1.Thriving cities

2.Wealthy merchant class (Medici)

3.Classical heritage of Greece and Rome

The Renaissance began in Italy because…

Objective 25: Describe the reason the Renaissance began in Italy.

Terms of the Renaissance• Renaissance: means, re-birth or birth of the

modern world.• Humanism: Study of classical texts that focuses

on human potential and achievement.• Vernacular: One’s native language.• Secular: Worldly and concerned with the here

and now (separate from the church).

Objective 26: Define the terms Renaissance, Humanism, Vernacular, and Secular.

Characteristics1. Realism and Expression2. Linear Perspective3. Classicalism4. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures5. Light and Shadowing

1 2

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Person: Johannes Gutenberg

• Work: Invented the Printing Press

• Other Information: Gutenberg Bible finished in 1455 (first full sized book printed with movable type). 1. What did the printing press do

for the world in the 16th Century?

2. What does the printing press remind you of in OUR world?

Person: Leonardo da Vinci• Work: Mona Lisa,

Last Supper, Virtruvian Man

• Other Information: the Renaissance man

Person: Desiderius Erasmus

• Work: Praise of Folly• Other Information:

Humanist

Indulgence:“Now for a long time popes, cardinals, and

bishops have eagerly sought to rival and even to surpass the establishment of princes.” (money, money, money)

Criticizing Society:“Doctors…in that line of business the more

ignorant, rash, and brainless he is, the more he is esteemed.”

Asleep:“The mind of man is far more attracted by what

is fictitious, than by what is true…consider sermons in churches…if something serious is being spoken, all are asleep nodding their heads appearing thoroughly bored. But if the bawler (blah-blah-ing orator) begins to relate some old yarn (story)...everyone sits up and drinks it in eagerly.”

Person: Thomas More

• Work: Utopia• Other Information:

Humanist

Person: Machiavelli

• Work: The Prince

Person: Medici Family

• Work: Merchant Family who purchased a lot of art.

• Other Information: patrons of the arts

Person: Michelangelo• Work: Sistine Chapel Ceiling,

Sculpture of David, and St. Peter’s Basilica

• Other Information: Painter, Sculptor, architect

Person: Raphael• Work:

School of Athens

Person: Shakespeare• Work: Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo

and Juliet• Other Information: Playwright

and Poet from England

Renaissance Art• Lifelike:

– Looked realistic– Artists studied the body

• Perspective:– Had depth– 3D

• Emotion:– Revealed artist’s feeling

• Sometimes Secular– Sometimes non-religious

Roman Catholic Church

• For centuries the Roman Catholic Church had little competition.

• The church’s influence over peoples lives began to weaken because the people began to criticized the Church for some of its practices.– Pope possessed luxury goods– Priests were immoral

Roman Catholic Church, Cont’d• Reformers urged the church to change its ways

– Example: Humanists (Erasmus and Thomas More)

Role of the Printing PressGrowth of literacy was stimulated

by the Gutenberg printing press.The Bible was now printed in

common languages (not just Latin)EnglishGermanFrench

These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance.

Luther Challenges the Church• In 1517, a German monk named Martin Luther

protested the actions of a Church official.• Luther’s main complaint was that the Church

officials were selling indulgences Indulgence: by paying money to the Church, people thought they could achieve salvation (get to heaven)

Beginning of the Reformation

• Luther posted his 95 Theses protesting the sale of indulgences and other actions

• Reformation: a movement for reform that led to the founding of new Christian churches.

Martin Luther’s Views and Actions

• Views: Salvation (getting to heaven) by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God

• Actions: 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church

What effects did Luther’s protest have?

• The Lutheran Church started around 1522– Luther’s ideas were rejected by the Pope and Holy

Roman Emperor.– Luther’s ideas were accepted by many

Protestants1529, German princes who

remained loyal to the pope agreed to join forces against Luther’s ideas.

Princes who supported Luther’s ideas protested against this agreementThis is where we get the

term “Protestant,” meaning Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches

John Wycliffe and John Huss

• Views:– Called for Church reform– Bible had more authority than the

Church leaders– Denied the Pope had right to worldly

power• Actions:

– Wycliffe: first to translate the Bible into a vernacular language

– Huss: preached in the vernacular (language of the people) not in Latin!

Martin Luther

• Views:– Salvation by Faith Alone– Bible as the ultimate

authority – Humans equal before God

• Actions:– 95 Theses– Birth of the Protestant

Church

John Calvin

• Views: – Predestination– Faith revealed by

living a righteous life• Actions:

– Expansion of the Protestant Movement

Henry VIII

• Views:– Dismissed the authority of

the Pope in Rome• Actions:

– Divorced– Broke with Rome– Headed the National

Church of England

Queen Elizabeth I

• Views:– Tolerance for others

• Actions:– Anglican Church becomes

national church in British Isles

– Expansion and colonialism– Victory over the Spanish

Armada (1588)

The Catholic Reformation

• Ignatius of Loyola• Wrote a book of daily devotions.

– Spiritual Exercises• Formed a group of followers.

– Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Jesuits (the Society of Jesus)

• Three main goals1. Build schools based on classics and

theology.2. Convert non-Christians to

Catholicism.– Sent out missionaries

3. Stop Protestantism from spreading.– Stopped it from spreading in parts of

Germany and Poland.

Pope Paul III

1. Had the cardinals investigate indulgences.

2. Approved of the Jesuits.3. Inquisition to punish

heresy.4. Council of Trent

Council of Trent

• Declared the following.• Church interpretation of the Bible was final.• Christians need faith and good works for

salvation.• The Bible and the Church were equally

powerful authorities.• Indulgences were valid, but false ones were

banned.