thy2- church history_15-revised copy part 1

7/26/2019 THY2- CHurch History_15-Revised Copy Part 1

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History of

theRomanCatholicChurch



The Church in the Ancient

World( 30-476)

• The frst Christian community started in Jerusalem.• The basis o the Church’s teachings is the teachingand preaching o Jesus (Book o Acts).



The Missionto the Jews

andthe Gentiles



entecost markedthe beginningo the Church.



• The frst sermon o eterled to many thousands o

con!erts .

• At frst the mission o theChurch "as directedto"ard the people o#srae l(Acts $%&&' %&' %* )+thenlater+ to"ard the ,entiles (-t. %&&' /k &$%* )+ andthe "hole "orld

(-t.* %&01*2).



#n $0A3+

the baptism oCornelliusby eter

marked thebeginning o themissioni4ing to the,entiles .



• The early Church "as a communitydi5erentiated by reasons o charism and

ministries ( & Cor&*% 1&&)+ noted or herlo!ing ser!ice.

• The early ministry "as in the ser!ice o theunity o the Church and not monarchial.



• eter "as assigned tothe Je"s and aul "as

to the ,entiles.• The con!ersion o aul

happened on his "ay to

3amascus ( Acts 0%$16).



• The Council o Jerusalem ( 0A3)resol!ed the con7ictbet"een the Je"ishChristians and the,entile con!erts.

• Becoming a Christianis not bycircumcision+ but by

Christ .



The mission tothe ,entiles "asinitiated atAntioch duringthe baptism oCornelius+ a8oman Centurion

(Acts+ &2).• aul+ the Apostle to the

,entiles"as accompanied by Barnabas

inhis missionary 9ourney(Acts &$1& ).

• :hen Barnabas and ;aul "ere

at Antioch that the disciples



#t "as ;t. #gnatius o

Antioch (&2=)•"ho frst called theuni!ersal Church as the

Catholic Church

•katholikos (>?@ >DE)+meaning <uni!ersal<+<complete< and <"hole<.



Common elements stoodout among the Je"ish1Christians+ Je"ish1Fellenistic+ and Fellenistic1,entile communities+namely%

•the aith in Jesus as-essiah and /ord+•the practice o baptism andthe celebration o the FolyGucharist +•the apostolic preaching andinstructions +•the high regard orcommunal lo!e + and

•the eHpectation o the



• The Gospel writerswrote what they andtheir sources believedwere the mostimportant meanings ofwhat Jesus thought,taught, and wrought.

-ark ca. 6 A.3.-ark ca. 6 A.3.-atthe" ca. =2-atthe" ca. =2A.3.A.3./uke ca. 2 A.3./uke ca. 2 A.3.

John ca. 02 A.3. John ca. 02 A.3.

& Thessalonians & Thessalonians ca. 2K & A.3.ca. 2K & A.3.



The Four !an"elists



The #o$an %ersecution o& theChurch

(30-3'3 )



ROM ! ancti&ied * the+lood o&

the Mart*rs "#$%#&#'



;t. ;tephen’s

-artyrdom (Acts 6% 162)

8easons or Christianersecutions

•Christians re9ected the so1called 3i!ine status o theGmperor and reser!ed its"orship or the Trinity.

• They disobeyed some othe 8oman la"s or theycontradict the Church

teachings.



• They "ere consideredanti1social or theyre usedto participate in manysociale!ents+ in!ol!ing the"orship o the 8omangods.

• They "ere accused ocannibalism .

• They "ere blamed or allthe mis ortunes o theempire.

• They "ere accused o



The frst generalpersecutions o Christians bythe 8omans toke placeduring the reign o GmperorLero (6 A3).

eter and aul"erepersecutedduring this era. The Church then"as kno"n as the

Church o the



At around 6= A3+ the Je"s "aged "aragainst the 8omans.

Mnder the leadership o Titus+ Jerusalem"as set afre (=2A3).



