tips for abx prescribing and resistance aoma2017€¦ · • stds –gc, chlamydia, mycoplasma •...

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Tips for Antimicrobial Prescribing in an era of multidrug resistance. Robert Orenstein, DO Chair Division of Infectious Diseases Mayo Clinic Arizona Associate Professor, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science AOMA Fall Conference Nov 12, 2017 Disclosures NONE except….

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Page 1: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Tips for Antimicrobial Prescribing in an era of multi‐drug resistance.

Robert Orenstein, DOChair Division of Infectious Diseases

Mayo Clinic ArizonaAssociate Professor, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science

AOMA Fall Conference  Nov 12, 2017

Disclosures

NONE except….

Page 2: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Opportunities for Improvement

• Has anyone in this room ever prescribed Azithromycin for a URI?

• Has anyone given ciprofloxacin for asymptomatic bacteriuria?

• Has anyone prescribed Amoxicillin or Clindamycin to prevent Prosthetic hip infections before dental work?

Reckless Drivers cause Accidents

Page 3: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Stop killing beneficial bacteria

Collateral Damage

• Average child receives 10‐20 courses of antibiotics before age 18

• Antibiotics affect our resident microbiota and may not fully recover after a course of antibiotics

• Overuse of antibiotics may be contributing to obesity, DM, IBD, allergies, and asthma

Blaser M et al Nature 2011;476:393

How Big is the Problem?• Antibiotics are the second most commonly used class of drugs in the United States

• More than 8.5 billion dollars spent annually

200‐300 million antimicrobials prescribed annually

53% for outpatient use

Bronchitis, pharyngitis and sinusitis account for 75% of all office‐based Rx for antibiotics

• Almost half of hospitalized patients receive antibiotics

• 50% of antibiotic use is either unnecessary or inappropriate across all type of health care settings

BMC Med 2014;12:96            Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:159‐177

Page 4: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

But it won’t impact MY patients..

• Impact on urinary, respiratory and skin flora

• Effect is greatest in month after but may last 12 months

• Potential driver of community resistance

• Dose response for Amox and TMP‐SMX

Fewest Abx for shortest duration

BMJ 2010; 340 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c2096

Objectives for Today

• Know how to treat common infections

• Know which organisms are frequently resistant to antibiotics

• Know what antimicrobials can be used for commonly drug resistant infections

• Know how to prevent multi‐drug resistant infections

Page 5: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

How to treat common infectionsTips for the Clinician

• Treat the patient not the culture

– Think before even getting a culture

• Prevent resistance before it starts

– Build up the host, treat the whole patient

• What to use when prevention fails

• New therapeutics for MDROs

Common Infections

• URTI ‐ Strep throat, OM, ABRS

• LRTI – AECOPD, CAP, HAP

• SSTI – Cellulitis, MRSA

• UTI – Cystitis, Pyelo, Prostatitis

• STDs – GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma

• C. difficile diarrhea

Page 6: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

• Acute bronchitis

• Common colds

• Sinusitis with symptoms less than 7 days

• Pharyngitis not due to Group A Streptococcus spp.

• Most infectious diarrhea

Gonzales R, et al. Annals of Intern Med 2001;134:479Gonzales R, et al. Annals of Intern Med 2001;134:400Gonzales R, et al. Annals of Intern Med 2001;134:521

Tip #1 Viral Infections don’t require antibiotics

Tip #2 – Prepare before you prescribe

• Use Biomarkers when available– Procalcitonin

• Use Rapid Diagnostic tests –– Multiplex PCR

– Rapid AG tests

• Patient education – handouts‐ CDC Get Smart

• Opportunity to Vaccinate– Influenza, Pertussis, Strep pneumoniae

• OMT – enhance the host’s ability

Page 7: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Managing URTI Strep throat, OM, ABRS

• Group A Strep Pharyngitis– NO Resistance to Penicillins, Cephalosporins– Resistance is to Macrolides – Azithro, Clarithro– Make a Dx via rapid test or Culture– Treatment is one dose IM Benzathine PCN or oral for 10 days

• OM– H. flu, S. pneumoniae resistance rates rising– Vaccinate children!– Watchful waiting, OMT– Amoxicillin is still first line

Otitis Media Therapy and AntibioticsWhat’s the evidence

• 80% of acute OM resolves in 3 days without Rx

• ABX do not influence subsequent OM or deafness at 1 month

• May reduce # of children still in pain 2-7 days but for each 1 improved 3 will develop ABX related side effects

• Repeated courses may make recurrent infection more likely

Page 8: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Rhinosinusitis Tips• One in 7 Americans, diagnosed each year

• In top 5 for Abx Rxs

• But…90‐98% of these are viral

• When to prescribe….

