Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review

Prof Hamadi Iddi BogaJKUAT-Taita Taveta Campus

Titlebull The Title is the label of your submission most-read

elementbull Should be brief as few words as possible (lt20) and

informative

describe contents accuratelydescribe subject specificallyEasy to understandSuitable for indexingbull Include key words for indexingbull Make most important words stand out (order)bull Donrsquot promise more than what is in the proposal bull Cut unnecessary words (eg ldquosome notes on helliprdquo)bull Avoid abbreviations and jargon

Examplebull Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens

the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment will be conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green manure on the mineralization and co-metabolization of the herbicides propanil and buthachlor in a flooded rice soil

Examples1 Organic matter for sustainable agriculture in the

tropics2 Studies on the effects of Azolla pinata and

Azolla carolingiana green manure on the mineralization and co-metabolization of Propanil and Alachlor in a flooded Tropaquept under Oryza sativa L - Triticum aestivum L rotation in Nangara village of Northern Nigeria

3 Effect of azolla on the mineralization of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

Title should address

bull Whatbull WhyObjectivebull WhereIn selecting words for a Title be as general as

permissible and as specific as necessaryKey Words should be different from title wordsKey words should be in alphabetical order

Abstractbull Should be short (150-250 words)bull Should contain key words for indexingbull Should stand on its ownbull No references No abbreviation No citation of tables or

figures No unsubstantiated conclusionsbull Should have the following sections

ndash IntroductionBackground (the problems and its significance)

ndash Objectivesndash Materials amp Methodology (approach to finding a solution)ndash Expected outputndash Conclusions

Abstract Continuedhellipbull Make a great first impression Most applications

require a brief abstract or summary of the project It is generally a good idea to write the abstract or summary last when you can review the full proposal project description and pull out the most significant and winning arguments

bull Think of it as the introduction to your project which offers reviewers their first impression of you and your proposed work Your goal is to gain their attention and guarantee that they will read the full proposal with interest and even enthusiasm

ExerciseCassava is Africarsquos second most important food staple after maize in terms of calories consumed and is widely produced in Kenya Nigeria Ghana Congo Cote dersquovoire Tanzania and Uganda The roots are used as a source of calories and the leaves are rich in proteins vitamins and minerals Cassava is a drought resistant crop surving in most arid and semi arid areas Despite its potential in reducing poverty one of the Millenium development goals cassava remains a marginalised crop in most African countries Pests and diseases pose the greatest challenge to cassava farmers In Africa this crop has been affected by a number of viruses notably the African cassava mosaic bigemivirus Several methods ranging from physical to chemical methods have been used to manage the viruses However these methods have not been able to eradicate the persistent viral attacks This project seeks to employ molecular techniques to develop a recombinant DNA vaccine against the African Cassava mosaic virus Gene constructions containing African Cassava Mosaic virus gene will be made and transgenic cassava cell lines developed The cells developed will then be observed for coat protein expression and resistance to the virus It is expected that the antivirus obtained will be used to develop resistant cassava varieties which can be distributed to farmers at affordable prices It is also expected that a live vaccine will be developed that can be incorporated in sprays and used to spray the cassava plants as it is the case with animal based vaccines that have been developed to counter most animal viruses The project would be crucial in saving this important staple food In so doing cassavarsquos untapped potential such as for pasture as well as an industrial material can be realised

Exercise

bull Construct a Titlebull Identify 5 key wordsbull Identify weaknesses of the abstract

In Summary

Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment was conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green

Effect of azolla on the mineralizaion of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

M Mouse D Duck and D Pluto

Walt Disney Institute Duckhousen Mickey Lane 13 FL USA

Corresponding author (plutohavardedu)

Alachlor Azolla pinnata A carolongiana Inceptisol Oryza sativa Propanil

Title

Authors

Afiliation

Abstract

Key words

Introductionbull Bearing in your mind that the first impression is the last impression you need

to present your introduction as clearer as possiblemdashleaving no ambiguities This is the entrance of your paper through which your reader will travel a journey of reading If your introduction is attractive your reader will delve into your words till the last full stop is reached

bull the introduction discusses the meaningfulness of the study with presentation of problem or issue as well as the argument advocating the need of study for researcherrsquos chosen object The statement of the issue gives a clear-cut insight into the intentions of the researcher Thus the introduction presents a background and statement in context to the pertinent issue

bull It may be easier to think of this section as a review of Relevant Literature Cite previous projects and studies that are similar to what you are proposing Show the funding agency that you know what you are proposing because you are familiar with what has preceded you

bull Position your project in relation to other efforts and show how your projectndash will extend the work that has been previously done ndash will avoid the mistakes andor errors that have been previously made ndash will serve to develop stronger collaboration between existing initiatives or ndash is unique since it does not follow the same path as previously followed

Introductionhellipbull In the introduction you should

ndash 1048707 define or identify the general topic issue or area of concern

ndash 1048707 point out overall trends in what has already been published

ndash 1048707 Present the case for the new study with a sentence like ldquoIn this studyhelliphelliphelliprdquo

bull Essentialsndash Wide reading of subject areandash Relevant current literaturendash Electronic resources available

