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Three Phase Line & Load Regulation using SCR and
Microcontroller
1 2 3 4 5
Introduction
Project Objective
General Introduction
Project Introduction
Back
Objective
To upgrade the existing three phase analog regulatory system, to a three phase, microcontroller based SCR drive system. So that if any fluctuation comes in three phase voltage supply, controller will Sense that fluctuation and accordingly give triggering pulses to the SCR to get controlled regulated output at the load.
Back
General Introduction In our day to day life we use a lot of electronic devices to satisfy our needs or to make our life comfortable and luxurious.
Every device needs a power supply, to work on. And for the optimum functioning of the device it is necessary that the supply should be reliable.
That is, it should provide a constant voltage. But this is not possible always.
Next
There are many reasons due to which there is a fluctuation in the supply voltage. This change in the supply voltage may cause the device to damage.
The best alternative is to regulate the supply voltage. This is what we have tried to achieve here.
Regulation is a process to maintain the output of a circuit at a constant desired level irrespective to the variation in the input.
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Project Introduction
Load has a constant voltage of 220 V dc., in spite of any variation in the input voltage.
The voltage regulation is achieved by controlling the firing angle of the SCR.
The voltage across the load is stepped down and provided to ADC.
This digital signal from ADC is then processed by the controller and generates a firing pulse for SCR, hence controlling the load current.
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• Block Diagram
• Block Diagram Description
Back
Back
POWERSUPPLY
SCR BRIDGE CKT
230V AC
ADC
ZEROCROSSINGDETECTOR
24V AC
CLOCK & RESET CKT
O/P
MICRO-CONTROLLER
POTENTIAL DIVIDER
Block Diagram Description
POWER SUPPLY
ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR
SCR BRIDGE NETWORK
POTENTIAL DIVIDER
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC 0808)
MICROCONTROLLER 89C51RD2
Back
Power Supply
• Center tapped step down transformer with rating 240V to 24V and 500mA.
• Regulator LM7805 for 5V supply.
• Regulator MC7815C for 15V supply to op-amp.
• Regulator L7915 for -15V supply to op-amp.
Back
Zero Crossing Detector
• Used for synchronization with input mains supply.
• OP-AMP UA 741 is used.
• Supply is given from regulators to OP-AMP.
Back
SCR Bridge
Consist of:
• Two pair of SCR in a bridge form, i.e. each two in series
• And a load (assumed resistive, 10k ohm)
Back
Potential Divider
• Provides feedback to ADC
• Uses the ratio is 59:1
Back
Analog to Digital Converter
• Input dc analog from Potential divider
• Output digital to microcontroller
Back
Micro-controller
• The only Decision making block of the system
• Takes decision of the firing angle of the SCR
• Acts as a comparator
Back
• Circuit Diagram
• Component Specifications
Back
Circuit Diagram & Component Specification
R 7
1 k
D 8
DIO
DE
C 2
10uf
T1
TR
AN
SF
OR
ME
R C
T
1 5
6
4 8
D 7
DIO
DE
2
-
+ U 8
UA
741C
3
26
7 14 5
Q 1S C R
U 2 L M 7 8 0 5
1 3V I N V O U T
D 1 D I O D E
U 9
AD
C08
08 7
1 0
1 1
1 21 6
2 2
2 32 42 5
2 62 72 8