The Triu$,h o& the Cross

313313 Edict ofEdict ofMilanMilan•ChristianityChristianity

en9oyed the statusen9oyed the statusoo NNreligio licita.religio licita. OO

•Lo moreLo morecrucifHionscrucifHions

•Christians "ereChristians "ere

gi!en places orgi!en places or



• Christianity en9oyed the status oChristianity en9oyed the status oNreligio licita.ONreligio licita.O

• Christians "ere gi!en places orChristians "ere gi!en places or"orship."orship.

• Lo more crucifHionsLo more crucifHions



With Constantine scon!ersion.

•basilicas "ere erected+

•the clergy "ere gi!en

special pri!ileges anddistinct social status

•the "idened gap bet"een

the clergy and the laity

• the transition rom asharing and caring Churchto a Church as an #nstitution




•the "eakening o theChurch’s spiritual !italitydue to po"er and riches

•#ncrease in po"er o!erthe "est by bishop o8ome ( origin o papacy )

•nobility grabbing clericalpositions or po"er and

income




•Constantine mo!ed to theGast or it "as then thecenter o trade and

learning.

•#n $* + the capital o theempire "as mo!ed rom8ome in the "est toBy4antium in the east and"as renamed

Constantinople .




• ope and emperorsstruggled or their

reedom and autonomy .

• To counteract the heresyo Arianism+ the council oLicaea "as con!ened.



Contro!ersies on theerson and Lature o

Jesus Christ

•3ocetism•-odalism•Arianism•Apollinarianism

•Lestorianism•Gutychianism



3ocetism•Christ "as 3i!ine "ho appeared to be

human .•Fe did not ha!e a real human body.•:hat people sa" o Christ "as a

phantom+an illusion.

-odalism• The Pather and the ;on are one andthe same

person.

•NPatherO and N;onO are 9ust names by



Arianism• The :ord (Jesus) "as not eternal+ but

"as merely created by the Pather .• Jesus is not ,od but a uniQuecreature1

greater than man but less than,od.

Apollinarianism•Christ had a human body but not ahuman

soul.N O



Lestorianism•#n Christ are t"o persons% a human

personand a di!ine person.•-ary is mother only o the human

Jesus.•,od the ;on simply used the humanbody as

an instrument.• Jesus is N,od1bearing manO ratherthan N,od1 -anO

• Jesus is not ,od but a uniQue



Gutychianism or -onophysitism

•Christ had only one nature% 3i!ine.

• Jesus is not man.

• The human nature "as absorbed bythe

3i!inity o ,od the ;on.



Council o Licaea ($* )

• The ;on "as Nbegotten+not madeO and there orehad no beginning.• Jesus is No the samesubstance as the PatherOand there ore is o 3i!ine

nature.

Jesus isGod/



;t. Athanasius

•# the ;on "ere acreature+ then he "ould

9ust be like humans+

unable to sa!e humanityrom sin .

•Christians "orshipped

Jesus.•# Jesus "ere not ,od+then the Christians sincethe Apostolic times ha!ebeen racticin idolatr .



Council oConstantinople ($ &)

•;ts. Cyril o Jerusalem and,regory La4ian4en+pro essed that%•Christ is o the samesubstance "ith humanity+possessing a human soul.•:hat is not assumed isnot redeemed.

Jesus is



Council o Gphesus( $&)

•;t. Cyril o AleHandria+declared that%•Christ is one person "itht"o natures% Fuman and3i!ine FR S;TAT#CML#SL• The distinctness o thenatures "as notdestroyed by the union+

thus Christ "as ully



Theotokos (-other o,od)

3uring the Council o Gphesus+;t. Cyril o AleHandria declaredthat%

• ;ince Christ is only oneperson+ "hat "as born o

-ary "as both human anddi!ine. (Fypostatic Mnion)



• 3uring the reign o Theodosius+ the

,reat+ there "as thebaptism o themasses+ only orsur!i!al and "ith no

sense o spirit oChrist .

• This led or someChristians to li!e amonastic li e

;t. Anthony oGgypt in* A3.



In 476, thebarbarians overranthe West and theRoman Empire came

to an end (Dar!"es#$



%!R%!RI!& MI'R! I)& )R I&*!+I)& )) -.!/E)*ER M!&0 DE/!DE+ +EE I&' E/)&)MI/

)--)R 2&I IE+, 'R)2-+ /R)++ED I& ) R)M!&ERRI )RIE+



%!R%!RI!& RI%!. /)& EDER! E+ I& R)ME %05 !&D 5 /E& 2R0

STR G THS I&

I !.0 VISIG THS I&

+-!I& !&D-)R 2'!.