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Titlebull The Title is the label of your submission most-read

elementbull Should be brief as few words as possible (lt20) and

informative

describe contents accuratelydescribe subject specificallyEasy to understandSuitable for indexingbull Include key words for indexingbull Make most important words stand out (order)bull Donrsquot promise more than what is in the proposal bull Cut unnecessary words (eg ldquosome notes on helliprdquo)bull Avoid abbreviations and jargon

Examplebull Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens

the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment will be conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green manure on the mineralization and co-metabolization of the herbicides propanil and buthachlor in a flooded rice soil

Examples1 Organic matter for sustainable agriculture in the

tropics2 Studies on the effects of Azolla pinata and

Azolla carolingiana green manure on the mineralization and co-metabolization of Propanil and Alachlor in a flooded Tropaquept under Oryza sativa L - Triticum aestivum L rotation in Nangara village of Northern Nigeria

3 Effect of azolla on the mineralization of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

Title should address

bull Whatbull WhyObjectivebull WhereIn selecting words for a Title be as general as

permissible and as specific as necessaryKey Words should be different from title wordsKey words should be in alphabetical order

Abstractbull Should be short (150-250 words)bull Should contain key words for indexingbull Should stand on its ownbull No references No abbreviation No citation of tables or

figures No unsubstantiated conclusionsbull Should have the following sections

ndash IntroductionBackground (the problems and its significance)

ndash Objectivesndash Materials amp Methodology (approach to finding a solution)ndash Expected outputndash Conclusions

Abstract Continuedhellipbull Make a great first impression Most applications

require a brief abstract or summary of the project It is generally a good idea to write the abstract or summary last when you can review the full proposal project description and pull out the most significant and winning arguments

bull Think of it as the introduction to your project which offers reviewers their first impression of you and your proposed work Your goal is to gain their attention and guarantee that they will read the full proposal with interest and even enthusiasm

ExerciseCassava is Africarsquos second most important food staple after maize in terms of calories consumed and is widely produced in Kenya Nigeria Ghana Congo Cote dersquovoire Tanzania and Uganda The roots are used as a source of calories and the leaves are rich in proteins vitamins and minerals Cassava is a drought resistant crop surving in most arid and semi arid areas Despite its potential in reducing poverty one of the Millenium development goals cassava remains a marginalised crop in most African countries Pests and diseases pose the greatest challenge to cassava farmers In Africa this crop has been affected by a number of viruses notably the African cassava mosaic bigemivirus Several methods ranging from physical to chemical methods have been used to manage the viruses However these methods have not been able to eradicate the persistent viral attacks This project seeks to employ molecular techniques to develop a recombinant DNA vaccine against the African Cassava mosaic virus Gene constructions containing African Cassava Mosaic virus gene will be made and transgenic cassava cell lines developed The cells developed will then be observed for coat protein expression and resistance to the virus It is expected that the antivirus obtained will be used to develop resistant cassava varieties which can be distributed to farmers at affordable prices It is also expected that a live vaccine will be developed that can be incorporated in sprays and used to spray the cassava plants as it is the case with animal based vaccines that have been developed to counter most animal viruses The project would be crucial in saving this important staple food In so doing cassavarsquos untapped potential such as for pasture as well as an industrial material can be realised

Exercise

bull Construct a Titlebull Identify 5 key wordsbull Identify weaknesses of the abstract

In Summary

Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment was conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green

Effect of azolla on the mineralizaion of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

M Mouse D Duck and D Pluto

Walt Disney Institute Duckhousen Mickey Lane 13 FL USA

Corresponding author (plutohavardedu)

Alachlor Azolla pinnata A carolongiana Inceptisol Oryza sativa Propanil

Title

Authors

Afiliation

Abstract

Key words

Introductionbull Bearing in your mind that the first impression is the last impression you need

to present your introduction as clearer as possiblemdashleaving no ambiguities This is the entrance of your paper through which your reader will travel a journey of reading If your introduction is attractive your reader will delve into your words till the last full stop is reached

bull the introduction discusses the meaningfulness of the study with presentation of problem or issue as well as the argument advocating the need of study for researcherrsquos chosen object The statement of the issue gives a clear-cut insight into the intentions of the researcher Thus the introduction presents a background and statement in context to the pertinent issue

bull It may be easier to think of this section as a review of Relevant Literature Cite previous projects and studies that are similar to what you are proposing Show the funding agency that you know what you are proposing because you are familiar with what has preceded you

bull Position your project in relation to other efforts and show how your projectndash will extend the work that has been previously done ndash will avoid the mistakes andor errors that have been previously made ndash will serve to develop stronger collaboration between existing initiatives or ndash is unique since it does not follow the same path as previously followed

Introductionhellipbull In the introduction you should

ndash 1048707 define or identify the general topic issue or area of concern

ndash 1048707 point out overall trends in what has already been published

ndash 1048707 Present the case for the new study with a sentence like ldquoIn this studyhelliphelliphelliprdquo

bull Essentialsndash Wide reading of subject areandash Relevant current literaturendash Electronic resources available

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Examplebull Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens

the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment will be conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green manure on the mineralization and co-metabolization of the herbicides propanil and buthachlor in a flooded rice soil

Examples1 Organic matter for sustainable agriculture in the

tropics2 Studies on the effects of Azolla pinata and

Azolla carolingiana green manure on the mineralization and co-metabolization of Propanil and Alachlor in a flooded Tropaquept under Oryza sativa L - Triticum aestivum L rotation in Nangara village of Northern Nigeria

