threatened and endangered in of wisconsin...endangered species act (esa) was passed by the u.s....

Threatened andEndangered Species in Forests of Wisconsin

A Guide to Assist with Forestry Activities

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THREATENED AND

ENDANGERED

SPECIES IN FORESTS

OF WISCONSIN

A Guide to Assist withForestry Activities

Compiled by

DAVID A. KOPITZKE

University of Wisconsin – Richland

Edited by

DR. JAMES M. SWEENEY

International Paper Company

A cooperative publication of International PaperCompany, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Green BayField Office, and the Wisconsin Department of NaturalResources, Bureau of Endangered Resources; withadditional funding support from Stora Enso NorthAmerica, The Nature Conservancy, and the WisconsinDepartment of Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to express our appreciationto the many people who helped make thisbook possible, especially Julie Bleser, EricEpstein, Bob Hay, Kelly Kearns, Kathy Kirk,Helen (Lisie) Kitchel, Sumner Matteson,Tina Ross, Bill Rudy, Tracy Runice, BillSmith, Elizabeth Spencer, Kristin Westad, andAdrian Wydevan, Wisconsin Bureau ofEndangered Resources; Joe Kovach,Wisconsin Bureau of Forestry; Art Abramson,Sid Dye, William Hasse, David Lintner,Carlton Owen, and Mark Wiseman,International Paper Company; and CathyCarnes, Joel Trick, USDI Fish and WildlifeService.

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CONTENTS

Introduction viiScope xCounty Map xiiMammals 1

American Marten 2Timber Wolf 4

Birds 6Acadian Flycatcher 7Bald Eagle 9Bell’s Vireo 12Cerulean Warbler 14Great Egret 16Hooded Warbler 18Kentucky Warbler 20Osprey 22Red-shouldered Hawk 24Spruce Grouse 26Worm-eating Warbler 28Yellow-crowned Night-heron 30Yellow-throated Warbler 32

Reptiles and Amphibians 34Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake 35Ornate Box Turtle 37Western Slender Glass Lizard 39Wood Turtle 41

Fish 43Overview 44

Crystal Darter 45Gilt Darter 45Gravel Chub 45Greater Redhorse 46

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Longear Sunfish 46Ozark Minnow 46Pugnose Shiner 47River Redhorse 47Starhead Topminnow 47

Mussels and Snails 48Overview 49

Buckhorn Mussel 50Bullhead Mussel 50Butterfly Mussel 50Cherrystone Drop Snail 51Ebony Shell Mussel 51Elephant Ear Mussel 51Ellipse Mussel 52Higgins’ Eye Pearlymussel 52Midwest Pleistocene Vertigo Snail [Hubricht’s Vertigo Snail] 52Monkeyface Mussel 53Occult Vertigo Snail 53Purple Wartyback Mussel 53Rainbow Shell Mussel 54Rock Pocketbook Mussel 54Salamander Mussel 54Slippershell Mussel 55Snuffbox Mussel 55Spectacle Case Mussel 55Wartyback Mussel 56Wing Snaggletooth Snail 56Winged Mapleleaf Mussel 56Yellow Sandshell 57

Insects 58Frosted Elfin Butterfly 59Karner Blue Butterfly 61Phlox Flower Moth 64

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Plants 66Auricled Twayblade 67Beak Grass 69Blue-stemmed Goldenrod 71Bog Bluegrass 73Braun’s Holly Fern 75Broad-leaved Twayblade 77Calypso Orchid 79Carey’s Sedge 81Drooping Sedge 83Dwarf Lake Iris 85Fire Pink 87Foamflower 89Forked Aster 91Goblin Fern 93Great White Lettuce 95Handsome Sedge 97Hawthorn-leaved Gooseberry 99Hop-like Sedge 101Intermediate Sedge 103Kitten Tails 105Lapland Rosebay 107Large-leaved Sandwort 109Marsh Valerian 111Moonwort 113Mountain Cranberry 115Muskroot 117Northern Comandra 119Northern Monkshood 121Pine-drops 123Purple Milkweed 125Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper 127Small Round-leaved Orchis 129

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Small Shinleaf 131Smith Melic Grass 133Snow Trillium 135Squashberry 137Western Jacob’s Ladder 139Yellow Giant Hyssop 141

Appendix I 143Species by County

Appendix II 161Sources of Additional Informationand Technical Assistance

Appendix III 163Contents by Latin Name

Appendix IV 167Photo and Illustration Credits

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INTRODUCTION

Wisconsin is governed by both the federaland state endangered species acts. The FederalEndangered Species Act (ESA) was passed bythe U.S. Congress in 1973 to protect speciesof plants and animals that are in danger ofdisappearing from the face of the earth. TheESA also protects the habitats on which thesespecies depend. Under the ESA, plants oranimals currently facing extinction areclassified as “endangered.” In other situations,such dangers are less imminent though stillquite real. In such cases, and where species aredeclining and may disappear in the nearfuture, they are classified as “threatened.” TheWisconsin Endangered Species Act, passed bythe state legislature, uses similar definitionsfor the words “endangered” and “threatened.”The state law includes a list of plants andanimals that are especially rare in Wisconsin,activities that require permitting and howplant and animal rules may differ.

The federal ESA treats plants and animalsdifferently. Animals that are listed as eitherendangered or threatened are automaticallyprotected on both public and private lands.Listed plants, however, are protected primarilyon federal lands such as national forests,national wildlife refuges and military bases.

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Although listed plants need adequateprotection on both public and private lands,ESA violations occur on private lands only ifstate laws, such as trespass or state endangeredspecies laws, are broken.

Most forestry-related activities do notnegatively affect threatened or endangeredspecies as long as ecosystem-based sustainableforestry practices are used. However,situations may arise where there are conflictsbetween land management practices (such asforestry) and the protection of these species.In most of these cases, there are workablesolutions. Compromises that not only protectthe species in question, but also allow theland to be used for other legitimate purposesshould be the goal of everyone. Througheducation, cooperation and compromise, thesegoals can and will be achieved.

The primary purpose of this manual is toacquaint those who work or recreate inWisconsin’s forests with the rare species thatoccur there. Also, this manual will assistforesters, landowners, loggers, site-preparers,herbicide applicators and other woods workersto avoid violations of either the federal orstate endangered species acts. And, just asimportant, it will help avoid placing listedspecies of plants and animals in further jeopardyand making their recovery even more difficult.

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If you believe your forestry or other land-use activity could harm or kill a listed species,or if you are uncertain whether it would,please contact the Wisconsin Bureau ofEndangered Resources or the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service at the locations noted inAppendix II for assistance.

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SCOPE

This manual is intended primarily for usein Wisconsin, although many of the speciescovered also occur in other Great Lakesstates. This manual does not include allWisconsin federally and state-listed plantsand animals, those species that are protectedby state and federal laws. Instead, this manualincludes only those species most likely to beaffected by logging and other forestryoperations. This manual was further limited tothose species reasonably identifiable. Acomplete list of both federally- and state-listed endangered and threatened species isavailable from the Wisconsin Bureau ofEndangered Resources. (See Appendix II.)

Periodically, species are added to andremoved from the list of those protected bythe federal and state endangered species acts.Information about changes in the status ofrare species can be obtained from the sourceslisted in Appendix II.

There are individual accounts for themajority of species in this manual. Mostaccounts include a photograph or anillustration of the organism, a map showingwhere in the state it may be found and awritten description. This description includesinformation on identifying characteristics and

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habitat. Forestry practices that affect theseprotected plants and animals are alsodiscussed.

Due to difficulties in individual speciesidentification for fish and mollusks (clams andsnails), and the fact that recognition beyondgeneral group identification is not needed inmost cases to protect these species, they areindicated only by name and range map. Thefield guides listed in Appendix II will provideadditional information about many of thesespecies.

Appendix I includes an alphabetical list ofall the counties in Wisconsin and protectedforestry-influenced species known to exist ineach one. This list includes only documentedsightings. Populations of species covered inthis manual may exist in other counties.

This manual contains the best knowledgecurrently available from resource professionalsabout forestry considerations. However, thereis still much to learn concerning managementpractices. The authors invite comments,corrections, new sightings and suggestionsfrom readers.