1. Symptoms >10 days w/o improvement

2. Severe sxs with fever>102, nasal dc & facial pain>3 days

3. Viral sinus sxs that worsen over 5‐6 days and associated with new fever, headache, more nasal dc

Acute Maxillary SinusitisThe Evidence

Randomized placebo controlled trial of antibiotic

Adults with suspected AMS were referred by GPs for X-rays of the maxillary sinus.

Those with radiographic abnormalities (n = 214) were randomly assigned treatment with amoxicillin (750 mg three times daily for 7 days; n = 108) or placebo (n = 106).

Clinical course was assessed after 1 week and 2 weeks, and reported relapses and complications were recorded during the following year.

• At 2 weeks, symptoms improved substantially or disappeared• 83% AMOX and 77% placebo (a 6% difference). • No influence on the clinical course, frequency of relapses during

the 1-year follow-up. • Radiographs had no prognostic value• Side-effects were recorded in 28% of patients given amox and in

9% (a 19% difference) of those taking placebo (p < 0.01). The occurrence of relapses was similar in both groups (21 vs 17%) during the follow-up year.

Van Buchem Lancet. 1997 May 17;349(9063):1476

Page 9: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

How should we treat ABRS ?

• Amox‐Clav for 5‐7 days in adults

• Nasal saline irrigation

AECOPD

• Antibiotics recommended in patients with:– Increased: dyspnea, purulent sputum and volume

– Need for mechanical support

• Mild‐Moderate– 1st line – Doxycycline or Amox/Clav or Cefdinir

– 2nd line – Azithromycin

• Severe– No risk for Pseudomonas – Ceftriaxone

– Risk for PA – Cefepime or Pip‐Tazobactam

Page 10: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

CAP Treatment in Era of Stewardship

• General Inpatient– Ceftriaxone + Doxycycline

– Severe beta lactam allergy – Levofloxacin

• ICU or Severe CAP or Risk for P. aeruginosa– Cefepime + Doxycycline or

– Pip‐Tazobactam + Doxy

– Consider addition of tobramycin if MDR PA

– Severe beta lactam allergy –• Aztreonam + Vanco + Doxy

HAP Management

• Vancomycin + Pip‐Tazo or

• Vancomycin + Cefepime

• Consider adding others based on risk:

– Doxycycline – Legionella

– Levofloxacin or Tobramycin 

• Risk for MDR – GNB (LTCF, prior IV Abx <90d)

• VAP with risk for MDRO

Page 11: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Treating the Non‐resolving SSTI

• A 68 year old obese, diabetic man presents to the clinic with a hot swollen right leg as shown

• He starts Cefazolin 2 g IV q8h but on hospital day 3 it doesn’t look much better

A. What do you recommend?

B. Switch to IV Vancomycin

C. Switch to Zosyn

D. Continue current treatment

Cellulitis/SSTI

Page 12: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Etiology of Cellulitis

Clinical or biochemical response was observed in the majority of patients the day after treatment initiation. Concordance between clinical and biochemical response was strongest at days 2 and 3. Female sex, cardiovascular disease, higher body mass index, shorter duration of symptoms, and cellulitis other than typical erysipelas were predictors of nonresponse at day 3

Natural Clinical Course of Treated Cellulitis

Page 13: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Predictors of Early Response

• Clinical or biochemical response was observed in the majority of patients the day after treatment initiation. 

• Concordance between clinical and biochemical response was strongest at days 2 and 3. 

