to hand-rear dugongs have met very limited success, and it has been reported that among the dependent juveniles that had been taken into human care, only one was known to have survived to weaning age (Blanshard, 2000). Since 1960s, several aquariums, zoos, or institutions in Asia have tried to keep dugongs, with an exception for a few cases elsewhere, most of the attempts were not successful (Kataoka et al., 1995). Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC), Thailand, had been trying to rear 9 dugongs since 1979 and the longest keeping period was 200 days (Boonprakob et al., 1983; Adulyanukosol and Patiyasaevee, 1993; Boonyanate, 1994; Adulyanukosol, 2002). Two of those were released back to the sea after 15 days of
rearing; one at Yon Bay (near PMBC) in 1989 and another one at Chaomai district, Trang province, in 1993 (Boonyanate, 1994). Dugongs are very delicate animals, susceptible to diseases and difficult to keep in captivity. In the beginning of March 2004, we got the injured calf from the northern Phuket Island. There was only a small chance of success in raising this calf, but worthwhile information could be obtained irrespective of the outcome.
MATERIALS AND METHODS About the calf A female dugong calf had twice beenstranded at Paklok sub-district, Talang district, the north of Phuket province (Fig.1). First, it was stranded on 3 February 2004 and then it was released back to the sea in the same day. Later, on 2 March 2004, she became stranded again at the river mouth close to the first place and local people had brought her to the Phuket Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Center where she was kept until she was transferred to the Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMBC) on 5 March 2004 (Fig.1). She was 107 cm in length and 27 kg in weight and carried a large wound (10 cm long and 4-5 cm deep) on her muzzle with some small scars
52
scattered on her skin (Fig. 2a, 2b). The calf was emaciated with a deep groove on the midline of her ventral side. On arrival, her vagina was slightly bleeding. Nothing was
known about the circumstances in which she had separated from her mother.
Figure 1. Map of Phuket Island shows the stranding area in the north at Paklok sub-district (1), the first
keeping place at Phuket Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Center (2), the rearing place at Phuket Marine Biological Center in the south of the island (3).
General care and water system Two different pools had been used to house the calf. First, on 5 March 2004, the calf was held in a circular fiberglass pool 3 m in diameter and with a wall height of 1 m, which allowed her about 0.75 m of water depth. Sea water was running through the UV system, about 3 tons of sea water per hour, for 24 hours. On 13 April 2004, this was replaced by 5*2.5*1 m concrete tank, which allowed her the same 0.75 m of water depth. The water system of the concrete tank was running through high rate sand filter tank (Cristal-floTM, 1 kw). Sea water from the filter tank was then separated into 2 pipes; the first pipe directly flowed into the rearing tank and the second pipe flowed through the UV system before entering the rearing tank. Generally, milk had been offered to the calf 4-5 times a day outside the tank. After feeding in the morning, the wound on her muzzle was
cleaned with 10% H2O2 solution, the dead tissue scraped off, cleaned with 1.2% Betadine solution followed by normal saline and then Bogela was applied. The calf was weighed daily and her length was measured 4 times during the keeping period. In total, approximately 25-30 minutes were spent for feeding, wound treatment, and weighing. The tank was drained and cleaned daily in the late afternoon (about 20 minutes around 17:30-18:00 hr). Detritus, seagrasss, and stool on the bottom of the tank were regularly removed. Water was drained out about 30% in case the calf has defecated. The bottom of the tank was provided with excess seagrasses attached onto the rubber sheets (seagrass plates); one plate for the circular tank and 4 plates for the rectangular tank (Fig. 2c). The floating seagrasses were taken out of the tank every 2-3 hours, except from midnight until early morning.
53
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 2. a) a female dugong calf 107 cm long in a circular fiberglass tank, b) the large wound on its muzzle, c) the seagrass attached onto a rubber sheet (a seagrass plate), d) feeding apparatus; 60 cc syringe and suction tube.