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WIsconsinCounties

LA CROSSE

PEPINPEPIN

BAYFIELDDOUGLAS

ASHLAND

IRON

VILAS

FLORENCE

FOREST MARINETTE

DOOR

KEWAUNEE

MANITOWOC

OZAUKEE

MILWAUKEE

RACINE

KEWOSHA

WALWORTH

ROCKGREENLAFAYETTE

GRANT

WAUKESHA

JEFFERSON

DANEIOWA

WASHINGTONDODGECOLUMBIASAUKRICHLAND

CRAWFORD

FOND DU LACGREENLAKE

MARQUETTEADAMS

JUNEAU

MONROE

VERNON

LA CROSSE

CALU

MET

WINNEBAGOWAUSHARA

BROWNOUTAGAMIEWAUPACAPORTAGE

WOODJACKSON

TREM

PEAL

EAUBUFFALO

SHAWANOMARATHON

CLARKEAU CLAIRE

OCONTOMENOMINEE

LANGLADE

LINCOLN

TAYLORCHIPPEWADUNN

PIERCE

ST. CROIX

ONEIDAPRICE

RUSK

SAWYER

BARRONPOLK

WASH

BURN

BURNETT

GREENLAKE

MARQUETTE

WINNEBAGO MANITOWOC

WASHINGTONOZAUKEE

MILWAUKEE

KENOSHA

KEWAUNEE

MENOMINEE

SHEBOYGANSHEBOYGAN

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MAMMALS

TIMBER WOLF

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AMERICAN MARTEN

(Martes americana)

Federal Status: Not ListedState Status: Endangered

Description: The American marten lookssimilar to the much larger fisher. Martens havethick fur that ranges from reddish-brown to darkbrown, with darker colors on the legs and bushytail. Martens weigh 1-3 pounds compared to 5-15 pounds for the fisher. Martens haveproportionally larger ears than the fisher andhave a bright yellow chest patch.

Habitat: Martens prefer a habitat of matureconifer forests or a mixed forest, with muchwoody debris in the understory. Martens avoidlarge open areas.

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Forestry Considerations: Practices that benefitmartens include selective cuts that leavetreetops scattered throughout stands, andretention of large,dead trees. Limitedroad access alsobenefits the martenby reducingopportunities foraccidental deathand trapping, and byavoiding thecreation of barriersto movement.

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TIMBER WOLF

(Canis lupus)

Federal Status: EndangeredState Status: Endangered

Description: The timber wolf, or gray wolf,looks somewhat like a large dog but has anarrow chest, longer legs, and larger feet thanmost dogs. Its coat is colored a mixture of gray,brown, tan, and black, with a light cream coloron the underside. Wolves in Wisconsinnormally weigh 50-100 pounds, about two ormore times the size of a coyote. Wolf and coyotetracks normally follow in straight lines, with thehind foot stepping into the track of the front

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foot. Dog tracks normally do not overlap andhave a more zigzag pattern. Wolf tracks areusually 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 inches compared to less than2.7 inches for coyotes.

Habitat: Wolf packs occur in heavily forestedareas where few people live and where there arefew roads. Such conditions occur mostcommonly in the mixed deciduous andconiferous forests of northern Wisconsin.Wolves also are expanding their range intoparts of west central Wisconsin.

Forestry Considerations: Maintaining low,active road densities (including logging roads)of less than 1 mile of road per square mile ofland, benefits wolves. Gating logging roads afterthe timber harvest, or using winter-only roads,would reduce disturbance. Harvesting activitiesshould be avoidedwithin 1/2 mile of anactive den fromMarch through July,and no tree cuttingshould occur within110 yards (5 chains)of active dens.

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BIRDS

OSPREY

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Acadian Flycatcher(Empidonax virescens)

Federal Status: Not ListedState Status: Threatened

Description:The acadianflycatcher,about 5 1/2

inches long, isgreenishabove andwashed yellowon each side.Otherwise, itis nearlyidentical in appearance to other members of itsgenus. The Empidonax group of flycatchers, allof which have a light eye-ring and whitish wingbars, are distinguished from one another duringthe breeding season by their songs, habitats andranges. The best way to differentiate this birdfrom other flycatchers is by its emphaticvocalization, “Wee-see!” or “Pit-see!”, heardfrom late May to early August.

Habitat: Acadian flycatchers require large(>200 acres) tracts of mature (>50 years),moderately moist forests with semi-openunderstories. They breed primarily in southernportions of the state, preferring streamsides and

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ravines. Hemlock, yellow birch and white pineforests are favored sites, along with overmaturepine plantations within the extensive hardwoodsof the Kettle Moraine State Forest. In theBaraboo Hills, their nests occur in the forks ofhemlocks, sugar maple and witch hazel branches.In the Kettle Moraine, their nests occur inbuckthorns, box elders and pines. Nests aregenerally 5-20 feet above the ground or water,and suspended from low, drooping branches, andtypically consist of grasses, bark shreds, weedfibers, fine twigs, cocoon silk and catkins.

Forestry Considerations: Where theseflycatchers occur, favor single-tree selectionwithin 300 feet of year-round streams. In otherareas, group selection of less than 1/4 acre willmaintain relatively closed canopies and mayminimize cowbird parasitism. EmployWisconsin’s Forestry Best Management Practicesfor Water Quality and provide buffers alongstream corridors. Retain patches of low shrubcover and saplings when harvesting timber orwhen doing timberstand improvement.This providesacadians withperches 6-21 feetabove the groundfrom which they canforage for insects.

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BALD EAGLE

(Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

Federal Status: ThreatenedState Status : De-listed

Description: Adult bald eagles have darkbrown bodies and wings contrasting with thefamiliar white head, neck, and tail feathers. Theadult female (34-43 inches long) is larger thanthe male (30-35 inches long). The eagle’swingspan is 7 feet, with adults weighing 8-14pounds. Immature eagles are dark brown withspatterings of white on the underwings and tail.Their head and tail feathers turn white as theyapproach 4 to 5 years old.

Habitat: In Wisconsin, eagles are found alongrivers and lakes where they catch and eat fish

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and other prey. They will also eat dead animalsalong lake and river shores as well as inagricultural fields and on roadsides. Bald eaglesnest in large trees, usually near water. Thesenests usually are located near the tops of thetallest trees and are added to and reused yearafter year.

Forestry Considerations: Eagles are verysensitive to disturbance by human beings,especially during the breeding and nestingseason (February 15 to August 15).

Within 330 feet of a nest, major habitat changesshould be avoided including timber harvest,land clearing, building and road or trailconstruction. Mature live and dead trees shouldbe maintained for perches and protection fromthe wind. Human activity should be avoidedfrom March 15 to July 15, and kept to aminimum from July 16 to August 15.

Within 330 to 660 feet of a nest, human activityshould be kept to a minimum from March 15 toJuly 15. From July 16 to August 15, moderatelydisturbing activities, such as hunting, fishing,and hiking, are possible. Heavier disturbance,including harvest and road building, should beconducted during the remainder of the year.

Within 660 feet to 1/4 mile of a nest, bald eagleroosts or feeding sites should be protected. Iftimber cutting occurs, it is suggested that

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several supercanopy pine trees be left for futurenest tree replacement. Ideally, activities that arewithin sight of eagles on their nest should beconducted outside of the breeding and nestingseason.

Land within 90 feet of the shoreline of rivers andlakes should be managed to promote large whitepines. As many largedead trees as possibleshould be leftstanding, especiallytrees with a diameterof >12 inches, foruse as perch trees.

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BELL’S VIREO

(Vireo bellii)


Description:The Bell’svireo, 5-5 1/2

inches long,is drab gray togreen above,and white oryellow below.Distinguishingmarkingsinclude afaint white eye-ring and two pale wing-bars, thelower bar being more prominent.

Habitat: From mid-May to early July, Bell’svireos are uncommon residents of southwesternand south central Wisconsin. They nest inupland and lowland mid-successional shrubhabitats along or near rivers and streams. Bell’svireo habitats often include such shrubby plantsas lilac, multiflora rose, staghorn sumac,hazelnut, grape, gooseberry and brambles amongscattered small trees such as box elder, aspen,hawthorn, hackberry, black cherry and mulberry.Mean height of nest trees and shrubs is 12 feet,

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with a range of 2 1/2 to 30 feet. The nest tree orshrub is usually located at the edge of a thicketwith adjacent taller trees. A common feature ofthe nest tree is a low, near-horizontal branchwith enough space for the construction of apendulous nest within a fork of the branch. Nestsites are typically where the nest is protected andconcealed by the surrounding vegetation. Tallgrasses, forbs and thorny plants as well as vineshelp form an enclosed space. At least one treeover 9 feet tall from which a bird can sing or callis also necessary for Bell’s vireo habitat. Duringthe breeding season, Bell’s vireos forage forinsects on the lower limbs of trees and shrubs.Usually they establish territories where onlyshort flights across open spaces are required toreach the protection of cover.

Forestry Considerations: Forestry practices thatenhance the small tree, shrub and ground covercomponent of the forest would be beneficial toBell’s vireo. Disturbance should be minimizedduring the nestingseason, aroundknown nest sites.

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CERULEAN WARBLER

(Dendroica cerulea)


Description: The male cerulean warbler’sbreeding plumage is sky-blue with faint, darkstreaks above; below it is white with a narrowblack breast band and blue-gray streaking onthe sides. The adult female is greenish abovewith a pale yellowish stripe over the eye andpale below with dull streaked sides. Both sexeshave two white wing bars.