• Female sex, cardiovascular disease, higher body mass index, shorter duration of symptoms, and cellulitis other than typical erysipelas were predictors of nonresponse at day 3

Early Response in Cellulitis: A Prospective Study of Dynamics and PredictorsClin Infect Dis. 2016;63(8):1034-1041. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw463

Page 14: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Summary‐ slowly responsive cellulitis

• Categorize the cellulitis 

– Purulent needs drainage

– Most do not

• If non‐purulent watchful waiting and address non‐infection factors

• Consideration of adjuncts

Misuse in Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Review 322 cases of SSTI @400 bed hospital in Denver 2007

• Positive cultures:  145/150 (97%) – S. aureusor streptococci

Treatment ‐70% got  Abx for GNRs

• Imaging (151):  Yield‐1%

• Abx duration (median):  14 days

Jenkins T.  Clin Infect Dis  2010;51:895

Page 15: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

THE ANTI‐MRSA BRIGADEVancomycin, Daptomycin, Telavancin, Linezolid, Tedizolid, Dalbavancin, Oritavancin, Clindamycin, Trimethoprim‐Sulfa, Tigecycline, Minocycline, Ceftaroline, Quinupristin‐dalfopristin, Delafloxacin

Page 16: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Outpatient UTI ManagementUncomplicated Cystitis

• Women with at least 2 sxs: dysuria, urgency, frequency and no vaginal discharge ‐ >90% probability of acute cystitis

– Studies found no benefit to doing testing

Women with relapse or recurrent UTI (>2/6m), complicated infections, Abx exposure or resistance should have a urine culture done

Treatment of Acute Cystitis

• Women – Nitrofurantoin 100 mg BID x 5 days– Fosfomycin 3g x 1 dose– TMP‐SMX DS BID x 3 days (if resistance<20%)

• Men– 7‐14 days

• Inpatients – empirical Rx– Ceftriaxone 1 g/d– Severe beta lactam allergy – Aztreonam and Vancomycin– Risk for MDR

• Pip‐Tazobactam or Cefepime or • Vanco + Aztreonam if severe beta lactam allergy

– Sepsis – Add Vanco

Page 17: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Outpatient management of the MDR‐UTI

• A 74 year old woman with recurrent UTIs has been on oral Trimethoprim‐Sulfa for 3 months and now has dysuria, frequency and malaise for 2 days

• Her UA shows >100 WBC/HPF• Urine Cx ‐ >100,000 colonies E. coli

– Resistant to Amox, Amox/Clav, Ceftriaxone– Resistant to Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Piperacillin‐Tazobactam

– Intermediate to Nitrofurantoin– Sensitive to Meropenem

Which of the following antimicrobials would be the best choice for her UTI?

A. Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid)

B. Ertapenem (Invanz)

C. Ceftolozane/tazobactam (Zerbaxa)

D. Fosfomycin (Monurol)

Page 18: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Fosfomycin (Monurol)

• 3 g oral sachet – dissolves in water

• Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis at early stage

• Bactericidal

• Requires Creatinine clearance>20

• Approved for single dose treatment uUTI

• Spectrum: E. coli inc ESBL, Klebsiella, P. aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staph sapro and    E. Faecalis, VRE

Fosfomycin Dosing

• Uncomplicated UTI – 3 g x 1 dose

• Complicated UTI 3g q 3 days x 3 doses

• TUR Prophylaxis 3 g x 2 days periop

• rUTI prophylaxis – 3g q 10 days

• Do not use for Pyelonephritis

• Might work in prostatitis

Page 19: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Fosfomycin

• Expensive – prior auth! $45‐90/dose

• Most labs cannot do Fosfomycin susceptibility

• Low risk for CDI – small bowel absorption

Summary‐ UTI

• For patients with MDR‐cystitis

• Fosfomycin is an oral treatment option

• Alternatives would be IV ‐ Ertapenem

Page 20: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Treat Bacterial Infection, not Colonization

• ≥105 colony forming units is often used as a diagnostic criteria for a positive urine culture

• It does NOT prove infection; it is just implies the culture is unlikely due to contamination

• Pyuria is not predictive on its own

• Symptoms AND pyuria AND bacteruriadenotes infection

Grigoryan L et al JAMA 2014;312:1677‐84

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria is Common

Age (years)      Women Men

20 1% 1%

70 20% 15%

>70 + long‐term care 50% 40%

Spinal cord injury  50% 50%(with intermittent catheterization)

Chronic urinary catheter    100%      100%

Ileal loop conduit 100% 100%

Nicolle LE. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006 Aug;28 Suppl 1:S42‐8.

