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THUẬT NGỮ HÀNG HẢI A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Abatement Sự giảm giá(Hàng hóa, cước phí,...) Sự giảm giá(Hàng hóa, cước phí,...) Accept except Chấp nhận nhưng loại trừ Thuật ngữ được người thuê tàu hoặc đại lý thuê tàu sử dụng trong giao dịch để chỉ mình chấp nhận một số điều khoản hoặc chi tiết nào đó nhưng không chấp nhận các phần khác bị loại trừ sẽ được gạt bỏ hoặc sửa đổi theo yêu cầu. Accomplished bill of lading Vận đơn đã nhận hàng Vận đơn gốc đã được trao cho người chuyên chở (Surrendered) tại cảng dở và hàng đã được nhận xong. Act of God or natural calamity Thiên tai Trích THUẬT NGỮ THUÊ TÀU & HÀNG HẢI (TS. Huỳnh Tấn Phát & Bùi Quang Hùng biên soạn, NXB GTVT 1999) Bạn đọc có nhu cầu mua THUẬT NGỮ THUÊ TÀU & HÀNG HẢI, vui lòng liên hệ điện thoại số 933 0144 hoặc địa chỉ: Lầu 4, cao ốc Thiên Sơn, 5 Nguyễn Gia Thiều, Q. 3. TP. Hồ Chí Minh. Giá bìa: 35.000đ Abandonment Sự khước từ: Là việc từ chối thực hiện một hành động. (abandonment of action). Thí dụ: Khước từ việc thưa kiện, truy cứu, chuyến hành trình, việc giao nhận hàng vì những lý do nào đó. 2. Sự từ bỏ: Là việc từ bỏ một tài sản được bảo hiểm (Abandonment of insured property) trong trường hợp tài sản bị tổn thất coi như toàn bộ ước tính (constructive total loss). Chủ tài sản phải làm văn bản từ bỏ tài sản và thực hiện việc chuyển quyền sở hữu tài sản ấy cho người (công ty) bảo hiểm, để được người này xem xét từ chối hoặc chấp nhận bồi thường toàn bộ lô hàng. Ví dụ: Tàu bị đắm ở biển sâu, trục vớt khó khăn và tốn kém nên chủ tàu tuyên bố từ bỏ tàu, chuyển quyền sở hữu con tàu cho người (công ty) bảo hiểm xem xét từ chối hoặc chấp nhận bồi thường theo giá trị bảo hiểm của tàu. Nếu người bảo hiểm từ chối bồi thường tổn thất toàn bộ với lý do chính đáng, thì họ sẽ bồi thường tổn thất bộ phận (Partial loss). Aboard 1. Trên, lên (Tàu, xe lửa, máy bay) 1. Trên, lên (Tàu, xe lửa, máy bay) – Xà lan chở trên tàu (Lighters aboard ship) – Xếp hàng lên tàu (To get aboard) 2. VớiGiới từ dùng trong thuật ngữ: Va đụng với một tàu khác (to fall aboard of a ship). A.B.S Chữ viết tắt của: American Bureau of Shipping. (Xem: American Bureau of shipping) Accomplished bill of lading Vận đơn đã nhận hàng Vận đơn gốc đã được trao cho người chuyên chở (Surrendered) tại cảng dỡ và hàng đã được nhận xong. Act of war Hành động chiến tranh Bao gồm chiến tranh giữa các quốc gia, nội chiến, khởi nghĩa, nổi loạn, hành động thù địch như tiêu diệt, phá hoại, bắt giữ, tịch thu và các hành động chiến tranh khác tương tự… Trong nghiệp vụ bảo hiểm, rủi ro tổn thất do hành động chiến tranh được bảo hiểm theo điều kiện đặc biệt, có giới hạn, theo điều khoản bảo hiểm chiến tranh (war risk insurance clause Actual carrier or effective carrier Người chuyên chở đích thực Thuật ngữ được dùng trong nghiệp vụ gom hàng vận chuyển (Consolidation) để chỉ người chuyên chở có tàu đảm trách việc chở hàng thực sự, khác với người chuyên chở danh nghĩa theo hợp đồng vận tải nhưng không có tàu (NVOCC) đứng ra ký kết hợp đồng vận tải, sau đó lại phải thuê người chuyên chở đích thực chở hàng thay. (Xem: Consolidation or groupage) Actual total loss Tổn thất toàn bộ thực tế Thuật ngữ dùng trong nghiệp vụ bảo hiểm, chỉ lô hàng được bảo hiểm bị hoàn toàn tổn thất về số lượng

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  • 1. THUT NG HNG HI ABC D EFGH I JKLMN O P QRSTUV W X Y ZAbatement S gim gi(Hng ha, cc ph,...) S gim gi(Hng ha, cc ph,...) Accept except Chp nhn nhng loi tr Thut ng c ngi thu tu hoc i l thu tu s dng trong giao dch ch mnh chp nhn mt s iu khon hoc chi tit no nhng khng chp nhn cc phn khc b loi tr s c gt b hoc sa i theo yu cu. Accomplished bill of lading Vn n nhn hng Vn n gc c trao cho ngi chuyn ch (Surrendered) ti cng d v hng c nhn xong. Act of God or natural calamity Thin tai Trch THUT NG THU TU & HNG HI (TS. Hunh Tn Pht & Bi Quang Hng bin son, NXB GTVT 1999) Bn c c nhu cu mua THUT NG THU TU & HNG HI, vui lng lin h in thoi s 933 0144 hoc a ch: Lu 4, cao c Thin Sn, 5 Nguyn Gia Thiu, Q. 3. TP. H Ch Minh. Gi ba: 35.000 Abandonment S khc t: L vic t chi thc hin mt hnh ng. (abandonment of action). Th d: Khc t vic tha kin, truy cu, chuyn hnh trnh, vic giao nhn hng v nhng l do no . 2. S t b: L vic t b mt ti sn c bo him (Abandonment of insured property) trong trng hp ti sn b tn tht coi nh ton b c tnh (constructive total loss). Ch ti sn phi lm vn bn t b ti sn v thc hin vic chuyn quyn s hu ti sn y cho ngi (cng ty) bo him, c ngi ny xem xt t chi hoc chp nhn bi thng ton b l hng. V d: Tu b m bin su, trc vt kh khn v tn km nn ch tu tuyn b t b tu, chuyn quyn s hu con tu cho ngi (cng ty) bo him xem xt t chi hoc chp nhn bi thng theo gi tr bo him ca tu. Nu ngi bo him t chi bi thng tn tht ton b vi l do chnh ng, th h s bi thng tn tht b phn (Partial loss). Aboard 1. Trn, ln (Tu, xe la, my bay) 1. Trn, ln (Tu, xe la, my bay) X lan ch trn tu (Lighters aboard ship) Xp hng ln tu (To get aboard) 2. ViGii t dng trong thut ng: Va ng vi mt tu khc (to fall aboard of a ship). A.B.S Ch vit tt ca: American Bureau of Shipping. (Xem: American Bureau of shipping) Accomplished bill of lading Vn n nhn hng Vn n gc c trao cho ngi chuyn ch (Surrendered) ti cng d v hng c nhn xong. Act of war Hnh ng chin tranh Bao gm chin tranh gia cc quc gia, ni chin, khi ngha, ni lon, hnh ng th ch nh tiu dit, ph hoi, bt gi, tch thu v cc hnh ng chin tranh khc tng t Trong nghip v bo him, ri ro tn tht do hnh ng chin tranh c bo him theo iu kin c bit, c gii hn, theo iu khon bo him chin tranh (war risk insurance clause Actual carrier or effective carrier Ngi chuyn ch ch thc Thut ng c dng trong nghip v gom hng vn chuyn (Consolidation) ch ngi chuyn ch c tu m trch vic ch hng thc s, khc vi ngi chuyn ch danh ngha theo hp ng vn ti nhng khng c tu (NVOCC) ng ra k kt hp ng vn ti, sau li phi thu ngi chuyn ch ch thc ch hng thay. (Xem: Consolidation or groupage) Actual total loss Tn tht ton b thc t Thut ng dng trong nghip v bo him, ch l hng c bo him b hon ton tn tht v s lng

2. hoc v phm cht. (Xem: Total loss) Addendum Ph lc Bn ghi nhng iu b sung vo mt vn bn php lut ch yu (hip nh, hp ng, tha thun), lm thnh mt b phn khng tch ri ca vn bn y. (Xem: Rider Additional charges Ph ph L khon tin phi tr thm vo s tin gc theo mt quy nh no . Th d: Trong chuyn ch hng bng tu ch hay tu container, c trng hp ngi thu tu phi tr ph ph v nhin liu tng gi (Bunker adjustment charges), v ng tin tr cc mt gi (Currency adjustment charges), v lng hng (Lighterage) thm vo s tin cc gc, theo quy nh ca ch tu. Additional Premium Ph ph bo him L khon tin m ngi bo him phi tr thm trong trng hp hng c bo him theo iu kin bo him gc B hoc C m mun m rng thm mt s ri ro ph nh: ri ro trm cp v / hoc khng giao hng, thm t nc ma, nc ngt, rch v, dy bn do du m, hnh vi c hay ph hoi Ngoi ra, mt s cng ty bo him quy nh ngi c bo him phi tr thm ph ph khi s dng tu gi (Tu c nhiu nm tui).Abandonment S khc t Abandonment 1. S khc t: L vic t chi thc hin mt hnh ng. (abandonment of action). Th d: Khc t vic tha kin, truy cu, chuyn hnh trnh, vic giao nhn hng v nhng l do no . 2. S t b: L vic t b mt ti sn c bo him (Abandonment of insured property) trong trng hp ti sn b tn tht coi nh ton b c tnh (constructive total loss). Ch ti sn phi lm vn bn t b ti sn v thc hin vic chuyn quyn s hu ti sn y cho ngi (cng ty) bo him, c ngi ny xem xt t chi hoc chp nhn bi thng ton b l hng. V d: Tu b m bin su, trc vt kh khn v tn km nn ch tu tuyn b t b tu, chuyn quyn s hu con tu cho ngi (cng ty) bo him xem xt t chi hoc chp nhn bi thng theo gi tr bo him ca tu. Nu ngi bo him t chi bi thng tn tht ton b vi l do chnh ng, th h s bi thng tn tht b phn (Partial loss). Accept except Chp nhn nhng loi tr Thut ng c ngi thu tu hoc i l thu tu s dng trong giao dch ch mnh chp nhn mt s iu khon hoc chi tit no nhng khng chp nhn cc phn khc b loi tr s c gt b hoc sa i ty theo yu cu. Accomplished bill of lading Vn n nhn hng Vn n gc c trao cho ngi chuyn ch (Surrendered) ti cng d v hng c nhn xong. Act of God or natural calamity Thin tai Tai ha bt ng do thin tai gy ra, ngoi kim sot ca con ngi nh: ng t, st nh, ni la phun, l lt, bo t, lc, sng thn Thin tai l sc mnh kh phng chng c nn tp qun quc t xt trng hp xy ra thin tai gy tn tht ti sn, sinh mnh hoc cn tr, th tiu ngha v ca mt bn ng s c qui nh bi mt hp ng hay cam kt no , th ng s y c min gim trch nhim do trnt hp bt kh khng (force majeure). Tuy nhin, trong nghip v bo him, thin tai l mt loi ri ro c bo him v ngi c bo him s c bi thng tt tht ti sn do thin tai gy ra. Act of state or Act of prince Hnh vi nh cm quyn Bao gm cc mnh lnh, ch th v nh ch, cm on, ngn tr mua bn, chuyn ch, hp tc, u t, gy tn tht ti sn hoc cn tr, th tiu ngha v ca mt bn ng s c quy nh bi mt hp ng hay cam kt no , th bn ng s y c min gim trch nhim do trng hp bt kh khng (force majeure). Trong nghip v bo him, ri ro gy tn tht do hnh vi nh cm quyn l loi ri ro b loi tr, khng c bo him (excluded risk). 3. Act of war Hnh ng chin tranh Bao gm chin tranh gia cc quc gia, ni chin, khi ngha, ni lon, hnh ng th ch nh tiu dit, ph hoi, bt gi, tch thu v cc hnh ng chin tranh khc tng t Trong nghip v bo him, ri ro tn tht do hnh ng chin tranh c bo him theo iu kin c bit, c gii hn, theo iu khon bo him chin tranh (war risk insurance clause). Actual carrier or effective carrier Ngi chuyn ch ch thc Thut ng c dng trong nghip v gom hng vn chuyn (Consolidation) ch ngi chuyn ch c tu m trch vic ch hng thc s, khc vi ngi chuyn ch danh ngha theo hp ng vn ti nhng khng c tu (NVOCC) ng ra k kt hp ng vn ti, sau li phi thu ngi chuyn ch ch thc ch hng thay. (Xem: Consolidation or groupage) Actual total loss Tn tht ton b thc t Thut ng dng trong nghip v bo him, ch l hng c bo him b hon ton tn tht v s lng hoc v phm cht. (Xem: Total loss) Addendum Ph lc Bn ghi nhng iu b sung vo mt vn bn php lut ch yu (hip nh, hp ng, tha thun), lm thnh mt b phn khng tch ri ca vn bn y. (Xem: Rider) Additional charges Ph ph L khon tin phi tr thm vo s tin gc theo mt quy nh no . Th d: Trong chuyn ch hng bng tu ch hay tu container, c trng hp ngi thu tu phi tr ph ph v nhin liu tng gi (Bunker adjustment charges), v ng tin tr cc mt gi (Currency adjustment charges), v lng hng (Lighterage) thm vo s tin cc gc, theo quy nh ca ch tu. Additional Premium Ph ph bo him L khon tin m ngi bo him phi tr thm trong trng hp hng c bo him theo iu kin bo him gc B hoc C m mun m rng thm mt s ri ro ph nh: ri ro trm cp v / hoc khng giao hng, thm t nc ma, nc ngt, rch v, dy bn do du m, hnh vi c hay ph hoi Ngoi ra, mt s cng ty bo him quy nh ngi c bo him phi tr thm ph ph khi s dng tu gi (Tu c nhiu nm tui). A ddress commission Hoa hng ngi thu tu L khon tin tnh trn phn trm tng s cc ph c ch tu / ngi chuyn ch trch thng cho ngi thu tu chuyn hoc thu tu hn nh nhm khuyn khch ngi ny pht trin quan h giao dch gia i bn, V thc cht, hoa hng ngi thu tu l s tin gim cc m ch tu / ngi chuyn ch dnh cho ngi thu tu. Nhng cng c mt s ch tu / ngi chuyn ch khng chp nhn cho ngi thu tu hng hoa hng bng cch ghi vo hp ng thu tu cu min hoa hng ngi thu tu (Free of Address Commisson). Ad - hoc Arbitration committee Hi ng trng ti v vic c lp ra nhm xt x mt v tranh chp no v s chm dt tn ti sau khi xt x. Adjustment of Average Tnh ton tn tht Bng tnh tn tht (Xem: General average) Ad - valorem freight Cc theo gi tr L loi cc do ngi chuyn ch (ch tu) t ra v thu ph i vi loi hng c gi tr cao nh vng bc, qu, tc phm ngh thut danh ting Advance freight Cc tr trc 4. L mt phn tin ca tng s cc ph chuyn ch m ch tu v ngi thu tu tha thun phi tr trc khi tu ch hng n giao ti cng ch Advance on freight Tin tm ng trn cc L s tin m ngi gi hng tm ng cho Thuyn trng tr cc chi ph ti cng (khng phi l cc tr trc) v sau s c khu tr khi thanh ton cc. Cc tr trc thng chim khong 1/3 tng s cc ph v ty tha thun m ngi thu tu c th c hng mt li