1865-1895By: Shelby Brown

1850 1857

http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=764612 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=greensward+planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweatshop

The Bessemer Process was a cheap and efficient way to make steel invented in 1850 by Henry Bessemer and William Kelley.

“Sweat shop” was a negative connotation for working environments that were unacceptably difficult or unsafe used beginning in the 1850’s.

Frederick Law Olmstead helped Calver Vaux draw a plan for “Greensward” which was selected to become Central Park in New York City.

1859 1862 1864

Social Darwinism is an economic and social philosophy based on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, stating that unrestrained business competition will ensure the survival of the fittest. This was published in Darwin’s book “On the Origin of Species” and used to explain Andrew Carnegie’s success in business. http://just-write.contentquake.com/2009/11/19/survival-of-the-facts/

http://www.black-hawk-design.net/BlackHawk/washita_river/page27.htmhttp://www.cartoonstock.com/vintage/directory/c/credit_mobilier_of_america_scandal.asp

The Chyanne and Arapaho tribes were attacked in the Sand Creek Reserve on November 29, 1864 by Colonel John Chivington. 150 were killed and the casualties were mostly women and children in the Sand Creek Massacre.

The Homestead Act was a U.S. law that provided 160 acres in the west to the head of household to cultivate for 5 years. This land was reserved Native American land and caused many disputes in the future.

The stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad formed the Credit Mobilizer and contracted it to lay track for three times the cost and pocket the profits.

Ellis Island in New York was the main immigration station from 1862 to 1924.

1866

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier

http://www.flickr.com/photos/bootbearwdc/118098571/

http://www.allposters.co.uk/-sp/Grandfather-Clause-Posters_i6271756_.htm

1867

The original Buffalo Soldiers were members of the U.S. 10th Calvary formed on September 1, 1866. Soon all African American regiments formed in 1866 were called Buffalo Soldiers.

Oliver Hudson Kelley started the Patrons of Husbandry in 1867 which was an organization for farmers that became more commonly known as Grange.

Grange was another name for the Patrons of Husbandry started by Oliver Kelley to provide a social outlet and educational reform for farmers and isolated farm families. Another assignment of Grange was to regulate railroads.

The Grandfather Clause was introduced in 1867 to exclude some people from the laws put in place to keep African Americans from voting. It stated if your grandfather could vote before January 1, 1867 then you could vote too. This law kept African Americans from the polls because their grandfathers had been slaves.

In 1867 the Credit Mobilizer scandal case went through the Supreme Court.

William M. “Boss” Tweed became head of Tammany Hall, New York City’s most powerful political machine, in 1868.

Participants in a trust turn over their stock to a group of trustees and companies were entitled to dividends on profits earned by the trust. John D. Rockefeller used trusts to gain control of the oil industry in America.

A Political Machine is an organized group that controls activities of a political party in a city.

Sitting Bull, Tatanka Iyotanka, was the leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux and never signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868.

The Transcontinental Railroad was a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States that was completed in 1869.

William Tweed began the Tweed Ring in 1869. It was a group of corrupt politicians whose main scheme was the construction of the New York City Court House which resulted in a 10 million dollar graft which was spread amongst them.

1869

http://www.gloucestercitynews.net/clearysnotebook/2011/11/the-revolution-is-tuesday-time-to-vote-king-george-out-of-office.htmlhttp://mrnussbaum.com/nativeamericans/sittingbull/http://www.uic.edu/educ/bctpi/historyGIS/blackhills_1wk/bhselfserve/states/index.htmlhttp://bvapush.pbworks.com/w/page/4313744/Tweed%20Ring

1868

1870 1871

A Graft is the illegal use of political influence for personal gain (mainly money).

Jacob Riis became a police reporter and was appalled at the conditions of the New York slums. He used his talents to expose the hardships of the city’s poor and bring about the awareness of the need for reform.