Habitat: Throughout its breeding range thecerulean warbler is found in a variety ofmoderately moist habitats, containing tall,mature, deciduous trees. It is found both infloodplain and upland forests of medium tolarge size (greater than 40 acres). Importantbreeding habitat features include a closed

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canopy forest with some smaller (< 2.5 inchesdbh) trees and a few smaller dead trees. Habitatloss and fragmentation of mature forests are keyfactors limiting breeding populations. InWisconsin, it is estimated that a 200-acre,unfragmented woodlot would have a 50%chance of supporting a breeding population ofthis warbler. In addition to reducing the acres ofsuitable habitat, forest fragmentation enhancesthe conditions for nest parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds and nest predation by otheranimals.

Forestry Considerations: In areas withcerulean warblers, favor the use of single-tree orgroup-selection silviculture. Groups should beless than 1/4 acre in size to maintain a relativelyclosed canopy to avoid cowbird parasitism ofcerulean warbler nests. Employ Wisconsin’sForestry BestManagement Practicesfor Water Quality,providing buffersalong ripariancorridors. Avoidharvest during theApril 15 to July 15nesting season inareas with knownactive nests.

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GREAT EGRET

(Casmerodius albus)


Description: The great egret is a large predatorywading bird averaging 37-41 inches in lengthand weighing 32-40 ounces. Its wingspanmeasures 55 inches. The plumage of the greategret is entirely white; the bill and a spot infront of the eyes is yellow. The feet and longlegs are black.

Habitat: Great egrets inhabit floodplain forests,riparian swamps and associated islands. Theynest in colonies, often with great blue herons.Their nests are built with sticks, are 2 feet in

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diameter, and are 20-40 feet high in the crownsof both trees and shrubs. Egrets often nest close(as close as 3 1/2 feet) to one another. Egrets willre-use nests and a rookery area from year toyear. They feed in nearby shallow waters, 4-9inches deep.

Forestry Considerations: Single-tree selectionis favored within 300 feet of streams, rivers,lakes or marshes in areas where egret nestingcolonies occur. Follow Wisconsin’s Forestry BestManagement Practices for Water Quality,including providing buffer zones along ripariancorridors. During the nesting period of April 1to July 15,disturbance(including treeharvest) should beminimized within150 yards of activenesting colonies.

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HOODED WARBLER

(Wilsonia citrina)


Description:The hoodedwarbler, about5 1/2 incheslong atmaturity, hasa black hoodsurrounding abright yellowface, and atail with largewhite spots.Female andyoung are similar in appearance to the male, butare duller in color and have no black hood.Their nests are usually made of leaves, barkstrips, and spider webs, placed between 1 and 5feet above the ground.

Habitat: The hooded warbler inhabits shrubbyopenings (1/4 to 2 1/2 acres in size) in moist towet deciduous woods in large tracts (>200acres) of mature (>50 years old) forest insouthern Wisconsin. Nesting occurs duringmid-May to mid-July, with nests in hardwood

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saplings (like sugar maple) 1 to 6 feet in height.The nest is made of grape vine, tree bark, leavesand grass, all interwoven with spiderwebs. Thiswarbler is an “area sensitive” species that islikely to experience poor nesting success—andhence declining populations—in smaller orfragmented forests. A mature forest of 240 acresis believed to have at least a 50% chance ofsupporting a breeding population.

Forestry Considerations: Utilize single-treeselection or small group-selection silviculturesince it mimics natural windthrow, maintainingthe small canopy gaps that benefit this species.These openings within a mature forest willprovide interior edge conditions for foragingand nesting. Minimizedisturbance (includingtree harvest) duringthe nesting seasonwhere this species isknown to occur.

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KENTUCKY WARBLER

(Oporornis formosus)


Description:The Kentuckywarbler is aninsectivorous,ground-nesting bird,slightly morethan 5 incheslong. Theadult male hasolive-greenupper parts,bright yellow underparts. It has a distinctiveblack “mask” across its forehead, crown and sideof head. It has no wing bars or tail spots. Theadult female is similar to the male, but the blackon the head is usually reduced or a mottledgray-olive. Immature birds are similar to adults,but duller in color.

Habitat: During the nesting season, Kentuckywarblers prefer large (>200 acres) mature (>50years old) bottomland hardwood forests. Theythrive in a relatively dense understory with suchplants as red maple, American hornbeam and

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wild grape. Other preferred habitat featuresinclude a stream or river, a rich plant community,an abundance and high density of invertebratesassociated with moist soils and leaf litter. TheKentucky warbler’s nest is well-concealed andlocated close to the ground. However, it may bebuilt up to 3 feet above the ground in brush orshrubs. The nest consists of an open cup ofgrasses lined with rootlets and grass.

Forestry Considerations: In general, forestmanagement practices that promote denseunderstory and well-developed ground cover inWisconsin’s floodplain forests will benefit thisrare neotropical migrant. Where this species isknown to occur, disturbance, including treeharvest, should be limited during the May 15 toJuly nesting season. Small (less than 1 acre,ideally less than 1/4

acre), group-selectionsilviculture wouldbenefit this warblerby providingunderstory growthwhile maintainingsufficient canopyclosure.

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OSPREY

(Pandion haliaetus)


Description: The osprey is a large bird of prey(body length 23 inches, wingspan 5 feet) thatplunges into water to capture fish. The bird isblack-brown above and mostly white below. Itswhite head has a broad black cheek patch andits tail is barred with brown. The osprey’s long,narrow wings are angled back at the wrist whenit flies. A black wrist patch contrasts with thewhite underwings. Ospreys weigh 3 to 3 1/2

pounds.

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Habitat: The osprey is a bird of waterways:rivers, lakes and shorelands. In northernWisconsin, breeding habitat is generally maturesecond-growth hardwood and pine forests.Primary nest sites are supercanopy snags anddead-topped pines located along lake andstream shorelines. Additionally, nests may belocated in recent clearcuts adjacent to water, onsnags in marshes or bogs and in swamp coniferstands. These nests are highly vulnerable tobeing toppled by wind. Ospreys also nest onpowerline poles or other human-madestructures. The osprey nest is made of sticks andmeasures more than 3 feet in diameter. Nestsare often repaired and reused year after year.

Forestry Considerations: Since osprey usuallynest directly over or near water, followingWisconsin’s Forestry Best Management Practicesfor Water Quality will protect their streamside orlakeside habitat. BMPs will also protect waterquality, which enhances survival of the fishupon which ospreyfeed. Avoiddisturbances such astimber-cutting androad-building within660 feet of an activeosprey nest duringthe May 1 to August15 nesting season.

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RED-SHOULDERED HAWK

(Buteo lineatus)


Description: Thered-shouldered hawkis a medium-sizedraptor of the Buteogroup. Adult males(17 to 23 incheslong) are slightlysmaller than adultfemales (19 to 24inches long). It has arusty-red shoulder marking and barred, rusty toreddish underparts. Its flight feathers have distinctblack and white bars above. When viewed frombelow, the spread wings display a translucent,crescent-shaped patch. The hawk’s grayish tail ismarked by several wide dark bars alternating withnarrow white bars and a white tip.

Habitat: In central Wisconsin, red-shoulderedhawks use large (>200 acres), unfragmentedtracts of mature (>50 years old), moderatelymoist forest. Preferred habitat contains numerouslarge trees. The majority of nests are found in redoaks. Nest tree diameters range from 18 to 35inches. Nests are usually placed near the maintrunk in a crotch 40 to 60 feet above ground.

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Often the same nest tree is used year after year.Along the Mississippi River, red-shouldered hawksuse medium to mature floodplain or riparianforests as nesting habitat. These forests are oftendominated by 45- to 70-year-old silver maples and/or cottonwoods. Red-shouldered hawk nest sitesalong the Mississippi are usually associated withstill water, backwater pools, open marshes,temporary waterways or the confluence of twostreams. These wetlands provide importantforaging habitat where frogs and crayfish occur.

Forestry Considerations: Forestry practices thatmaintain an average canopy closure of 70% ormore would be beneficial to red-shoulderedhawks. An aspen component (1- to 5-acre patcheson a 55-year rotation) also would be beneficial.Cutting should not isolate an active nest tree anddisturbance (including road construction andlogging) should be minimized within 300 feet of anest from Marchthrough July 15. Useof Wisconsin’s ForestryBest ManagementPractices for WaterQuality should befollowed, especiallythe provision of abuffer zone alongriparian corridors.

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SPRUCE GROUSE

(Dendragapus canadensis)


Description: This dark-colored grouse is 15 to17 inches long. The adult male has a blackbreast and face. When viewed at close range orthrough good binoculars, one can see a brightred fold of skin above the eye. The female is aspeckled brown. Both the male and female havea rusty brown band along the tip of the tail. Itusually shows no fear of human beings; thistame behavior also helps identify the sprucegrouse.

Habitat: Boreal coniferous forests (containingwhite spruce, red pine and balsam fir) in the

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northern part of Wisconsin are the primaryhabitat of the spruce grouse. In the same part ofthe state, it may also be seen in jack pines orspruce bogs (containing black spruce andtamarack), and feeding in wild blueberrypatches.

