timbuktu (the city of mali)
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Timbuktu (the city of Mali)
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GROWTH
• Mansa Musa’s Support• By Traders–Muhammad Askia (Spodek p.366)– Sub-Saharan, Caravans, Berber, Arab traders– Good Trade Relations
• Intellectual Exploration – Religious Studies– Literature prosperity – Education Organizations
Role
• Trade Center– Gold, ivory, salt, animal skin, and slaves
• (Barron’s AP World History 3rd Edition, p.138)
• Studying Center– Islamic scholars– Oral storytelling and song making
- Acted as an one end of the Silk Road Major trading center cos-mopolitan
- The capital of Sui, Tang Dynasty One of the biggest cities - Biggest city in China since Han dynasty
- Cultural influence to near regions Kyoto
- Political significance: legitimacy, much is lost since the 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms period
- The recession of Chang’an Rebellions
-- An Shi Rebellion -- Huang Chao rebellion
- Not selected to become a capital of any countries. -- Corresponds to the decline of the Silk Roads
So… where does this end up?
Venice
Venice: An island city, the greatest seaport in late me-dieval Europe and its commercial and cultural link with Asia, Venice is unique environmentally, architecturally,
and historically.
Venice
Significance Cultural-Venice was influenced by many regions -”Myth of Venice”-Influence from other regions *Palace, Church
Significance Political-Political structure – patriciate governs-The commune: Republic
“Immensely wealthy Italian city-state of the Medival period”
VeniceSignificance Economical-Maritime trade: the major hub of Mediterranean trade-End of 10th century, Venice : most economically developed city in Italy.-Trade conflicts-14th and 15th, Venice : Golden age (influenced by Crusades)
Decline of Venice -Under Francesco Foscari
*Crusade: A series of Christian holy wars conducted against infi-dels.
Relationship between Byzantine Empire (330–1453)
Rome: Before Avignon Papacygolden age of church
• 7th century~ early 9th century : Grew dramati-cally -Charlemagne -Vigorous buildings• Late 9th~mid 11th: uneasy peace between papacy and Nobility dispute• 11th~12th C : golden age -rule state throughout Europe -many pilgrims gifts… flow money
Conflicts btw nobility and popeConflicts• Republican constitution sur-vived both papal and imperial rule pope large cash pay-ment to senators• pope Innocent tried to secure pope’s position conflict with Orsini. • Innocent cherish to Roman. Roman supports for a while • Tax problem: resurgence, more, severe Collapse• Lost reforming zeal from peo-ple• Royal power grew• France tries to arrests the pope pope dies
Rome: Avignon PapacyAvignon Papacy• cardinal divided: pro, anti-Bonifacian -elect archbishop, they made pope more vulnerable • make pope refuge -Establish papal curia in Avignon -Establish loyal faction• Controlled by France –France appoint pope and clergies -Pope followed what France says Try to Go Back• After one of effective (clement) archbishop dies: cardinals deeply di-vided - go back to Rome or not • Pope John XXII : forceful – feud stops for a while - tried to go back Italy sent subordinates -Emperor of Italy againstFailed -France and archbishops didn’t agree -John’s death: pope decline -Hundred Years’ War
Rome: After Avignon Papacy
Great Schism• Pope Gregory returns from Avignon (1377)• France oppose: elect new one two groups meet and elect new pope: 3 popes schism• Popes abdicate (1415~1417) elect new (1417) :schism ended but pope’s power hit the floorIn This Period • spread of heresy • collapse of priests• Black Death: corrupted churchInfluences: • secular government grow• people started to refuse the religion climate of Protestant Reformation
Religious Influence• Center of religion• Birth of Muhammad• Prominent role in wor-
ship: Ka’aba• Five Pillars: Pilgrimage
to Mecca• Umma: community of believers
Mecca
Ka’aba in Mecca
History of Medina
• Sahifa al-Medina : Constitution of Medina
• Migrated to Medina in 622 C.E• Diverse than Mecca : Jews,Muslims, idolaters.
http://insearchofsimplicity.com/sample-chapters/
Prophet’s Mosque
Significance of Medina• Not an obligatory part of
the pilgrimage• Visit purpose of ziyara,
pious visit.• capture the early history
of the prayer ritual, also strengthen the believer’s resolve and commitment to these practice.