Food It is important to raise a metabolically normal calf by feeding the calf frequency such as two-hourly, 24 hours a day as the recommendation of Miami Seaquarium in Florida (Blanshard, 2000). To follow this suggestion, Esbilac (milk for pup) which contains medium chained fatty acid and a high concentration of milk, was first selected for the calf. But our calf accepted a lesser quantity of milk each time and it seemed like she did not digest this kind of milk very well at the beginning of the arrival. The second kind of powered milk is Pan-enteral (milk for premature birth). Pan-enteral containes short chained fatty acid and a low concentration of milk, which can easily be digested and absorbed by the calf. Then Pan-enteral powdered milk was used instead of Esbilac brand (Appendix 1). Before milk preparation, the rubber bed was cleaned with Dettol solution and laid on the floor as a feeding bed. Wet towel covered the calf body during feeding. The staffs ensured the hygiene of their body using Batadine Scrub particularly for hands, legs and feet. Powdered milk was mixed well with warm water and the volume adjusted with drinking water in a ratio of 30 g of milk powder made up 100 cc in volume. In the first few days after arrival, milk had been fed to the calf 100 cc each time. Later, it had gradually increased up to 500 cc.
The calf did not accept the different kinds of feeding apparatus which were tested i.e. a nipple for calf, a rubber cast made from a nipple of mature female dugong, and a nipple applied from gloves, therefore, she had been fed by force-feeding for the whole experiment. Force-feeding was conducted by filling the milk into a 60 cc syringe equipped with a suction tube (3.5 mm in diameter and 50 cm long) (Fig. 2d). The tip of the suction tube was covered with a small amount of KY gel. The staff wore gloves (the nitrite powdered examination gloves) and gradually inserted the suction tube into the mouth of the calf until it reached her stomach (approximately 37 cm from the tip of her mouth). All feeding apparatuses were cleaned, except the suction tube which was soaked in the Chlohexidine solution for 15 minutes and then sterile solution for 1 hour. Comprehensive information of the timetable of caring for the calf is available in Appendix 1. Medicinal treatment Analysis of a stool had been made when the calf’s condition was weak i.e. inactive, frequently surfaced, poor digestion or constipation. On arrival, she was suspected to have an infection of the digestive tract, however, it was later diagnosed as an infection of both lungs and digestive tract. The medical treatment was applied to the calf under the
54
recommendations of pediatricians and veterinarians. An antibiotic was applied through muscle tissue while an antiseptic was fed together with milk (Appendix 1). Observation on behavior General behaviors had been observed during day time in the keeping period of 79 days. However, the 24 hours observation on her behaviors had been conducted 4 times on 15-16, 22-23, 25-26, and 29-30 March 2004 from 09:00 am.-09:00 am the next day.
RESULTS Food Water quality in the rearing tank was quite clean for the calf. It was not necessary to
control the water temperature by putting the heater in the tank due to the high flow rate of sea water. The calf seemed to have good acceptance to the force-feeding because she did not move her body during feeding and often closed her eyes (Fig. 3a). Regarding to the Sea World Formula of milk for manatee, one component is canola oil; at 4 ml/100 g formula (Townsend et al., 2001). A small amount of canola oil was added to the milk in the first few days of her arrival but she could not digest the oil. Milk was given to the calf 4-5 times per day. The maximum volume of milk had been accepted by the calf was 500 cc each time (Appendix 1). The excessive seagrasses had been provided on the seagrass plate(s), but the calf fed only a little amount of these seagrasses.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. a) a calf often closed her eyes while feeding milk, b) the wound almost healed after about 2
months of the treatment. Medicinal treatment Unexpectedly, the large wound on the muzzle recovered after about 2 months of the treatment (Fig. 3b). The behaviors of the calf in good condition are; easy swimming and diving, rubbing her flippers on the chest, suckling on the flipper(s), and rolling the body. The behaviors of uncomfortable condition or sickness are; always floating on the water surface, seldom swimming, and frequent breathing including rare diving. The calf often had constipation or diarrhea. Many kinds of medicine, both injection and oral feeding, were applied to the calf (Appendix 1). Results obtained from the stool and urine analysis have suggested that she was infected by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Although after
offering some doses of medicines, the calf’s condition had shown that she recovered from the disease, but after about a week she was in an uncomfortable condition again. On 9 May 2004, fungi were found in the stool, it could have occured because of a prolong period of antibiotic usage. Before she died on 20 May 2004, she still fed very well without any sign of severe health condition. The calf gained 5 cm in length and 3 kg in weight after 78 days of rearing. Her length slightly increased after about one month of keeping period and reached 112 cm while the weight fluctuated after her arrival and reached 30 kg at the end of the experiment (Fig. 4).