12345
96
1 71 41 581 81 92 02 1
E O C
C L K
V C C
+V R E F-V R E F
A L E
A D D CA D D BA D D A
I N 0I N 1I N 2I N 3I N 4I N 5I N 6I N 7
O ES TA R T
D B 0D B 1D B 2D B 3D B 4D B 5D B 6D B 7
VCC
V C C
Y 1
20 M
HZ
C 3
0.1u
f
R 21 k
1
D 4 D I O D E
+5V
R 21 k
C 71 0 u f
U 6
M C 7 8 1 5 C1 3
V I N V O U T
R 6R 3
1 0 k
R 18 . 2 k
V C C
R 4
R4
+ R
5 +
R6
= 59
K
+15v
R 5
C 6 3 0 p f
-15v
C 53 0 p f
D 6D I O D E
24v DC
U 7L 7 9 1 5
2 3V I N V O U T
D 2D I O D E
D 3D I O D E C 4
0.1u
f
240v ac
Q 2S C R
P 2 . 5C 51 0 u f
U 3
89
C5
1
9
1 81 9
2 93 0
3 1
12345678
2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 8
1 01 11 21 31 41 51 61 7
3 93 83 73 63 53 43 33 2
R S T
XTA L 2XTA L 1
P S E NA L E / P R O G
E A / V P P
P 1 . 0P 1 . 1P 1 . 2P 1 . 3P 1 . 4P 1 . 5P 1 . 6P 1 . 7
P 2 . 0 / A 8P 2 . 1 / A 9
P 2 . 2 / A 1 0P 2 . 3 / A 1 1P 2 . 4 / A 1 2P 2 . 5 / A 1 3P 2 . 6 / A 1 4P 2 . 7 / A 1 5
P 3 . 0 / R XDP 3 . 1 / TXD
P 3 . 2 / I N T0P 3 . 3 / I N T1
P 3 . 4 / T0P 3 . 5 / T1
P 3 . 6 / W RP 3 . 7 / R D
P 0 . 0 / A D 0P 0 . 1 / A D 1P 0 . 2 / A D 2P 0 . 3 / A D 3P 0 . 4 / A D 4P 0 . 5 / A D 5P 0 . 6 / A D 6P 0 . 7 / A D 7
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Component Specification
• Regulators LM7805, MC7815, L7915
• Diodes 1N4007
• Op-Amp UA741
• Analog to Digital Converter ADC0808
• Micro-Controller P89C51RD2
• SCR MCR100-6
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LM7805
• 3-Terminal Regulators
• Output Current up to 1.5 A
• Internal Thermal-Overload Protection
• Input voltage 35v max
• Operating virtual junction temperature, 150C
Back
Back
MC7815
• Output Current in Excess of 1.0 A
• No External Components Required
• Internal Thermal Overload Protection
• Internal Short Circuit Current Limiting
• Temperature Range of –40°C to +125°C
• Standard 3–Lead Transistor Packages
• Input voltage 40V dc Max
Back
Back
L7915
• Output Current up to 1.5A
• Thermal overload protection
• Short circuit protection
• Input voltage 40V dc Max
• Standard 3–Lead Transistor Packages
Back
Back
Diode• High surge current capability.
• Peak repetitive reverse voltage 1000 V
• Average rectified forward current 1A
• Operating junction temperature -55 to +175 C
• Power dissipation 3 W
Back
Op-amp
• Large Input Voltage range• High gain• Short-Circuit protection• Supply voltage +/- 22V• Input voltage +/- 15V• Power dissipation 500mW
Back
Microcontroller• 80C51 Central Processing Unit.• On-chip Flash Program Memory with In-System Programming (ISP) and In-Application Programming (IAP) capability• 6 clocks per machine cycle operation (standard)• Speed up to 20 MHz with 6 clock cycles per machine cycle(40 MHz equivalent performance)• RAM expandable externally to 64 kB• 4 level priority interrupt• Four 8-bit I/O ports. Pin diagram• Power control modes - Clock can be stopped and resumed - Idle mode - Power down mode
Back
Back
MCR 100-6
• Blocking Voltage to 600 V.
• ON State Current Rating of 0.8 Amperes.
• Latching Current is typ. 0.6 mA and max. 10 mA.
• Holding Current is typ. 0.5 mA and max. 5 mA.
• High Surge Current Capability 10 A.
• SCR Characteristics
• 3–Lead Transistor Packages Back
Voltage Current characteristic of SCR
Back
ADC 0808• 8-channel multiplexer with address logic.
• 0V to 5V input range with single 5V power supply.
• Resolution 8 bits.
• Conversion time 100 us.