• Political leadership
http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/saudi_arabia/images/medina_mosque_01_V_500.jpg
Karakorum… 2. As the Capital of Mongol Empire
• Ogedei Khan erects permanent political structures
• Has temples of all the major religions … (Primary document by William of Rubruck)
• Housed workmen from around the em-pire (French Gold-smith)
In 1220, Genghis
Khan moves capital from Avarga to
Karakorum
Mongol Empire’s political, cultural,
economic capital for 40 years
After aban-don by
Kublai Khan
(1266), destroyed
by vengeful Manchurian soldiers in
1388
Karakorum … 3. Factors for Growth Over Time
• Mongol Conquest More buildings, religious centers
• Exploration Spread of knowledge, though slow• Slave Trade (13C, slaves sold at Karakorum)
Ethnic diversity, larger workforce• Commercial Trade Trade w. China, Southeast
Asia, Middle East increases
Greater Diversity
Increased Trade
Population Growth
Urbaniza-tion
Growth during 600 – 1450
Before this time period: already developed; had been capital of kingdom, influ-
enced by Alexander the
Great etc.
8th C: Arab
9th-10th C: Samanids
of Iran
11th-13th C: various Turkic ppl
Early 13th C: annexed
by Khwarexm-
Shah
1220: destroyed by Genghis Khan
1365: capi-tal of Timur
Empire
Samarkand
Samarkand: Significance • Culture – reflects multi-ethnicity: Turks,
Persians, Arabs, Mongols
– Architecture– Garden Making– Samarkand Rug
• Center of Islamic learn-ing– Patronized Turkish as a literary lan-
guage– Poetry, literature – Scholars
• Al Samarkandi – medicine, astronomy, philosophy, theology, logic
• Uluh Beg – astronomy, math
Samarkand
Mongol
Persian + Turkic
Islam/ Arabic
What was the role of Bagh-dad?
• Capital city of the Ab-basid dynasty– Architecture– Arts– Cultures– Finance– Markets/Trades– Education– Science/technology
• Religious center• Military character• Commercial activities Abbasid Palace(late 12th/early
13th C)
Growth
• Founded in 762 as the capital of the Ab-basid dynasty– Most significant cultural centre of Arab and Is-
lamic civilization– Symbol of Muslim culture and achievement
• Economically developed metropolis– Juncture of the land and water trade routes
• Mongol invasion in 1258 C.E• Became local center of the Mongol Empire
Damascus: Location • It is now the cap-
ital of Syria.
• It was the capital of the Islamic Caliphate.
• Known as the oldest inhabited city.
Development and decline of Kiev
• Slavs established their own settlement on a hill and was named for Kiy.
• Kiev was not based on agriculture. Therefore, trade was occurred along the Dniper river. Trade also went to the Caspian Sea and Central Asia
• Kiev established diplomatic relations with Byzan-tium, England, France, Sweden, and other countries.
• Decline: in late 12th century, the power of the city had declined. In 1238, Genghis Khan invaded Rus and conquered the towns of central Russia. Much of the city was destroyed and the most of its popula-tion killed
Religious development
• The introduction of Christianity to Kiev enhanced its significance as the spiritual center of Russia.
• The city’s wealth and religious importance was at-tested to by its more than 400 churches.