55
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
4/3/04 19/3/04 3/4/04 18/4/04 3/5/04 18/5/04
Date
Leng
th (
cm.)
(a)
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
4/3/04 19/3/04 3/4/04 18/4/04 3/5/04 18/5/04
Date
Wei
ght (
kg.)
(b) Figure 4. Growth curve of the calf in captivity during 4 March-19 May 2004, a) the relationship
between the length (cm) and date, b) the relationship between the weight (kg) and date Observation on behavior General activities of the calf were milk feeding, seagrass chewing, surfacing, breathing and resting (always at the bottom and seldom surfacing). From 24 hours observation for 4 times (15-16, 22-23, 25-26 and 29-30 March 2004), it was found that the minimum breathing interval was 1 second in 24 hours during daytime (06.00-17.59 hr) and 2 seconds during nighttime (18.00-05.59 hr). The
maximum breathing interval was 559 seconds in 24 hours and nighttime. The number of minimum: maximum of diving times per hour were 29:97 (whole day and daytime), 30:82 (nighttime) (Table 1). The mean values of the breathing time (min-max) and mean values of surface breathing per hour are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The breathing interval (diving time) and the number of surface breathing of the calf per hour
from 24 hours observation for 4 days (15-16, 22-23, 25-26 and 29-30 March 2004).
Period Min(sec) Max(sec) Mean±SD breathing interval (diving time) Whole day 1 559 61.18±57.58 Daytime (06.00-17.59) 1 420 57.00±51.06 Nighttime (18.00-05.59) 2 559 66.04±63.81 surface breathing per hour Whole day 29 97 58±15.07 Daytime (06.00-17.59) 29 97 62±16.93 Nighttime (18.00-05.59) 30 82 54±12.32
Regarding to the patterns of average rate of the calf breathing per hour, in 24 hours, for 4 times observation (15-16, 22-23, 25-26, and 29-30 March 2004) in Fig. 5, it was noticed that the active activities occurred during daytime and
inactive activities was during nighttime. Besides, the rate of average breathing per hour was higher in the daytime than the nighttime, particularly on 29-30 March 2004.
56
Figure 5. Graphs show the rate of average breathing per hour of the calf, in 24 hours, for 4 times
observation (15-16, 22-23, 25-26, and 29-30 March 2004).
2030405060708090
100
9:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00 1:
003:
005:
007:
00
No.
of a
vg. b
reat
hing
/ hr
2030405060708090
100
9:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00 1:
003:
005:
007:
00
No.
of a
vg. b
reat
hing
/ hr
2030405060708090
100
9:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00 1:
003:
005:
007:
00
No.
of a
vg. b
reat
hing
/ hr
2030405060708090
100
9:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00 1:
003:
005:
007:
00
No.
of a
vg. b
reat
hing
/ hr
Time
22-23 March
25-26 March
29-30 March
15-16 March
57
(c) (d) Figure 6. a) the nasal valves opened while surface breathing, b) a calf always lay at the bottom of the
tank during nighttime. About one hour duration after milk feeding, the calf surfaced for breathe more often and had shorter breathing interval times than usual (Fig. 5 and Appendix 1). Generally, the calf opened the nasal valves only once each surfacing (Fig 6a). In addition in the first month of rearing the calf often made calls (vocalize) especially when people came close to her or around the rearing tank. She generally produced calls while feeding on the seagrass plate, wound treatment, or in constipation condition. Sometimes she called during force-feeding outside the tank. The resting behavior occurred during nighttime (Fig. 6b).