sut nh trn s tin tr trc (khong 3%). Cc tr trc khng phi l tin vay n ca ch tu (Loan) v ch tu thng quy nh trong iu khon thanh ton: Cc tr trc phn trm khi k pht vn n, khng khu tr v khng thoi hon cho d tu v / hoc hng ha b mt hay khng mt. (The freight to be paid in on signing Bills of Lading, discountless and non returnable, ship and / or cargo lost or not lost). Affreightment (Chartering) Vic thu tu Ngi thu tu / ch hng (Affreighter / Cargo Owner) c nhu cu chuyn ch m phn v k kt vi ngi ch thu / ch tu (Carrier / Ships owner) mt hp ng thu tu (contract of affreightment) m theo ngi ch thu cam kt vn chuyn hng hoc cung cp mt phn hay ton b con tu cho ngi thu s dng ch hng v ngi thu phi tr s tin cc nht nh c tha thun trc. Hp ng thu tu bao gm cc iu khon quy nh quyn li, ngha v ca ngi thu v ngi cho thu; l hp ng thu chuyn hoc nh hn (Voyage or time Charter-Party), vn n ng bin (Bill of Lading) v n lu khoang (Booking note). Agency Agreement Hp ng i l L mt hp ng trong ngi y thc (Principal) y nhim cho ngi i l (Agent) thay mt mnh thc hin mt s cng vic c ch nh v bng dch v ngi i l nhn c mt s tin th lao gi l hoa hng i l (Agency commission). Trong vn ti bin, hp ng i l c k kt ph bin gia ch tu v i l ch tu (shipowners agent), cn cc trng hp khc ch tu thng ch nh i l tm thi bng in bo hay Telex vi ni dung y thc ngn gn. Cc iu khon ch yu trong hp ng i l ch tu gm c: - Ch nh i l v khu vc i l. - Phm vi cng vic i l (thu xp th tc tu ra vo cng, tin hnh bc d v giao nhn hng, kim tra thu np cc, thanh ton cc loi ph theo ch th ca ch tu) - Quyn v trch nhim ca 2 bn. - Hoa hng i l - X l tranh chp - iu kin hiu lc v kt thc hp ng Agency fees i l ph L s tin th lao m ch tu tr cho i l tu bin (Ship-agent) v nhng dch v lm trong lc tu hot ng ti cng: Lm th tc ra vo cng, lin h cc ni v theo di bc d hng, tnh ton thng pht bc d, lo liu vt phm cung ng, thu xp thuyn vin i b i l ph c tnh nhiu hay t cn c vo ni dung yu cu ca ch tu, kt qu phc v ca i l, c tu to nh v tnh cht, khi lng hng bc d. i khi, gin tin cng vic, ch tu yu cu i l ph c tnh chung vo tng s tin hoa hng ghi trong hp ng thu tu m ch tu s chi tr. Ring trong chuyn ch tu ch, ngoi i l ph theo l thng, ch tu ch i khi cn trch mt phn tin cc lm hoa hng v hng ha xut nhp khu. iu ny khng phi l thng l trong chuyn ch hng bng tu chuyn d rng i khi ch tu cng chp nhn cho i l c hng hoa hng trn tng s tin cc thu c. Advice of shipment of Advice of despatch Giy bo gi hng Sau khi giao hng xung tu ch i, ngi gi hng / ngi bn hng thng bo cho ngi nhn hng / ngi mua hng bit tnh hnh hng ha c gi i v nhng chi tit c lin quan. Trong mua bn xut nhp khu, thng bo kp thi vic gi hng l trch nhim ca ngi bn hng. All in rate Cc ton b L tng s tin bao gm: Cc thu tu, cc loi ph ph v ph bt thng khc m ngi thu phi tr cho ngi chuyn ch. Th d: tu ch thng p dng thu cc ton b khi ch thu. All risks (A.R.) Bo him mi ri ro L iu kin bo him rng nht v theo iu kin ny, ngi bo him chu trch nhim v mi ri ro gy ra mt mt, h hng cho hng ha c bo him (thin tai, tai nan ca bin, ri ro ph khc) nhng loi tr cc trng hp: Chin tranh, nh cng, khng b, khuyt tt vn c ca hng ha, hnh ng c 5. ca ngi c bo him, tu khng kh nng hng hi, mt mt h hng do chm tr, thiu st v bao b ng gi hng, hao ht t nhin ca hng, h hng, mt mt hoc chi ph do thiu kh nng thanh ton ca ngi ch tu, ngi thu tu hoc ngi iu hnh chuyn ch. T 01/01/1982, Hip hi bo him London (Anh) thay i iu kin bo him A.R. thnh iu kin bo him hng ha A (Institute Cargo Clauses A) vi ni dung bo him khng thay i v c bn. All time saved both ends Ton b thi gian bc d tit kim c 2 u Thut ng c dng trong hp ng thu chuyn c quy nh thng pht theo cch b tr (Reversible laydays). C ngha l: Hp ng thu tu quy nh cho ngi thu tu c tnh gp ton b thi gian bc d tit kim c 2 u cng bc d nhanh (Despatch money). Cch tnh ny c li cho ngi thu tu hn l cch tnh thng pht ring r mi u cng (Separate laydays). Th d: Mt hp ng thu tu quy nh thi gian bc d theo cch b tr gm 10 ngy lm vic tt tri khng k Ch nht v ngy l d c lm, tin pht bc d chm l 5000 USD cho c tu ngy, tin thng bc d nhanh bng tin pht. Thc t, ngi thu tu dng 4 ngy bc hng ti cng gi v 3 ngy d hng ti cng n. Nh vy ton b thi gian tit kim 2 u cng l 3 ngy v nhn c tin thng bc d nhanh l: 2,500 USD x 3 = 7.500 USD (Xem: Laydays) All told Ton phn Thut ng t sau ch Trng ti tu ch trng ti ton phn ca con tu (Deadweight all told), bao gm: Trng lng hng ha, trng lng vt phm cung ng cho chuyn i (Nhin liu, nc, thc phm, vt liu chn lt, ph tng d tr), trng lng thuyn vin v hnh l. Always accessible Lun lun tip cn c (Xem: reachable on arrival) Always safely afloat Lun lun ni an ton Thut ng c ngha l y tu khng bao gi chm t khi ra vo hoc ti cu cng, bo m an ton cho tu. Ch tu a thut ng ny vo hp ng thu tu, nhm t trch nhim cho ngi thu tu chn cng nc su bo m tu khng chm y lc ra vo cng nh lc lm hng ti cng. Tuy nhin, mt s cng m su cu cng c phn b hn ch hoc nh hng ca thy triu nhng t y l bn nho, ngi thu tu c th yu cu ch tu chp thun: Tu khng lun lun ni nhng chm y an ton (not always afloat but safely aground). (Xem: arrived ship) American Bureau of shipping (A.B.S) T chc ng kim tu Hoa K C chc nng ng kim v cp giy chng nhn ng kim cho cc tu bin hot ng kinh doanh, ph hp vi quy ch, iu kin do A.B.S ca Hoa K quy nh. Anchorage dues Thu neo tu S tin m cng quy nh cc tu neo u trong hoc ngoi khu vc cng phi giao np. Antedated bill of lading Vn n k li ngy cp Vic k li ngy cp vn n (Antedating) thng thng do ngi gi hng yu cu p ng ph hp vi thi gian giao hng c quy nh trong hp ng mua bn hoc thi hn hiu lc ca th tn dng. N b cc trng ti v ta n quc t ln n l thiu trung thc, gian di v do c th gy hu qu tai hi cho ngi xut khu giao hng cng nh ngi chuyn ch k li ngy vn n. Arbitration S phn x ca trng ti L phng thd gii quyt tranh chp bng cch a vn tranh chp ra trc trng ti vin (Arbitrator) xt x v phn quyt, khi 2 bn ng s khng th gii quyt bng thng lng nhng li khng mun a vn ra ta n. Phn quyt ca trng ti (Arbitration award) c hiu lc php l nh phn quyt ca ta n. Thng thng, mi bn ng s c 1 trng ti vin ca mnh xem xt v nht tr th cc bn ng s phi ch nh thm trng ti vin th 3 hoc ch nh mt trng ti vin quyt nh (Umpire). Trng ti vin quyt nh l ngi c quyn ra quyt nh cui cng v cc vn m cc trng ti vin kia cha nht tr. 6. Arbitrator or arbiter Trng ti vin, Ngi phn x (Xem: arbitration) Arrest or seizure Vic bt gi - Vic sai p Khi ch tu hoc ch hng vi phm lut l, tp qun a phng hoc gy tn hi n quyn li ca a phng th cn c theo s khi t hoc v kin m chnh quyn s ti s ra lnh bt gi, sai p tu hoc hng ha tm thi ch i xt x theo php lut. Th d: Tu X va ng v lm hng cu cng, s b chnh quyn s ti bt gi ti cng ch xt x. Tuy nhin, nu ch tu c yu cu v sn sng np tin bo chng (bail) cho vic bi thng th tu c th c th ra v tip tc kinh doanh. Arrived ship Tu n (cng) Theo hp ng thu tu, con tu c gi Tu n khi p ng 3 iu kin sau: 1. Tu phi thc s vo cu, bn ca cng bc d hng c tn trong hp ng. 2. Tu phi thc s sn sng v mi mt bc, d hng. 3. Thng bo sn sng bc, d thch hp bng vn bn phi c trao cho ngi gi hay ngi nhn hng. Trong hp ng thu chuyn c quy nh thng pht bc d, thut ng trn y lin quan mt thit n vic tnh thi gian bc d hng v tnh thng pht bc d. V vy, ngi thu nn nu c th tn cu bn ca cng m tu phi n, vo cu bn bc d hng, trnh nu chung chung tn cng n v vng cng kh rng ln, tu n cng nhng cha vo cu c quyn trao thng bo sn sng bc d v bt u tnh thi gian bc d. Thng th ch tu khng thch cch quy nh c th ny v h lo ngi gp trc tr khi tu vo cu (Th d: do cng b n tc) v h cha c quyn trao thng bo sn sng bc d m phi neo u ch cu. Do , h yu cu hp ng quy nh tu n cho d tu vo cu hay cha (Whether in berth or not), cho d vo cng hay cha (Whether in port or not), Cho d kim dch hay cha (Whether in free pratique or not) v Cho d xong th tc hi quan hay cha (Whether in customs clearance or not). Hp ng thu tu ch ng cc Baltimore, mu C c nhng quy nh tng t nh sau: Nu khi n cng d hng, tu khng vo c v n tu th tu vn c quyn trao thng bo sn sng bc d ngay lc tu cn neo u ti mt a im ngoi cng do cng ch nh v bt u tnh thi gian bc d cho d tu vo cu hay cha, vo cng hay cha, kim dch hay cha, xong th tc hi quan hay cha. Thi gian tu ri ni neo u vo cu s khng tnh vo thi gian bc d (If on arrival at port of discharge, vessel is unable to enter a port due to congestion, vessel to be allowed to tender notice of readiness upon arrival off the port at the place appointe by the Harbour Master and time to commence as per charter whether vessel in berth or not, whether in port or not, whether entered at Customs or not. Time used in shifting from anchorage to berth not count as laytime). Nhng quy nh ni trn trong hp ng thu tu t ngi thu th bt li. Ngi thu tu cn xem xt k thc trng ca Cng n, tnh hnh a phng, yu cu chuyn ch u tranh t n nhng tha thun cng bng hp l. As agent only Ch nhn danh i l Thut ng ny c ghi ch di ch k chng minh ngi k tn trong chng t (Th d: Vn n ng bin, vn n hng khng, hp ng thu tu) ch k tn vi t cch php nhn l ngi c ngi khc y nhim thc hin hoc xc nhn mt vic hay mt s vic g v ch chu trch nhim gii hn trong phm vi y nhim y. Assortment Vic phn loi, xp hng hng haAssurer (Insurer) Ngi bo him L ngi nhn bo him li ch ca khch hng (Ngi c bo him) theo nhng quy tc, iu kin bo him quy nh, c quyn thu ph bo him ng thi chu trch nhim bi thng tn tht do nhng ri ro c bo him gy ra cho i tng bo him (Subject matter insured). Assured (Insured) Ngi c bo him Thut ng c dng ch ngi c li ch ca mnh c bo him (Hng ha, tu bin, ti sn khc) ch khng phi bn thn ngi ny c bo him (Tr bo him nhn th). At and from Ti v t 7. Thut ng c s dng trong hp ng bo him chuyn (Insurance voyage policy): Ti v t mt cng quy nh. C ngha l Bo him c hiu lc t khi tu n ti cng quy nh v trong sut chuyn i tip theo. Nhng nu khi hp ng bo him c k kt m tu cha n cng quy nh th hp ng bo him s c hiu lc khi no tu n ti cng y. Cn phn bit vi thut ng T (From) mt cng no c ngha l bo him ch c hiu lc khi tu bt u chuyn i t cng y. Attorney Ngi c y quyn Ngi i din ton quyn L ngi c mt ngi khc (Ngi y quyn) ch nh hnh ng thay cho ngi ny gii quyt, x l mt vic no . Th d: Mt lut s c thn ch y quyn ra trc ta bnh vc quyn li trong mt v kin (altorney at law); mt i l vn ti c ch tu y nhim thanh l nhng ph vt ca tu sau tai nn m tu. Vic y quyn phi c vit thnh vn bn gi l y quyn (Warrant or power of attorney) hoc th y quyn (Letter of attorney). Australian Grain Charter (Austrai) Hp ng thu ch ng cc c Loi hp ng thu tu chuyn ch ng cc do Phng vn ti Vng quc Anh (Chamber of shipping of the United Kingdom) v Hip hi nhng ngi gi hng c (Australian Grain shippers association) son tho v p dng trong chuyn ch ng cc t c. Autonomous port Cng t qun Loi cng Php c xy dng v qun l bi mt Hi ng qun tr gm i din ca chnh quyn s ti, cng nhn cng, ngi giao nhn Average Tn tht L thit hi (damege) ca tu v / hoc hng ha trong mt chuyn i cng nh nhng ph tn c bit (extraordinary expenses) xy ra lin quan n mt s c hng hi. Theo thi quen, ch average cng c dng ch tn tht ring (Particular average). (Xem: General average v Particular average) Average adjuster Chuyn vin tnh tn tht (L ton vin tn tht) L nhng chuyn gia c kinh nghim c tin cy y thc cng vic tnh ton cc mt mt, thit hi v cc ph tn ca nhng bn c quyn li trong chuyn i bin v phn nh thuc tn tht ring hay tn tht chung. Vic tnh ton tn tht v phn chia ng gp ca cc bn trong trng hp tn tht chung v trong trng hp 2 tu ng nhau l nhng cng vic kh t nh v phc tp nn ngi ta thng y thc cho nhng chuyn vin tnh tn tht trung thc v giu kinh nghim ng ra gii quyt. Average bond Bn cam kt Bn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung Khi xy ra trng hp tn tht chung, thuyn trng (Ngi chuyn ch) gi cho cc ch hng trong chuyn i bin chung bn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung, yu cu k tn xc nhn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung theo t l tng ng do cc chuyn vin tnh tn tht s xc nh sau. Ch khi no ch hng ng cam kt hoc i din cho ch hng (Cng ty bo him) ng k cam kt th hng ha mi c d v giao cho ngi nhn hng. Cng vi vic k cam kt, ch hng s phi tm