FRANKS !&DBURGUNDIANS I&

'!2. !&D WE+'ERM!&0

SAX NS I&

BARBARIAN INVASI N

What happen to the Christian Church?



• The Clergy assumedthe unctions o ci!il

authority toguarantee a stableci!il order inthe 8oman Gmpire.

• This "as the start othe Church

becoming the8oman CatholicChurch .

• The imperial tradition "as maintainedin the Gast "here emperors unctionedlike priest1kings .



GREG RY

THE GREAT( 89684#

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/I 0 ) R)MER)M ')I&'



!M)&' 5E IR+ )!++ER THE PRIMACY

F

THE PAPAL FFICE

+2MMED 2- 5ERE+-)&+I%I.I IE+ )5E %I+5)- ) R)ME

I& 5I+ ) I/I!. I .E!+ SERVUS

SERVORUM DEI ,5E +ER*!& ) 5E+ER*!& + ) ')D



The popesand thecon!erted

ranks 9oinorces to

create a ne"unity%christendom( 22162 )

TFG 8# G SP SLA T#C# (6 th t 0 th



A ter the papacy+ themonastic "ay o li e+ startedby ;t. Benedict (the Pather

o :estern -onasticism).

At the age in "hich the

8oman Gmpire "ascrumbling+ monasticism"as able to preser!e theChurch tradition.

TFG 8#;G SP -SLA;T#C#;- (6 th to 0 th century)



(= th and th Centuries )

• The monotheistic

religion <#slam< "asstarted by a mannamed -ohammed

"ho "as born in-ecca

( =2 s to 6&& A3).

• -ohammed claimedto be a prophet andput together a holybook called the

Ioran (Uu’ran) .



(= th and th Centuries )

• #slam spread rapidly +taking o!er regionsthat once belonged to

Je"s andChristians.

• #n 6$* Jerusalem ellto the -uslims + as didAleHandria in 6 *+Carthage in 6=2

and ;pain in =&&.• #n one century #slam had taken o!er

almost three1 ourths o the kno"nChristian "orld .

•#n =& 1= & A3+ the -uslims "ere



ope ;tephen ##sought the help

o N epin the;hortO+ the sono Charles-artel (o

Pranks) toprotect theCentral and;outhern #taly

rom the/ombards in= .

#n gratitude or helping the papacy+ ope;tephen ga!e epin the title < atrician o8ome< and in return epin ga!e central #taly tothe papacy.

# l



#conoclastContro!ersy

•#n =*6 the GasternGmperor /eo ###prohibited the

!eneration o sacredimagesand had them

destroyedor it contradicted the

Bible.

• Through Gmpress #rene+Council o Licaea ## +

Th B i i



• #n 22+ Charlemagne "as cro"ned by ope/eo ### as emperor o8ome.

• Gmperors ser!ed as

ci!il administratorsand oWcial de endersand the popes

as the supreme

pastors oChrist

• ;umma Theologiaerepresents the summit

The Beginningo the Foly

8oman Gmpire



The Church on The-edie!al eriod( 221& &=)

•Constant con7ictsamong the heirs o

Charlemagne led tothe breakdo"n o theempire .

•Stto the ,reatre!i!ed the traditiono Charlemagne.

Th 8i P d li ( 221&2 $)



The 8ise o Peudalism ( 221&2=$)

o"er ul kings andlords turned Guropeinto small states in

order to betterprotect their land andproperty • rom one another+•as "ell as romin!ading orces+ suchas the Xikings+-agyars and-uslims.



Abuses lague theChurch

•;imony 1 the buying andselling o religious oWces.

•Lepotism 1 "hen a kingor lord ga!e a !acantreligious oWce to one otheir relati!es. •/ay #n!estiture 1 "hen aking or lord "ould make

someone Bishop "ithout



-onastic 8e orm in020

-onastery oCluny "asounded to

re!i!e themonasticspirit o ;t.Benedict.