DISCUSSION We have realized that dugongs are very delicate animals, susceptible to diseases and hard to keep in captivity. We had released the female calf back to the nature on the first arrival. The calf was expected to have got lost from her mother and might have had an opportunity to meet her mother soon after releasing. Unfortunately a month later, the same calf, carrying a bad injury on her muzzle, became stranded again at the river mount close to the first location. Thus, we could not deny rearing this orphan calf on this arrival. We had been worried about the large wound of 10 cm long and 4-5 cm deep and the emaciation. This calf was of very young age, 107 cm in length and weighed 27 kg on arrival on 5 March 2004. The indications of very young calf included the deep hole of her navel, very short bristles on her facial disc, absence of calluses on the underside of the tips of her pectoral flippers, and unstrained horny plates in top and bottom jaws (Blanshard, 2000; Adulyanukosol, 2004). Food and therapeutic drugs had been used on the calf according to the recommendations of the pediatricians and veterinarians. Although, there was a large
wound on her muzzle together with emaciation, her behaviors seemed to be normal i.e. always swimming around the tank, upside down swimming etc. The calf gained only 5 cm and 3 kg after 78 days of rearing. Food Kataoka et al. (1995) have suggested that in the case of a young calf approximately 5-8 months old, human infant milk formula should be given. In order to give substitute milk, a nipple resembling a natural one (2.6 cm in diameter) proved effective. Nutritional and dietary supplements were given as the situation required. Important points to watch include amount of milk and seagrass consumed, signs of constipation or poor digestion. It is also important to respond quickly to problems before the individual weakens. Furthermore, Blanshard (2000) has assumed that the gastrointestinal tract of most young herbivores was inoculated with useful bacteria accidentally (or in the case of koalas, deliberate) ingestion of adult faeces, it seemed reasonable to suppose that a neonatal dugong raised away from its normal seagrass-meadow environment may not harbor the appropriate gut flora. Observation on behavior The age of the dugong and the health condition might be one of the factors involved in its behaviors. Kataoka et al. (1995) have observed daily activities of 2 dugongs of 9 and 17 years old in Toba Aquarium. It was determined that the resting or inactive periods of the captive dugongs were concentrated in the stretch from late night to early morning (this includes sleeping). In this study, the calf of less than 5-6 months old had active behaviors during daytime and inactive during nighttime. The maximum breathing interval in this study was 559 seconds. Adulyanukosol (1996) reported
58
that the maximum breathing interval of a calf (119 cm in length) was 480 seconds while it was 506 seconds in the study on Kenny (1967) (cited from Nishiwaki and Marsh (1985)). Dugong in Captivity Since 1960s, about 49 dugongs have been kept at 17 institutions in 10 countries around the world (Table 2). Most of the attempts to keep dugongs in captivity were short-lived and only 13 had lived longer than 6 months (number 13
are from: 11 individuals from Marsh (1991) plus 2 individuals from Table 2; one from Sea World, Australia, in 1998 and another one from Underwater World, Singapore, in 1998). In recent years, a handful of dugongs had been maintained in captivity around the world, notably at Toba Aquarium in Japan, Jaya Ancol Aquarium in Indonesia, Sea world in Australia and Underwater World in Singapore (Marsh 1991, Kataoka et al., 1995, Table 2).
Table 2. Keeping record of dugongs in the world at present (as of November 2004).