ng mt s tin k qu tng ng vi phn phi ng gp (General average deposit), tr khi ngi chuyn ch chp nhn khc i. (Xem: Average v General Average) Average guarantee Giy bo lnh ng gp tn tht chung Do cng ty bo him lp, xc nhn s bo m ca mnh vi ch tu s ng ra chi tr phn tin ng gp v / hoc tin cu h do chuyn vin tnh tn tht, phn b cho hng ha c bo him c lin quan n tn tht chung. Nu khng c giy bo lnh ca Cng ty bo him th ch hng phi t k bn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung v rt tin k qu th mi c tu cho nhn hng. Average Statement Bn phn b tn tht chung L bn trnh by chi tit phn ng gp tn tht chung ca mi bn c quyn li trn tu tng ng theo t l gi tr ca ti sn y. Bn phn b tn tht chung do nhng chuyn vin tnh tn tht chung lp ra v phn pht cho tt c cc bn trong chuyn i chung, ngay sau khi h hon thnh cng vic tnh ton. Average stater 8. Chuyn vin tnh tn tht (Xem: Average adjuster) Award Phn quyt ca Hi ng trng ti Home PageTHUT NG HNG HI A B C D E F G HI J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X YZAbatement S gim gi(Hng ha, cc ph,...) S gim gi(Hng ha, cc ph,...) Accept except Chp nhn nhng loi tr Thut ng c ngi thu tu hoc i l thu tu s dng trong giao dch ch mnh chp nhn mt s iu khon hoc chi tit no nhng khng chp nhn cc phn khc b loi tr s c gt b hoc sa i theo yu cu. Accomplished bill of lading Vn n nhn hng Vn n gc c trao cho ngi chuyn ch (Surrendered) ti cng d v hng c nhn xong. Act of God or natural calamity Thin tai Trch THUT NG THU TU & HNG HI (TS. Hunh Tn Pht & Bi Quang Hng bin son, NXB GTVT 1999) Bn c c nhu cu mua THUT NG THU TU & HNG HI, vui lng lin h in thoi s 933 0144 hoc a ch: Lu 4, cao c Thin Sn, 5 Nguyn Gia Thiu, Q. 3. TP. H Ch Minh. Gi ba: 35.000 Abandonment S khc t: L vic t chi thc hin mt hnh ng. (abandonment of action). Th d: Khc t vic tha kin, truy cu, chuyn hnh trnh, vic giao nhn hng v nhng l do no . 2. S t b: L vic t b mt ti sn c bo him (Abandonment of insured property) trong trng hp ti sn b tn tht coi nh ton b c tnh (constructive total loss). Ch ti sn phi lm vn bn t b ti sn v thc hin vic chuyn quyn s hu ti sn y cho ngi (cng ty) bo him, c ngi ny xem xt t chi hoc chp nhn bi thng ton b l hng. V d: Tu b m bin su, trc vt kh khn v tn km nn ch tu tuyn b t b tu, chuyn quyn s hu con tu cho ngi (cng ty) bo him xem xt t chi hoc chp nhn bi thng theo gi tr bo him ca tu. Nu ngi bo him t chi bi thng tn tht ton b vi l do chnh ng, th h s bi thng tn tht b phn (Partial loss). Aboard 1. Trn, ln (Tu, xe la, my bay) 1. Trn, ln (Tu, xe la, my bay) X lan ch trn tu (Lighters aboard ship) Xp hng ln tu (To get aboard) 2. ViGii t dng trong thut ng: Va ng vi mt tu khc (to fall aboard of a ship). A.B.S Ch vit tt ca: American Bureau of Shipping. (Xem: American Bureau of shipping) Accomplished bill of lading Vn n nhn hng Vn n gc c trao cho ngi chuyn ch (Surrendered) ti cng d v hng c nhn xong. Act of war Hnh ng chin tranh Bao gm chin tranh gia cc quc gia, ni chin, khi ngha, ni lon, hnh ng th ch nh tiu dit, ph hoi, bt gi, tch thu v cc hnh ng chin tranh khc tng t Trong nghip v bo him, ri ro tn tht do hnh ng chin tranh c bo him theo iu kin c bit, c gii hn, theo iu khon bo him chin tranh (war risk insurance clause 9. Actual carrier or effective carrier Ngi chuyn ch ch thc Thut ng c dng trong nghip v gom hng vn chuyn (Consolidation) ch ngi chuyn ch c tu m trch vic ch hng thc s, khc vi ngi chuyn ch danh ngha theo hp ng vn ti nhng khng c tu (NVOCC) ng ra k kt hp ng vn ti, sau li phi thu ngi chuyn ch ch thc ch hng thay. (Xem: Consolidation or groupage) Actual total loss Tn tht ton b thc t Thut ng dng trong nghip v bo him, ch l hng c bo him b hon ton tn tht v s lng hoc v phm cht. (Xem: Total loss) Addendum Ph lc Bn ghi nhng iu b sung vo mt vn bn php lut ch yu (hip nh, hp ng, tha thun), lm thnh mt b phn khng tch ri ca vn bn y. (Xem: Rider Additional charges Ph ph L khon tin phi tr thm vo s tin gc theo mt quy nh no . Th d: Trong chuyn ch hng bng tu ch hay tu container, c trng hp ngi thu tu phi tr ph ph v nhin liu tng gi (Bunker adjustment charges), v ng tin tr cc mt gi (Currency adjustment charges), v lng hng (Lighterage) thm vo s tin cc gc, theo quy nh ca ch tu. Additional Premium Ph ph bo him L khon tin m ngi bo him phi tr thm trong trng hp hng c bo him theo iu kin bo him gc B hoc C m mun m rng thm mt s ri ro ph nh: ri ro trm cp v / hoc khng giao hng, thm t nc ma, nc ngt, rch v, dy bn do du m, hnh vi c hay ph hoi Ngoi ra, mt s cng ty bo him quy nh ngi c bo him phi tr thm ph ph khi s dng tu gi (Tu c nhiu nm tui).Abandonment S khc t Abandonment 1. S khc t: L vic t chi thc hin mt hnh ng. (abandonment of action). Th d: Khc t vic tha kin, truy cu, chuyn hnh trnh, vic giao nhn hng v nhng l do no . 2. S t b: L vic t b mt ti sn c bo him (Abandonment of insured property) trong trng hp ti sn b tn tht coi nh ton b c tnh (constructive total loss). Ch ti sn phi lm vn bn t b ti sn v thc hin vic chuyn quyn s hu ti sn y cho ngi (cng ty) bo him, c ngi ny xem xt t chi hoc chp nhn bi thng ton b l hng. V d: Tu b m bin su, trc vt kh khn v tn km nn ch tu tuyn b t b tu, chuyn quyn s hu con tu cho ngi (cng ty) bo him xem xt t chi hoc chp nhn bi thng theo gi tr bo him ca tu. Nu ngi bo him t chi bi thng tn tht ton b vi l do chnh ng, th h s bi thng tn tht b phn (Partial loss). Accept except Chp nhn nhng loi tr Thut ng c ngi thu tu hoc i l thu tu s dng trong giao dch ch mnh chp nhn mt s iu khon hoc chi tit no nhng khng chp nhn cc phn khc b loi tr s c gt b hoc sa i ty theo yu cu. Accomplished bill of lading Vn n nhn hng Vn n gc c trao cho ngi chuyn ch (Surrendered) ti cng d v hng c nhn xong. Act of God or natural calamity 10. Thin tai Tai ha bt ng do thin tai gy ra, ngoi kim sot ca con ngi nh: ng t, st nh, ni la phun, l lt, bo t, lc, sng thn Thin tai l sc mnh kh phng chng c nn tp qun quc t xt trng hp xy ra thin tai gy tn tht ti sn, sinh mnh hoc cn tr, th tiu ngha v ca mt bn ng s c qui nh bi mt hp ng hay cam kt no , th ng s y c min gim trch nhim do trnt hp bt kh khng (force majeure). Tuy nhin, trong nghip v bo him, thin tai l mt loi ri ro c bo him v ngi c bo him s c bi thng tt tht ti sn do thin tai gy ra. Act of state or Act of prince Hnh vi nh cm quyn Bao gm cc mnh lnh, ch th v nh ch, cm on, ngn tr mua bn, chuyn ch, hp tc, u t, gy tn tht ti sn hoc cn tr, th tiu ngha v ca mt bn ng s c quy nh bi mt hp ng hay cam kt no , th bn ng s y c min gim trch nhim do trng hp bt kh khng (force majeure). Trong nghip v bo him, ri ro gy tn tht do hnh vi nh cm quyn l loi ri ro b loi tr, khng c bo him (excluded risk). Act of war Hnh ng chin tranh Bao gm chin tranh gia cc quc gia, ni chin, khi ngha, ni lon, hnh ng th ch nh tiu dit, ph hoi, bt gi, tch thu v cc hnh ng chin tranh khc tng t Trong nghip v bo him, ri ro tn tht do hnh ng chin tranh c bo him theo iu kin c bit, c gii hn, theo iu khon bo him chin tranh (war risk insurance clause). Actual carrier or effective carrier Ngi chuyn ch ch thc Thut ng c dng trong nghip v gom hng vn chuyn (Consolidation) ch ngi chuyn ch c tu m trch vic ch hng thc s, khc vi ngi chuyn ch danh ngha theo hp ng vn ti nhng khng c tu (NVOCC) ng ra k kt hp ng vn ti, sau li phi thu ngi chuyn ch ch thc ch hng thay. (Xem: Consolidation or groupage) Actual total loss Tn tht ton b thc t Thut ng dng trong nghip v bo him, ch l hng c bo him b hon ton tn tht v s lng hoc v phm cht. (Xem: Total loss) Addendum Ph lc Bn ghi nhng iu b sung vo mt vn bn php lut ch yu (hip nh, hp ng, tha thun), lm thnh mt b phn khng tch ri ca vn bn y. (Xem: Rider) Additional charges Ph ph L khon tin phi tr thm vo s tin gc theo mt quy nh no . Th d: Trong chuyn ch hng bng tu ch hay tu container, c trng hp ngi thu tu phi tr ph ph v nhin liu tng gi (Bunker adjustment charges), v ng tin tr cc mt gi (Currency adjustment charges), v lng hng (Lighterage) thm vo s tin cc gc, theo quy nh ca ch tu. Additional Premium Ph ph bo him L khon tin m ngi bo him phi tr thm trong trng hp hng c bo him theo iu kin bo him gc B hoc C m mun m rng thm mt s ri ro ph nh: ri ro trm cp v / hoc khng giao hng, thm t nc ma, nc ngt, rch v, dy bn do du m, hnh vi c hay ph hoi Ngoi ra, mt s cng ty bo him quy nh ngi c bo him phi tr thm ph ph khi s dng tu gi (Tu c nhiu nm tui). A ddress commission Hoa hng ngi thu tu L khon tin tnh trn phn trm tng s cc ph c ch tu / ngi chuyn ch trch thng cho ngi thu tu chuyn hoc thu tu hn nh nhm khuyn khch ngi ny 11. pht trin quan h giao dch gia i bn, V thc cht, hoa hng ngi thu tu l s tin gim cc m ch tu / ngi chuyn ch dnh cho ngi thu tu. Nhng cng c mt s ch tu / ngi chuyn ch khng chp nhn cho ngi thu tu hng hoa hng bng cch ghi vo hp ng thu tu cu min hoa hng ngi thu tu (Free of Address Commisson). Ad - hoc Arbitration committee Hi ng trng ti v vic c lp ra nhm xt x mt v tranh chp no v s chm dt tn ti sau khi xt x. Adjustment of Average Tnh ton tn tht Bng tnh tn tht (Xem: General average) Ad - valorem freight Cc theo gi tr L loi cc do ngi chuyn ch (ch tu) t ra v thu ph i vi loi hng c gi tr cao nh vng bc, qu, tc phm ngh thut danh ting Advance freight Cc tr trc L mt phn tin ca tng s cc ph chuyn ch m ch tu v ngi thu tu tha thun phi tr trc khi tu ch hng n giao ti cng ch Advance on freight Tin tm ng trn cc L s tin m ngi gi hng tm ng cho Thuyn trng tr cc chi ph ti cng (khng phi l cc tr trc) v sau s c khu tr khi thanh ton cc. Cc tr trc thng chim khong 1/3 tng s cc ph v ty tha thun m ngi thu tu c th c hng mt li sut nh trn s tin tr trc (khong 3%). Cc tr trc khng phi l tin vay n ca ch tu (Loan) v ch tu thng quy nh trong iu khon thanh ton: Cc tr trc phn trm khi k pht vn n, khng khu tr v khng thoi hon cho d tu v / hoc hng ha b mt hay khng mt. (The freight to be paid in on signing Bills of Lading, discountless and non returnable, ship and / or cargo lost or not lost). Affreightment (Chartering) Vic thu tu Ngi thu tu / ch hng (Affreighter / Cargo Owner) c nhu cu chuyn ch m phn v k kt vi ngi ch thu / ch tu (Carrier / Ships owner) mt hp ng thu tu (contract of affreightment) m theo ngi ch thu cam kt vn chuyn hng hoc cung cp mt phn hay ton b con tu cho ngi thu s dng ch hng v ngi thu phi tr s tin cc nht nh c tha thun trc. Hp ng thu tu bao gm cc iu khon quy nh quyn li, ngha v ca ngi thu v ngi cho thu; l hp ng thu chuyn hoc nh hn (Voyage or time Charter-Party), vn n ng bin (Bill of Lading) v n lu khoang (Booking note). Agency Agreement Hp ng i l L mt hp ng trong ngi y thc (Principal) y nhim cho ngi i l (Agent) thay mt mnh thc hin mt s cng vic c ch nh v bng dch v ngi i l nhn c mt s tin th lao gi l hoa hng i l (Agency commission). Trong vn ti bin, hp ng i l c k kt ph bin gia ch tu v i l ch tu (shipowners agent), cn cc trng hp khc ch tu thng ch nh i l tm thi bng in bo hay Telex vi ni dung y thc ngn gn. Cc iu khon ch yu trong hp ng i l ch tu gm c: - Ch nh i l v khu vc i l. - Phm vi cng vic i l (thu xp th tc tu ra vo cng, tin hnh bc d v giao nhn hng, kim tra thu np cc, thanh ton cc loi ph theo ch th ca ch tu) - Quyn v trch nhim ca 2 bn. - Hoa hng i l - X l tranh chp - iu kin hiu lc v kt thc hp ng Agency fees i l ph L s tin th lao m ch tu tr cho i l tu bin (Ship-agent) v nhng dch v lm trong lc tu hot ng ti cng: Lm th tc ra vo cng, lin h cc ni v theo di bc d 12. hng, tnh ton thng pht bc d, lo liu vt phm cung ng, thu xp thuyn vin i b i l ph c tnh nhiu hay t cn c vo ni dung yu cu ca ch tu, kt qu phc v ca i l, c tu to nh v tnh cht, khi lng hng bc d. i khi, gin tin cng vic, ch tu yu cu i l ph c tnh chung vo tng s tin hoa hng ghi trong hp ng thu tu m ch tu s chi tr. Ring trong chuyn ch tu ch, ngoi i l ph theo l thng, ch tu ch i khi cn trch mt phn tin cc lm hoa hng v hng ha xut nhp khu. iu ny khng phi l thng l trong chuyn ch hng bng tu chuyn d rng i khi ch tu cng chp nhn cho i l c hng hoa hng trn tng s tin cc thu c. Advice of shipment of Advice of despatch Giy bo gi hng Sau khi giao hng xung tu ch i, ngi gi hng / ngi bn hng thng bo cho ngi nhn hng / ngi mua hng bit tnh hnh hng ha c gi i v nhng chi tit c lin quan. Trong mua bn xut nhp khu, thng bo kp thi vic gi hng l trch nhim ca ngi bn hng. All in rate Cc ton b L tng s tin bao gm: Cc thu tu, cc loi ph ph v ph bt thng khc m ngi thu phi tr cho ngi chuyn ch. Th d: tu ch thng p dng thu cc ton b khi ch thu. All risks (A.R.) Bo him mi ri ro L iu kin bo him rng nht v theo iu kin ny, ngi bo him chu trch nhim v mi ri ro gy ra mt mt, h hng cho hng ha c bo him (thin tai, tai nan ca bin, ri ro ph khc) nhng loi tr cc trng hp: Chin tranh, nh cng, khng b, khuyt tt vn c ca hng ha, hnh ng c ca ngi c bo him, tu khng kh nng hng hi, mt mt h hng do chm tr, thiu st v bao b ng gi hng, hao ht t nhin ca hng, h hng, mt mt hoc chi ph do thiu kh nng thanh ton ca ngi ch tu, ngi thu tu hoc ngi iu hnh chuyn ch. T 01/01/1982, Hip hi bo him London (Anh) thay i iu kin bo him A.R. thnh iu kin bo him hng ha A (Institute Cargo Clauses A) vi ni dung bo him khng thay i v c bn. All time saved both ends Ton b thi gian bc d tit kim c 2 u Thut ng c dng trong hp ng thu chuyn c quy nh thng pht theo cch b tr (Reversible laydays). C ngha l: Hp ng thu tu quy nh cho ngi thu tu c tnh gp ton b thi gian bc d tit kim c 2 u cng bc d nhanh (Despatch money). Cch tnh ny c li cho ngi thu tu hn l cch tnh thng pht ring r mi u cng (Separate laydays). Th d: Mt hp ng thu tu quy nh thi gian bc d theo cch b tr gm 10 ngy lm vic tt tri khng k Ch nht v ngy l d c lm, tin pht bc d chm l 5000 USD cho c tu ngy, tin thng bc d nhanh bng tin pht. Thc t, ngi thu tu dng 4 ngy bc hng ti cng gi v 3 ngy d hng ti cng n. Nh vy ton b thi gian tit kim 2 u cng l 3 ngy v nhn c tin thng bc d nhanh l: 2,500 USD x 3 = 7.500 USD (Xem: Laydays) All told Ton phn Thut ng t sau ch Trng ti tu ch trng ti ton phn ca con tu (Deadweight all told), bao gm: Trng lng hng ha, trng lng vt phm cung ng cho chuyn i (Nhin liu, nc, thc phm, vt liu chn lt, ph tng d tr), trng lng thuyn vin v hnh l. Always accessible Lun lun tip cn c (Xem: reachable on arrival) Always safely afloat Lun lun ni an ton Thut ng c ngha l y tu khng bao gi chm t khi ra vo hoc ti cu cng, bo m an ton cho tu. Ch tu a thut ng ny vo hp ng thu tu, nhm t trch 13. nhim cho ngi thu tu chn cng nc su bo m tu khng chm y lc ra vo cng nh lc lm hng ti cng. Tuy nhin, mt s cng m su cu cng c phn b hn ch hoc nh hng ca thy triu nhng t y l bn nho, ngi thu tu c th yu cu ch tu chp thun: Tu khng lun lun ni nhng chm y an ton (not always afloat but safely aground). (Xem: arrived ship) American Bureau of shipping (A.B.S) T chc ng kim tu Hoa K C chc nng ng kim v cp giy chng nhn ng kim cho cc tu bin hot ng kinh doanh, ph hp vi quy ch, iu kin do A.B.S ca Hoa K quy nh. Anchorage dues Thu neo tu S tin m cng quy nh cc tu neo u trong hoc ngoi khu vc cng phi giao np. Antedated bill of lading Vn n k li ngy cp Vic k li ngy cp vn n (Antedating) thng thng do ngi gi hng yu cu p ng ph hp vi thi gian giao hng c quy nh trong hp ng mua bn hoc thi hn hiu lc ca th tn dng. N b cc trng ti v ta n quc t ln n l thiu trung thc, gian di v do c th gy hu qu tai hi cho ngi xut khu giao hng cng nh ngi chuyn ch k li ngy vn n. Arbitration S phn x ca trng ti L phng thd gii quyt tranh chp bng cch a vn tranh chp ra trc trng ti vin (Arbitrator) xt x v phn quyt, khi 2 bn ng s khng th gii quyt bng thng lng nhng li khng mun a vn ra ta n. Phn quyt ca trng ti (Arbitration award) c hiu lc php l nh phn quyt ca ta n. Thng thng, mi bn ng s c 1 trng ti vin ca mnh xem xt v nht tr th cc bn ng s phi ch nh thm trng ti vin th 3 hoc ch nh mt trng ti vin quyt nh (Umpire). Trng ti vin quyt nh l ngi c quyn ra quyt nh cui cng v cc vn m cc trng ti vin kia cha nht tr. Arbitrator or arbiter Trng ti vin, Ngi phn x (Xem: arbitration) Arrest or seizure Vic bt gi - Vic sai p Khi ch tu hoc ch hng vi phm lut l, tp qun a phng hoc gy tn hi n quyn li ca a phng th cn c theo s khi t hoc v kin m chnh quyn s ti s ra lnh bt gi, sai p tu hoc hng ha tm thi ch i xt x theo php lut. Th d: Tu X va ng v lm hng cu cng, s b chnh quyn s ti bt gi ti cng ch xt x. Tuy nhin, nu ch tu c yu cu v sn sng np tin bo chng (bail) cho vic bi thng th tu c th c th ra v tip tc kinh doanh. Arrived ship Tu n (cng) Theo hp ng thu tu, con tu c gi Tu n khi p ng 3 iu kin sau: 1. Tu phi thc s vo cu, bn ca cng bc d hng c tn trong hp ng. 2. Tu phi thc s sn sng v mi mt bc, d hng. 3. Thng bo sn sng bc, d thch hp bng vn bn phi c trao cho ngi gi hay ngi nhn hng. Trong hp ng thu chuyn c quy nh thng pht bc d, thut ng trn y lin quan mt thit n vic tnh thi gian bc d hng v tnh thng pht bc d. V vy, ngi thu nn nu c th tn cu bn ca cng m tu phi n, vo cu bn bc d hng, trnh nu chung chung tn cng n v vng cng kh rng ln, tu n cng nhng cha vo cu c quyn trao thng bo sn sng bc d v bt u tnh thi gian bc d. Thng th ch tu khng thch cch quy nh c th ny v h lo ngi gp trc tr khi tu vo cu (Th d: do cng b n tc) v h cha c quyn trao thng bo sn sng bc d m phi neo u ch cu. Do , h yu cu hp ng quy nh tu n cho d tu vo cu hay cha (Whether in berth or not), cho d vo cng hay cha (Whether in port or not), Cho d kim dch hay cha (Whether in free pratique or not) v Cho d xong th tc hi quan hay cha 14. (Whether in customs clearance or not). Hp ng thu tu ch ng cc Baltimore, mu C c nhng quy nh tng t nh sau: Nu khi n cng d hng, tu khng vo c v n tu th tu vn c quyn trao thng bo sn sng bc d ngay lc tu cn neo u ti mt a im ngoi cng do cng ch nh v bt u tnh thi gian bc d cho d tu vo cu hay cha, vo cng hay cha, kim dch hay cha, xong th tc hi quan hay cha. Thi gian tu ri ni neo u vo cu s khng tnh vo thi gian bc d (If on arrival at port of discharge, vessel is unable to enter a port due to congestion, vessel to be allowed to tender notice of readiness upon arrival off the port at the place appointe by the Harbour Master and time to commence as per charter whether vessel in berth or not, whether in port or not, whether entered at Customs or not. Time used in shifting from anchorage to berth not count as laytime). Nhng quy nh ni trn trong hp ng thu tu t ngi thu th bt li. Ngi thu tu cn xem xt k thc trng ca Cng n, tnh hnh a phng, yu cu chuyn ch u tranh t n nhng tha thun cng bng hp l. As agent only Ch nhn danh i l Thut ng ny c ghi ch di ch k chng minh ngi k tn trong chng t (Th d: Vn n ng bin, vn n hng khng, hp ng thu tu) ch k tn vi t cch php nhn l ngi c ngi khc y nhim thc hin hoc xc nhn mt vic hay mt s vic g v ch chu trch nhim gii hn trong phm vi y nhim y. Assortment Vic phn loi, xp hng hng haAssurer (Insurer) Ngi bo him L ngi nhn bo him li ch ca khch hng (Ngi c bo him) theo nhng quy tc, iu kin bo him quy nh, c quyn thu ph bo him ng thi chu trch nhim bi thng tn tht do nhng ri ro c bo him gy ra cho i tng bo him (Subject matter insured). Assured (Insured) Ngi c bo him Thut ng c dng ch ngi c li ch ca mnh c bo him (Hng ha, tu bin, ti sn khc) ch khng phi bn thn ngi ny c bo him (Tr bo him nhn th). At and from Ti v t Thut ng c s dng trong hp ng bo him chuyn (Insurance voyage policy): Ti v t mt cng quy nh. C ngha l Bo him c hiu lc t khi tu n ti cng quy nh v trong sut chuyn i tip theo. Nhng nu khi hp ng bo him c k kt m tu cha n cng quy nh th hp ng bo him s c hiu lc khi no tu n ti cng y. Cn phn bit vi thut ng T (From) mt cng no c ngha l bo him ch c hiu lc khi tu bt u chuyn i t cng y. Attorney Ngi c y quyn Ngi i din ton quyn L ngi c mt ngi khc (Ngi y quyn) ch nh hnh ng thay cho ngi ny gii quyt, x l mt vic no . Th d: Mt lut s c thn ch y quyn ra trc ta bnh vc quyn li trong mt v kin (altorney at law); mt i l vn ti c ch tu y nhim thanh l nhng ph vt ca tu sau tai nn m tu. Vic y quyn phi c vit thnh vn bn gi l y quyn (Warrant or power of attorney) hoc th y quyn (Letter of attorney). Australian Grain Charter (Austrai) Hp ng thu ch ng cc c Loi hp ng thu tu chuyn ch ng cc do Phng vn ti Vng quc Anh (Chamber of shipping of the United Kingdom) v Hip hi nhng ngi gi hng c (Australian Grain shippers association) son tho v p dng trong chuyn ch ng cc t c. Autonomous port 15. Cng t qun Loi cng Php c xy dng v qun l bi mt Hi ng qun tr gm i din ca chnh quyn s ti, cng nhn cng, ngi giao nhn Average Tn tht L thit hi (damege) ca tu v / hoc hng ha trong mt chuyn i cng nh nhng ph tn c bit (extraordinary expenses) xy ra lin quan n mt s c hng hi. Theo thi quen, ch average cng c dng ch tn tht ring (Particular average). (Xem: General average v Particular average) Average adjuster Chuyn vin tnh tn tht (L ton vin tn tht) L nhng chuyn gia c kinh nghim c tin cy y thc cng vic tnh ton cc mt mt, thit hi v cc ph tn ca nhng bn c quyn li trong chuyn i bin v phn nh thuc tn tht ring hay tn tht chung. Vic tnh ton tn tht v phn chia ng gp ca cc bn trong trng hp tn tht chung v trong trng hp 2 tu ng nhau l nhng cng vic kh t nh v phc tp nn ngi ta thng y thc cho nhng chuyn vin tnh tn tht trung thc v giu kinh nghim ng ra gii quyt. Average bond Bn cam kt Bn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung Khi xy ra trng hp tn tht chung, thuyn trng (Ngi chuyn ch) gi cho cc ch hng trong chuyn i bin chung bn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung, yu cu k tn xc nhn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung theo t l tng ng do cc chuyn vin tnh tn tht s xc nh sau. Ch khi no ch hng ng cam kt hoc i din cho ch hng (Cng ty bo him) ng k cam kt th hng ha mi c d v giao cho ngi nhn hng. Cng vi vic k cam kt, ch hng s phi tm ng mt s tin k qu tng ng vi phn phi ng gp (General average deposit), tr khi ngi chuyn ch chp nhn khc i. (Xem: Average v General Average) Average guarantee Giy bo lnh ng gp tn tht chung Do cng ty bo him lp, xc nhn s bo m ca mnh vi ch tu s ng ra chi tr phn tin ng gp v / hoc tin cu h do chuyn vin tnh tn tht, phn b cho hng ha c bo him c lin quan n tn tht chung. Nu khng c giy bo lnh ca Cng ty bo him th ch hng phi t k bn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung v rt tin k qu th mi c tu cho nhn hng. Average Statement Bn phn b tn tht chung L bn trnh by chi tit phn ng gp tn tht chung ca mi bn c quyn li trn tu tng ng theo t l gi tr ca ti sn y. Bn phn b tn tht chung do nhng chuyn vin tnh tn tht chung lp ra v phn pht cho tt c cc bn trong chuyn i chung, ngay sau khi h hon thnh cng vic tnh ton. Average stater Chuyn vin tnh tn tht (Xem: Average adjuster) Award Phn quyt ca Hi ng trng ti Home PageTHUT NG HNG HI ABC D EFGH I JKLMN O P QRS T U VW X Y ZCar carrier Tu ch t L loi tu chuyn dng c ng v trang b ring ch t xp trn ln tu : cu dn a xe ln xung tu v nhiu tng cht xp xe thun li. Cargo capacity or cargo carrying capacity. 