;econd monastic

re orm byBernard oClaire!auH(&2021&& $)

h 8 h d d



• The Pranciscans (&& *1

&**6) and the3ominicans (&&=21&**&)

• Adapting the simplicity

o li e and re9ection o

The 8ise o the -endicant Srders

• producing t"ogreatesttheologians%

;ts. ThomasAQuinas

and Bona!enture



ope regory X##’s



ope ,regory X## s8e ormation o the Church

• The nature and moraldemands o the Catholic

aith "ere defned by theope.

•GHtraordinary po"ers "eregi!en to the ope (3ictatus

apa) .• #t led to the

1 dominance o the Code o Canon. 1 elimination o /ay #n!estiture andsimony.

1 en orcement o clerical celibacy. 1 de!elopment o 8oman Curia.



THE GREG RIAN

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• The 8oman Catholic

Church became theepitome o the"hole Church.

• The po"er o thepapacy reached theapeH during thereign o #nnocent ###(&&0 1&*&6) andBoni ace X## (&*0 1&$2$)

• ope Mrban ## in &20 sent



ope Mrban ## in &20 sentcrusaders to reco!er

Jerusalem rom the

-oslems.

• Crusaders made use oorce and !iolence as a

means o Christianmissionary acti!ity.

1873 9 138



CRUSADES

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&)&9/5RI+ I!&+$



I&<2I+I I)&Innocent III tort=red

and b=rnttho=sands of heretics,

;e>sand alle"ed >itches(11 #$

Innocent I* sec=redconfession b? tort=rin"(1@ @#$

$ h h



!$ he 'reat +chism!$ he 'reat +chism

:estern Church:estern Church Gastern ChurchGastern Church

Y ope /eo #Z

Y 8ome is the seat o thechurch.

Y ope+ the bishop o8ome. 1 elected by theclergy 1 the highestauthority

1 spiritual and

Y ope /eo #Z

Y 8ome is the seat o thechurch.

Y ope+ the bishop o8ome. 1 elected by theclergy 1 the highestauthority

1 spiritual and

Y atriarch oConstantinople

-ichael CerulariusY Constantinople is theseat o

the church.

• atriarch+ head o thechurch 1 appointed by the

emperor

Y atriarch oConstantinople

-ichael CerulariusY Constantinople is theseat o

the church.

• atriarch+ head o thechurch 1 appointed by the

emperor

&2

$ h h



!$ he 'reat +chism!$ he 'reat +chism

:estern Church:estern Church Gastern ChurchGastern Church

Y Msed Mnlea!ened Bread

•en orced celibacy or itspriests and religious "hilethe Gastern Churchallo"ed its priests tomarry.

Y used the <flioQue< "hilethe

Gastern Church did not.

Y Msed Mnlea!ened Bread

•en orced celibacy or itspriests and religious "hilethe Gastern Churchallo"ed its priests tomarry.

Y used the <flioQue< "hilethe

Gastern Church did not.

• Msed lea!ened bread

• allo"ed its priests tomarry

• did not use NfloQueO

• Msed lea!ened bread

• allo"ed its priests tomarry

• did not use NfloQueO

&2



The ,reat ;chism (&$= 1& &=)



Clement X## (Prench anti1ope) contested the

legality o the

election o Mrban X# (#talian

• =2 years o absence in8ome+ 2 years o

:estern ;chism• At Council S isa +

Benedict Z### and,regory Z## re used to

attend the Council.• The Council electedanother pope+AleHander X.Christendom that ledto ha!ing three popes .

• at the Council oConstance (& & 1& & )+ the $ popes

"ere asked to resign

Martin .=ther



Y #n & 2=+ -artin /uther (& $1& 6)+an Augustinian priest

de!eloped t"odoctrines%

&. ;cripture <alone < "as thesole ruleo aith*. eople "ere sa!ed by

< aithalone< .