Page 21: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in the Elderly

Multiple prospective randomized clinical trials have shown no benefit

• No improvement in “mental status”

• No difference in the number of symptomatic UTIs

• No improvement in chronic urinary incontinence

• No improvement in survival

Inappropriate Abx Usein Asymptomatic Bacteriuria

• Dalen 2005 Ottawa 52%

• Ghandi 2009 Michigan 33%

• Cope 2009 Houston 32%

• 1/3‐50% get antibiotics despite evidence of no benefit

Page 22: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

A Second Opportunity ‐UTIs

• Much of the antibiotic use here is not appropriate and avoidable.

• Wrong treatment, Wrong Drug, Wrong Duration are common

• Resistance to Fluoroquinolones Trimethoprim‐Sulfa

• Ensure the patient has a UTI not an alternate diagnosis

• When catheters in place  ‐ all are bacteriuric• The reservoir for MDROs

What Causes the Pain in UTI

• Visceral pain is usually projected over the dermatome that shares common spinal innervation

• In murine models – strains which cause ASB elicit different responses than symptomatic UPEC strains – It is LPS which induces the pain through TLR4

• Inflammatory cells in urine  are not the cause of pain and do not correlate with UTI in ASB

• New therapeutic approach? Probiotics with LPS

Rudick CN  J Infect Dis 2010:201:1240

Page 23: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Biotherapeutics in UTI

• Vaginal application of L. crispatus reduces UTI

• ASB E. coli – bacterial interference

• Strain 83972 of E coli

• Use of these strains in mice prevents symptomatic infection

• Reduces pain more than ciprofloxacin

• Promotes clearance

Rudick CN PLOS One 2014;9:e109321

A Challenging UTI

• A 53 year old man with Parkinson’s disease and a seizure disorder presents with his 4th  urinary tract infection in the past year.

• He has back pain and dysuria. His current urinalysis shows pyuriaand bacteriuria

• Urine culture is growing Klebsiella pneumoniaeResistant to: Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Trimethoprim‐Sulfa, Pip‐Tazo, Cefepime, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem

• What antibiotic is most likely to be effective for treatment of his  Klebsiella pneumoniae infection?

Page 24: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Management of Carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)

• Any Enterobacteriaceae isolate non‐susceptible to all 3rd generation Cephs and Imipenem, Doripenem or Meropenem

• CALL FOR BACK‐UP!!

Page 25: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

New Drugs for MDROsCeftazidime‐Avibactam (Avycaz)

• New non‐beta‐lactam beta‐lactamase inhibitor added to Ceftazidime which enhances activity against some MDR GNRs including CRE

• Most KPCs, ESBL, AmpC

• NOT Metallo‐beta lactamases!

• 2.5 g IV q 8h (over 2h)

– 2 g Taz plus 500 mg Avibactam

Epidemiology of Carbapenem‐Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 7 US Communities, 

2012‐2013 

• 87% from urine; 11% blood

• Device associated or hospitalized

• Fatal in 9%

• Higher rates in GA, MD, NY vs CO, NM, OR lower

• Median age 66

• Incidence 2.93/100k vs MRSA 25, CDI 147

Guh AY et al JAMA Oct 5, 2015;doi10.10001/jama2015.12480

Page 26: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

New Cephalosporins for Resistant Gram Negatives

• Ceftolozane/tazobactam (Zerbaxa)

– Similar to ceftazidime w/modified sidechain at position 3 ‐ antiPseudomonal

– Tazo protects the ceph from ESBLs

– Better than Ceftaz vs P. aeruginosa

– Not active vs KPCs or MBLs

– Approved for IAI, UTI

Latest Addition vs CREMeropenem‐Vaborbactam (Vabomere)

– 4g IV q8h over 3 hrs (CCl>50)