16. Trng ti hng ha(Sc ch hng) Thut ng thng c dng trong hp ng thu ch s tn hng ha m tu c th ch an ton n du chuyn ch ma h(Summer loadline mark). Sc ch hng ca mt con tu ty thuc mt phn vo tnh cht ca tng loi hng m c bit l h s cht xp ca n (Stowage factor). Cargocare Thit b chng hp hi L thit b thi gi kh vo cc hm hng chng m, mc hoc hp nng c th dn n hin tng m hi (Nc ng git) v gy thit hi hng ha. Cargo plan or stowage plan S xp hng Trch THUT NG THU TU & HNG HI (TS. Hunh Tn Pht & Bi Quang Hng bin son, NXB GTVT 1999) Bn c c nhu cu mua THUT NG THU TU & HNG HI, vui lng lin h in thoi s 933 0144 hoc a ch: Lu 4, cao c Thin Sn, 5 Nguyn Gia Thiu, Q. 3. TP. H Ch Minh. Gi ba: 35.000 Cabotage or coasting trade Hng hi ven b L hot ng vn chuyn ca cc con tu gia cc cng ven b ca cng mt nc. Ni chung, tu nc ngoi khng c tham gia vn ti ven b tr khi c s cho php ca nc s ti. Calendar month Thng nin lch Trong thu tu nh hn, thng nin lch c dng tnh k hn thu tu v tr cc. Th d: K hn thu tu l 6 thng nin lch bt u thu tu t ngy 15 thng 6 nm 1996 v ngy tr tu l ngy 15 thng 11 nm 1996. Tin cc s c tr trc theo tng thng nin lch, cho n khi hp ng ht hiu lc, m khng tnh trn s ngy thc s ca mi thng khu tr hoc tng cc. Trong mt s hp ng thu tu khc, ngi thu tu v ch tu tha thun tnh k hn thu bng thng nin lch nhng li thm quy nh: Cc c tr tng ng vi ngy thu thc s k c phn l ca thng nin lch. Trong mu chun hp ng thu nh hn Baltime, ngi ta li trnh khng dng quy nh Thng nin lch m dng K hn 30 ngy xc nh r hn k hn thu v tr cc. Mc ch ca cc quy nh ny l trnh hiu lm trong vic tnh k hn thu tu v tr cc, bi v s ngy trong mi thng nin lch hn km khng bng nhau. Cancelling date or cancelling day Hn (ngy) hy hp ng Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn hoc thu tu nh hn, iu khon hy hp ng (Cancellation Clause) quy nh ngi thu tu c quyn hy hp ng nu con tu c thu chuyn khng n cng bc hng hoc con tu c thu nh hn khng n a im giao tu ng k hn quy nh, cho d bt c nguyn nhn no ngoi s kim sot ca ch tu v cho d thuyn trng tch cc c gng khc phc chm tr. Theo mu chun hp ng thu chuyn Gencon th trong trng hp trn, ngi thu tu phi kp thi thng bo cho ch tu vic hy hp ng chm nht 48 ting ng h trc khi tu n cng bc hng. Theo mu chun hp ng thu nh hn Baltime, ngi thu phi thng bo hy b hp ng trong vng 48 ting ng h sau khi c ch tu cho bit tu s khng n kp k hn ti a im giao tu. Ngha v ca ch tu v thuyn trng l a tu n cng hoc a im quy nh ng k hn. Nu c tnh hoc chnh mng, gy ra chm tr th l mt vi phm hp ng dn n ngi thu c quyn hy hp ng hoc tip tc thu ty theo s cn nhc, tnh ton. Mt khc, ch tu c th phi chu trch nhim bi thng tn tht cho ngi thu mt mc no ty quy nh ca hp ng, mc d cng t khi ngi thu tu i bi thng v tu khng n ng hn. Capesize vessel Tn gi loi tu ch hng ri c ln trn 150.000 tn trng ti. S d c gi nh vy v do cu trc v mn nc nn tu khng lu thng c qua cc knh o Suez, Panama. Car carrier Tu ch t L loi tu chuyn dng c ng v trang b ring ch t xp trn trn tu: cu dn a xe ln xung tu v nhiu tng cht xp xe thun li. Cargo battens Vn lt hm 17. Vn lt hm c ghp theo chiu ngang, mi tm cch nhau khong 0,10m, pha trc v sau bn trong ca sn tu v tng quy, nhm ngn cch hng ha tip xc vi sn v v thp ca con tu, trnh m t v hp nng. Vn lt hm cha bo v hng, nn ngi ta cn phi tng cng vt liu chn lt khc (m, thm, c,...) Cargo capacity or cargo carrying capacity Trng ti hng ha (Sc ch hng) Thut ng thng c dng trong hp ng thu ch s tn hng ha m tu c th ch an ton n du chuyn ch ma h (Summer loadline mark). Sc ch hng ca mt con tu ty thuc mt phn vo tnh cht ca tng loi hng m c bit l h s cht xp ca n (Stowage factor). Cargocare Thit b chng hp hi L thit b thi gi kh vo cc hm hng chng m, mc hoc hp nng c th dn n hin tng m hi (Nc ng git) v gy thit hi hng ha. Cargo plan or stowage plan S xp hng L s b tr hng ha trn mt con tu, c tc dng gip nm c v tr, to thun li cho vic lm hng, giao nhn hng an ton, nhanh chng, trnh nhm ln. S l mt hnh v mt ct dc ca con tu, trn tng l hng c xp chung ti mt ni cha trong hm, c nh du theo vn n hoc t bng mu khc nhau tin theo di. Cargo retention clause iu khon cn st hng Trong chuyn ch cht lng c bit l sn phm du m, khng th trnh khon thiu ht trng lng v tnh bc hi v ng cn du nn hp ng thu tu quy nh iu khon cn st hng cho php ngi chuyn ch c min trch trong t l thiu ht khong 0,5-0,75% v trng lng tnh cc thng da vo trng lng hng d ti cng ch (Delivered weight). Cargo superintendent Ngi p ti hng Do ch tu hoc ngi thu tu phn cng i theo chm sc, bo qun v giao nhn i vi mt loi hng c bit (sc vt sng, hng c gi tr cao,...) trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn. Carrier 1. Ngi chuyn ch Ngi vn ti L mt bn k kt mt hp ng chuyn ch vi mt ngi gi hng. H c th l ngi ch tu (Owner of vessel) hoc l ngi thu tu (Charterer). H c th l ngi chuyn ch cng cng (Common carrier), kinh doanh dch v ch thu cho mi ch hng hoc l ngi thu chuyn ch (Contracting carrier) trong vn chuyn i sut v vn ti a phng thc. 2. Tu vn chuyn L bt k loi tu no dng vo vic chuyn ch hng ng bin. Th d: Tu ch hng bch ha (General cargo carrier), tu ch hng ri (Bulk carrier), tu ch du (Oil carrier), tu ch hng ht ri (Grain carrier), tu ch kh du ha lng (Liquid petrolium gas carrier), tu ch sc vt sng (Cattle carrier),... Ceiling Trn ca y i. Trn ca y i ca tu thng bng nhng tm vn g lp ghp dc theo chiu di ca con tu nhm ngn cch hng ha tip xc vi y i. Tuy vy lp vn bc y trong ny (Bottom ceiling) cng cha chc chn nn ngi ta phi dng thm vt liu chn lt nh: phn tre, chiu lt, thm ci, m lt, ... trnh va chm gy h hng cho tu v hng. Cell guide Cu trc nh hng cht xp Dng gi cht container ng vi v tr trong tu container (cell) bo m an ton. C.E.N.S.A (Council of European and Japanese National ShipownersAssociation) Tn gi tt ca Hi ng cc hip hi ch tu quc gia chu u v Nht. Centrocon charter Mu chun hp ng thu tu Centrocon 18. Mu chun hp ng thu tu chuyn ch ng cc c m s Centrocon t cng Rio de la Plata (Brasil) n cc cng khc trn th gii. Hp ng ny c Phng hng hi Vng quc Anh chp nhn v cho p dng. Certificate of delivery and redelivery (of the ship) Giy chng nhn giao tu v tr tu Giy chng nhn giao tu c lp v k kt gia ngi thu tu v ch tu cho thu nh hn, dng lm bng chng php l vic ch tu giao con tu quy nh cho ngi thu s dng. Giy chng tr tu c lp v k kt gia ngi thu tu v ch tu cho thu con tu nh hn, dng lm bng chng php l vic ngi thu hon tr con tu quy nh cho ch tu, sau khi ht k hn thu. Ni dung ca giy chng nhn giao hoc tr tu gm cc mc ch yu: - Thi gian v a im giao hoc tr tu. - Tnh trng thc t ca con tu. - S lng nhin liu, nc, thc phm, vt liu d tr cn li trn tu v cch x l. Giao v tr tu l mt khu nghip v c ngha trng yu v kh phc tp, lin quan mt thit n li ch ca ngi thu v ch tu. Do d, c nhiu trng hp ngi thu phi s dng cc chuyn vin thnh tho cng ch tu kim tra k lng tnh trng con tu trc khi nhn hoc tr tu v lp bin bn gim nh, con tu nu cn thit. Cesser clause iu khon chm dt trch nhim Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn, i khi iu khon chm dt trch nhim ca ngi thu tu c quy nh nhm mc ch gii thot ngha v php l cho ngi thu k t khi hng bc xung tu. Ni dung iu khon nh sau: Ngi thu tu chm dt trch nhim t khi hng bc xung tu v vn n c thuyn trng k pht, tr vic tr tin cc, cc khng hoc tin pht bc chm nu c ti cng gi hng. Nh vy, ch tu s phi i cc khon ph khc pht sinh ti cng d hng bao gm c tin pht d chm hng ngi nhn hng. Do d trnh ri ro khng i c tin, ch tu sa i v lng iu khon chm dt trch nhim vo iu khon cm gi hng, quy nh ch tu (Ngi chuyn ch) c quyn tm gi hng trn tu nu ngi nhn hng tr cc, ph chm tr. ng thi ngi thu tu vn c trch nhim chi tr cc, ph ni trn ti cng d hng, khi no ch tu khng cn kh nng i s tin ny ngi nhn hng. Mu chun hp ng thu chuyn Gencon quy nh nh sau: Ch tu s c quyn cm gi hng i tr cc, cc khng, tin pht bc d chm nu vic thanh ton ny chm tr. Ngi thu tu c trch nhim tr cc, cc khng v tin pht bc chm nu c ti cng gi hng. Ngi thu tu cn trch nhim tr cc v tin pht d k c tin pht lu tu pht sinh ti cng d hng, khi no ch tu khng cn kh nng i s tin ni trn ngi nhn hng. Chartering broker Mi gii thu tu Ngi kinh doanh dch v hng hi lm mi gii trung gian theo y thc ca ch hng tm thu tu hoc theo y thc ca ch tu tm hng ch thu. H c th k kt hp ng thu tu theo y quyn ca ch hng hoc ch tu v hng hoa hng mi gii theo t l phn trm ca tng s tin cc vn chuyn (Brokerage commission). Charter Party Standard Mu chun hp ng thu tu L nhng hp ng thu tu c cc t chc hng hi quc t, cc ch tu hoc cc t chc giao nhn quc t son tho lm mu chun cho m phn v k kt hp ng thu tu. Ni dung ca hp ng bao gm nhiu iu khon kh y v iu kin php l, iu kin vn chuyn, iu kin cc ph v mt s iu kin khc. Mi mu chun hp ng thu tu c dng cho mt loi hng hoc mt mt hng no v c m s gi ring (Code name). C th chia mu chun hp ng thu tu lm 2 loi: 1. Loi c s dng ph bin v chnh thc c mt s t chc hng hi quc t hoc quc gia tha nhn: - Hp ng ch bch ha thng nht, m s Gencon. - Hp ng ch ng cc c, m s Auswheat. - Hp ng ch than bin ng, m s Centrocon. - Hp ng thu nh hn, m s Baltime... 2. Loi mang tnh ring bit (Private form), t c ph bin v s dng trong trng hp c bit: - Hp ng ch qung st Na Uy (Iron Ore Charter Party from Narvik). - Hp ng ch pht pht Ai Cp (Egyptian Phosphate Charter). - Hp ng ch than Nam Phi (South African Coal Charter). i vi loi hp ng ny, ngi thu cn cn thn khi s dng v thng thng n cha phi l mt mu chun hon chnh v c quc t rng ri tha nhn. Khi s dng cc mu chun hp ng thu tu, cn ch n ngy thng son tho v n tri qua nhiu ln sa cha, b sung. Mt khc, tuy hp ng c gi l mu chun nhng khng mang tnh bt buc m ty ngi thu v ch tu thng lng v tha thun, c th gi li, hy b hoc sa i b sung. iu ny thng khng trnh khi trong vic lp v k kt hp ng, thm ch cn thm mt ph bn vi nhiu im b sung ph hp yu cu thc t ca chuyn ch. 19. Change of voyage Thay i hnh trnh Ch con tu sau khi bt u hnh trnh li thay i cng ch (Cng d hng) m hp ng thu chuyn trc kia quy nh. Tr khi hp ng bo him c quy nh khc cn th ngi bo him s c min trch i vi mi tn tht ca tu/hng xy ra k t lc con tu ri khi hnh trnh c m hp ng trc kia quy nh. Charterer Ngi thu tu L ngi hoc cng ty thu tu ca ch tu ch hng chuyn gia cc cng (Voyage charterer) hoc t kinh doanh chuyn ch trong mt thi gian nht nh (Time charterer). Chartering agent i l thu tu L nhng ngi kinh doanh dch v hng hi c cc Cng ty/ Hip hi thng nhn xut nhp khu chn la lm i l v y thc vic thu tu chuyn ch hng ha. H l ngi trung gian gia thng nhn v ch tu, thay mt thng nhn giao dch thu tu v hng hoa hng theo quy nh ca hp ng i l. Chartering broker Mi gii thu tu Khc vi i l thu tu (Chartering agent) ch h nhn y thc thu tu ca ch hng theo tng v vic (khng k kt hp ng lu di) v n hoa hng thu tu ca ngi chuyn ch. Classification society T chc xp hng hng tu C chc nng gim st, kim cht lng v trang thit b con tu lc ang ng v sau ny theo tng thi k m con tu ang hot ng. Mi t chc xp hng tu s cn c vo quy ch v quy tc v gim nh kim tra ca mnh m phn loi v cp giy chng nhn xp hng ca con tu (Ships class) c kim tra trn thc t. Cc con tu khng b bt buc phi xp hng nhng theo tp qun hng hi quc t, cc con tu khng c xp hng thng khng c ngi thu tu tin cy, gp kh khn trong kinh doanh v bo him tu. Clean on board Bill of Lading Vn n sch, hng xung tu Vn n ng bin c i din ngi chuyn ch hoc thuyn trng k pht cho ngi gi hng vi thut ng: sch, hng xung tu (Clean, on board or shipped, c ngha l ngi chuyn ch xc nhn hng c xp xung tu trong tnh trng bn ngoi tt (in good order and condition). Trong mua bn hng xut nhp khu, ngi mua lun lun yu cu quy nh r trong hp ng ngoi thng v th tn dng ngi bn phi xut trnh Vn n sch, hng xung tu, trong khng c ghi ch xu no v hng giao th mi c xem l mt trong nhng chng t c gi tr thanh ton. Clear days Ngy trn (lm hng) Thut ng ny i khi c dng mt s hp ng ch than ch hm s ngy d kin tu n cng bc/d hng khng bao gm ngy u khi tu mi n v ngy cui khi tu ri cng. Th d: Thng bo 7 ngy trn lm hng (7 clear working daysnotice), c ngha l thi gian lm hng (bc/d) ti cng l 7 ngy, khng tnh ngy tu n, ngy tu ri cng v ngy Ch nht, ngy l. Closest point of approach a im tip cn gn nht Thut ng dng trong hp ng thu tu ch: Khi c mt tr ngi no ngn cn khng cho con tu n ni quy nh trong hp ng bc hoc d hng th tu c quyn n mt a im tip cn gn nht bc hoc d hng v sau thng bo cho ch hng bit. Nh vy, ch tu c coi nh hon thnh ngha v hp ng. Closing date or Closing time Ngy ht hn nhn ch (hng) Trong chuyn ch bng tu ch hoc tu container, hng tu cng b ngy chm dt vic nhn ch hng cho tng chuyn i c th. Nu qu k hn nhn ch, ngi thu tu c th gi hng vo chuyn i k tip. Collective Bill of Lading 20. Vn n chung L vn n cp chung cho nhiu l hng nh c ch trn tu, cng mt chuyn i v thuc nhiu ngi nhn hng khc nhau. Loi vn n ny c nhiu im tng t vi vn n gom hng (Consolidated bill of lading). Collision or running down Vic m va Ch phng tin vn ti thy (Tu, s lan,...) va ng chng ngi/vt th trn ng i, tr nc. Th d: Tu m va p chn, cu cng, ngm, tng bng,... hoc tu khc. m va c th xy ra bt ng, ngu nhin (Fortuitous), do s bt cn, chnh mng (negligent) hoc do vi phm lut l, quy nh (wrongful). Vic x l trch nhim m va v bi thng tn tht kh phc tp v mc d c Cng c Brussels 1910 nhng vn cn mt s t nc cha p dng thng nht. m va l mt ri ro c bo him nhng ty i tng bo him l tu hoc hng ha m ngi bo him c quy nh th tc khiu ni v mc bi thng khc nhau. Combined transport or multimodal transport Vn ti phi hp hay vn ti a phng thc. L hnh thc vn ti dy chuyn