TIMELINE OF

MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE

+ DESIGNS BY LEON KRÜGER ARCHITECTS

The buildings designed by Leon Krüger Architects (“LKA”) contextualised within the development of Modernist Architecture from the 1940s to 2003

1940s to 1970s International Style

(Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry.

LKA - SUNNINGHILL HOSPITAL, JOHANNESBURG,1991

LKA – REPUBLICOBSERVATORY, SUTHERLAND, 1978

1940s to 1970s International style

1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture

(Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry.

(Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building.

LKA - CSIR CONVENTION CENTRE, PRETORIA, 1975

LKA - SUNNINGHILL HOSPITAL, JOHANNESBURG,1991

LKA – REPUBLICOBSERVATORY, SUTHERLAND, 1978

1940s to 1970s International style

1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture

1970 onwards High-tech Architecture

(Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it.

(Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry.

(Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building.

LKA - CSIR CONVENTION CENTRE, PRETORIA, 1975

LKA - SUNNINGHILL HOSPITAL, JOHANNESBURG,1991

LKA – REPUBLICOBSERVATORY, SUTHERLAND, 1978

LKA – GROSVENOR

CORNER, JOHANNESBURG,

1996

1940s to 1970s International style

1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture

1970 onwards High-tech Architecture

1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture

(Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it.

(Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism.

(Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry.

(Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building.

LKA - CSIR CONVENTION CENTRE, PRETORIA, 1975

LKA - GNLD DISTR. CENTRE, LONGMEADOW,

JOHANNESBURG, 2006

LKA - SUNNINGHILL HOSPITAL, JOHANNESBURG,1991

LKA – REPUBLICOBSERVATORY, SUTHERLAND, 1978

LKA – GROSVENOR

CORNER, JOHANNESBURG,

1996

1940s to 1970s International style

1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture

1970 onwards High-tech Architecture

1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture

1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture

(Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon.

(Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it.

(Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism.

(Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry.

(Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building.

LKA - CSIR CONVENTION CENTRE, PRETORIA, 1975

LKA- NESTLÉ DISTR. CENTRE, NEW GERMANY,

KWAZULU-NATAL, 1994

LKA - GNLD DISTR. CENTRE, LONGMEADOW,

JOHANNESBURG, 2006

LKA - SUNNINGHILL HOSPITAL, JOHANNESBURG,1991

LKA – REPUBLICOBSERVATORY, SUTHERLAND, 1978

LKA – GROSVENOR

CORNER, JOHANNESBURG,

1996

1940s to 1970s International style

1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture

1970 onwards High-tech Architecture

1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture

1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture

1980s – Critical Regionalism

(Right) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE - Uses contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning –

emphasising topography, climate, light, tectonic form and the tactile sense.

(Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon.

(Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it.

(Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism.

(Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry.

(Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building.

LKA - CSIR CONVENTION CENTRE, PRETORIA, 1975

LKA- NESTLÉ DISTR. CENTRE, NEW GERMANY,

KWAZULU-NATAL, 1994

LKA - GNLD DISTR. CENTRE, LONGMEADOW,

JOHANNESBURG, 2006

LKA – TONGA RURAL HOSPITAL, MPUMALANGA 1997

LKA - SUNNINGHILL HOSPITAL, JOHANNESBURG,1991

LKA – REPUBLICOBSERVATORY, SUTHERLAND, 1978

LKA – GROSVENOR

CORNER, JOHANNESBURG,

1996

1940s to 1970s International style

1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture

1970 onwards High-tech Architecture

1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture

1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture

1980s – Critical Regionalism

Late 1980s Deconstructivism

(Right) IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM, MANCHESTER, UK - Fragmentation, non-linear processes of design, distortion and dislocation of structure

and envelope - move away from 'rules' of modernism such as "form follows function” & "purity of form“.

(Right) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE - Uses contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning –

emphasising topography, climate, light, tectonic form and the tactile sense.

(Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon.

(Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it.

(Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism.

(Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry.

(Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building.

LKA - CSIR CONVENTION CENTRE, PRETORIA, 1975

LKA – FEDERATED

FORUM BUILDING, PRETORIA,

1983

LKA- NESTLÉ DISTR. CENTRE, NEW GERMANY,

KWAZULU-NATAL, 1994

LKA - GNLD DISTR. CENTRE, LONGMEADOW,

JOHANNESBURG, 2006

LKA – TONGA RURAL HOSPITAL, MPUMALANGA 1997

LKA - SUNNINGHILL HOSPITAL, JOHANNESBURG,1991

LKA – REPUBLICOBSERVATORY, SUTHERLAND, 1978

LKA – GROSVENOR

CORNER, JOHANNESBURG,

1996

1940s to 1970s International style

1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture

1970 onwards High-tech Architecture

1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture

1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture

1980s – Critical Regionalism

Late 1980s Deconstructivism

2000 onwardsSustainable Architecture

(Right) K2 APARTMENTS, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA - Environmentally-conscious

design techniques – Focus on energy efficiency.