• Voltage at Control Inputs -0.3V to +15V
Pin Diagram Back
Back
Back
D 6D I O D E
-15v
C 2
10uf
T1
TR
AN
SF
OR
ME
R C
T
1 5
6
4 8
V C C
24v DC
R 21 k
Y 1
20 M
HZ
V C C
R 18 . 2 k
Q 1
S C R
240v ac
R 21 k
P 2 . 5
R 3
1 0 k
U 9
AD
C08
08 7
1 0
1 1
1 21 6
2 2
2 32 42 5
2 62 72 8
12345
96
1 71 41 581 81 92 02 1
E O C
C L K
V C C
+V R E F-V R E F
A L E
A D D CA D D BA D D A
I N 0I N 1I N 2I N 3I N 4I N 5I N 6I N 7
O ES TA R T
D B 0D B 1D B 2D B 3D B 4D B 5D B 6D B 7
C 4
0.1u
f
D 4 D I O D E
C 53 0 p f
D 3D I O D E
U 6
M C 7 8 1 5 C1 3
V I N V O U T
C 3
0.1u
f
C 71 0 u f
U 7L 7 9 1 5
2 3V I N V O U T
2
C 6 3 0 p f
D 2D I O D E
C 51 0 u f
U 3
89
C5
1
9
1 81 9
2 93 0
3 1
12345678
2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 8
1 01 11 21 31 41 51 61 7
3 93 83 73 63 53 43 33 2
R S T
XTA L 2XTA L 1
P S E NA L E / P R O G
E A / V P P
P 1 . 0P 1 . 1P 1 . 2P 1 . 3P 1 . 4P 1 . 5P 1 . 6P 1 . 7
P 2 . 0 / A 8P 2 . 1 / A 9
P 2 . 2 / A 1 0P 2 . 3 / A 1 1P 2 . 4 / A 1 2P 2 . 5 / A 1 3P 2 . 6 / A 1 4P 2 . 7 / A 1 5
P 3 . 0 / R XDP 3 . 1 / TXD
P 3 . 2 / I N T0P 3 . 3 / I N T1
P 3 . 4 / T0P 3 . 5 / T1
P 3 . 6 / W RP 3 . 7 / R D
P 0 . 0 / A D 0P 0 . 1 / A D 1P 0 . 2 / A D 2P 0 . 3 / A D 3P 0 . 4 / A D 4P 0 . 5 / A D 5P 0 . 6 / A D 6P 0 . 7 / A D 7
R 4
R4
+ R
5 +
R6
= 5
9K
U 2 L M 7 8 0 5
1 3V I N V O U T
R 5
1
R 6Q 2S C R
VCC
+5V
P 2 . 5
R 8
1 k
D 1 D I O D E
Q 4S C R
+15v
Q 3S C R
-
+ U 8
UA
741
C
3
26
7 14 5
Back
Three Phase Line & Load Regulation using SCR and
Microcontroller
FLOW CHARTS
• Main Program (Flow-chart & Code)
• Read Output of ADC
• Pulse Width Calculation
• Delay Calculation for Firing Pulse
• Delay for Firing Pulse Back
Three Phase Line & Load Regulation using SCR and
Microcontroller
Start
End
Set timer in mode zero
Load timer with ADC Val.
Start timer
Stop timer
Reset timer flag
Is TF=1
No
Yes
Back
Start
Get value for timer
register from look-up table
End
Back
Start
Reset timer flag
Stop timer
Start timer
Load timer register
Set timer in mode zero
Is TF=1
End
Yes
No
Back
Start
Activate SOC
Monitor EOC
Activate output enable
ActivateALE
End
Back
A
Set port pin P2.1
Delay for firing pulse
Delay calc. for firing pulse
Read output from ADC
Is ZCD=1
Reset port pin P2.1
Pulse width delay
R
Yes
No
Back
START
Set port P1 as input port
Read output of ADC
Delay calc. for firing pulse
Delay for firing pulse
Set port pin P2.0
Pulse width delay
Reset port pin P2.0
Is ZCD=1
A
R
No
Yes
Next
Back
Conclusion
We designed hardware for voltage regulation by using SCR Bridge, which senses fluctuations in the single-phase input mains supply across the load and nullifies it.
Hence our device is capable of regulating the single-phase mains supply to a constant dc supply across the load, irrespective of any changes in the supply, hence providing protection to the load device from getting damaged due to sudden variations in the mains.
Next
Future Enhancement
To implement the line and load regulation of three phase supply.
Implementation of ARM co-processor in place of micro-controller 89C51RD2.