Forestry Considerations: This grouse utilizesextensive conifer forests, especially black sprucein the lowlands and jack pine in the uplands. Ina broad landscape, conifer forests of all classeswill ensure long-term habitat needs. Therefore,limited group-selection silviculture is compatiblewith spruce grouse. Where spruce grouse arefound, some dense coniferous forest should beretained for cover and nesting. Lower livingbranches that touch the ground should beretained. Since blackspruce and tamarackappear to be animportant elementof this bird’s habitat,ground-water levelsin these areas shouldnot be altered.

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WORM-EATING WARBLER

(Helmitheros vermivorus)


Description: The worm-eating warbler is asmall (5 to 5 1/2 inches long) olive-green birdwith two bold black stripes on the side of itsbuffy-orange head. Its back and wings are anolive-brown; the breast is a rich buff.

Habitat: This migratory bird inhabits the upperslopes of stream gorges, often on south-facingslopes, in dry oak and oak/pine woods in semi-open sites. It may also be found near clearingswithin a large (>200 acre) tract of forest.However, when these clearings become toolarge, or the forest is fragmented and brokeninto small blocks, the worm-eating warbler nolonger finds the habitat suitable.

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Forestry Considerations: Where worm-eatingwarblers are found, favor single-tree selectionand group-selection silviculture to mimicnatural tree fall dynamics. Single- tree selectionis preferred within 300 feet of perennial streams.Group-selection cuts should be less than 1/4 acrein size to help minimize parasitism by cowbirdsand predation by other animals. When thisprescription is not possible, a uniform plan ofrotation cutting is desirable, so that the oldersections are adjacent to each other and theyounger sections are also together. EmployWisconsin’s Forestry Best Management Practicesfor Water Quality and provide buffers alongstream corridors. Retain patches of low shrubcover during treeharvesting or timberstand improvement.Maintain a well-developed woodyand herbaceousunderstory toprovide food, nestingsites and cover.

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YELLOW-CROWNED

NIGHT-HERON

(Nyctanassa violacea)


Description: This medium-sized (22 to 28inches long) heron weighs 11/2 to 13/4 pounds. Ithas a glossy black head with a white crown andcheek patch. The neck and body are bluish-gray. The legs are yellowish-green, turning coralpink to scarlet during courtship.

Habitat: Yellow-crowned night-herons are arare summer resident and typically may occupya small portion of a southern floodplain forestduring the breeding season. They may return tothe same nesting site for 20 years or more. Their

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nests are constructed 25 to 45 feet above theground, or over the water. A variety ofdifferent-aged trees and shrubs are used fornesting, depending on the landscapeconfiguration and proximity to water. Nests inmature trees are placed away from the trunk onthe outermost fork of a limb and, if the canopyis closed, on the lowest horizontal limb. Nestsconsist of sticks and twigs, lined with grasses orleaves and reeds. This heron usually breedsduring May through July in small colonies or asscattered pairs in forested habitats with an openunderstory, near water. They depend on aquaticanimals for food. When foraging during thenesting season, these birds prefer long, narrowmarshes with extensive edge.

Forestry Considerations: In general, nodisturbance such as tree harvest should occurduring the nesting season within 450 feet of anactive nest. Where this heron has been found,single-tree selection should be favored within300 feet of a streamor river. EmployWisconsin’s ForestryBest ManagementPractices for WaterQuality, includingthe provision forbuffers along ripariancorridors.

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YELLOW-THROATED

WARBLER

(Dendroica dominica)


Description: The yellow-throated warbler is amid-sized wood warbler, 5 to 5 1/2 inches long asan adult. This beautiful small bird isdistinguished by its bright yellow throat andupper breast, white belly and black face. It alsohas a white eyebrow stripe, large white patcheson the side of the neck, white wing bars andblack streaking on the sides.

Habitat: Most breeding yellow-throatedwarblers occupy mature woods in corridorsbordering creeks and rivers, particularly wheretall sycamores are prevalent. This warbler alsolives in pine/oak forests on dry hillsides. These

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birds prefer tall trees and may be found nestingas high as 90 feet above the ground. Their well-concealed nests are built on branches 6 to 9 feetout from the main trunk. The yellow-throatedwarbler forages on the upper surfaces ofhorizontal branches, usually high in the forestcanopy.

Forestry Considerations: In areas with yellow-throated warblers, favor the use of single-tree orgroup-selection silviculture. Groups should beless than 1/4 acre to maintain a relatively closedcanopy. Single-tree selection should bepreferred within 300 feet of a stream or river.Employ Wisconsin’sForestry BestManagement Practicesfor Water Quality,including theprovision for buffersalong ripariancorridors.

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REPTILES AND

AMPHIBIANS

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ORNATE BOX TURTLE

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EASTERN MASSASAUGA

RATTLESNAKE

(Sistrurus catenatus)


Description: The adult eastern massasaugarattlesnake usually is 2 to 3 feet long with a tanbody heavily covered with dark blotches edgedwith black. Its head is flattened and broad, withone white and three dark stripes radiating fromits head. Nine enlarged plate scales cover thehead like a helmet. The massasauga’s tail has 5to 7 dark cigar-band rings and is tipped by agrayish-yellow rattle.

Habitat: Eastern massasauga rattlesnakes live ina variety of habitat types. These snakes

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hibernate underground, either in root canals,crayfish burrows or other subterranean tunnels.Juveniles, males and nonpregnant femalesusually remain in wetlands throughout the year,seeking areas with at least some open canopy forbasking in sunlight. Pregnant females migrate toopen upland sites with sandy soils where theyincubate their young. Moderately moist prairies,oak savannas and open oak woodlands may beutilized where they occur adjacent to wetlandswhere hibernation takes place.

Forestry Considerations: Forestryconsiderations in wetlands are minimal, as mosttimber cutting and clearing occur after freeze-up. On open upland sites with sandy soils wherefemales are known tooccur, forestrycutting and otheractivities that disturbthe ground layer arebest done from mid-October throughearly May. Thiswould avoid impactsto pregnant females.

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ORNATE BOX TURTLE

(Terrapene ornata)


Description: The ornate box turtle is a small,terrestrial turtle of up to 5 inches long.Yellowish lines, bars and spots radiate from thegrowth center of each upper shell scute (shellsegment). The lower shell is brown withradiating yellow lines. Males tend to be a darkerbrown than females; the males have bright redeyes. Females have jaws that are lined with paleyellow markings and their upper lip is slightlynotched.

Habitat: These turtles are found primarily ondry sand prairies and adjacent oak savannas andoak woodlands. Prickly pear cactus is frequently

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found in such habitats along with a variety ofother drought-resistant plant species.

Forestry Considerations: Heavy equipmentand rural road traffic contribute significantly tothe mortality of ornate box turtles inWisconsin. Where the turtles are found andwhen the turtles are most active (early April tolate September) heavy equipment use should beminimized. Forestry cutting, especially wherepine plantations are cleared or heavily thinned,may benefit this species by adding eithertemporary openhabitat if the site isregenerated, or long-term open habitat ifthe site is restored toan oak savanna orallowed to regrow asdry prairie.

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WESTERN SLENDER

GLASS LIZARD

(Ophisaurus attenuatus)


Description: The western slender glass lizardresembles a snake more than a lizard, with itspointed snout, narrow head, and a longcylindrical body with no limbs. Unlike a snake,this lizard has eyelids and external ear openings.The western slender glass lizard averages 18 to24 inches in length. It is usually brown or tan,with a dark brown or black stripe running downthe middle of its back from head to tail. Also,two dark stripes run above and four narrowstripes run below the lateral groove (a groovealong the side of the animal). The underside ofthe lizard is white to light yellow. When caught,the lizard will often shed its tail to escape.

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Habitat: This lizard’s preferred habitat is oaksavannas and open oak woodlands and adjacentmesic (moist) prairies. It is also found in sandprairies, abandoned agricultural fields and pinebarrens.

Forestry Considerations: Plantings of pine andChristmas trees in prairies, or underplantings inoak savannas and open woodlands result in aloss of critical slender glass lizard habitat.However, forestry cutting may add habitat forthis species. Managing to maintain a mosaic ofdifferent open or early-age classes of trees mayhelp perpetuate this species on a landscapescale. Developed forest roads (roads containingno vegetation, whether paved or not) representa formidablemovement barrier tothese lizards, leadingto increasedmortality frompredators and vehicletraffic. Minimizingforest roads canbenefit this lizard.

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WOOD TURTLE

(Clemmys insculpta)


Description: Each segment of the wood turtle’s6- to 8-inch shell looks like the wood-grainedcross-section of a tree branch, complete withgrowth rings and usually displaying yellowishrays radiating from the center. The shell alsohas a noticeable dorsal (top) rib. Its bottomshell is yellow with black blotches. The woodturtle has a black head and brown limbshighlighted by yellow or occasionally orangeskin on the throat and forelegs.