– 2g Mero + 2 g Vaborbactam

– Targets KPC producers

– cUTI, recent data on other severe infections

– Active vs Enterobacteracae

– Active vs KPC producing strains not VIM, NDM

– Side effects – HA, infusion site, diarrhea

Page 27: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

STDs

• Neisseria Gonorrhea – increasing resistance– Ceftriaxone

• Chlamydia trachomatis– Doxycycline or Azithromycin

• Mycoplasma genitalum– Moxifloxacin

• Syphilis – no resistance– Primary/Secondary – Benzathine Penicillin  2.4 mU x 1– Latent – Benzathine PCN 2.4 mU weekly x 3– Neurosyphilis – IV Pen G 24 mU/d x 10‐14 days– Severe Beta lactam allergy  (1, 2ndary only)‐ Doxy

Slowly Resolving C difficile Infection

• A 74 year old man  developed CDI after receiving clindamycin for a dental cleaning prophylaxis in the setting of a prosthetic hip replacement performed in 1992.

• He has been on oral vancomycin for 6 days and continues to have 2‐3 pudding texture stools/d

• Which of the following should you do next?

A. Check the Cdiff toxin test

B. Provide Imodium and Citrucel

C. Increase the vancomycin dose

D. Add metronidazole

Page 28: Tips for Abx prescribing and Resistance AOMA2017€¦ · • STDs –GC, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma • C. difficile diarrhea • Acute bronchitis • Common colds • Sinusitis with symptoms

Clostridium difficile infection

• A consequence of antimicrobial overuse and poor environmental hygiene

• Recent problem is OVER – diagnosis with PCR

• Only test when diarrhea is persistent in absence of other causes

• Vancomycin and Fidaxomicin are preferred

• New monoclonal Ab ‐ Bezlotuxumab

• Refer recurrent cases for clinical trials

Testing for the diagnosis of CDI

Martin, J. S. H. et al. (2016) Clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, diagnosis and understanding transmissionNat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.25

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Over diagnosis of C. difficile

• Treated pts may shed for 6 weeks

• After treatment tests can remain + for months

• Repeat testing is discouraged

• Up to 1/3 pts have post CDI IBS (mixed or d)

– Longer CDI duration, current anxiety and higher BMI

• Review all meds, laxatives etc

Wadgwa A et al Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016;44:576‐82

Al Nassir WN et al. 2008 Clinical Infectious Diseases 47(1):56–62..

Time to ImprovementVancomycin versus Metronidazole

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The Vulnerability Zone• Vancomycin maintains inhibitory activity 4‐5 days after completed

• Metronidazole – no late activity• 14‐21 days after treatment stools support CD growth

• 21‐28 days after – most inhibit• 3 phyla are associated with intact colonization resistance– Actinobacteria– Firmicutes– Tenericutes

©2011 MFMER  |  slide‐59Abujamel T Plos One Oct 2013;8

AntiBx Prophylaxis to prevent rCDI

MTN 1‐3 days prior – retrospective cohort– The rate of C. difficile infection was 1.4% in the patients who received 

metronidazole and 6.5% in those who did not (P<0.001). In a multivariable analysis accounting for age, sex, and comorbidities, patients receiving metronidazole had an 80% reduced risk for 

developing C. difficile infection.Rodriguez S et al Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014

Oral Vancomycin prophylaxis vs SOC– 4.2% vs 26.6%

– 125 or 250 mg BID

– Recur defined by PCR+, diarrhea <4 weeksVan Hise Clin Infect Dis 2016

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How to avoid C. diff when treating common infections

• A 77 year old woman with COPD and recurrent C.diff presents to your office with purulent cough, mild dyspnea and T 99F.

• Her Chest X‐ray is unremarkable, her peak flow is markedly reduced.

• In addition to a short course of corticosteroids and her MDI, which of the following would you recommend? 