• In 957, Princess Olga of Kiev converted to Byz. Christianity
• Her grandson(valdimir) 980CE convert to orthodoxy• Artistic tradition of icon painting, Byzantine style
architecture, monasticism religious education, legal principles and other patterns of thought
• The Cathedral of St. Sophia
All about Moscow
-Capital city of the Russian Federation
- important center in 14th cen-tury
Oblast , western Russia-South : Oka River, Moskva River-Southeast: plain drops to the Meshchera Lowland-Northern Edge: Central Rus-soan Upland
Moscow in Christianity
• 15th century• After the fall of Con-
stantinople to the Turks (1453), re-garded as the “Third Rome”
• Integrating modern technology, eagle symbols, the work of going back to Rome
Mongols…
- after Chinggis’s death 1227
- Four sons contin-ued their expan-sions
- Along the lands, they entered Rus-sia, and took Mos-cow Kiev
• Russia began to take its modern form
- After Ivan III (r. 1462- 1505)
Cairo - Geography
• Located along the Nile• The Largest City of
Africa
http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9709/21/mideast.wrap/egypt.cairo.map.lg.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo
Growth
• The Most Important Religious Icons of Cairo (640CE, Amr ibn al-A)
• Mosque of Ibn Tulun • Reaching its zenith under Mam-
luk’s control in 14th C• Economy started to decline
since 15th C• King of Kanem converted to Is-
lam constructed a religious school in Cairo.
– Expansion of Fatimid Rulers to begin their administration in Fu-stat.
– Economic Inflation – Mansa Musa
Role
– one of the world’s great trade centers
– sheltered a very signifi-cant Jewish community
– Created a religiously important societies in N. Africa
Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World I (Pg. 115~116)
Spodek: World History, 3rd Edition
DELHI [Northern India]
Climate/Region Dryness, Hot summer/Hillside sissoo
neem
Wild boar
Monkey->
-Fruit (neem, jaman, sissoo) increase of population
-Increase of pop urbanization Market
-animals (wild boar, & monkey) increase of pop
Interaction of SR & IOR
-Indo-Muslim role of spreading Mus-lim? (REL)
-Important city for other markets (ECON)
-Pashtun style (1193-1320)
e.x) Quwat-ul-Islam mosque The Qutb Mibnar Tomb of Iltutmish Alai Gate
Qutb Mibnar
DELHIPolitics
1. Tomar dynasty (736) – Lal Kot -inscribed on Iron Pillar of Delhi-given by Vibudh Shridhar-learning eloquent language
2.Lal kot’s Qila Rai Pithora(Chauhan King of Ajmer conquer 1180)
3. Delhi Sultanate (1206) (Under the Slave Dyansty)1st Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aybak (former slave become a general
4. Helding power (After SLAVE DYNASTY)Khilji dynasty Tughluq dynasty Sayyid dynasty Lodi dynasty
5. Timur Lenk (1398) invade (too tolerant of their Hindu)
• Food, jewelry mainly traded• Significant amount of trade->net-
work, transportation• Used canoes and boats for trans-
portation• A lot of merchants but under strict
control• Merchant trade: pochta
Trade
The Center of Aztec Life: Tenochtitlan
• Religious: a lot of sacrifice needed• A lot of temples, rituals • Military: main purpose->gain slaves
for sacrifice• Soldiers had a lot of decoration • Peasants were in companion in bat-
tles
Religion, military…
Cuzco City in S-eastern Peru, near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes Mountain range-capital of the Cusco Region
In the time per. of 600-1450, history of growth and role of Cuzco starts from 1200 as a capital of Inca Empire.
Growth
Architecture Machu Picchu Sacsayhuaman Fortress with precise stone tech
Extensive Conquest and Ruling Tech-niques-Starts to form a form of a nations and kingdoms with a variety of cultures
-Conquered the whole Southern America
-Unites the whole continent.
-Integration of Religious and Forceful Au-thority with Political Control = Using three ways to rule
Religious growth-Emergence of Sun Temples
-integrates religion into a way of ruling Infrastructural Growth-Unification of roads and bridges-Public Temples and Fortresses
Role
1.Central Force and Authority
2. Firmly sets religious principles that are built on people’s mind
3. Infrastructure
However, b/c of extensive conquest and warfare, Cuzco takes a role of a division of power between the Cuzcos and Kitos (each powers)
Jenne-Jeno
• Upper inland Niger Delta of the middle Niger
• Groups from the Serer, Soninke of Mali, moved to Jenne-Jeno
• Flood plain suited for rice, sorghum, and millet