Habitat: This semi-aquatic turtle shares its timebetween clean rivers and streams dominated bysand or gravel substrates and adjacent lowland

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hardwood forests. The wood turtle may evenrange into some upland forest types, remainingaway from water for several months at a time.Usually, however, it doesn’t travel more thanseveral hundred yards from water.

Forestry Considerations: Because wood turtleactivity is quite variable, it is difficult to makesound recommendations about terrestrialforestry activities. A major concern is to avoidheavy equipment use or timber stockpiling insandy soil openings within 100 feet of rivers andstreams occupied by wood turtles. These may becritical nesting sites. These sites can beinspected quickly by looking for eggshellfragments left on the surface by turtle nestpredators. If eggshells are found, these sitesshould be avoidedbetween late Maythrough September.Following Wisconsin’sForestry BestManagement Practicesfor Water Qualitywould benefit thisspecies.

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FISH

PUGNOSE SHINER

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OVERVIEW

Forestry activities directly and indirectlyaffect streams, rivers and lakes—and theorganisms that live in them. Forested andotherwise well-vegetated slopes near streams areless subject to erosion and siltation.

For most native fish, pure water and cleanrocky or sandy streambeds are essential forreproduction, feeding and respiration. Excessiveamounts of sediments, whether suspended inwater or settled on streambeds, are detrimentalto water quality and the fish or other rare,interesting, and valuable organisms living in thestreams.

Wisconsin’s Department of NaturalResources, Bureau of Forestry, developed a set ofBest Management Practices (BMPs) to assistlandowners in protecting water quality.Interested landowners should contact theBureau (see Appendix II) for a copy ofWisconsin’s Forestry Best Management Practicesfor Water Quality.

There are 21 state-listed endangered andthreatened fish species in Wisconsin. Followingare a series of maps that show the ranges of the9 species of fish associated with forestedwatersheds.

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CRYSTAL DARTER

(Ammocrypta asperlla)


GILT DARTER

(Percina evides)


GRAVEL CHUB

(Hybopsis x-punctata)


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GREATER REDHORSE

(Moxostoma valenciennesi)


LONGEAR SUNFISH

(Lepomis megalotis)


OZARK MINNOW

(Dionda nubila)


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PUGNOSE SHINER

(Notropis anogenus)


RIVER REDHORSE

(Moxostoma carinatum )


STARHEAD TOPMINNOW

(Fundulus nottii)


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MUSSELS AND SNAILS

CHERRYSTONE DROP SNAIL

PURPLE WARTYBACK MUSSEL

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OVERVIEW

Mussels and snails are important becausethey serve as indicators of water quality and arevital members of stream, river and lake aquaticcommunities. Dwindling numbers of nativemussels in Wisconsin rivers and lakes are anindication that water quality is being degradedand habitat is being lost. These animals havevaried lifestyles, habitats and methods ofreproduction, and several species arecommercially valuable.

Eighteen species of freshwater mussels andfour species of terrestrial snails are federally and/or state-listed in Wisconsin. Like fish, musselsand snails are best protected by protecting waterquality, streambed integrity, and associatedterrestrial habitat. Forestry operations inwatersheds where these rare mollusks (musselsand snails) occur should be conducted in amanner to avoid soil erosion and preventsediments and other pollutants from enteringthe waterways. Refer to Wisconsin’s Forestry BestManagement Practices for Water Quality by theWisconsin Bureau of Forestry.

There are 22 state-listed endangered andthreatened mollusk species in Wisconsin.Following are a series of maps that show theirknown ranges.

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BUCKHORN MUSSEL

(Triogonia verrucosa)


BULLHEAD MUSSEL

(Plethobasus cyphus)


BUTTERFLY MUSSEL

(Ellipsaria lineolata)


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CHERRYSTONE DROP SNAIL

(Hendersonia occulta)


EBONY SHELL MUSSEL

(Fusconaia ebena)


ELEPHANT EAR MUSSEL

(Elliptio crassidens)


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ELLIPSE MUSSEL

(Venustaconcha ellipsiformis)


HIGGINS’ EYE PEARLYMUSSEL

(Lampsilis higginsi)


MIDWEST PLEISTOCENEVERTIGO SNAIL[HUBRICHT’SVERTIGO SNAIL]

(Vertigo hubrichtii)


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MONKEYFACE MUSSEL

(Quadurla metanevra)


OCCULT VERTIGO SNAIL

(Vertigo occulta)


PURPLE WARTYBACK MUSSEL

(Cyclonaias tuberculata)


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RAINBOW SHELL MUSSEL

(Villosa Iris)


ROCK POCKETBOOK MUSSEL

(Arcidens confragosus)


SALAMANDER MUSSEL

(Simpsonaias ambigua)


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SLIPPERSHELL MUSSEL

(Alasmidonta viridis)


SNUFFBOX MUSSEL

(Epioblasma triquertra)


SPECTACLE CASE MUSSEL

(Cumberlandia monodonta)


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WARTYBACK MUSSEL

(Quadrula nodulata)


WING SNAGGLETOOTH SNAIL

(Gastrocopta procera)


WINGED MAPLELEAF MUSSEL

(Quadrula fragosa)


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YELLOW SANDSHELL

[Slough Sandshell](Lampsilis teres)


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INSECTS

KARNER BLUE BUTTERFLY

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FROSTED ELFIN

BUTTERFLY

(Incisalia irus)


Description:The frostedelfin is a smallgray-brownbutterfly, 7/8 to11/2 inchesfrom forewingtip toforewing tip.The undersideof the hindwing is primarily brown with lightgray “frosting” on the outer portion. The wing issomewhat hooked on the bottom edge andincludes a stubby tail with a black spot near itsbase. The underside of the forewing has acrooked white line.

Habitat: In Wisconsin, the frosted elfin inhabitsoak/pine forest openings, edges, jack pine barrensand oak scrub areas. The larval (caterpillar) foodplant, wild lupine (Lupinus perennis), grows wherethere is a partial canopy cover. The Karner bluebutterfly and phlox flower moth may also beobserved on these sites. The frosted elfin adult

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lays its greenish-white or bluish-white eggs onlupine in mid May to early June, just before thepeak of blooming. It spends the late spring andearly summer as larvae on these same lupineplants. The frosted elfin overwinter as pupae inthe surface leaf litter, or possibly underground.

Forestry Considerations: Limited timber harvestis compatible with, and perhaps even beneficialto, frosted elfin populations. Frosted elfin havebeen observed where there is moderate (notintensive) timber management and along timberlanes in oak barrens. Few frosted elfin have beenfound on a site within ten years of a burn. If firesare used to maintain openings in a woodedlandscape, they should be applied on a rotationalbasis and always before May. Mowing after mid-summer (every year or every other year) andlocalized cutting and herbiciding of brush favorthe frosted elfin and its habitat. Spraying of Btfor gypsy moth control will kill elfin larvae if thespray campaign is conducted while the elfin is ina susceptible life stage. It is best to avoid sprayingsites where the frostedelfin butterfly orphlox flower moth areknown to occur, oruse gypsy moth-specific toxins.

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KARNER BLUE BUTTERFLY

(Lycaeides melissa samuelis)

Federal Status: EndangeredState Status: Not Listed

Description: The Karner blue butterfly is anative of the jack pine/oak barrens of centraland northwestern Wisconsin. It has a one-inchwingspan and is colored deep blue above (in themale) or blue-brown with orange spots on thehindwing (in the female). It is distinguished bythe lack of a tail and a band of prominentorange spots between pale blue iridescent spotsalong the entire margin of the underside of boththe hind- and forewings. Similar species includethe northern blue (found in northeasternWisconsin and always associated with the shrub

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dwarf bilberry) and the Melissa blue (found innorthwestern Wisconsin), which has prominentorange spots on the top of the forewing of thefemale.

Habitat: The Karner blue is always found closeto its larval food plant, wild blue lupine(Lupinus perennis). Both can be found insavannas, open woodlands, jack pine/oakbarrens and prairies where the soil is oftensandy.

Forestry Considerations: Forestry activitiesthat affect canopy closure will affect both wildlupine and Karner blue populations. The larvalstage (caterpillar) of the Karner blue survivesbest on lupine in semi-shaded conditions;however, canopy closure of more than 75%leads to reduced, nonflowering lupine standsand fewer butterflies. A mixture of shaded andopen sites providing both lupine and a diversityof nectar-producing plants throughout thesummer months will benefit Karner bluebutterflies. Winter, frozen ground, logging andthe use of lighter-weight equipment is advised.Repeated use of the same skid trail is to beavoided as this can cause soil compaction andfloristic changes. If it is necessary to conductforestry activities during the growing season,protect lupine patches from disturbance.Retaining hardwood slash piles (< 2 feet high)can benefit this butterfly, as these areas may be

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used for egg-laying. Creating and maintaininghaul roads that connect Karner blue butterflysites benefit the butterfly, as the roads could actas dispersal corridors. Herbicides, if needed,should be applied after August 31.