The Tweed Ring was broken in 1871 and William Tweed was sentenced to 12 years in prison (his sentence was reduced to one year) and later escaped but was recaptured in Spain.

http://www.solutionevents.com/html/bike_run_path.html

http://www.pbs.org/marktwain/scrapbook/05_gilded_age/index.html

http://www.chancenarrative.com/?attachment_id=765

The “Guilded Age” is a novel by Mark Twain co-written with Charles Warner that showed the corruption and the need for wealth during the 1870’s to the 1890’s. The “Guilded Age” is also another name for that time period.

In 1870 John D. Rockefeller processed 3% of the U.S.’s crude oil and refined 90%.

In 1870 Frederick Olmstead planned a landscape for Washington D.C. and St. Louis. He also designed the Boston Park system “The Emerald Necklace”.

1873 1874

Andrew Carnegie entered the steel business in 1873.

The Battle of Little Big Horn occurred in early June 1876. The Soux men led by Sitting Bull killed all of the Seventh Calvary including George Armstrong Custer. Sitting Bull was assisted by Chief Joseph.

In 1874 George Armstrong Custer found gold in the Black Hills and began the gold rush there.

1876Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876 with the help of Thomas Watson. The telephone created many new jobs for women.

In 1876 Thomas Alva Edison invented the world’s first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey.

http://clio.missouristate.edu/wrmiller/HST/HST525/carnegie.htmhttp://www.history.nd.gov/textbook/unit3_comculcon/unit3_6_3_custer.htmlhttp://www.dipity.com/gohara/Expansion-and-Industrialization_2/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/03/dayintech_0310

1879 1880

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbbell_tenementhttp://fineartamerica.com/featured/new-york-city-tenement-house-everett.htmlhttp://thegreatgeekmanual.com/blog/this-day-in-geek-history-october-21-2009http://www.amazon.com/Joplin-The-Ragtime-Dance-Waltzes/dp/B008Y2M0C2

In 1880 George Pullman built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the Illinois Prairie. He provided housing and most other living necessities but Pullman held his town under tight control.

Thomas Edison had his incandescent light bulb patented in 1880 and later invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.

Also known as “Old Law Tenements”, Dumbbell Tenements are tenements built in NYC after the Tenement House Act of 1879 and before the NY Tenement House Act of 1901.

Ida B. Wells moved to Memphis to be a teacher and soon became a reporter in 1880.

Ragtime is a blend of African American Spirituals and European Forms that originated in the saloons of the south. African American pianist and composer Scott Joplin became famous from his ragtime compositions. Ragtime led to rock ‘n’ roll, jazz, and rhythm and blues.

1881 1884

Booker T. Washington was a prominent African American educator who believed racism would end once blacks became more prominent in society. In 1881 he founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama.

Mugwumps were Republicans who refused to vote Republican in the 1884 presidential election because of political and financial corruption.

George Westinghouse began to help Thomas Edison make electricity safer and cheaper in 1881.

Joseph Pulitzer was a Hungarian immigrant who bought the “New York World” newspaper in 1883 and pioneered popular innovations such as large Sunday editions, comics, sports editions, and women’s news to surpass his main competitor William Hearst.

1885

In 1885 Sitting Bull appeared on William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Show.

1883

http://guides.library.duke.edu/content.php?pid=333750&sid=2729629http://above-the-norm.blogspot.com/2012/04/buffalo-bill-cody.html

1886 1888

http://homicide.northwestern.edu/historical/movements/haymarket/http://www.nush.org/AboutUs/timeline.htmhttp://e-ducation.net/video.htm

George Eastman invented the Kodak camera and sold it to the public for $25, and they could ship their film to his processing plant to have them developed for only $10.

The Haymarket Affair occurred on May 4th 1886 a riot gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. Several police officers were killed and many workers died in the chaos.

The Interstate Commerce Commission was a group of five men established to uphold the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.

The Dawes Act was a law enacted in in 1887 that was intended to “Americanize” Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners.