3 Effect of azolla on the mineralization of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

Title should address

bull Whatbull WhyObjectivebull WhereIn selecting words for a Title be as general as

permissible and as specific as necessaryKey Words should be different from title wordsKey words should be in alphabetical order

Abstractbull Should be short (150-250 words)bull Should contain key words for indexingbull Should stand on its ownbull No references No abbreviation No citation of tables or

figures No unsubstantiated conclusionsbull Should have the following sections

ndash IntroductionBackground (the problems and its significance)

ndash Objectivesndash Materials amp Methodology (approach to finding a solution)ndash Expected outputndash Conclusions

Abstract Continuedhellipbull Make a great first impression Most applications

require a brief abstract or summary of the project It is generally a good idea to write the abstract or summary last when you can review the full proposal project description and pull out the most significant and winning arguments

bull Think of it as the introduction to your project which offers reviewers their first impression of you and your proposed work Your goal is to gain their attention and guarantee that they will read the full proposal with interest and even enthusiasm

ExerciseCassava is Africarsquos second most important food staple after maize in terms of calories consumed and is widely produced in Kenya Nigeria Ghana Congo Cote dersquovoire Tanzania and Uganda The roots are used as a source of calories and the leaves are rich in proteins vitamins and minerals Cassava is a drought resistant crop surving in most arid and semi arid areas Despite its potential in reducing poverty one of the Millenium development goals cassava remains a marginalised crop in most African countries Pests and diseases pose the greatest challenge to cassava farmers In Africa this crop has been affected by a number of viruses notably the African cassava mosaic bigemivirus Several methods ranging from physical to chemical methods have been used to manage the viruses However these methods have not been able to eradicate the persistent viral attacks This project seeks to employ molecular techniques to develop a recombinant DNA vaccine against the African Cassava mosaic virus Gene constructions containing African Cassava Mosaic virus gene will be made and transgenic cassava cell lines developed The cells developed will then be observed for coat protein expression and resistance to the virus It is expected that the antivirus obtained will be used to develop resistant cassava varieties which can be distributed to farmers at affordable prices It is also expected that a live vaccine will be developed that can be incorporated in sprays and used to spray the cassava plants as it is the case with animal based vaccines that have been developed to counter most animal viruses The project would be crucial in saving this important staple food In so doing cassavarsquos untapped potential such as for pasture as well as an industrial material can be realised

Exercise

bull Construct a Titlebull Identify 5 key wordsbull Identify weaknesses of the abstract

In Summary

Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment was conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green

Effect of azolla on the mineralizaion of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

M Mouse D Duck and D Pluto

Walt Disney Institute Duckhousen Mickey Lane 13 FL USA

Corresponding author (plutohavardedu)

Alachlor Azolla pinnata A carolongiana Inceptisol Oryza sativa Propanil

Title

Authors

Afiliation

Abstract

Key words

Introductionbull Bearing in your mind that the first impression is the last impression you need

to present your introduction as clearer as possiblemdashleaving no ambiguities This is the entrance of your paper through which your reader will travel a journey of reading If your introduction is attractive your reader will delve into your words till the last full stop is reached

bull the introduction discusses the meaningfulness of the study with presentation of problem or issue as well as the argument advocating the need of study for researcherrsquos chosen object The statement of the issue gives a clear-cut insight into the intentions of the researcher Thus the introduction presents a background and statement in context to the pertinent issue

bull It may be easier to think of this section as a review of Relevant Literature Cite previous projects and studies that are similar to what you are proposing Show the funding agency that you know what you are proposing because you are familiar with what has preceded you

bull Position your project in relation to other efforts and show how your projectndash will extend the work that has been previously done ndash will avoid the mistakes andor errors that have been previously made ndash will serve to develop stronger collaboration between existing initiatives or ndash is unique since it does not follow the same path as previously followed

Introductionhellipbull In the introduction you should

ndash 1048707 define or identify the general topic issue or area of concern

ndash 1048707 point out overall trends in what has already been published

ndash 1048707 Present the case for the new study with a sentence like ldquoIn this studyhelliphelliphelliprdquo

bull Essentialsndash Wide reading of subject areandash Relevant current literaturendash Electronic resources available

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Examples1 Organic matter for sustainable agriculture in the

tropics2 Studies on the effects of Azolla pinata and

Azolla carolingiana green manure on the mineralization and co-metabolization of Propanil and Alachlor in a flooded Tropaquept under Oryza sativa L - Triticum aestivum L rotation in Nangara village of Northern Nigeria

3 Effect of azolla on the mineralization of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

Title should address

bull Whatbull WhyObjectivebull WhereIn selecting words for a Title be as general as

permissible and as specific as necessaryKey Words should be different from title wordsKey words should be in alphabetical order

Abstractbull Should be short (150-250 words)bull Should contain key words for indexingbull Should stand on its ownbull No references No abbreviation No citation of tables or

figures No unsubstantiated conclusionsbull Should have the following sections

ndash IntroductionBackground (the problems and its significance)

ndash Objectivesndash Materials amp Methodology (approach to finding a solution)ndash Expected outputndash Conclusions

Abstract Continuedhellipbull Make a great first impression Most applications

require a brief abstract or summary of the project It is generally a good idea to write the abstract or summary last when you can review the full proposal project description and pull out the most significant and winning arguments

bull Think of it as the introduction to your project which offers reviewers their first impression of you and your proposed work Your goal is to gain their attention and guarantee that they will read the full proposal with interest and even enthusiasm