sut t ni gi hng n ch cui cng, c t nht 2 phng thc vn ti tham gia. Vic chuyn ti/chuyn phng thc, lu kho dc ng, thc hin th tc hnh chnh/hi quan u do mt ngi chuyn ch k hp ng vn ti m trch thay cho ch hng. c im ca cch vn ti a phng thc l: - Ton b dy chuyn vn ti a phng thc do mt ngi chuyn ch duy nht m trch trn danh ngha mt bn ng s k hp ng iu hnh vn chuyn ch khng phi l i l vn ti nhn y thc n hoa hng (Combined transport operation =CTO). - Ngi kinh doanh dch v vn ti a phng thc thng l cc t chc giao nhn, khng s hu cng c vn ti nn h phi k hp ng vn ti ph (Subcontract of transport), thu nhng ngi c cng c vn ti (Ngi chuyn ch thc s) vn chuyn hng. - Gi cc vn ti a phng thc c 2 bn tha thun thng nht cho ton tuyn vn chuyn bao gm trong mi chi ph khc c lin quan (L ph hnh chnh, th tc ph hi quan, ph lu kho, ph chnh sa hng,...), m khng phi tnh ring cho tng chng chuyn ch. - Chng t vn ti a phng thc cho ton b qu trnh vn chuyn do ngi CTO k pht theo yu cu ngi gi hng, c chc nng v gi tr giao dch nh mt vn n tu ch (Combined transport document = COMBIDOC). - Ch trch nhim ca ngi CTO do 2 bn tha thun hoc theo ch thng nht trch nhim (Uniform liability system) hoc theo ch trch nhim ring tng chng (Servered liability system). n nay, do Cng c Lin Hip Quc v vn ti a phng thc c k vo 5/1980 nhng cha c hiu lc, nn ngi ta tha thun s dng Quy tc thng nht v chng t vn ti lin hp do Phng thng mi quc t son tho lm c s php l (Vn kin 481 ngy 01/01/1992). Vn ti a phng thc l mt cch vn chuyn khoa hc, tin tin, gip gin n ha th tc, chng t, thc y hp l ha v nng cao hiu qu cc yu t lin kt: sn xut lu thng phn phi ca nn kinh t giai on pht trin cao. Combined transport bill of lading Vn n vn ti phi hp hay vn n vn ti a phng thc. L mt loi vn n ch sut m hng ha c chuyn ch t ni gi (Ni bc hng) n ni n (Ni d hng) bng phng tin ca cc phng thc vn ti khc nhau (Tu bin, tu ha, t,...). Vn n ny do ngi khai thc vn ti a phng thc (Combined transport operator) k cp cho ngi gi hng hay ch hng trn danh ngha l ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng (Contractual carrier). Vn n vn ti a phng thc c nhiu iu khon v iu kin chuyn ch khc xa vi vn n ng bin thng thng (Ocean bill of lading) nhng n vn c chc nng l bin lai giao nhn hng, giy xc nhn quyn s hu hng v bng chng ca mt hp ng vn ti a phng thc k. Hin nay, vn n vn ti a phng thc c Phng Thng Mi Quc T v t chc cc Ngn hng quc t tha nhn gi tr thanh ton l mu vn n ca Hip hi Nhng Ngi Giao Nhn Quc T (FIATA) son tho do n c s dng ph bin hn ht. Commission Hoa hng L s tin th lao m ngi y thc tr cho i l hoc mi gii trung gian v nhng dch v ca h lm. Hoa hng mi gii thu tu (Brokerage or brokerage commission) l s tin th lao tr cho mi gii v dch v thu tu, c tnh bng mt t l nht nh ca tng s tin cc chuyn ch (K c tin cc khng v tin pht bc d chm nu c). Theo tp qun hng hi quc t, nu khng c quy nh g khc th ch tu l ngi chi tr hoa hng mi gii thu tu ch khng ch hng l ngi y thc. Ngoi hoa hng mi gii thu tu cn c: - Hoa hng ngi thu tu (Address commission): Th lao cho ch hng (Ngi thu tu). Loi hoa hng ny c hay khng ty thuc vo ch trng ca ch tu nhm khuyn khch... - Hoa hng mi gii mua bn tu: Th lao cho mi gii lm trung gian mua bn tu (Ships sale/purchase commission). - Hoa hng i l tu bin (Ship agent commission): Th lao cho ngi i l 21. c tu ch nh lm cc dch v cho tu: Th tc ra vo cng, theo di bc d hng v lo cng vic hu cn, cung ng... Commission past us Hoa hng ngoi tm chng ti. Khi mi gii thu tu bo thu vi iu kin ...% ngoi tm chng ti c ngha l s hoa hng ny khng bao gm hoa hng mi gii thng thng m h c quyn nhn c v dch v ca mnh. Ngi hng Hoa hng ngoi tm l mt ngi khc v thng l ch l hng chuyn ch. Common carrier Ngi chuyn ch cng cng. L ngi, cng ty hoc x nghip quc doanh hay t nhn, c hay khng c phng tin vn ti trong tay tham gia k kt hp ng vn ti, kinh doanh ch thu hng ha hay hnh khch cho x hi. Conflict of laws S xung t php lut. S khc bit v lut php ca nc c p dng iu chnh mt mi quan h php l nht nh c th dn n s xung t php lut trong cc hp ng ngoi thng, vn ti, bo him quc t: Xung t php lut v hnh thc hp ng, ni dung hp ng, a v php l ca cc ng s, thm quyn xt x ca ta n,... Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, ngi ta s dng quy phm xung t chn lut p dng gii quyt xung t php lut. Th d: 2 tu m va nhau ti cng hi, trch nhim m va v cu h s do lut quc t hoc lut ca nc no m 2 bn ch tu thng nht chn la p dng. Congestion surcharge Ph ph n tu S tin ph thu do cc hng tu t ra cho ngi thu tu khi hng ca h c bc/d ti cng n tu lm cho tu phi chu chm tr v xp hng ch cu. Congenbill Tn mu vn n theo hp ng thu tu (Charter Party bill of lading) do t chc BIMCO son tho v c p dng ph bin. Conlinebill Tn mu vn n dng trong vn chuyn hng bng tu ch (Liner bill of lading) do t chc BIMCO son tho v c p dng ph bin Consecutive voyages (trips) Chuyn vn chuyn lin tc. L mt dng thu chuyn theo con tu c thu s thc hin nhiu chuyn vn chuyn lin tc l hng theo yu cu ca ngi thu. Hp ng thu chuyn vn chuyn lin tc c th quy nh c th s lng chuyn i hoc chuyn c i ln v hoc thc hin cc chuyn i lin tc trong mt k hn c quy nh. Th d: ...Hp ng thu chuyn c hiu lc cho 20 chuyn lin tc, bt u chuyn th nht vo ngy 01/01/1997 v kt thc chuyn th 20 vo ngy 01/01/1998"... Ni dung hp ng cha ng y cc iu khon cn thit nh mt hp ng chuyn n. Th d: iu kin bc d, thng pht,... ti cc cng, c bit iu khon cc ph v cch tr theo tng chuyn v cc ph l mt vn t nh, thng xuyn bin ng theo th trng. Consignee Ngi nhn hng (Cargo receiver) L ngi c tn ghi ti mc Ngi nhn hng ca vn n ng bin. Ty theo cch ghi tn ti mc Ngi nhn hng m vn n y c xp vo loi vn n ch nh ch danh (straight bill of lading) hoc vn n theo lnh (To order bill of lading). Theo tp qun quc t, nu ti mc ny khng ghi tn ngi nhn hng m ch ghi Theo lnh (To order) th vn n y thuc loi vn n theo lnh ngi gi hng. Consignement clause iu khon ch nh i l Hp ng thu tu chuyn c iu khon ch nh i l quy nh: ch tu hay ngi thu tu c quyn ch nh i l lm hng ti cng. Thng thng, ch tu l ngi chn la v ch nh i l lm hng ti cng. Nhng cng c trng hp, ngi thu tu li l ngi chn la v ch nh i l lm hng, v nh vy, nu ch tu xt thy cn thit bo v li ch ca mnh, s ch nh mt i l ring (Supervisory agent) gim st vic lm hng. Consignor (Shipper) Ngi gi hng L ngi giao hng xung tu ti cng xp hng. Ch hng c th t mnh lm ngi gi hng nhng cng c th y thc ngi khc m thng l i l giao nhn hng (Forwarding agent) m nhn thay vic giao hng. 22. Consolidated or groupage bill of lading Vn n gom hng L vn n container m ngi chuyn ch k pht cho ngi gom hng sau khi ngi ny tp hp nhiu l hng l t nhiu ch hng v thu chung 1 container gi i. Trn vn n, ngoi cc mc thng thng, c ghi tn ngi gom hng ti mc Ngi gi hng v tn i l hoc i in ca h ti mc Ngi nhn hng. Nh vy, vn n gom hng l mt vn kin php l ch iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gom hng m cng l ngi gi hng, do vn n ny khng c chc nng thanh ton trong mua bn quc t. Consolidation or groupage Vic gom hng Trong chuyn ch bng container, khi mt l hng khng s lng thu trn container th ch hng c th gi l bng cch k hp ng vn ti hng l vi ngi gom hng (Consolidation) ch i. Ngi gom hng s tp hp, chnh n v sp xp hp l cho l hng l thnh nhng l hng s lng s dng cch vn chuyn trn container (Full container load). Dch v gom hng l thnh l hng trn container (consolidation cargo service) a phn do nhng ngi, cng ty giao nhn ng ra kinh doanh nhng i khi cng do cc hng tu container ng ra kinh doanh di dng vn chuyn hng l (Less than a container loading service) bn cnh dng vn chuyn hng trn container (Full container loading service). Nu ngi gom hng l ngi giao nhn th sau khi k hp ng ch hng l, h tr thnh ngi chuyn ch cng cng khng c tu (Non vessel operating common carrier). H c trch nhim mt mt k vn n ngi giao nhn (House Bill of Lading) cho ch hng, mt khc h trc tip thu hng tu container gi trn container cha y hng l n cng ch. Hng tu container l ngi chuyn ch thc (Actual carrier) s k pht cho h vn n ngi chuyn ch thc (Master Bill of Lading). Consortium (of shipping) Cng-xc-xi-m L nhm tp hp hng hi ca mt s hng tu thng l thnh vin cng hi hng hi ng gp tu v ti nguyn khc ca mnh cng nhau thc hin mt v kinh doanh c bit. Container Cng-ten-n Thng cha hng c bit dng lm bao b chuyn ch hng ha, c c im: - Cu to dng hnh hp bng vt liu bn chc (Thp, hp kim nhm hoc nha cng gia c si thy tinh). - C thit b chuyn dng (Ca, gc lp ghp,...) thun li cho ng hng vo, rt hng ra v chuyn ch bng nhiu phng thc vn ti i sut khng phi m ng container v ti cht xp hng dc ng. - C trng ti v th tch kh ln (1m3 tr ln) thch hp vi cc loi hng bch ha v mt s hng c bit khc (Hng lng, hng ng lnh, sc vt sng,...). - C thng s k thut c tiu chun ha thng nht do t chc tiu chun o lng quc t ISO (International Standard Organization) nn thun tin cho vic chuyn i, s dng rng ri container: 10, 20, 30, 40. Trong container 20 c chn lm n v tiu chun (TEU). Ty yu cu chuyn ch ca mi loi hng m cu trc container gm nhiu loi: 1. Container bch ha hay container hng kh a dng (General cargo container or dry cargo container) ch bch ha hoc hoc hng khc tng t, trong iu kin bnh thng. 2. Container bo n (Thermal container): c thit k my pht lnh hoc my thng gi, dng ch loi hng cn vn chuyn trong iu kin nhit thch hp. Gm c: container lnh (Refrigerated or reefer container) dng ch hng ti sng nh tht, c,...Container cch nhit (Insulated container) dng ch rau qu, dc phm; Container thng gi (Ventilated container) dng ch rau qu, thc phm ch cn c bo qun mi trng khng kh thong ng, trn khong cch vn chuyn ngn. 3. Container chuyn dng (Special container): dng ch hng kh ri (Dry bulk container), hng lng (Tank container), -t (Car container), sc vt sng (Pen or livestock container), hng siu trng hnh dng phc tp (Plalform container)... Container freight station Trm lm hng l Ni ngi gom hng nhn ch cc l hng l t nhiu ch hng, sau phn loi, chnh n v tp hp chng thnh l hng chung s hoc khi lng thu trn container ca ngi chuyn ch thc gi hng i theo yu cu ca cc ch hng. Container freight tariff Biu cc (tu) container) L bng gi cc m hng tu container n nh lm c s tnh v thu tin cc ty theo cch chuyn ch: T bi cha container n bi cha container (Container yard to container yard) hoc T kho ngi bn n kho ngi mua (Warehouse to warehouse), i vi tng loi mt hng. Cng nh mi gi 23. cc vn ti khc, gi cc container c tnh trn c s gi thnh vn ti thc t v phn li d kin thu vo. Nhng do c im ca cch gi hng, giao nhn, bc/d v vn chuyn container, nn gi cc container c phn thnh 3 loi chnh: 1. Cc trn container cho mi mt hng ring bit (CBR = Commodity box rate): l mt loi gi cc bao tnh theo tng container c 20, 30, 40 cho mt mt hng ring bit (Bch ha, hng kh ri, hng lng, hng ng lnh,...) m khng tnh theo khi lng hng xp trong container. 2. Cc trn container cho mi loi hng (FAK = Freight of all kinds of goods): mi loi hng cng c ly vn chuyn, ca cng chuyn i c tnh chung cng mt gi cc/container, bt k gi tr hng vn chuyn cao hay thp. Gi cc FAK c tnh da trn c s gi thnh vn ti cng vi phn li d kin chia u cho s lng container c vn chuyn trong chuyn i. Cch tnh cc FAK c li cho ch hng c gi tr cao nhng bt li cho ch hng c gi tr thp, nn t c p dng. 3. Cc hng l (LCL freight rate): khi khi lng hng khng gi trn container th hng c gi l cho hng tu hoc ngi gom hng ng ra m trch vic gom hng v chuyn ch. Cc hng l c tnh theo n v trng lng, th tch hoc gi tr hng cng thm ph lm hng l (Container freight station charges) nn cao hn gi cc trn container. Trong chuyn ch trn container, ngoi cc chnh ra, hng tu cn n nh v thu thm nhng ph ph (Surcharges) khi tnh hnh t bin lm gi xng, du tng (BAF = Bunker adjustment factor), tin cc mt gi (CAF = currency adjustment factor), hoc ph ph lm hng ti khu bc d container (THC = Terminal handling charges or EHC = Equipment handling charges). Ngoi ra thu ht khch hng v tng cng thc lc cnh tranh, cc hng tu container p dng chnh sch gim cc i vi khch hng c khi lng hng gi ln cng nhau k kt hp ng vn chuyn thi gian/khi lng (Timevolume contract) hoc p dng chnh sch tr cp (allowance) cho i l chuyn ch hay ngi giao nhn lm nghip v tm hng cho tu hoc thng khuyn khch (Incentive) cho ngi gi hng. Container lease contract Hp ng thu container L loi hp ng c k kt gia bn cho thu (Lessor or container leasing company) v bn thu hay bn s dng container (Lessee or container user). Ni dung hp ng bao gm cc iu khon chung ca mt hp ng kinh t trong c 4 vn c bn: 1. Quy nh gi thu cho mi container/ngy hoc mi container/ thng, trong sut thi gian hiu lc ca hp ng (Rental charge). 