Date Keeping place No of dugong
(ind)
Longest term
(y/mo/d or week)
Food supply Original location of
dugong
1955 Steinhart Aquarium, USA 1 1mo/ 15days nf Palau Is., Micronesia
1959-70 Central Marine Fisheries Institute, India
2 10y seagrass India
1965, 1966 Yangon (Rangoon) Zoo, Myanmar
2 ? seagrass Myanmar
1966,1978 Cairns Oceanarium Australia 2 3mo Zostera sp., milk
Australia
1996, 1997, 1998
Sea World, Australia 3 4-5.5 weeks/ 3y and
rehabilitation
seagrass, mik
Australia 1
? Noumea Aquarium, New Caledonia
1 4mo? Halophila, Cymodocea
New Caledonea
1975, 1981-83, 1978-89
Jaya Anchol Aquarium, Indonesia
8 4y/ 9mo Halophila, Syringodium
Indonesia
1976-? Surabaya Zoo, Indonesia 3> ? seagrass Indonesia 1968 Oita Marine Place, Japan 1 17days Vegetable
juice, milk Australia
1975, 1992-93
Okinawa Expo Aquarium, Japan
3 22days/ 9mo Thalassia, Cymodocea, Syringodium,
Ipomoea
Indonesia, Okinawa, Japan
1979 Okinawa Marine Park 1 Zostera, Syringodium
Okinawa, Japan
1977, 1979,1987
Toba Aquarium, Japan 4 2dugongs still alive
Zostera, Syringodium,
milk
Philippines 2
1992-2004 Pawikan Conservation Project, WWF-Philippines
5 15 days-6 mo
Milk, seagrass Philippines 3
1998 Underwater World, Singapore
1 still alive Seagrass, milk
Singapore 3
1979-2004 (include
this study)
Phuket Marine Biological Center, Thailand Fishery Station/ Fisherman
10
2
20days/ 6mo
?/ 15 days and released
Halophila, milk
seagrass
Thailand 4
Remarks: The main information derived from Kataoka et al. (1995) and additional data were from 1
Blanshard (2000) and www.seaworld.com.au, 2 Romeo B. Trono (personal communication) 3 www. underwaterworld.com.sg, and 4 Adulyanukosol (2002) including this study. It is hard to determine the precise cause of its death. It may come from various causes i.e. injury during catching and transportation, nutrition, stress, being sensitive to medicine, sickness etc. (Boonprakob et al., 1983, Adulyanukosol and Patiyasaevee, 1994,
Boonyanate, 1994). Except for maintaining the water quality and the space of rearing tank, the nutrition seems to be the most important factor for the survival of dugongs in captivity. Although complete details are unknown, dugongs are especially susceptible to different
59
types of chemical. Deaths due to copper sulphate (CuSo4) and DDT have been reported. (Blanshard, 2000). After the calf had died on 20 May 2004, about 2-3 liters of water was found in her body cavity and the infection was noticed on her lungs and gastrointestinal tract. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our sincere thank to all the people who contributed their knowledge and /or effort on this study: Ass. Prof. Nantarika Chansue, D.V.M. and Ms. Jariya Sutanonpaiboon, D.V.M. from Chulalongkorn University (CU), staffs from Vachira Phuket Hospital for their vulnerable help and health care of the calf; Dr. Wendy Blanshard, Special Projects Officer of Sea World, Australia for her information and guidance; Mrs. Oonchit Bhatiyasevi, past director of PMBC and Mr. Supot Chantrapornsyl, director of Marine and Coastal Resources Center (lower Gulf) for their advices; Mr. Wichai Worasayan, director of Phuket Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Center for taking care the calf for 2 days prior to transfer to PMBC and supporting the rearing tank; the staff of Marine Endangered Species Unit particularly Mr. Sadee Yako, Mr. Chai Klatale and Mr. Suchon Klatale including Ms. Kanita Rochanutama from CU for their intensive care on the calf and assistance work. Finally we are indebted to the local people of Paklok sub-district who helped the calf during strandings and also a number of people as well as ITV channel who have donated the money to the Dugong Research and Conservation Project of PMBC. Manuscript editing by Ms. Palap Tiptus and comment from anonymous and reviewers are highly appreciated. REFERENCES Adulyanukosol, K. (1996). Breathing behavior of dugong (Dugong dugon) in captivity. Proceedings of the Seminar of Department of Fisheries in September 1996. 