ExerciseCassava is Africarsquos second most important food staple after maize in terms of calories consumed and is widely produced in Kenya Nigeria Ghana Congo Cote dersquovoire Tanzania and Uganda The roots are used as a source of calories and the leaves are rich in proteins vitamins and minerals Cassava is a drought resistant crop surving in most arid and semi arid areas Despite its potential in reducing poverty one of the Millenium development goals cassava remains a marginalised crop in most African countries Pests and diseases pose the greatest challenge to cassava farmers In Africa this crop has been affected by a number of viruses notably the African cassava mosaic bigemivirus Several methods ranging from physical to chemical methods have been used to manage the viruses However these methods have not been able to eradicate the persistent viral attacks This project seeks to employ molecular techniques to develop a recombinant DNA vaccine against the African Cassava mosaic virus Gene constructions containing African Cassava Mosaic virus gene will be made and transgenic cassava cell lines developed The cells developed will then be observed for coat protein expression and resistance to the virus It is expected that the antivirus obtained will be used to develop resistant cassava varieties which can be distributed to farmers at affordable prices It is also expected that a live vaccine will be developed that can be incorporated in sprays and used to spray the cassava plants as it is the case with animal based vaccines that have been developed to counter most animal viruses The project would be crucial in saving this important staple food In so doing cassavarsquos untapped potential such as for pasture as well as an industrial material can be realised

Exercise

bull Construct a Titlebull Identify 5 key wordsbull Identify weaknesses of the abstract

In Summary

Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment was conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green

Effect of azolla on the mineralizaion of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

M Mouse D Duck and D Pluto

Walt Disney Institute Duckhousen Mickey Lane 13 FL USA

Corresponding author (plutohavardedu)

Alachlor Azolla pinnata A carolongiana Inceptisol Oryza sativa Propanil

Title

Authors

Afiliation

Abstract

Key words

Introductionbull Bearing in your mind that the first impression is the last impression you need

to present your introduction as clearer as possiblemdashleaving no ambiguities This is the entrance of your paper through which your reader will travel a journey of reading If your introduction is attractive your reader will delve into your words till the last full stop is reached

bull the introduction discusses the meaningfulness of the study with presentation of problem or issue as well as the argument advocating the need of study for researcherrsquos chosen object The statement of the issue gives a clear-cut insight into the intentions of the researcher Thus the introduction presents a background and statement in context to the pertinent issue

bull It may be easier to think of this section as a review of Relevant Literature Cite previous projects and studies that are similar to what you are proposing Show the funding agency that you know what you are proposing because you are familiar with what has preceded you

bull Position your project in relation to other efforts and show how your projectndash will extend the work that has been previously done ndash will avoid the mistakes andor errors that have been previously made ndash will serve to develop stronger collaboration between existing initiatives or ndash is unique since it does not follow the same path as previously followed

Introductionhellipbull In the introduction you should

ndash 1048707 define or identify the general topic issue or area of concern

ndash 1048707 point out overall trends in what has already been published

ndash 1048707 Present the case for the new study with a sentence like ldquoIn this studyhelliphelliphelliprdquo

bull Essentialsndash Wide reading of subject areandash Relevant current literaturendash Electronic resources available

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Title should address

bull Whatbull WhyObjectivebull WhereIn selecting words for a Title be as general as

permissible and as specific as necessaryKey Words should be different from title wordsKey words should be in alphabetical order

Abstractbull Should be short (150-250 words)bull Should contain key words for indexingbull Should stand on its ownbull No references No abbreviation No citation of tables or

figures No unsubstantiated conclusionsbull Should have the following sections

ndash IntroductionBackground (the problems and its significance)

ndash Objectivesndash Materials amp Methodology (approach to finding a solution)ndash Expected outputndash Conclusions

Abstract Continuedhellipbull Make a great first impression Most applications

require a brief abstract or summary of the project It is generally a good idea to write the abstract or summary last when you can review the full proposal project description and pull out the most significant and winning arguments

bull Think of it as the introduction to your project which offers reviewers their first impression of you and your proposed work Your goal is to gain their attention and guarantee that they will read the full proposal with interest and even enthusiasm

ExerciseCassava is Africarsquos second most important food staple after maize in terms of calories consumed and is widely produced in Kenya Nigeria Ghana Congo Cote dersquovoire Tanzania and Uganda The roots are used as a source of calories and the leaves are rich in proteins vitamins and minerals Cassava is a drought resistant crop surving in most arid and semi arid areas Despite its potential in reducing poverty one of the Millenium development goals cassava remains a marginalised crop in most African countries Pests and diseases pose the greatest challenge to cassava farmers In Africa this crop has been affected by a number of viruses notably the African cassava mosaic bigemivirus Several methods ranging from physical to chemical methods have been used to manage the viruses However these methods have not been able to eradicate the persistent viral attacks This project seeks to employ molecular techniques to develop a recombinant DNA vaccine against the African Cassava mosaic virus Gene constructions containing African Cassava Mosaic virus gene will be made and transgenic cassava cell lines developed The cells developed will then be observed for coat protein expression and resistance to the virus It is expected that the antivirus obtained will be used to develop resistant cassava varieties which can be distributed to farmers at affordable prices It is also expected that a live vaccine will be developed that can be incorporated in sprays and used to spray the cassava plants as it is the case with animal based vaccines that have been developed to counter most animal viruses The project would be crucial in saving this important staple food In so doing cassavarsquos untapped potential such as for pasture as well as an industrial material can be realised