2. Quy nh ph ph d phng tn tht (Damage protection plan premium): Ngi thu tr ph ph ny nhm b p tn tht ca container c th xy ra. Nh vy, ngi thu c th hon tr container h hng cho cng ty cho thu theo thc trng ca n. 3. Quy nh mc hon i container (Interchange ratio): Ngi thu s hon tr v thu li mt s lng container trong mt thng. Th d: Mc hon i container l 25%/thng, c ngha l ngi thu s hon tr v thu li s lng container ph hp vi t l hon i c quy nh ny, trong mt thng no . Vic quy nh mc hon i container c p dng ch yu trong loi hp ng thu container c quy nh s lng ti thiu (Master lease). 4. Quy nh lch hon tr container (Geography table): xc nh s lng container, ni hon tr trong 1 thng v ph ph hon tr tng ng ty theo khu vc a l. Th d: Singapore 20 containers/thng, ph ph hon tr 30 USD/n v c ngha l 20 containers c th c hon tr ti Singapore trong 1 thng km ph ph 30USD cho mi container. Vic quy nh lch hon tr container c p dng ch yu trong loi hp ng thu container c quy nh s lng ti thiu v loi hp ng thu container khng xc nh s lng (Rate agreement). Hp ng thu container ch yu c 4 loi: 1. Hp ng thu chuyn (Trip lease): ly chuyn vn chuyn lm c s thu v cho thu container. Ty yu cu ca mnh m ngi s dng c th thu chuyn mt (One way lease) hoc chuyn i v v (Round trip lease). Gi thu chuyn thng xuyn bin ng theo th trng, tng t nh gi cc thu tu chuyn. 2. Hp ng thu container khng quy nh s lng (Rate agreement): loi ny quy nh gi thu container c nh, khng thay i trong sut thi gian thu, bt k container nm khu vc a l no min l thuc phm vi qun l c quy nh ca ngi cho thu. Khng quy nh s lng container bt buc 2 bn phi thc hin m ty theo yu cu ca ngi thu v kh nng cung ng ca ngi cho thu. 3. Hp ng thu container c quy nh s lng ti thiu (Master lease): s lng container ti thiu c xc nh m 2 bn phi thc hin trong sut thi gian thu. Nu ngi thu vi phm khng thu s lng ti thiu th vn phi tr tin thu s lng ti thiu y. 4. Hp ng thu di hn (Long term lease): quy nh ngi thu s dng mt s lng container sut thi gian thu m khng c hon i, khng c hy hp ng. Nu c s vi phm hy hp ng trc thi hn th ngi thu phi tr tin pht. Cc ch tu container thng p dng cch thu ny khi c yu cu tng thm s lng container cn thit cho kinh doanh ch thm. Ngoi ra, cch thu v cho thu di hn i khi cn c tha thun thnh hp ng thu mua (Purchase-lease) hoc hp ng thu bn (Buy-off lease) ngha l ngi thu di hn phi tr tin thu theo mt gi c bit cho n ht thi hn th s lng container c thu thuc lun quyn s hu ca ngi thu. Container ship Tu container Loi tu chuyn dng ch container, c c im: - Ch c mt boong (Single deck) - C mn kp hoc 24. mn n hnh gn sng, mp boong dy, chc, ngang boong c kch thc rng lm tng tnh n nh ca tu. - Trong thn tu, cc hm c thit k khung dn hng theo chiu thng ng m bo container khng b x dch khi c sng gi trn bin. - Mt boong c thit k c cu chng buc container xp trn boong. - i b phn tu container khng trang b cu bc hng m ch yu da vo cng c bc d trn b. - Ty theo cch bc d container, tu container c chia thnh loi: - Tu container bc d qua mn (Lift-on/lift-off container ship) = LO/LO ship. - Tu container bc d theo cu dn (Roll-on/rolloff container ship) = RO/RO ship. -Tu ch s lan (Lighter carrier or lighter aboard ship) = LASH. Tu container hot ng theo kiu tu ch, kinh doanh ch thu container u n vi tc cao trn mt tuyn vn chuyn c nh, theo mt lch trnh c cng b trc v c s h tr ca cc tu container con (ph) tip vn, phn phi container n cc im ngoi lung (Feeder ship). Container terminal Khu cng container L ni tip nhn tu container, bc d, ct gi hoc trung chuyn cc container hng ha. Khu cng container c th c b tr trong cng khu tng hp hoc c xy dng thnh mt cng container c lp nm ngoi cng tng hp, c mt bng rng thong, bn chc v c trang b chuyn mn ha cao lm hng container. Bao gm cc cu trc v thit b quan trng: - Cu bn (wharf): Ni tu. Thm bn (apron): Khu vc b tr cu bc/d. - Bi cha container (Container yard): Ni giao nhn, ct gi v lm hng container. - Trm hng l (Container freight station): Ni tip nhn v lm hng l (LCL). - Trang thit b bc d: Cc loi cu, gi xe, xe nng hng,...V mt s cng trnh linh tinh khc: thit b nh sng, trm sa cha, ni lm v sinh container, trm in nng cho container ng lnh, trm iu trung tm,.. Container transport Ch hng bng container L cch vn chuyn hng ha m trong sut qu trnh chuyn ch, bc d v bo qun hng, container c s dng, nh l mt loi thng cha hng c bit, c kch thc c tiu chun ha, c kt cu bn chc v c dung tch, trng ti cha hng kh ln. Phng thc ch hng bng container ra i t nhng nm u ca th k 20, pht trin nhy vt t nhng nm 60 ca th k ny v nay tr thnh mt phng thc vn chuyn c lc, c hiu qu kinh t i vi cc loi hng bch ha thch hp: - Hng ha c bo v, phng chng tn tht tt hn nh v bc chc chn ca container che ch. - Tit kim v gim bt cho ph bao b chuyn ch. - Hng ha i sut t ni gi n ch khng phi d ra dc ng nn tit kim ph bc d v n gin ha th tc. - Hng c vn chuyn nhanh chng, tin li gp phn nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh cho thng nhn v ngi ch thu. Container yard Ni tip nhn v lu tr container, l b phn quan trng ca khu cng container. Din tch bi rng thong, nn bi chc chn cht xp c 5 - 6 tng container. Bi c th b tr phn chia thnh: khu vc container chun b bc xung tu, khu vc tip nhn container t tu, khu vc dnh cha container rng,... Trong chuyn ch container, ngi ta thng dng ngn gn thut ng: Bi container Container yard) ch phm vi vn chuyn v trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch l t bi container gi hng n bi container hng n (CY CY). Contination clause iu khon gia hn Trong hp ng bo him tu theo thi hn (Time policy) iu khon gia hn quy nh: Nu hp ng bo him ht thi hn m con tu vn cha v n cng ch cui cng do s c tai nn trn ng i hoc do tm tr ti mt cng lnh nn, th hp ng bo him c coi l c hiu lc cho n khi tu v n cng ch cui cng min l ngi c bo him phi thng bo kp thi cho ngi bo him v chp nhn tr thm ph ph bo him. Contractual carrier Ngi chuyn ch (theo) hp ng Thut ng c dng trong chuyn ch hng l bng container (LCL) ch ngi gom hng k hp ng vn ti vi ch hng l trn danh ngha l ngi chuyn ch (theo) hp ng vn ti. Convenient speed Tc thch hp Trong chuyn ch bng tu chuyn, sau khi bc hng xung tu, ngi chuyn ch phi cho tu chy vi Tc thch hp a hng n cng ch. Tuy nhin, khi nim Tc thch hp i khi vn xy ra tranh ci gia ngi thu v ch tu, nht l khi xy ra chm tr trong cc chuyn vn chuyn di ngy. Do , mt s ch tu quy nh sa i: Vi tt c tc hp l (With all reasonable speed). 25. Cover note or ship Phiu xc nhn bo him tm thi Khi khch hng ngh bo him v ngh bo him ny c chp nhn th Cng ty bo him s lp v gi phiu xc nhn bo him tm thi lm bng chng. Sau s pht hnh mt hp ng bo him chnh thc. Phiu xc nhn bo him c ghi nhng iu kin bo him ch yu v c gi tr rng buc trch nhim ca 2 bn ng s. Currency Adjustment Charges (CAC) - Currency Adjustment Factor Ph ph iu chnh tin cc H s iu chnh tin cc Trong kinh doanh ch thu bng tu ch hoc tu container, khi gi tr ng tin dng thanh ton cc b gim st nng nh hng n thu nhp ca mnh, ngi chuyn ch s p dng vic thu thm ph ph iu chnh tin cc theo h s iu chnh tng ng (Currency Adjustment Factor). Custom of the port Tp qun ca cng Thut ng c dng trong hp ng thu chuyn ch vic khng quy nh c th mc bc d hng ti cng m ty theo tp qun bc d ca cng (According to custom of the port) hoc Theo tp qun (As customary) hoc Tc nhanh m tu c th bc d (As fast as vessel can load or discharge). Hp ng quy nh mc bc d theo tp qun ca cng th s khng quy nh mc thng pht bc d. Customary quick despatch Bc nhanh (theo) thng l Mc bc hng theo nng sut m ni (Cng) bc hng thng t c. Thut ng hm khng quy nh dt khot nng sut/thi gian bc hng do cng khng quy nh thng pht khi lm hng nhanh chm Customs clearance Vic thng quan L vic hon thnh cc th tc do Hi quan quy nh c cp php cho hng nhp vo hoc xut ra ca mt nc. Home PageTHUT NG HNG HI ABC D EFGH I JKLMNO PQRSTU V W X Y ZDamages for detention Tin pht lu gi tu Trong mt s hp ng c qui nh thi gian pht bc/d chm (Dumurrage layday), ngi ta cn qui nh thm:"Nu ngi thu tu lu gi tu vt qu thi gian bc/d chm th h phi chu pht v vic lu gi tu ti cng bc d vi s tin cao hn s tin pht bc d chm". Th d: "Thi gian p dng tin pht bc d chm l 10 ngy vi mc ph 5.000USD/tu/ngy v thi gian sau 10 ngy s p dng tin pht lu tu vi mc ph 7.000 USD/tu/ngy". Days all purposes Ngy bc v d hng tnh gp Thut ng c dng trong hp ng thu tu chuyn ch: Ngy bc v d hng c tnh gp chung c hai u cng bc v cng d. Th d: Thi gian c php, 10 ngy bc v d hng tnh gp:(Time allowed, 10 days all purposes). Deadfreight Cc khng L khon tin cc ca s lng hng m ngi thu tu tuy tho thun giao xung tu gi i theo qui nh ca hp ng thu tu nhng li do nhiu nguyn nhn trn thc t hng khng gi i c, khin cho kh nng chuyn ch ca con tu khng c tn dng, trng ti v dung tch tu dnh cho s hng b b trng. Deadweight charter Thu bao trng ti L cch thu tu ch hng kh ri trn c s tin cc c tr theo tn trng ti ca con tu (cn gi l thu bao c tu). Mc ch ca ngi thu bao trng ti tu l to th ch ng trong vic chn la chng loi v s lng hng chuyn ch ph hp vi kh nng vn chuyn ca con tu c thu. Ngi thu bao s khng tr cc khng nu tu khng y hng 26. Damages for detention Tin pht lu gi tu Trong mt s hp ng c quy nh thi gian pht bc/d chm (Durmurrage layday), ngi ta cn quy nh thm: Nu nh ngi thu tu lu gi tu vt qu thi gian bc/d chm th h phi chu pht v vic lu gi tu ti cng bc/d vi s tin cao hn tin pht bc d chm. Th d: ...thi gian p dng tin pht bc d chm l 10 ngy vi mc ph 5.000 USD/ tu/ ngy v thi gian sau 10 ngy s p dng tin pht lu tu vi mc ph 7.000 USD/ tu/ ngy. Dangerous goods Hng ha nguy him Gm cc loi hng c c tnh l ha d gy chy, n, n mn, nhim c, phng x, ...e do sinh mnh con ngi v ti sn trong qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn. V l , cn c vo nhm, loi hng nguy him v cch chuyn ch m ngi ta xut p dng nhng quy tc vn chuyn thch hp ring bit: Quy tc vn chuyn hng nguy him ng bin (IMDG Code) - Quy tc vn chuyn hng nguy him ng b v ng st (ADR/RID) - Quy tc vn chuyn hng nguy him ng hng khng (DGR). Cc quy tc ny i hi ch hng ngi gi hng v ngi chuyn ch ch tu s tun th nghim ngt trong cc vn bao b ng gi, ghi nhn hiu, cch bc d, cht xp, vn chuyn v bin php x l thch ng. Days on demurrage. (Demurrage days) Ngy bc / d chm L ngy vt qu s lng ngy c php dng cho bc / d hng theo quy nh ca hp ng thu tu. S ngy bc / d chm c tnh theo s ngy bnh thng (Running days) ngha l bao gm ngy lm vic, ngy Ch nht v ngy l, bt lun thi tit tt hoc xu. Trong mt s hp ng thu tu, ngy bc / d chm c gii hn c th. Th d: 10 ngy. Nu ngy bc / d chm vt qu s lng y v theo yu cu ca ch hng, tu vn ti cng tip tc lm hng, th ngi thu phi n b cho ch tu nhng tn tht do tu b lu gi. Deadfreight Cc khng L khon tin cc ca s lng hng m ngi thu tu tuy tha thun giao xung tu gi i theo quy nh ca hp ng thu tu nhng li do nhiu nguyn nhn trn thc t hng khng gi i c, khin cho kh nng chuyn ch ca con tu khng c tn dng, trng ti v dung tch tu dnh cho s hng b b trng. Cn lu : Cc khng l tin cc ca l hng khng thc s gi i do phi tr i ph bc / d hng khng c tnh vo nu hp ng thu tu k trc khi quy nh tin cc v ph bc / d tnh gp, theo iu kin bc / d tu ch (liner terms). Deadweight Trng ti ca tu L sc ch ca con tu c o bng tn mt h (Metric ton = 1.000 kg), tn Anh (British ton = 1016 kg) hoc tn M (US ton = 907,2 kg). C hai loi trng ti ca tu: - Trng ti ton phn (Gross deadweight or deadweight all told) bao gm: Trng lng hng ha, trng lng hnh khch v hnh l (nu c), trng lng vt phm cung ng cho chuyn i: nhin liu, du m, nc ngt, thc phm, vt liu ph tng d tr, trng lng thuyn vin v hnh trang (D.W.T = DW.a.t). - Trng ti tnh (Cargo deadweight or cargo deadweight capacity): L trng lng ton