Detailed information on the effect of forestrypractices on Karner blues can be found in ForestManagement Guidelines: Developing ManagementPlans Compatible withKarner Blue ButterflyPersistence. Copiesare available fromthe U.S. Fish &Wildlife ServiceField Office in GreenBay (see Appendix II).

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PHLOX FLOWER MOTH

(Schinia indiana)


Description: The phlox flower moth, about 3/4

inch long, is a distinctive pink, day-flying mothabout the same color as the downy phlox (Phloxpilosa) blossoms on which it rests. Closeinspection of phlox blossoms in the cool of theday or on rainy or overcast days may reveal themoths on top of or hanging below the petals.The moths appear wedge-shaped with a lighterband near the outer edge of the wings. Largedowny phlox patches hold the best chance ofsupporting phlox flower moth populations.

Habitat: The phlox flower moth occurs insandy, scrub oak/pine barrens and prairies, anddrier oak savannas, the same habitat in which

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Karner blue butterflies and frosted elfinbutterflies may be found. The food plant of thephlox flower moth is downy phlox, whichthrives in barrens, savannas and along rights-of-way. The adult phlox flower moth lays its eggson the flower buds of downy phlox; the larvaeof the moth feed only on the developing seedsof this plant.

Forestry Considerations: Maintaining openingsin oak savanna and jack pine/oak habitatsthrough selective harvest of trees or prescribedburning would benefit the phlox flower moth.Burning should be conducted on no more thana 4- to 5-year rotation with no more than 20%to 25% of the area burned at any one time. Ifpossible, include unplanted dispersal corridorsin Christmas tree and other evergreenplantations that otherwise could pose as barriersto dispersal. Spraying of Bt for gypsy mothcontrol will kill phlox flower moth larvae if thespray campaign is conducted while the phloxflower moth is in asusceptible life stage.If possible, avoidspraying sites wherethe frosted elfinbutterfly or phloxflower moth areknown to occur, oruse gypsy moth-specific toxins.

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PLANTS

MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY

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AURICLED TWAYBLADE

(Listera auriculata)


Description: Theauricled twayblade is adelicate orchid with amain stem about 8inches tall bearing twoblue-green oval leavesabout a third of theway up from the base.The stem is hairyabove but not belowthe leaves. Each stembears around 15 tiny,green orchid flowersfrom late June to earlyAugust.

Habitat: Auricledtwayblade plants growin sandy-muck soil onalder shorelines. It isan orchid of coolclimates, growing inWisconsin near theshore of LakeSuperior.

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Forestry Considerations: Landowners alongLake Superior who clear beaches of alder andbrush to keep an open view of the inland seainadvertently destroypotential auricledtwayblade habitat.Following Wisconsin’sForestry BestManagement Practicesfor Water Qualitywould help protectthis plant.

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BEAK GRASS

(Diarrhena americana)


Description:Beak grassgrows about 3feet tall witharching, darkgreen leaveswhich may benearly 1 inchwide. Thename “beakgrass” comesfrom its fruits,which have aconspicuousblunt beak atthe tip.

Habitat: This native Wisconsin plant is aperennial of wet woods, such as floodplainforests and shaded river banks. In some cases italso grows on the bank above the floodplainlevel.

Forestry Considerations: In those lowlandwoods where beak grass has been found, it isbest to use single-tree or group-selection

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silvicultureconducted duringthe wintertime.Then the ground issolidly frozen and itis easier to avoiddamaging this grass.

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BLUE-STEMMED

GOLDENROD

(Solidago caesia)

Federal Status: Not ListedStatus: Endangered

Description:The blue-stemmedgoldenrod getsits name fromthe blue-grayhairless stemwhich is coveredwith a waxyfilm. Sharplytoothed, lance-shaped leaves,about 1 inchwide and 4inches long,alternate alongthe stem. Small yellow flowers cluster at thebases of these leaves and at the plant’s summit.The plant grows about 3 feet tall. It has a short,thick underground stem and fibrous roots.

Habitat: This extremely rare yellow wildfloweroccurs in southeastern Wisconsin’s deciduousforests.

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Forestry Considerations: Blue-stemmedgoldenrod lives in the shade of deciduousforests. Single-tree or small group-selectionharvest, that allowsthe forest canopy toremain essentiallyintact, would be thetechnique mostcompatible with thecontinued existenceof this rarewildflower.

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BOG BLUEGRASS

(Poa paludigena)


Description:Bog bluegrasshas slender,weak stemsfrom 10 to 20inches tall thatare round andhollow, andhave nodeswhere theleaves areattached. Theleaves areslender,measuringabout 1/16 inchwide and 4inches long. The flowers are small andinconspicuous; a hand lens is required foraccurate identification. The little scales calledlemmas that surround the even smaller flowers,are webbed at their bases and have hairs onthem. Bog bluegrass grows in clumps; it does nothave underground stems or runners from whichnew plants grow.

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Habitat: Sometimes called marsh bluegrassbecause of its affinity for wet places, bogbluegrass is found in wet, mossy woods, alongsprings and in tamarack bogs. At such placesthe soil is soggy and “springy.” In addition totamarack, bog bluegrass often is found withblack ash, yellow birch, poison sumac,cinnamon fern and/or skunk cabbage.

Forestry Considerations: This plant isparticularly sensitive to alterations in soilhydrology. Any change in water level, includingeither flooding or drainage, should be avoided.Forestry activities should include leavingenough of thesurrounding swampforest for shade andnatural regeneration.Following therecommendations inWisconsin’s ForestryBest ManagementPractices for WaterQuality is advisable.

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BRAUN’S HOLLY FERN

(Polystichum braunii)


Description: Braun’s holly fern is distinctiveamong ferns. It grows in clumps from short,scaly rootstocks. The fronds (fern leaves) are alustrous dark green and feather-shaped, taperingat both ends from a wide middle. The frond’smidrib also resembles the rib of a feather. Themidrib of the fern is chaffy with light brownpapery scales. The undersides of the frondleaves are pale green and dotted with clusters ofrust-colored spores which ripen in mid-summer.

Habitat: Braun’s holly fern grows in the shadeof rich woods, along rocky streambanks, in

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glades, on shaded rock slides and among theshattered rocks in ravines. It prefers soil withabundant organic matter. In Wisconsin, thisunusual fern has been found only in northerncounties.

Forestry Considerations: Single-tree selectionsilviculture whichmaintains a closedcanopy is compatiblewith the continuedexistence of Braun’sholly fern. Clearcutharvest or heavythinnings that openthe canopy should beavoided.

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BROAD-LEAVED

TWAYBLADE

(Listera convallarioides)


Description:Broad-leavedtwayblade is adainty orchid,only 4 to 8inches tall. Tworound leaves arepaired oppositeeach other atmid-stem. Belowthe leaves, thestem is hairless;while above, it iscoated withglandular hairs.The flowers arepale, yellow-green, almosttranslucent. Thefruit capsules alsoare hairy.

Habitat: Broad-leaved twayblade requires coolsoils and grows in the humus of moist,

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deciduous and mixed coniferous-hardwoodforests, often near the edges of swamps. Itprefers mossy, springy areas and high humidity.

Forestry Considerations: Selective harvest thatleaves most of the forest canopy intact isprobably compatible with the continuedexistence of broad-leaved twayblade. Harvestshould occur inwinter when the soilis frozen. EmployingWisconsin’s ForestryBest ManagementPractices for WaterQuality would helpprotect this plant andits habitat.

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CALYPSO ORCHID

(Calypso bulbosa)


Description:The calypsoorchid is adelicate flowerthat grows about8 inches tall. Itsblossom is shapedsomewhat like aslipper, withpurple side petalsand a white oryellow lip. Asolitary broad,pointed,evergreen leafemerges in lateAugust andremains through winter. The calypso orchidblossoms from late May through early July.

Habitat: The calypso orchid is found mainly inmature conifer forests, especially in mossyswamps dominated by white cedar. InWisconsin, it has been seen only in thenorthern counties of the state.

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Forestry Considerations: The calypso orchid isintolerant of canopy loss. Therefore, single-treeselection would bethe preferred forestrytechnique in areaswhere this orchidgrows.

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CAREY’S SEDGE

(Carex careyana)


Description: This sedge grows in tufts orclumps 1 to 1 1/2 feet tall. The stems aretriangular and purple at their bases. The leaves

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are 8 to 14 inches long and 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide,evergreen and bright green. From the center ofthe clump grow spikes, some male and othersfemale, bearing tiny green flowers. The femaleflowers develop sharply three-angled seeds, each1/4 inch long and enclosed in a smallspecialized leaf with many veins. A hand lens isrequired to identify this plant properly.

Habitat: This sedge occurs in rich, hardwoodforests.

Forestry Considerations: Carey’s sedge requiresshade to grow well. Therefore, in forests whereit grows, single-treeselection silvicultureis preferred.