Exercise

bull Construct a Titlebull Identify 5 key wordsbull Identify weaknesses of the abstract

In Summary

Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment was conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green

Effect of azolla on the mineralizaion of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

M Mouse D Duck and D Pluto

Walt Disney Institute Duckhousen Mickey Lane 13 FL USA

Corresponding author (plutohavardedu)

Alachlor Azolla pinnata A carolongiana Inceptisol Oryza sativa Propanil

Title

Authors

Afiliation

Abstract

Key words

Introductionbull Bearing in your mind that the first impression is the last impression you need

to present your introduction as clearer as possiblemdashleaving no ambiguities This is the entrance of your paper through which your reader will travel a journey of reading If your introduction is attractive your reader will delve into your words till the last full stop is reached

bull the introduction discusses the meaningfulness of the study with presentation of problem or issue as well as the argument advocating the need of study for researcherrsquos chosen object The statement of the issue gives a clear-cut insight into the intentions of the researcher Thus the introduction presents a background and statement in context to the pertinent issue

bull It may be easier to think of this section as a review of Relevant Literature Cite previous projects and studies that are similar to what you are proposing Show the funding agency that you know what you are proposing because you are familiar with what has preceded you

bull Position your project in relation to other efforts and show how your projectndash will extend the work that has been previously done ndash will avoid the mistakes andor errors that have been previously made ndash will serve to develop stronger collaboration between existing initiatives or ndash is unique since it does not follow the same path as previously followed

Introductionhellipbull In the introduction you should

ndash 1048707 define or identify the general topic issue or area of concern

ndash 1048707 point out overall trends in what has already been published

ndash 1048707 Present the case for the new study with a sentence like ldquoIn this studyhelliphelliphelliprdquo

bull Essentialsndash Wide reading of subject areandash Relevant current literaturendash Electronic resources available

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Abstractbull Should be short (150-250 words)bull Should contain key words for indexingbull Should stand on its ownbull No references No abbreviation No citation of tables or

figures No unsubstantiated conclusionsbull Should have the following sections

ndash IntroductionBackground (the problems and its significance)

ndash Objectivesndash Materials amp Methodology (approach to finding a solution)ndash Expected outputndash Conclusions

Abstract Continuedhellipbull Make a great first impression Most applications

require a brief abstract or summary of the project It is generally a good idea to write the abstract or summary last when you can review the full proposal project description and pull out the most significant and winning arguments

bull Think of it as the introduction to your project which offers reviewers their first impression of you and your proposed work Your goal is to gain their attention and guarantee that they will read the full proposal with interest and even enthusiasm

ExerciseCassava is Africarsquos second most important food staple after maize in terms of calories consumed and is widely produced in Kenya Nigeria Ghana Congo Cote dersquovoire Tanzania and Uganda The roots are used as a source of calories and the leaves are rich in proteins vitamins and minerals Cassava is a drought resistant crop surving in most arid and semi arid areas Despite its potential in reducing poverty one of the Millenium development goals cassava remains a marginalised crop in most African countries Pests and diseases pose the greatest challenge to cassava farmers In Africa this crop has been affected by a number of viruses notably the African cassava mosaic bigemivirus Several methods ranging from physical to chemical methods have been used to manage the viruses However these methods have not been able to eradicate the persistent viral attacks This project seeks to employ molecular techniques to develop a recombinant DNA vaccine against the African Cassava mosaic virus Gene constructions containing African Cassava Mosaic virus gene will be made and transgenic cassava cell lines developed The cells developed will then be observed for coat protein expression and resistance to the virus It is expected that the antivirus obtained will be used to develop resistant cassava varieties which can be distributed to farmers at affordable prices It is also expected that a live vaccine will be developed that can be incorporated in sprays and used to spray the cassava plants as it is the case with animal based vaccines that have been developed to counter most animal viruses The project would be crucial in saving this important staple food In so doing cassavarsquos untapped potential such as for pasture as well as an industrial material can be realised

Exercise

bull Construct a Titlebull Identify 5 key wordsbull Identify weaknesses of the abstract

In Summary

Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment was conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green

Effect of azolla on the mineralizaion of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

M Mouse D Duck and D Pluto

Walt Disney Institute Duckhousen Mickey Lane 13 FL USA

Corresponding author (plutohavardedu)

Alachlor Azolla pinnata A carolongiana Inceptisol Oryza sativa Propanil

Title

Authors

Afiliation

Abstract

Key words

Introductionbull Bearing in your mind that the first impression is the last impression you need

to present your introduction as clearer as possiblemdashleaving no ambiguities This is the entrance of your paper through which your reader will travel a journey of reading If your introduction is attractive your reader will delve into your words till the last full stop is reached

bull the introduction discusses the meaningfulness of the study with presentation of problem or issue as well as the argument advocating the need of study for researcherrsquos chosen object The statement of the issue gives a clear-cut insight into the intentions of the researcher Thus the introduction presents a background and statement in context to the pertinent issue

bull It may be easier to think of this section as a review of Relevant Literature Cite previous projects and studies that are similar to what you are proposing Show the funding agency that you know what you are proposing because you are familiar with what has preceded you

bull Position your project in relation to other efforts and show how your projectndash will extend the work that has been previously done ndash will avoid the mistakes andor errors that have been previously made ndash will serve to develop stronger collaboration between existing initiatives or ndash is unique since it does not follow the same path as previously followed