7 pp. (in Thai) Adulyanukosol, K. (2002). A tale of captive dugong at Phuket. Thai Fisheries Gazette. 55(2), 155-158. (in Thai) Adulyanukosol, K. (2004). Dugong and conservation of dugong in Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center. Technical Paper. No 5. 53 pp. (in Thai) Adulyanukosol, K. and Patiyasaevee, B. (1994). Feeding Behaviors of dugong in captivity. Proceedings of the Seminar of Department of Fisheries on 19-21 September 1993, p. 386-392. (in Thai)
Blanshard, W. (2000). Current Achievements and Future Challenges in Dugong Rehabilitation. Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria Australasian Society of Zoo Keeping Conference 2000, Sea World. p. 45-58. Boonprakob, U., Chantrapornsyl, S. and Bhatia, O. (1983). Occurrence of dugong (Dugong dugon) in coastal waters of Phuket Island and the attempt to keep dugongs in captivity. A Symposium on Marine Mammals of the Indian Ocean, Feb. 22-25, 1983. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 13 pp. Boonyanate, P. (1994). An attempt on rearing unweaned dugong (Dugong dugon) calves. (in Thai). Phuket Marine Biological Center. Technical Paper. No. 1/1994. 11 pp. (in Thai) Kataoka, T., Mori, T., Wakai, Y., Palma, J. A. M., Yaptinchay, A. A. S. P., DeVeyra, R. R., and Trono, R. B. (1995). Dugongs of the Philippines “A Report of the Joint Dugong Research and Conservation Program May 1995”. Shin-Nihon Kogyo Co., Ltd. 167 pp. Marsh, H. (1991). Our Tropical Siren. Australia Geographic. 21, 42-57. Nishiwaki, M. and Marsh, H. (1985). Dugong, Dugong dugon (MÜller, 1776). In Handbook of Marine Mammals Vol 3: the Sirenians and Baleen Whales. S.H. Ridgway and S.R. Harrison (eds). St Edmundsbury Press Limited, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. pp. 1-31. Townsend, F. I. Jr. and Gage, L. J. (2001). Hand-rearing and artificial milk formulas. In CRC Hanbook of Marine Mamal Medicine. Dierauf, L.A. and Gulland, F.M.D. (eds). CRC Press, Washington., D.C. pp. 829-849.
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App
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Tim
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19
75
75
75
75
75
40
60
20
75
75
75
75
75
40
60
21
75
75
75
75
75
35
65
C
F 3m
l di
arrh
ea; m
edic
ine
appl
ied
at 2
2:00
pm
22
12
0
75
10
5
100
CF
3ml
23
90
60
90
75
90
100
CF
3ml
24
90
75
75
90
10
0 C
F 3m
l oc
cult
bloo
d in
sto
ol
25
10
5 90
75
90
90
100
CF
3ml
26
12
0 75
105
75
105
100
CF
3ml
yello
wis
h gr
een
stoo
l (fr
om s
eagr
ass)
27
10
5 75
75
75
75
100
61
App
endi
x 1.
con
t.
Dat
e
Milk
fee
ding
tim
e (v
olum
e in
gra
m)
%
Milk
M
edic
ine
Rem
arks
4:
00
8:00
11
:00
12:0
0 15
:00
17:0
0 18
:00
20:0
0 22
:00
24:0
0 E
sbila
c P
an-
ente
ral
28 M
ar
10
5 75
75
90
90
7
93
29
90
90
90
90
4 96
cons
tipat
ion
30
90
90
90
90
90
90
10
0
cons
tipat
ion
31
90
90
45
100
co
nstip
atio
n
1 A
pr
90
45
45
45
45
100
co
nstip
atio
n
2
45
45
45
45
45
10
0
cons
tipat
ion
3
45
45
45
45
45
10
0
floa
ting
, rar
ely
dive
, con
stip
atio
n
4
45
45
100
CF
3ml
med
icin
e ap
plie
d at
14:
00 p
m
5
C
F 3.