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DROOPING SEDGE

(Carex prasina)


Description: Sedges at first glance resemblegrasses, but upon closer examination prove tohave some significant differences. For example,

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their stems are solid, have no joints and oftenare markedly triangular. Drooping sedge growsin tufts or dense tussocks about 10 to 24 inchestall. Each stem has several long clusters ofminute flowers, the terminal (topmost) spikeusually has only male flowers with stamens. Theflowers are so small that a hand lens is necessaryto see the identifying characteristics.

Habitat: Drooping sedge grows in wet, marshywooded areas and along streambanks. Thesesites sometimes remain constantly wet due tosprings and seeps. Yellow birch, black ash andskunk cabbage are frequent associates.

Forestry Considerations: Single-tree selectionsilviculture is the most compatible harvesttechnique where this sedge grows. Forestryactivities that wouldchange the watertable in areas wherethe drooping sedgegrows should beavoided, andWisconsin’s ForestryBest ManagementPractices for WaterQuality should befollowed.

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DWARF LAKE IRIS

(Iris lacustris)

Federal Status: ThreatenedState Status: Threatened

Description: The dwarf lake iris blossoms fromearly May through the beginning of June. Thelarge flowers of this iris, 3 inches in diameter,are dark blue to purple, with bright yellow creststhat decorate the three main petals. The flat,parallel-veined leaves are arranged in fans andgrow to about 6 inches in height. This plantoften grows in colonies.

Habitat: This beautiful, diminutive iris may befound along the northern shores of the GreatLakes. The dwarf lake iris thrives in the cool,moist air blowing off the Great Lakes. It prefers

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the thin, moist, sandy or rocky soil near theshores, and the partial shade of the northernforests. It is often associated with white cedar,paper birch and balsam fir.

Forestry Considerations: Care should be takennot to destroy colonies of the dwarf lake irisbecause it reproduces primarily vegetatively.Although the plant readily flowers andoccasionally sets seed, it rarely sprouts fromseed. Because the iris needs just the rightcombination of sun and shade to grow, majorhabitat modification should be avoided.Selective harvest techniques that create amixture of sunny andshady areas are ideal.Wintertime loggingis preferred. The useof insecticides andherbicides should berestricted within 100feet of iris colonies.

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FIRE PINK

(Silene virginica)


Description:Fire pink is ashort-livedperennial thatgrows 8 to 32inches tall.The five-petaled,crimson-redflowers appearin earlysummer. Theflowers areabout 1 to 1 1/2

inch indiameter, andeach petal isnotched at its tip. The smooth-edged leavesoccur in pairs on the stem. The largest leavesmeasure 3/4 by 4 inches, and the upper leaves aresmaller.

Habitat: Fire pink inhabits rich, moderatelymoist, deciduous woods. Such woods may behome to basswood, wild black cherry, walnut

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and elm trees. Sometimes fire pink also is foundin more open woods and on rocky slopes.

Forestry Considerations: Since fire pinktolerates light shade (60% to 70% closedcanopy), single-treeselection silvicultureis compatible withthe growth of thisplant. Winterharvest, when theground is solidlyfrozen and the firepink is dormant, ispreferred.

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FOAMFLOWER

(Tiarella cordifolia)


Description:Foamflower iswell-named.Where the plantsgrow in largegroups, theclusters of tinywhite flowerslook like foamfloating acrossthe forest floor.Each plant grows4 to 6 inches tall,with broad,heart-shaped,coarsely toothedleaves arisingfrom the base.Dozens of tinyfive-petaledflowers form an oval cluster at the top of theplant. It blooms from April to mid-July.Foamflower spreads by means of stolons(horizontal stems) creeping along the soilsurface.

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Habitat: The shady floor of mixed hardwoodforests in northeastern Wisconsin isfoamflower’s preferred habitat. It grows wherethe soil is evenly moist, and where abundantfallen leaves and twigs decompose, producingsoil that is rich in organic matter.

Forestry Considerations: In woodlands wherefoamflower grows, logging should be minimized.Removal of the shading canopy overhead wouldresult in reducedhumidity, desiccationof the soil and loss ofthis rare wildflower.Therefore, winterharvest along withsingle-tree selectionsilviculture isfavored.

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FORKED ASTER

(Aster furcatus)


Description:The forked asteris an early fall-bloomingwildflower thatgrows 1 to 3 feettall. FromAugust throughSeptember it iscrowned by flat-topped orrounded clustersof white flowers,each blossom 1to 1 1/2 inches indiameter. Withage, the flowersmay take on lilac to rosy tones. Below theflowers are a series of jagged-edged leaves, roughon top and smooth below. Upper leaves areoval; lower leaves are heart-shaped.

Habitat: It may be found in southeasternWisconsin at the edges of mixed oak woods andoften near streams under semi-open canopy.

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Forestry Considerations: The forked asteractually thrives in places of moderatedisturbance, such as forests that have undergoneselective cutting. Clearcutting and severehabitat modification should be avoided. Winterharvest, when theground is solidlyfrozen, will minimizeimpact to this species.Following Wisconsin’sForestry BestManagement Practicesfor Water Qualitywould provideadditional protection.

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GOBLIN FERN

(Botrychium mormo)


Description:The goblinfern is a tiny,succulent fern,about 3 1/2

inches tall,that can beidentified byits yellowish-green leaves.This fern isinconspicuousbecause itdoesn’t alwaysrise above theleaf and twiglitter of the forest floor.

Habitat: The goblin fern is often associatedwith nutrient-rich sites in northern hardwoodand sugar maple forests.

Forestry Considerations: Unfortunately, littleis known about the effects of forestry on thegoblin fern. It is recommended that in forestswhere the plant has been discovered, a botanist

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or the WisconsinBureau of EndangeredResources becontacted prior toinitiating forestryactivities. The fern isnot easily seen and isvery susceptible totrampling.

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GREAT WHITE LETTUCE

(Prenanthes crepidinea)


Description: Great white lettuce grows 3 to 6feet tall before flowering in late summer.Nodding clusters of creamy to green flowersform at the summit of the plant; their outsidebracts (small, specialized leaves at the base of

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the flower cluster) are tipped with black. Thelargest leaves at the base of the plant canmeasure 8 inches by 10 inches, and are coarselytoothed. The upper leaves are smaller and havefewer teeth. All leaves are unlobed.

Habitat: Moist deciduous woods, especiallyfloodplain forests, are the favored habitat ofgreat white lettuce. It also is sometimes foundalong streambanks, in thickets at the edges ofwoods, or even in prairies.

Forestry Considerations: Because great whitelettuce appears to tolerate some direct sun,single-tree selection and group-selectionsilviculture probablyare compatible withits continuedexistence. Followingthe guidelines inWisconsin’s ForestryBest ManagementPractices for WaterQuality wouldbenefit this species.

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HANDSOME SEDGE

(Carex formosa)


Description: Handsome sedge grows in tufts orclumps 1 to 2 feet tall, its stems purple at theirbases. The main leaves are slender, 1/8 to 1/4 inchwide and hairy on their underside. From the

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center of the clump of leaves arises a stem onwhich the small greenish flowers are borne. Theseeds that ripen from female flowers are about 1/4

inch long and 1/8 inch wide, with three sharplengthwise ridges. A good hand lens ordissecting microscope helps when identifyingsedges.

Habitat: Handsome sedge grows in moistcalcareous soil in deciduous woods and thickets.Also, it is sometimes found in meadows.

Forestry Considerations: Handsome sedgeprefers sites with light, dappled shade. Selectivetree harvest thatmaintains this levelof shade iscompatible with thecontinued existenceof this rare sedge.

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HAWTHORN-LEAVED

GOOSEBERRY

(Ribes oxyacanthoides)


Description: In spring the hawthorn-leavedgooseberry shrub bears small, white, tubular,bell-shaped flowers singly or in groups of two orthree. Spines occur where the flower stem meetsthe branch. Young branches are yellow-gray andslightly hairy; older branches are reddish-brownand smooth with peeling strips of gray bark.Arching branches may take root when theytouch the ground, producing new plants. Theleaves of this shrub resemble miniature mapleleaves.

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Habitat: Hawthorn-leaved gooseberry is a shrubof cool, rocky sites. In Wisconsin it grows infour northwestern counties on “shattered-rock”slopes and at low sites where cold air collects.

Forestry Considerations: Trees growing nearhawthorn-leaved gooseberry plants may belightly thinned, as long as the forest canopyremains relatively intact. This rare shrub isadapted to lightshade and the coolair of shady sites.Farther from the site,selective harvestwould be compatiblewith the continuedsurvival of thehawthorn-leavedgooseberry.

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HOP-LIKE SEDGE

(Carex lupuliformis)


Description:Hop-like sedgeis among thelargest of theWisconsinsedges, growingto 20 inchestall. It is a lush,leafy, grassysedge withfruits andflowers encasedin husk-likesacs called“perigynia.”The seeds,called“achenes,” arethree-sidedwith thick knobs on the edges.

Habitat: Hop-like sedge grows in mature riverbottom or floodplain forests. In these and otherforests, it may be found near temporarywoodland pools.