b hng ha m con tu ch c (D.V.C.C.). Theo cng c quc t v du chuyn ch (International Convention on Loadline) trng ti tu c ghi trong Giy chng nhn trng ti l trng ti ton phn v trng ti tnh ca con tu khi mn nc ca tu t du chuyn ch nc bin ma h lm tiu chun. Deadweight charter Thu bao trng ti L cch thu tu ch hng kh ri trn c s tin cc c tr theo tn trng ti ca con tu (cn gi l thu bao c tu). Mc ch ca ngi thu bao trng ti tu l to th ch ng trong vic chn la chng loi v s lng hng chuyn ch ph hp vi kh nng vn chuyn ca con tu c thu. Ngi thu bao s khng tr cc khng nu tu khng y hng. Deadweight scale Bng thang trng ti (ca tu) c xc lp da trn mi lin h gia mn nc v trng ti ca tu, trn c s cc s liu v mn nc, mn kh, lng r nc, trng ti, s tn tng ng vi 1cm hay 1 (foot) mn nc. Bng thang trng ti c dng tra lng r nc y ti, trng ti ton phn hoc trng ti tng ng theo tng mn nc khc nhau. 27. Deck cargo Hng (ch) trn boong Mt s hng do c im v tnh cht m khng th cht xp trong hm hng vn chuyn m c th v phi ch trn boong chnh ca tu. Th d: g cy, thit b my c kt cu nng n, cng knh (Dm cu, pontoon, s lan,...) hoc mt s loi hng nguy him cn phi tch bit (Thng sn, bnh a-xt, bnh cha kh a-x-ty-len...). Theo cng c Brc-xen 1924, hng ha thng thng nht thit phi c xp v vn chuyn trong hm hng. Ch cho php hng c bit nh ni trn mi c xp v vn chuyn trn boong, c s khai bo chnh xc ca ch hng v c s chp thun ca ngi chuyn ch, ph hp vi tp qun quc t. Deep sea trade Hng hi vin dng Dng ch hot ng kinh doanh ca cc tu trn tuyn hng hi quc t ng di, khc vi hot ng kinh doanh ca cc tu trn tuyn hng hi quc t ng gn (short sea trade). Deferred rebate Tin gim cc tr chm Trong chuyn ch bng tu ch, ch tu tha thun gim cc cho nhng ch hng no chu giao kt hng ca mnh cho ring ch tu chuyn ch. S tin gim cc c tr cho ch hng theo nh k (6 thng hoc 1 nm) sau khi vic ch hng c thc hin gi l tin gim cc tr chm. Delay in delivery Giao hng chm tr Hng c giao khng ng k hn quy nh trong hp ng mua bn k kt. Delivery by instalments Giao hng tng t i vi cc l hng s lng ln, sn xut di ngy, ngi bn v ngi mua cng nhau tha thun giao hng tng t. Nh vy, hng s c chuyn ch bng nhiu chuyn tu cho n khi no hon thnh ton b s lng. Trong trng hp y, ngi m trch vic thu tu s tnh ton v chn la cch vn chuyn bng nhiu chuyn sao cho c li nht. Delivery order Lnh giao hng Chng t m ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ngi chuyn ch k cp cho ch hng lm bng chng n nhn hng ti bi container hay kho cng. Mun nhn c lnh giao hng, ngi nhn hng phi xut trnh vn n ng bin hp l cho ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ca h. Delivery terms iu kin giao hng L mt trong nhng iu kin quan trng trong hp ng mua bn, quy nh ngi bn c ngha v chuyn giao hng ha (hoc chng t) sang tay v di quyn nh ot ca ngi mua hoc i din ca h. iu kin giao hng bao gm cc quy nh v cch giao hng, ni giao hng, thi gian giao hng,... Demurrage - Bc / d chm - Tin pht bc / d chm (Demurrage money). Khi ngi thu tu khng hon thnh vic bc / d hng ng theo thi gian bc / d quy nh trong hp ng thu tu k, th ch tu c quyn i n b v nhng khon thi gian vt qu hn tha thun, tr khi nguyn nhn gy ra bc / d chm nm ngoi phm vi kim sot ca ngi thu tu v c nu r trong hp ng thu tu. Th d: Thi tit xu khng th lm hng, ma, ging bo, nh cng b xng, bo ng hoc sai lm no do pha tu phm phi... Ngy bc / d chm c tnh t khi ht hn bc / d hng, bao gm c ngy thi tit xu, ngy Ch nht v ngy l nu hp ng thu tu khng quy nh g khc. Thut ng c dng din gii quy nh ny l Once on demurrage, always on demurrage. Tin pht bc / d chm c th c tnh ring cho thi gian bc hng, thi gian d hng hoc tnh gp c thi gian bc / d theo li b tr (Reversible laydays), c tr ngay mi ngy hoc tr sau khi hon thnh b / d tu tha thun gia ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch. Deratting certificate Giy chng nhn dit chut Do c quan y t c thm quyn ti cng cp, xc nhn chut trn tu b dit. 28. Derelict Vt v ch tri dt ngoi bin. Vt v ch tri dt ngoi bin c th l tu v ch (Derelict ship), hng v ch (Derelict cargo) hoc v kh v ch (Derelict weapon). Despatch days Ngy bc / d nhanh L nhng ngy bc / d hng tit kim c do rt ngn thi gian bc / d c quy nh trong hp ng thu tu. iu ny c li cho c ngi thu tu ln ngi chuyn ch v ngi thu tu thng s c ch tu thng khuyn khch mt khon tin gi l tin thng bc / d nhanh (Despatch money) theo tha thun ghi trong hp ng. Despatch money Tin thng bc / d nhanh L s tin thng m ngi chuyn ch tr cho ngi thu v nhng ngy bc / d nhanh. Mc tin thng ny do 2 bn tha thun trong hp ng thu tu nhng theo tp qun hng hi s tin thng bc / d nhanh ch bng phn na (50%) s tin pht bc / d chm. C 2 cch tnh thng bc / d nhanh: - Tnh cho tt c ngy bc / d nhanh tit kim c bao gm c Ch nht v ngy l (For all time saved). Cch ny c li cho ngi thu tu. - Tnh cho tt c ngy lm vic bc / d nhanh ngha l khng bao gm Ch nht v ngy l (For all working time saved). Cch ny c li cho ngi chuyn ch. Ch tu v ngi thu tu nn cn nhc chn la cch v nh mc bc d, thng pht bc / d ph hp vi kh nng bc / d ti cc cng gh, c tnh ton n bin ng gi cc th trng thu tu v cc tnh hung khc. Detention clause iu khon lu gi tu Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn, thi gian pht bc / d chm thng c quy nh bng mt s ngy nht nh. Nu vt qu s ngy y m vn cha hon thnh vic bc / d hng v ngi gi hoc nhn hng tip tc lu gi tu bc / d hng th h phi n b tn tht cho ch tu v lu gi tu (Damage for detention) ty theo quy nh ca hp ng. Deviation clause iu khon tu chy chch ng Tu chy chch ng tc l chy ra ngoi tuyn ng vn chuyn bnh thng t cng gi hng n cng ch ghi trong hp ng thu tu. Theo lut php v tp qun quc t ca nhiu nc, ngi chuyn ch khng c ty cho tu chy chch ng, nu khng s gnh chu bi thng tn tht do vic chy chch ng gy ra. Nhng gim bt v lm r trch nhim ca mnh, ch tu thng t ra iu khon chy chch ng trong vn n, quy nh ngi chuyn ch c quyn chy chch ng vi l do chnh ng. Th d: Chy chch ng cu nn trn bin, cp cu bnh nhn trn tu, ly thm nhin liu, thc phm, trnh tai nn bo t,... Direct Bill of Lading Vn n ch thng L loi vn n ng bin cp cho l hng c ch thng t cng gi hng n cng ch. Direct discharge D hng chuyn thng Hng c d v xp trc tip ln phng tin vn ti (-t, toa tu ha...) chuyn thng, khng qua cng on trung gian xp ln bn cng. Cch lm ny c li: gim bt c thao tc bc / d, tit kim ph v a nhanh hng n ch nhng i hi kt hp n khp gia tu v cng c vn ti tip chuyn. Direct transhipment Chuyn mn hng trc tip Hng c chuyn ti thng t tu ny sang tu kia c ch tip n ch m khng qua khu bc d ti cng (sang mn). Dirty bill of lading or foul bill of lading or unclean bill of lading. Vn n bn hay vn n khng hp cch. L mt vn n trn thuyn trng ghi ch nhn xt xu v tnh trng phm cht hoc bao b hng ch. Loi vn n bn s khng c ngn hng chp nhn lm chng t thanh ton. Disbursements account Bng ghi chi ph ca tu ti cng Bng ny do i l tu bin lp, trong lit k cc khon m tu chi ti cng. Bao gm cc loi chi ph nh: ph cng khu, ph hoa tiu, ph i l, ph xp d, ph mua nhin liu, thc phm, nc ngt, 29. vt liu lm hng... Thuyn trng hoc i din s xem xt xc nhn lm cn c cho ngi khai thc tu thanh ton. Displacement Lng r nc (ca tu) L khi lng nc m con tu chim ch, c th c o bng mt khi hay cubic-feet (Volume of displacement) hoc bng tn (Weight of displacement or displace-ment tonnage). Trng lng r nc (tn) = Th tch nc m tu chim ch (m3) x T trng nc C hai loi trng lng r nc ca con tu: 1. Trng lng r nc khng ti: L ton b trng lng ca bn thn con tu, c mn nc thp nht vo ma h (Light displacement). Bao gm: - Trng lng v tu, my mc, thit b ph tng. Trng lng du v nc cn st trong my, ni hi v ng dn. - Trng lng nc la-canh trong kt ballast. 2. Trng lng r nc y ti: L ton b trng lng con tu khi ch y, c mn nc t n du chuyn ch ma h (Loaded displacement). Bao gm: - Trng lng bn thn con tu. - Trng lng hng chuyn ch v hnh khch. (nu c) - Trng lng vt phm cung ng cho chuyn i: nhin liu, nc ngt, thc phm, vt t ph tng d tr, dng c lm hng. - Trng ti ton phn (Deadweight all told = Trng lng r nc y ti Trng lng r nc khng ti. Trng lng thuyn vin, hnh trang. Disponent owner Ch tu danh ngha Khi mt ngi thu tu no cho ngi khc (Ngi th ba) thu li con tu mnh thu trc th ngi y l ngi ch danh ngha c quyn iu khin, khai thc con tu y. Ch tu danh ngha khng phi l ch s hu thc s ca con tu m thng thng h ch l nhng ngi kinh doanh dch v hng hi. Thng thng gp khi cn, cc hng tu s thu nh hn mt vi con tu v s dng n khai thc cho thu li. Distance freight Cc khong cch gia tng Khi mt con tu ch hng n cng d gp nguy c b bng phong ta lm cho tu khng vo hoc ra c, thuyn trng xt thy phi a tu n mt a im an ton gn y d hng th h c quyn lm nh vy v gi cc c gi nguyn nh khi hng c giao ti cng quy nh trong hp ng thu tu. Tuy nhin, nu khong cch m tu phi chy thm li xa ng k (Lut Anh quy nh t 100 hi l tr ln) th ch tu c quyn yu cu ngi thu tr cc khong cch gia tng theo t l tng ng. Distress freight Cc r mt L mc cc rt thp m ch tu b buc phi chp nhn ch thu trong trng hp c bit tu khng hng y tu v cn phi ly thm s hng ny c th thc hin chuyn i. Double bottom y i (tu) Tu c ng y i phng trnh nc b trn vo hm hng nu xy ra s c mc cn. Ngoi ra, khong khng gian ca y i cn c dng cha nc dn tu (water ballast), hoc nhin liu, khi cn. Double hull V i (tu) Tu du thng c ng v i phng trnh tai nn trn du nu xy ra s c mc cn hoc va ng. Draught or draft. Mn nc (ca tu) L khong cch thng ng o t mp di sng y tu n mt nc. Vch mn nc c k 2 bn ca mi tu, li tu v i khi gia chiu di thn tu, cnh du chuyn ch Plimsoll tin tnh ton mn nc ca tu. n v o mn nc c th bng -xi-mt (dm) hoc bng (feet): Khong cch gia 2 vch mn nc l 1 dm hoc 6 inches (15.24cm). Dock dues Ph bn cng S tin m tu phi np cho cng khi tu cp bn v s dng cu cng lm hng. Door to door 30. T ca ti ca Thut ng dng ch cch chuyn ch a hng t ca ca cng trnh ny ca ngi gi n ca ca cng trnh kia ca ngi nhn (kho hng, x nghip) v thng phi s dng kt hp 2 hoc nhiu phng thc vn ti. Down to her marks. ...n du chuyn ch ca tu. Ch con tu xp hng n mn nc cho php ti ph hp vi du chuyn ch theo ma v ti khu vc. N khng cn kh nng xp thm hng c na. Draft survey Gim nh mn nc Mc ch xc nh trng lng hng ch trn tu sau khi bc hoc d hng. Trc tin, gim nh vin o mn nc mi v li tu, t trng vng nc ni tu ang nm, ri sau o tnh trng lng nhin liu, nc ngt, vt dn tu... Cui cng, t cc s liu trn tnh c trng lng hng ch trn tu.Drop-off charge (D.O.C.) Ph ph hon tr container L ph ph m ngi cho thu quy nh ngi thu phi b p khi tr container ti mt a im m ti nhu cu thu mn container thp km lm ny sinh kh nng phi iu container rng ni khc kinh doanh. Ph ph ny thng c p dng linh hot ty theo a im tr container v ca ngi cho thu. Dry freight container or dry cargo container Container cha hng khDual rate contract Hp ng cc sut i Cc hng tu thnh vin cng hi hng hi tu ch i khi p dng 2 loi gi cc: cc sut do cng hi quy nh i vi khch hng y thc trn lng hng ca h cho hng tu ch v cc sut cao khc cho nhng ngi gi hng khng thuc din trnDunnage Vt chn lt Trong vic cht xp hng ti hm tu, vic chn lt hng nhiu khi tr thnh cn thit nhm bo v hng v bao b ca n c an ton, chng rch v, m t hoc nhm ln. Vt liu lt trn sn (Flat dunnage) c th l vi nha, m bng, phn tre,... v vt liu chn theo chiu thng ng (Vertical dunnage) c th l g thanh, ti hi, li bc,... Home PageTHUT NG HNG HI A B C D E F G HI J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X YZEn route ang trn ng (ang hnh trnh) Dng thng bo cho bn hu quan bit tu hoc i tng vn chuyn ang trn ng n ch. Escalation clause iu khon tng gi hay gi c leo thang Mc ch ca iu khon ny nhm bo v li ch ca ng s (Ch tu hay ch hng) trnh khi vic gnh chu hu qu ca gi c tng ln lm ny sinh nhng thit hi bt ng. iu khon qui nh cho php ng s c thu ph ph b p tn tht hoc qui nh cho php ng s c quyn t chi thanh ton nhng chi ph t xut xt ra khng thuc trch nhim ca mnh. Endorsement 1. Vic k hu Vn n, ngn phiu hoc hp ng bo him c k hu (Endorsed), c ngha l ngi nhn hng c tn ghi trn vn n theo lnh (to order B/L), ngi ch ngn phiu hoc ngi c bo him c tn trong hp ng bo him thc hin quyn lm ch s hu ti sn hoc quyn li ca mnh bng cch k tn trn trang sau ca ch


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