Y #t di!ided Christianity intot"o mainreligious bodies 1 8oman

Catholicism

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C il T t (& 1& 6$)

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Council o Trent (& 1& 6$);#,L#P#CALCG SP TFG

CSMLC#/%•#t ga!e the complete list obooks o the Bible + anddeclared that Tradition and

;criptures are both sacred.•#t declared that ,od’s graceand man’s reedom had tocooperate in the process osal!ation+ and that nobodyis predestined to beeternally damned or sa!ed.

True aith must be

eHpressed in good "orks.

C il T t (& 1& 6$)




CSMLC#/%•#t decreed that the se!ensacraments "ere institutedby Christ+ Fimsel . The

Gucharist is not only thecommemoration o the /ast;upper+ but a memorial.

• To fght the clergy’signorance+ the councildecided to establishdiocesan seminaries ortheir spiritual and cultural

ormation . reaching on

C il T t (& 1& 6$)




CSMLC#/%•#t #t also remo!ed all theabuses connected "ith theindulgences.

•#t eHhorted Cardinals andBishops to a!oid luHuryand to become models oholiness and humility.

•#t confrmed the eHistenceo purgatory + thelegitimacy o the

!eneration o the saints+

Co ncil o Trent (& 1& 6$)




CSMLC#/%•#t #t also remo!ed all theabuses connected "ith theindulgences.

•#t eHhorted Cardinals andBishops to a!oid luHuryand to become models oholiness and humility.

•#t confrmed the eHistenceo purgatory + thelegitimacy o the

!eneration o the saints+

Gcclesial Communities o the



Gcclesial Communities o thesiHteenth century 8e ormation

mo!ement.

Th ( h )h h



The (utheran )hurches

• Those that identifythemselves with thedoctrines of Martin (utherand the &* th )enturyReformation Movement "sola

fide, sola gratia, solus)hristus, sola scriptura'• Most of these )hurches

retained only twosacraments! +aptism and

oly )ommunion,• Thus could not have

maintained apostolicsuccession.

• Iing Fenry X### o



g yGngland in & $ +through the <Act o;upremacy< + madehimsel the head othe Church oGngland.

• :hat dro!e Fenry tocut all ties "ith 8ome"as ope ClementX## s re usal to granthim a di!orce romhis "i e Catherine o

Aragon to marry



Y Begun by Iing Fenry X### (Act o;upremacy) but became ullyoperational under Gli4abeth #

Y Began as a ;G A8ATG3A8T#CM/A8 CFM8CF but changes

in their rite o Foly Srders hasmade the Anglican priesthoodin!alid+ thus making it simply andGCC/G;#A/ CS--ML#TR.

Y -any bishops sought re1ordinationrom the Sld Catholic Church+ but

!alidity remains doubt ul.Y Srdination o "omen and non1

celibate homoseHuals has causedcon!ersions (e!en o bishops) tothe 8oman Catholic Church.

Th i li ) i



The piscopalian )ommunion

• The branch of the -nglican )hurch in the

nited /tates, though

it is a separate entitywith its own presidingbishop

• /ituation of its clergy issimilar to that of the

-nglican )hurch

h d



Methodist

Churches• 0ounded by John and

)harles 1esley

• +egan as a revivalmovement in the)hurch of ngland,eventually became a

splinter )hurch whichlater on was furtherdivided into splinter)hurches.



2R /+3T R4-5 ) R) /

• 0ounded by John6no78 form of)alvinism

• Theoretically have nobishops, though somegroups have.

• Governed by 9elders:elected by thecongregation



+aptist )hurches

• 0irst )hurches foundedby Roger 1illiams and;r. John )lar<e

• immersed in water as apublic display of theirfaith8 does notadminister infantbaptism

• 5o common leadership

2entecostal )hurches



2entecostal )hurches

• The ma=ority believe that onemust be saved by believing inJesus as (ord and /aviour forthe forgiveness of sins and to

be made acceptable to God.• the +ible has definitiveauthority in matters of faith.

• /pea<ing in tongues is the signof the +aptism of the oly/pirit, but isn>t necessary for

salvation.

• -nother group believesthat a person needs torepent and be bapti?ed inthe name of the (ordJesus, and then receivethe oly /pirit.