Introductionhellipbull In the introduction you should

ndash 1048707 define or identify the general topic issue or area of concern

ndash 1048707 point out overall trends in what has already been published

ndash 1048707 Present the case for the new study with a sentence like ldquoIn this studyhelliphelliphelliprdquo

bull Essentialsndash Wide reading of subject areandash Relevant current literaturendash Electronic resources available

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Abstract Continuedhellipbull Make a great first impression Most applications

require a brief abstract or summary of the project It is generally a good idea to write the abstract or summary last when you can review the full proposal project description and pull out the most significant and winning arguments

bull Think of it as the introduction to your project which offers reviewers their first impression of you and your proposed work Your goal is to gain their attention and guarantee that they will read the full proposal with interest and even enthusiasm

ExerciseCassava is Africarsquos second most important food staple after maize in terms of calories consumed and is widely produced in Kenya Nigeria Ghana Congo Cote dersquovoire Tanzania and Uganda The roots are used as a source of calories and the leaves are rich in proteins vitamins and minerals Cassava is a drought resistant crop surving in most arid and semi arid areas Despite its potential in reducing poverty one of the Millenium development goals cassava remains a marginalised crop in most African countries Pests and diseases pose the greatest challenge to cassava farmers In Africa this crop has been affected by a number of viruses notably the African cassava mosaic bigemivirus Several methods ranging from physical to chemical methods have been used to manage the viruses However these methods have not been able to eradicate the persistent viral attacks This project seeks to employ molecular techniques to develop a recombinant DNA vaccine against the African Cassava mosaic virus Gene constructions containing African Cassava Mosaic virus gene will be made and transgenic cassava cell lines developed The cells developed will then be observed for coat protein expression and resistance to the virus It is expected that the antivirus obtained will be used to develop resistant cassava varieties which can be distributed to farmers at affordable prices It is also expected that a live vaccine will be developed that can be incorporated in sprays and used to spray the cassava plants as it is the case with animal based vaccines that have been developed to counter most animal viruses The project would be crucial in saving this important staple food In so doing cassavarsquos untapped potential such as for pasture as well as an industrial material can be realised

Exercise

bull Construct a Titlebull Identify 5 key wordsbull Identify weaknesses of the abstract

In Summary

Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment was conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green

Effect of azolla on the mineralizaion of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

M Mouse D Duck and D Pluto

Walt Disney Institute Duckhousen Mickey Lane 13 FL USA

Corresponding author (plutohavardedu)

Alachlor Azolla pinnata A carolongiana Inceptisol Oryza sativa Propanil

Title

Authors

Afiliation

Abstract

Key words

Introductionbull Bearing in your mind that the first impression is the last impression you need

to present your introduction as clearer as possiblemdashleaving no ambiguities This is the entrance of your paper through which your reader will travel a journey of reading If your introduction is attractive your reader will delve into your words till the last full stop is reached

bull the introduction discusses the meaningfulness of the study with presentation of problem or issue as well as the argument advocating the need of study for researcherrsquos chosen object The statement of the issue gives a clear-cut insight into the intentions of the researcher Thus the introduction presents a background and statement in context to the pertinent issue

bull It may be easier to think of this section as a review of Relevant Literature Cite previous projects and studies that are similar to what you are proposing Show the funding agency that you know what you are proposing because you are familiar with what has preceded you

bull Position your project in relation to other efforts and show how your projectndash will extend the work that has been previously done ndash will avoid the mistakes andor errors that have been previously made ndash will serve to develop stronger collaboration between existing initiatives or ndash is unique since it does not follow the same path as previously followed

Introductionhellipbull In the introduction you should

ndash 1048707 define or identify the general topic issue or area of concern

ndash 1048707 point out overall trends in what has already been published

ndash 1048707 Present the case for the new study with a sentence like ldquoIn this studyhelliphelliphelliprdquo

bull Essentialsndash Wide reading of subject areandash Relevant current literaturendash Electronic resources available

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

ExerciseCassava is Africarsquos second most important food staple after maize in terms of calories consumed and is widely produced in Kenya Nigeria Ghana Congo Cote dersquovoire Tanzania and Uganda The roots are used as a source of calories and the leaves are rich in proteins vitamins and minerals Cassava is a drought resistant crop surving in most arid and semi arid areas Despite its potential in reducing poverty one of the Millenium development goals cassava remains a marginalised crop in most African countries Pests and diseases pose the greatest challenge to cassava farmers In Africa this crop has been affected by a number of viruses notably the African cassava mosaic bigemivirus Several methods ranging from physical to chemical methods have been used to manage the viruses However these methods have not been able to eradicate the persistent viral attacks This project seeks to employ molecular techniques to develop a recombinant DNA vaccine against the African Cassava mosaic virus Gene constructions containing African Cassava Mosaic virus gene will be made and transgenic cassava cell lines developed The cells developed will then be observed for coat protein expression and resistance to the virus It is expected that the antivirus obtained will be used to develop resistant cassava varieties which can be distributed to farmers at affordable prices It is also expected that a live vaccine will be developed that can be incorporated in sprays and used to spray the cassava plants as it is the case with animal based vaccines that have been developed to counter most animal viruses The project would be crucial in saving this important staple food In so doing cassavarsquos untapped potential such as for pasture as well as an industrial material can be realised