5ml
6
C
F 3.
5ml
7
75
75
75
10
0 C
F 3.
5ml
8
75
75
15
75
100
CF
3.5m
l de
feca
te
9
75
75
75
90
100
CF
3.5m
l st
ool a
nd u
rine
-che
ck f
ound
bac
teri
a in
fect
ion
on
inte
stin
e an
d ur
inar
y sy
stem
10
90
90
90
5
95
CF
3.5m
l
11
75
90
90
12
88
C
F 3.
5ml
diar
rhea
12
90
90
75
90
13
87
CF
3.5m
l
13
90
90
90
90
17
83
di
arrh
ea
14
90
45
11
89
di
arrh
ea, s
alin
e fe
ed in
stea
d of
milk
15
45
45
45
45
10
0
16
45
45
45
60
10
0
17
60
75
75
75
10
0
stoo
l-ch
eck
foun
d m
ore
infe
ctio
n in
the
inte
stin
e
18
75
75
75
75
10
0
19
75
90
90
90
10
0
20
90
90
120
90
10
0
diar
rhea
sto
p
21
90
90
90
105
10
0
22
10
5
105
10
5
105
10
0
23
10
5
105
10
5
105
10
0
62
App
endi
x 1.
con
t.
Dat
e
Milk
fee
ding
tim
e (v
olum
e in
gra
m)
%
Milk
M
edic
ine
Rem
arks
4:
00
8:00
11
:00
12:0
0 15
:00
17:0
0 18
:00
20:0
0 22
:00
24:0
0 E
sbila
c P
an-
ente
ral
24 A
pr
10
5
105
10
5
105
10
0
25
10
5
105
10
5
105
10
0
26
10
5
105
10
5
105
10
0
27
10
5
105
10
5
105
10
0
28
10
5
105
10
5
100
m
uch
prot
ozoa
fou
nd in
sto
ol a
nd u
rine
-che
ck f
ound
in
fect
ion
on in
test
ine
incl
udin
g de
hydr
atio
n
29
10
5
105
10
5
105
10
0
floa
ting
, rar
ely
dive
30
10
5
105
10
5
100
CF
5ml,
AM
500
mg
1 M
ay
10
5
105
10
5
105
10
0 C
F 5m
l, A
M 5
00m
g m
edic
ine
appl
ied
at 1
6:00
pm
2
105
10
5
105
10
5
100
CF
5ml,
AM
250
mg
3
105
10
5
105
10
5
100
4
105
10
5
105
10
5
100
MT
900
mg,
OF
200m
g
med
icin
e or
al a
pplie
d
5
105
10
5
105
10
5
100
MT
900
mg,
OF
200m
g
6
120
12
0
120
12
0
100
MT
900
mg,
OF
200m
g
7
120
12
0
120
12
0
100
MT
900
mg,
OF
100m
g
8
120
12
0
120
12
0
100
9
120
12
0
120
12
0
100
st
ool-
chec
k fo
und
fung
i
10
12
0
120
12
0
120
10
0
urin
e-ch
eck
still
has
bac
teri
al in
fect
ion
11
12
0
120
12
0
120
10
0
12
12
0
120
12
0
100
de
feca
te m
ixed
wit
h so
me
muc
us
13
12
0
120
12
0
120
10
0
14
13
5
100
FZ 1
00m
g m
edic
ine
oral
app
lied
15
60
60
10
0 FZ
100
mg
16
12
0
120
12
0
120
10
0 FZ
100
mg
17
12
0
120
13
5
135
10
0 FZ
100
mg
18
13
5
135
135
135
13
5
100
FZ 1
00m
g
19
13
5
135
13
5
135
10
0
20
- -
di
ed a
t 07:
00 a
m, g
astr
oint
estin
al tr
act a
nd lu
ngs
63