• Receiving the oly /piritis necessary for salvationbut is not accompaniedby spea<ing in tongues.

places special emphasis on the direct personal eHperienceo ,od through the Baptism o the Foly ;pirit

dventists



-dventists+elievers of )hrist@s /econd )oming -ccording to

the Millerite Tradition "1illiam Miller'• /econd )oming of

)hrist is imminentalthough -dventistsrefuse to give datesdue to the &ABB 9Great;isappointment:

•/eventh ;ay -dventist"James and llen1hite' C observanceof the /abbath

)h h f J )h i t f



)hurch of Jesus )hrist of(atter%day /aints "Mormonism'

• 0ounded by Joseph/mith, Jr.

• 9Great -postasy: The)hristian )hurch died atthe death of the lastapostle

• Restoration through the

+ible D +oo< of Mormon"2rophet Mormon and -ngel Moroni'



Jehovah@s 1itnesses

• Jehovah is God@s personalname

• Jesus is -rchangel Michael,God@s first creature

• Jesus did not die on a crossbut on a torture sta<e• The year &E&B mar<s the

return of )hrist, which isunderstood to have occurredinvisibly in heaven. -t thattime )hrist became arth>s<ing and the Flast daysFbegan. -rmageddon isimminent, only the witnesseswill be saved.



4glesia 5i )risto

• Church of Christ is the propername of the )hurch founded byJesus, and this )hurch willemerge in the 9far east: on the

last days.• The church professes to be the

reestablishment of the originalchurch founded by Jesus andteaches that the original churchwas apostati?ed.

• Jesus is (ord but not God8 0eli7Manalo is God@s last messenger.



-ng ;ating ;aan

• The Official name of the true churchin the +ible is Church of God inChrist Jesus

• The Members )hurch of God4nternational is the only true churchof God in the 2hilippines and theworld. 4t is the continuation of the)hurch of God founded by Jesus)hrist and the apostles inJerusalem

• Jesus is God but less than God the0ather

• all teachings and interpretation ofdoctrines should be based upon+ible alone, which can only bedone through their leader , +ro. li/oriano

• con!ened by ope John



con!ened by ope JohnZZ###(&06*) and closed by

ope aul X# (&06 )

• Theme% NAggiornamentoO NMpdatingO o Church

1 structures+1 belie s+ and1 practices

to make it more e5ecti!einreaching out to "omenandmen o the modern "orld



-ain Pocus o the Council



•to eHplore and make eHplicit

the Church s role in the"orld +

•the rene"al o religious li e +

•the li e and ministry opriests and the role o layapostles (e!erydayChristians) as importantcontributors to thee!angeli4ation o the "orld.

•#mpro!ements to the liturgy +



atican 44 ;ocuments

C tit ti



Constitutions

• Dei Verbum, Dogmatic Constitution OnDivine Revelation, 1965

• Lumen Gentium, ;ogmatic )onstitution

on the )hruch, &E*B • acrosanctum Concilium, Constitutionon the acred Liturg!, 196"#

•Gaudium et $es, %astoral ConstitutionOn the Church &n the Modern'orld,1965

D l ti



Declarations

• Gravissimum (ducationis, DeclarationOn Christian (ducation, 1965#

• )ostra *etate, Declaration On the

Relation O+ the Church to )onChristianReligions, 1965#

• Dignitatis -umanae, Declaration OnReligious .reedom, 1965#

D



Decrees

• *d Gentes, Decree On theMission *ctivit! o+ theChurch, 1965#

• %resb!terorum Ordinis, Decree On the Ministr! andLi+e o+ %riests, 1965#

• *$ostolicam *ctuositatem, Decree On the *$ostolate o+the Lait!, 1965#

• O$tatam /otius, Decree On%riestl! /raining, 1965#

• %er+ectae Caritatis, DecreeOn Rene0al o+ ReligiousLi+e, 1965#

• Christus Dominus , DecreeConcerning the %astoralO++ice o+ isho$s &n theChurch,1965#

• 2nitatis Redintegratio, Decree on (cumenism, 1963#

• Orientalium (cclesiarum, Decree On the CatholicChurches o+ the (asternRite,1963

• &nter Miri+ica , Decree On theMeans o+ ocialCommunication, 196"#

thy2- church history_15-revised copy part 1

Documents