(Right) IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM, MANCHESTER, UK - Fragmentation, non-linear processes of design, distortion and dislocation of structure

and envelope - move away from 'rules' of modernism such as "form follows function” & "purity of form“.

(Right) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE - Uses contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning –

emphasising topography, climate, light, tectonic form and the tactile sense.

(Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon.

(Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it.

(Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism.

(Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry.

(Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building.

LKA - CSIR CONVENTION CENTRE, PRETORIA, 1975

LKA - HITACHI OFFICES, BOKSBURG, 2008

LKA – FEDERATED

FORUM BUILDING, PRETORIA,

1983

LKA- NESTLÉ DISTR. CENTRE, NEW GERMANY,

KWAZULU-NATAL, 1994

LKA - GNLD DISTR. CENTRE, LONGMEADOW,

JOHANNESBURG, 2006

LKA – TONGA RURAL HOSPITAL, MPUMALANGA 1997

LKA - SUNNINGHILL HOSPITAL, JOHANNESBURG,1991

LKA – REPUBLICOBSERVATORY, SUTHERLAND, 1978

LKA – GROSVENOR

CORNER, JOHANNESBURG,

1996

1940s to 1970s International style

1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture

1970 onwards High-tech Architecture

1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture

1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture

1980s – Critical Regionalism

Late 1980s Deconstructivism

2000 onwardsSustainable Architecture

2003 onwards Blobitecture

(Right) LONDON CITYHALL Buildings with organic, amoeba-shaped, bulgingforms.

(Right) K2 APARTMENTS, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA - Environmentally-conscious

design techniques – Focus on energy efficiency.

(Right) IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM, MANCHESTER, UK - Fragmentation, non-linear processes of design, distortion and dislocation of structure

and envelope - move away from 'rules' of modernism such as "form follows function” & "purity of form“.

(Right) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE - Uses contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning –

emphasising topography, climate, light, tectonic form and the tactile sense.

(Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon.

(Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it.

(Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism.

(Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry.

(Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building.

LKA - CSIR CONVENTION CENTRE, PRETORIA, 1975

LKA - HITACHI OFFICES, BOKSBURG, 2008

LKA – FEDERATED

FORUM BUILDING, PRETORIA,

1983

LKA- NESTLÉ DISTR. CENTRE, NEW GERMANY,

KWAZULU-NATAL, 1994

LKA - SANDHURST OFFICES, JOHANNESBURG, 2006

LKA - GNLD DISTR. CENTRE, LONGMEADOW,

JOHANNESBURG, 2006

LKA – TONGA RURAL HOSPITAL, MPUMALANGA 1997

LKA - SUNNINGHILL HOSPITAL, JOHANNESBURG,1991

LKA – REPUBLICOBSERVATORY, SUTHERLAND, 1978

LKA – GROSVENOR

CORNER, JOHANNESBURG,

1996

1940s to 1970s International style

1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture

1970 onwards High-tech Architecture

1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture

1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture

1980s – Critical Regionalism

Late 1980s Deconstructivism

2000 onwardsSustainable Architecture

2003 onwards Blobitecture

(Right) LONDON CITYHALL Buildings with organic, amoeba-shaped, bulgingforms.

(Right) K2 APARTMENTS, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA - Environmentally-conscious

design techniques – Focus on energy efficiency.

(Right) IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM, MANCHESTER, UK - Fragmentation, non-linear processes of design, distortion and dislocation of structure

and envelope - move away from 'rules' of modernism such as "form follows function” & "purity of form“.

(Right) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE - Uses contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning –

emphasising topography, climate, light, tectonic form and the tactile sense.

(Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon.

(Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it.

(Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism.

(Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry.

(Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building.

LKA - CSIR CONVENTION CENTRE, PRETORIA, 1975

LKA - HITACHI OFFICES, BOKSBURG, 2008

LKA – FEDERATED

FORUM BUILDING, PRETORIA,

1983

LKA- NESTLÉ DISTR. CENTRE, NEW GERMANY,

KWAZULU-NATAL, 1994

LKA - SANDHURST OFFICES, JOHANNESBURG, 2006

LKA - GNLD DISTR. CENTRE, LONGMEADOW,

JOHANNESBURG, 2006

LKA – TONGA RURAL HOSPITAL, MPUMALANGA 1997

LKA - SUNNINGHILL HOSPITAL, JOHANNESBURG,1991

LKA – REPUBLICOBSERVATORY, SUTHERLAND, 1978

LKA – GROSVENOR

CORNER, JOHANNESBURG,

1996