A. Amoxicillin‐clavulanate 500 mg BID

B. Levofloxacin 500 mg daily

C. Doxycyline 100 mg BID

D. Clarithromycin 500 mg BID

Doxycycline/Tetracyclines associated with lower risk of CDI

• 4 case control and 2 cohort studies bet 1993‐2012 show 0.62 OR vs other antibiotics

• In a subgroup analysis, Doxycycline OR 0.55

Tariq R, Cho J, Kapoor S, Orenstein R, Singh S, Pardi DS, Khanna S. ID Week 2018

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Options for when you need antibiotics in patients at risk or with CDI

• At risk 

– Doxycyline – RTI, SSTI (Staph)

– Penicillin VK – Strep throat, dental, SSTI

– Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin – UTI

– Probiotics plus Abx

• With Concurrent CDI

– Oral Vancomycin low dose plus Abx

– Bezlotuxumab infusion plus CDI Rx plus Abx

Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Drugs: Drug Safety Communication ‐ FDA Advises Restricting Use for Certain Uncomplicated Infections

UPDATED 07/26/2016. FDA revised the Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions and Medication Guide sections. These medicines are associated with disabling and potentially permanent side effects of the tendons, muscles, joints, nerves, and central nervous system that can occur together in the same patient.FDA has determined that fluoroquinolones should be reserved for use in patients who have no other treatment options for acute bacterial sinusitis, acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and uncomplicated urinary tract infections because the risk of these serious side effects generally outweighs the benefits in these patients

FDA Restrictions

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Treatment DurationsShort course = long course

Illness

• CAP

• HAP

• Pyelonephritis

• Intra‐abdominal infection

• AECOPD

• ABRS

• Cellulitis

• Chronic osteomyelitis (v)

Treatment days (short/long)

• 3‐5  7‐10

• <8 10‐15

• 5‐7 10‐14

• 4 10

• <5 >7

• 5 10

• 5‐6 10

• 42 84

B. Spellberg JAMA Intern Med 2016;176:1254‐1255 

Which Bugs are resistant?

• Outpatient

– ESBL E. coli

– MRSA

• Inpatient

– VRE

– MDR – Gram Negatives

– Candida – non‐albicans

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Once daily Aminoglycosides

• Gentamicin/Tobra 5‐7 mg/kd (Creat Cl >40)

– Q24 >60; Q36 40‐59

• Amikacin 15‐20 mg/kg

• ClCr calculation: Males: (140 ‐ age [y]) x (weight [kg]) SCr [mg/dL] x 72 

Females: 0.85 x (140 ‐ age [y]) x (weight [kg]) SCr [mg/dL] x 72 For obese patients (>20% IBW), use DW rather than actual body weight for calculating mg/kg dosing. 

Dosing weight = IBW + 0.4 (actual body weight ‐ IBW): 

Ertapenem (Invanz)

• Intravenous – once daily

• Active against ESBLs

• No activity

– Enterococcus sp

– Pseudomonas

– Acinetobacter

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Fosfomycin (Monorul)

• Oral powder‐ 3g

• Active in urinary tract

• Need a Creatinine Clearance of at least 40

• Enterococcus, MDR – E. coli

• Get susceptibilities

Linezolid (Zyvox )

• Oral, 100% bioavailable

• Now generic

• Excellent for complicated SSTI – MRSA

• Interactions – SSRIs – relative

• Long term use issues

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When all else fails, what tools are left?

• Get an ID Consult• Revival of the old guard

– Colistin, Aminoglycosides

• New antimicrobials– Gram Negatives – Avycaz (ceftazidime‐avibactam), Zerbaxa(ceftolozane‐tazobactam)

– Gram positives ‐ Baxdela (delafloxacin), Sivextro(tedizolid), Orbactiv (oritavancin), Dalvance (dalbavancin),  Vibativ(telavancin)

• Coming attractions– Plazomicin ‐ IV neoglycoside (synergy vs MRSA, PA, CRA)– Eravacycline – fluorocycline – GPC/GNRs not PA; mcr‐1

Tips to prevent resistance

• Infection prevention starts in your hands

• Eliminate devices

• Clean the patient

• Clean the environment

• Vaccinate

• Practice good stewardship

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SummaryTo Control Antimicrobial Resistance

AntimicrobialStewardship

Develop NewDrugs andVaccines

Improved Diagnostics

InfectionPrevention

ReduceResistanceReservoirs

Research &Public Policy

Education