Exercise

bull Construct a Titlebull Identify 5 key wordsbull Identify weaknesses of the abstract

In Summary

Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment was conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green

Effect of azolla on the mineralizaion of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

M Mouse D Duck and D Pluto

Walt Disney Institute Duckhousen Mickey Lane 13 FL USA

Corresponding author (plutohavardedu)

Alachlor Azolla pinnata A carolongiana Inceptisol Oryza sativa Propanil

Title

Authors

Afiliation

Abstract

Key words

Introductionbull Bearing in your mind that the first impression is the last impression you need

to present your introduction as clearer as possiblemdashleaving no ambiguities This is the entrance of your paper through which your reader will travel a journey of reading If your introduction is attractive your reader will delve into your words till the last full stop is reached

bull the introduction discusses the meaningfulness of the study with presentation of problem or issue as well as the argument advocating the need of study for researcherrsquos chosen object The statement of the issue gives a clear-cut insight into the intentions of the researcher Thus the introduction presents a background and statement in context to the pertinent issue

bull It may be easier to think of this section as a review of Relevant Literature Cite previous projects and studies that are similar to what you are proposing Show the funding agency that you know what you are proposing because you are familiar with what has preceded you

bull Position your project in relation to other efforts and show how your projectndash will extend the work that has been previously done ndash will avoid the mistakes andor errors that have been previously made ndash will serve to develop stronger collaboration between existing initiatives or ndash is unique since it does not follow the same path as previously followed

Introductionhellipbull In the introduction you should

ndash 1048707 define or identify the general topic issue or area of concern

ndash 1048707 point out overall trends in what has already been published

ndash 1048707 Present the case for the new study with a sentence like ldquoIn this studyhelliphelliphelliprdquo

bull Essentialsndash Wide reading of subject areandash Relevant current literaturendash Electronic resources available

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Exercise

bull Construct a Titlebull Identify 5 key wordsbull Identify weaknesses of the abstract

In Summary

Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment was conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green

Effect of azolla on the mineralizaion of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

M Mouse D Duck and D Pluto

Walt Disney Institute Duckhousen Mickey Lane 13 FL USA

Corresponding author (plutohavardedu)

Alachlor Azolla pinnata A carolongiana Inceptisol Oryza sativa Propanil

Title

Authors

Afiliation

Abstract

Key words

Introductionbull Bearing in your mind that the first impression is the last impression you need

to present your introduction as clearer as possiblemdashleaving no ambiguities This is the entrance of your paper through which your reader will travel a journey of reading If your introduction is attractive your reader will delve into your words till the last full stop is reached

bull the introduction discusses the meaningfulness of the study with presentation of problem or issue as well as the argument advocating the need of study for researcherrsquos chosen object The statement of the issue gives a clear-cut insight into the intentions of the researcher Thus the introduction presents a background and statement in context to the pertinent issue

bull It may be easier to think of this section as a review of Relevant Literature Cite previous projects and studies that are similar to what you are proposing Show the funding agency that you know what you are proposing because you are familiar with what has preceded you

bull Position your project in relation to other efforts and show how your projectndash will extend the work that has been previously done ndash will avoid the mistakes andor errors that have been previously made ndash will serve to develop stronger collaboration between existing initiatives or ndash is unique since it does not follow the same path as previously followed

Introductionhellipbull In the introduction you should

ndash 1048707 define or identify the general topic issue or area of concern

ndash 1048707 point out overall trends in what has already been published

ndash 1048707 Present the case for the new study with a sentence like ldquoIn this studyhelliphelliphelliprdquo

bull Essentialsndash Wide reading of subject areandash Relevant current literaturendash Electronic resources available

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

In Summary

Residual accumulation of herbicide residue threatens the sustainability of rice-wheat rotation systems in northern Nigeria The incorporation of green manure into the soil may stimulate the co-mineralization of pesticides and their metabolites A two year field experiment was conducted on the experimental station of the Nigeria Rice Research Institute to evaluate the effects of the application of Azolla pinata and A carolingiana as green

Effect of azolla on the mineralizaion of herbicides in a flooded rice soil of Nigeria

M Mouse D Duck and D Pluto

Walt Disney Institute Duckhousen Mickey Lane 13 FL USA

Corresponding author (plutohavardedu)

Alachlor Azolla pinnata A carolongiana Inceptisol Oryza sativa Propanil

Title

Authors

Afiliation

Abstract

Key words

Introductionbull Bearing in your mind that the first impression is the last impression you need

to present your introduction as clearer as possiblemdashleaving no ambiguities This is the entrance of your paper through which your reader will travel a journey of reading If your introduction is attractive your reader will delve into your words till the last full stop is reached

bull the introduction discusses the meaningfulness of the study with presentation of problem or issue as well as the argument advocating the need of study for researcherrsquos chosen object The statement of the issue gives a clear-cut insight into the intentions of the researcher Thus the introduction presents a background and statement in context to the pertinent issue

bull It may be easier to think of this section as a review of Relevant Literature Cite previous projects and studies that are similar to what you are proposing Show the funding agency that you know what you are proposing because you are familiar with what has preceded you

bull Position your project in relation to other efforts and show how your projectndash will extend the work that has been previously done ndash will avoid the mistakes andor errors that have been previously made ndash will serve to develop stronger collaboration between existing initiatives or ndash is unique since it does not follow the same path as previously followed