Settlement Houses were founded by Charles Stover and Stanton Coit in NYC in 1886.

1887

Samuel Gompers led the Cigar Maker’s International Union to join with other craft unions in 1886.

1889

In 1889 Jane Addams founded Chicago’s Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr. They were some of the most influential women in the settlement house movement.

On December 28, 1890 the Sioux and George Custer and his Seventh Calvary fought at the Battle of Wounded Knee. The entire Seventh Calvary was killed along with 300 unarmed Sioux.

In 1890 Sitting Bull resisted arrest and was killed in the struggle.

http://www.american-architecture.info/USA/CHICAGO/CHIC-LS/CHIC-LS-041.htmhttp://home.comcast.net/~zebrec/NH_Native_History.htmhttp://www.lpusd.k12.ca.us/rm1/online/hotpotatoestav/TAV5-1f.htm

The Ghost Dance is a ritual to prevent poverty and cure disease. It was also said to restore their lands and way of life.

The Sherman Antitrust Act enacted in 1890 made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or other countries.

1890

1892 1893

Scabs were strikebreakers used when Henry Frick, of the Carnegie Steel Company’s Homestead plant in Pennsylvania, stated he was going to cut wages and a strike broke out on June 29, 1892 that left three detectives and nine workers dead.

Urbanization was the growth of cities due to the technological boom in the late 19th century and growing industrial strength(mostly in the Midwest and Northeast).

Populism was the “People’s Party” founded in 1892.

Ida B. Wells' reporting career took off on March 9, 1892 when three of her friends were lynched and she began writing, speaking, and organizing for civil rights.

http://www.peacebuttons.info/new/E-News/peacehistorynovember.htmhttp://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/2044?e=trowbridge2_1.0-ch03_s02http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/faculty/hodgson/Courses/so11/population/urbanization.htm

1894 1895

In 1894 Eugene V. Debs’ American Railway Union won their strike for higher wages and added to the momentum of union organization.

In 1895 W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African American to receive a doctorate at Harvard University.

The Pullman Strike was a violent strike in 1894 to protest George Pullman’s tight control over his workers.

William Hearst purchased the New York “Morning Journal” in 1895 and sought to outdo his biggest competition, Joseph Pulitzer by filling his paper with lies of scandals and cruelty to attract readers.

http://utopiaclass.wordpress.com/2009/09/24/due-929-weekly-journal-5/http://www.lemaze-studio.com/cgi-bin/webdata_pro.pl?_cgifunction=search&_layout=canvas&products.canvas=yes&products.artist3=Rhead,%20Louis%20Johnhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_people_dubois.html

18981896

In 1899 Andrew Carnegie’s Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain.

William Hearst and Joseph Pultzier’s competing newspapers began to sell over 1 million copies per day in 1898.

July 8,1896 William Bryan, the Democratic nominee of the 1896 election, delivered the “Cross of Gold” speech opposing the gold standard.

Plessy vs. Furguson was the 1896 Supreme Court Case that said segregation of races in public was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment. This established the doctrine “Separate but Equal” and permitted this for almost 60 years.

William McKinley was the Republican candidate in the 1896 election and won the presidency with the support of the east which was about 7 million votes.

1899

http://latefruit.wordpress.com/tag/political-cartoons/http://www.flickr.com/groups/gayphotographers/discuss/72157626733984279/http://mintees.com/talk/197423-graphic-work-august-2011/

1903 19101905

On December 17,1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright had their first successful plane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. It covered 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds.

Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay was the primary immigration port for Asian immigrants between 1910 and 1940. These immigrants endured much harsher conditions than at Ellis Island.

In 1905 W.E.B. Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement which insisted that African Americans get a liberal arts education so the African American community would have more educated leaders.

http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/classic/dawn-of-flight-timeline2.htmhttp://www.kansasheritage.org/crossingboundaries/pagex6c1.htmlhttp://angelisland.org/history/