Next
Thank you
unsigned int delay_calc(){ unsigned char i,ip=0; unsigned int hex_value=0; code unsigned char ip_adc[ ]={0xC2, 0xC3, 0xC4, 0xC5, 0xC6, 0xc7, 0xC8, 0xC9, 0xCA, 0xCB, 0xCC, 0xCD, 0xCE, 0xCF,
0xD0, 0xD1, 0xD2, 0xD3, 0xD4, 0xD5, 0xD6, 0xD7, 0xD8, 0xD9, 0xDA, 0xDB, 0xDC, 0xDD, 0xDE, 0xDF, 0xE0, 0xE1, 0xE2, 0xE3, 0xE4, 0xE5, 0xE6, 0xE7, 0xE8, 0xE9, 0xEA, 0xEB, 0xEC, 0xED, 0xEE, 0xEF, 0xF0, 0xF1, 0xF2, 0xF3, 0xF4, 0xF5, 0xF6, 0xF7, 0xF8, 0xF9,
0xFA, 0xFB, 0xFC, 0xFD, 0xFE, 0xFF}; code unsigned int tmod_value[ ]={0xFD1D, 0xFBDE, 0xFAED, 0xFA23, 0xF972, 0xF8D4, 0xF843,
0xF7BC, 0xF73F, 0xF6C9, 0xF659, 0xF5EF, 0xF58A, 0xF529, 0xF4CC, 0xF472, 0xF41B, 0xF3C8, 0xF377, 0xF329, 0xF2DD, 0xF293, 0xF248, 0xF205, 0xF1C0, 0xF17E, 0xF13C, 0xF0FD, 0xF0BF, 0xF082, 0xF046, 0xF00C, 0xEFD3, 0xEF9A, 0xEF63, 0xEF2D, 0xEEF8, 0xEEC4, 0xEE91, 0xEE5F, 0xEE2D, 0xEDFD, 0xEDCD, 0xED9D, 0xED6F, 0xED41, 0xED14, 0xECE8, 0xECBC, 0xEC91, 0xEC66, 0xEC3D, 0xEC13, 0xEBEA, 0xEBC2, 0xEB9A,
0xEB73, 0xEB4C, 0xEB26, 0xEB00, 0xEADB, 0xEAB6};ip=P1;if(ip>0xC1){ for(i=0;i<62;i++)
{ if(ip==ip_adc[i]) { hex_value=tmod_value[i];
break; } }} else{hex_value=0xFFFF;}return(hex_value);
}
Back
sbit trigger1=P2^0;
sbit trigger2=P2^1;
sbit soc=P2^2;
sbit eoc=P2^3;
sbit oe=P2^4;
sbit zcd=P2^5;
Back
unsigned char ADC(void);
void delay_trigger(void);
unsigned int delay_calc(void);
void angle_delay(unsigned char, unsigned char);
Back
unsigned char ADC(void){
oe=1;
soc=1;LOOP_5:
soc=0;if(soc==1)goto LOOP_5;
while(eoc==1);
oe=0;return(0);
}
Back
void delay_trigger(){
TMOD=0x01;TH0=0xF9;TL0=0x7D;TR0=1;while(!TF0);TR0=0;TF0=0;
}
Back
void angle_delay(unsigned char tl0, unsigned char th0){
TMOD=0x01;TL0 = tl0;TH0 = th0;TR0 = 1;while(!TF0);TR0 = 0;TF0 = 0;
}
Back
#include <stdio.h>#include <reg51.h>#include <set_bit.h>#include <func_declaration.h>#include <ADC.h>#include <delay_trigger.h>#include <angle_delay.h>#include <delay_calc.h>void main(){ unsigned int b; unsigned char tl0,th0;do{ P1=0x0ff;
ADC();b = delay_calc();tl0 = b;b = b&0xFF00;b = b>>8;th0=b;while(!zcd);angle_delay(tl0,th0);
LOOP_2:trigger1=1;if(!trigger1)goto LOOP_2;
delay_trigger(); //turn on time delay(pulse width)tot=1000us.
Next
LOOP_3: trigger1=0;if(trigger1)goto LOOP_3;
ADC();b = delay_calc();tl0 = b;b = b&0xFF00;b = b>>8;th0=b;while(zcd);angle_delay(tl0,th0);LOOP_4: trigger2=1;
if(!trigger2)goto LOOP_4;
delay_trigger(); //turn on time delay(pulse width)tot=1000us.
LOOP_5: trigger2=0;if(trigger2)goto LOOP_5;
}while(1);}
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