Introductionhellipbull In the introduction you should

ndash 1048707 define or identify the general topic issue or area of concern

ndash 1048707 point out overall trends in what has already been published

ndash 1048707 Present the case for the new study with a sentence like ldquoIn this studyhelliphelliphelliprdquo

bull Essentialsndash Wide reading of subject areandash Relevant current literaturendash Electronic resources available

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Introductionbull Bearing in your mind that the first impression is the last impression you need

to present your introduction as clearer as possiblemdashleaving no ambiguities This is the entrance of your paper through which your reader will travel a journey of reading If your introduction is attractive your reader will delve into your words till the last full stop is reached

bull the introduction discusses the meaningfulness of the study with presentation of problem or issue as well as the argument advocating the need of study for researcherrsquos chosen object The statement of the issue gives a clear-cut insight into the intentions of the researcher Thus the introduction presents a background and statement in context to the pertinent issue

bull It may be easier to think of this section as a review of Relevant Literature Cite previous projects and studies that are similar to what you are proposing Show the funding agency that you know what you are proposing because you are familiar with what has preceded you

bull Position your project in relation to other efforts and show how your projectndash will extend the work that has been previously done ndash will avoid the mistakes andor errors that have been previously made ndash will serve to develop stronger collaboration between existing initiatives or ndash is unique since it does not follow the same path as previously followed

Introductionhellipbull In the introduction you should

ndash 1048707 define or identify the general topic issue or area of concern

ndash 1048707 point out overall trends in what has already been published

ndash 1048707 Present the case for the new study with a sentence like ldquoIn this studyhelliphelliphelliprdquo

bull Essentialsndash Wide reading of subject areandash Relevant current literaturendash Electronic resources available

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Introductionhellipbull In the introduction you should

ndash 1048707 define or identify the general topic issue or area of concern

ndash 1048707 point out overall trends in what has already been published

ndash 1048707 Present the case for the new study with a sentence like ldquoIn this studyhelliphelliphelliprdquo

bull Essentialsndash Wide reading of subject areandash Relevant current literaturendash Electronic resources available

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Literature Reviewbull Reviewing a good example of literature review is always beneficial

and no student can deny this fact One more fact is that this section belonging to the research proposal and dissertation creates confusion for lots of students even the scholars This happens because the name itself plays tricks on their minds failing to understand its real and broader meaning Then what does the literature review mean

bull if your research proposal declares obesity as to be a central idea your review will focus on this topic There is the vast availability of information published on this subject with various resources Obviously you are supposed to utilize those materials for reference in your dissertation Your literature review will review these materials also called literature with importance given to its relevance to your topic and your argument

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Literature Review

bull In a literature review you are required to presentndash 1048707 established findingsndash 1048707 conflicting evidencendash 1048707 gapsin the body of scholarship relating to your topic

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Why Review Literature

bull Why are you asked to write a literature reviewbull You are asked to write literature reviews in some

of your courses so that you can demonstrate to your lecturers that you are able tondash 1048707 determine what has already been written on a topicndash 1048707 identify previous approaches to the topicndash 1048707 identify central issues in the fieldndash 1048707 integrate what previous researchers have foundndash 1048707 identify important issues still unresolved

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Literature Reviewbull What steps must you take in preparing to write a

literature reviewbull There are a number of steps to undertake before you write

the literature review You need tondash 1048707 formulate a problem in your field of studyndash 1048707 familiarise yourself with a broad range of texts that deal with

that problemndash 1048707 decide on the texts you wish to include in your reviewndash 1048707 decide on the most appropriate way to classify the textsndash 1048707 identify the key issuesndash 1048707 critically analyse what you have readndash 1048707 identify important issues that are still unresolvedndash 1048707 write a draft of the reviewndash 1048707 read and think about what you have written and then rewrite

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Literature Reviewbull You may use the following sub-headings to classify what you have

read or you may narrow the focus of your review to deal with some of these categories only Or there may be still other How might you classify different writings on your topic categories that are more appropriate for your research For examplendash 1048707 research outcomesndash 1048707 research methodsndash 1048707 theoriesndash 1048707 applicationsndash 1048707 integration of the works of othersndash 1048707 criticism of previous workndash 1048707 building of bridges between related topicsndash 1048707 identification of central issue(s)

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Literature Reviewbull What makes a good literature reviewbull A good literature review

ndash 1048707 clearly delimits the subject matter to be reviewedndash 1048707 covers all important relevant literaturendash 1048707 is up-to-datendash 1048707 provides an insightful analysis of the ideas and

conclusions in the literaturendash 1048707 points out similarities and differences strengths and

weaknesses in the literaturendash 1048707 identifies gaps in the literature for future researchndash 1048707 identifies the context for which the literature is

important

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources

Introduction to E-resources

bull E-resources

• Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review
• Title
• Example
• Examples
• Title should address
• Abstract
• Abstract Continuedhellip
• Exercise
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Introduction
• Introductionhellip
• Literature Review
• Slide 15
• Why Review Literature
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Literature Review
• Introduction to E-resources