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Forestry Considerations: Selective harvest oftrees in floodplain forests may be compatiblewith the continuationof hop-like sedge,providing that thewoodland pools donot dry up rapidly.

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INTERMEDIATE SEDGE

(Carex media)


Description: Intermediate sedge grows in densetufts from 1 foot to over 2 feet tall, with manysoft leaves clustered at its base. Its flowers,which bloom in late May to mid-June, arepacked into tight heads at the tips of theirstems. This sedge’s most notable feature is theebony scale beneath each flower which givesthe plant a striking appearance.

Habitat: This sedge commonly grows incalcareous, rocky woods and shores from

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Labrador to Alaska. Its presence in Wisconsin issurprising. This species thrives in the cold. Suchconditions prevail in the algific talus slopes(sloping rock piles through which cold airflows) of Grant County.

Forestry Considerations: Harvesting trees in oraround the talus slopes where this sedge occurswould remove thecool shade that itrequires to survive.Where possible,maintain a 200-footforested buffer aroundsuch sites.

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KITTEN TAILS

(Besseya bullii)


Description:Kitten tailsare identifiedby their low-lying, basalrosette ofhairy, ovalleaves withsmall teeth,and longstems. FromApril to lateMay, eachplant sendsup an 8- to16-inch spikeof numerousyellow flowers. Kitten tails usually are found insmall scattered patches.

Habitat: Kitten tails are typically found inmixed oak forests, woodlands and savannas, oron the edges of forests in sandy or gravelly, well-drained soil.

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Forestry Considerations: Forestry is compatiblewith the survival of Kitten tails unless there issevere habitat modification or disturbance. Thisplant is susceptible to excessive canopy closureand erosion. Single-tree or group-selectionsilviculture in oakforests that results insmall scatteredopenings is desirable.Logging during thewinter months wouldbe preferred.

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LAPLAND ROSEBAY

(Rhododendron lapponicum)


Description:Laplandrosebay is asmall (4 to12 inchestall), scragglyevergreenshrub. Theupper surfaceof the darkgreen leavesis dotted withwaxy scales.Showy, pink-violet azalea-like blossomsappear in June. In the center of each flower is acluster of bright yellow anthers.

Habitat: Lapland rosebay has been found inonly two sites in southwestern Wisconsin, andboth of these sites are shaded sandstone cliffs.The shrub sprawls along the rock face, its rootsreaching into crevices in the rock to gainsupport, moisture and nutrients.

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Forestry Considerations: Trees in theimmediate vicinity of this plant that shade thecliffs where it grows should not be harvested.Using single-tree selection silviculture inadjacent forestsprobably would becompatible with thisshrub. Care shouldbe taken to avoidphysical damage tothe cliffs where theLapland rosebayoccurs.

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LARGE-LEAVED SANDWORT

(Moehringia macrophylla)or

(Arenaria macrophylla)


Description:Large-leavedsandwort hasshiny, inch-long taperingleaves thatare staggeredon the stemin opposite-facing pairs.Ranging from3 to 5 inchestall, thisinconspicuoussandwort develops terminal sprays of tiny, whiteflowers from May to August. This plant is aperennial and often forms colonies by spreadingunderground rhizomes.

Habitat: Large-leaved sandwort occurs mainlyin dry or moist woodlands and on stony slopes.One Wisconsin site consists of mossy crevicesbetween igneous rocks, a type of rock

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uncommon in Wisconsin. Also, it is sometimesfound on shores.

Forestry Considerations: Because of the fragilenature of large-leaved sandwort, harvest of thetrees in the immediate area of the plant, anddisturbance to the plant should be avoided. Ifpossible, known locations should be marked andprotected fromlogging activities.Winter harvest usingsingle-tree selectionor group-selectionsilviculturaltechniques arepreferred.

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MARSH VALERIAN

(Valeriana sitchensis)sometimes

(Valerian uliginosa)


Description: MarshValerian is a perennialnative plant withclusters of whiteflowers borne on thetips of its stems. Theplant can reach aheight of 3 feet ormore. The basal leaveshave broad blades, butthe stem leaves aredivided and appear inpairs.

Habitat: Growing invarious habitats, themarsh valerian may befound in moistnorthern woods, bogsand swamps, as well asin openings and wetmeadows. InWisconsin, it is often

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found in association with tamarack and whitecedar.

Forestry Considerations: Activities that wouldchange the moisture levels in soils withinseveral hundred feet of this rare plant should beavoided. Clearcutting, tilling, ditching orsignificantly modifying the soil surface withbulldozers or backhoes is not advisable. Single-tree selection or group-selection silviculturelikely is compatiblewith the continuedexistence of marshvalerian. Avoidharvesting of whitecedar, as such sitesoften revert to alderthickets, a habitatnot suitable for thisvalerian.

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MOONWORT

(Botrychium lunaria)


Description:Moonwort is a tiny,rubbery, almost-whitefern that grows from1 to 6 inches tall.About halfway up thestem the plant splitsinto two branches,one containing threeto five pairs of fan-shaped leaflets, andthe other bearingrust-colored sporecases.

Habitat: InWisconsin, moonwortis found in coolnorthern hardwoodforests. It also growson the edges of shrubstands or red cedarwoodlands, nearnative prairies, inopen prairies and dunes.

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Forestry Considerations: Moonwort is fragileand especially susceptible to trampling. Wheremoonwort has been found, care should be takento avoid disturbing the habitat, especiallyduring the growingseason. Selectiveharvest of treesduring the wintercan be compatiblewith the continuedexistence ofmoonwort.

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MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY

(Vaccinium vitis-idaea)

Federal Status : Not ListedState Status: Endangered

Description: Mountain cranberry is a loose-formed, low-growing shrub, often no more than6 inches tall. Its small, oval, evergreen leavesare 1/2 to 3/4 inch long; the leaves’ undersides arebristled with black hairs. Its small, white, bell-shaped flowers appear in spring. Bright rededible fruits ripen in mid- to late summer.Mountain cranberry is also called cowberry orlingonberry.

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Habitat: This acid-loving shrub may be foundclinging to cliffs and rocky places where thereare peaty soils. It grows in similar soils in bogs.The same species grows in Scandinavia insimilar habitats.

Forestry Considerations: Harvesting trees nearthe cliffs where this shrub is found could alterthe habitat, changing the moisture level in thesoil or the humidity in the air. Physicaldisturbance of the cliff face (by log skids,sawdust or debris)should be avoided.Following thepractices described inWisconsin’s ForestryBest ManagementPractices for WaterQuality shouldprotect this plant inits bog habitats.

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MUSKROOT

(Adoxa moschatellina)


Description: Muskroot is an inconspicuousplant, except for the shiny quality of the three-parted leaves. In June, its greenish-yellowflowers form a cluster at the end of a slenderstalk. This plant usually grows in smallperennial colonies. On average the plantreaches only 3 to 5 inches in height.

Habitat: This rare wildflower is found inshaded, moist woods, often under hemlock,white pine or birch. These cool woods are often

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associated with north-facing cliffs inWisconsin’s “Driftless” area.

Forestry Considerations: Single-tree selectionsilviculture is preferred in the immediatevicinity of muskroot populations. Thistechnique will not significantly alter the shadelevels and cool, moist air that the muskrootfavors. Winter treeharvest is preferred,because muskroot issusceptible todamage by trampling,digging, log skiddingand erosion.

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NORTHERN COMANDRA

(Geocaulon lividum)


Description:Northerncomandrahas branchedstems up to afoot tall withsmallish,green flowersgrowing ingroups of 3from stem/leaf axils. Itsbrilliantscarlet fruitsattract birdswhichreadily eatthem and scatter the seeds. Northern comandragrows in large colonies.

Habitat: This rare wildflower grows on sandybeach ridges and old dunes, partly shaded byconifer woods. In Wisconsin, northerncomandra has been found only in Door County.In other states, northern comandra is also found

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in moist woods, cedar-spruce swamps and heathbogs. It is a harmless parasite on roots of pinetrees.

Forestry Considerations: Forests wherenorthern comandra occurs may be thinnedselectively. Thismight, in fact,encourage thewildflower, whichprefers partial shade.Such thinning shouldbe done in midwinterwhen the ground isfrozen solidly and theplant is dormant.

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NORTHERN MONKSHOOD

(Aconitum noveboracense)

Federal Status: ThreatenedState Status: Threatened

Description:When mature,this wild plantreaches aheight ofalmost 3 feet.In mid-summerthe northernmonkshoodsports a spire oftwilight-blueflowers. Eachone is shapedlike a helmet orhood—hencethe plant’sname. A singleflower stalkmay have asmany as 15blossoms heldabove broad, coarsely toothed, lobed leaves.

Habitat: It thrives and reproduces well on ornear the bases of cool, shady, moist cliffs in

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southwestern Wisconsin. The moisture on suchcliffs results from underground water seeping tothe rock surface. Composed of limestone orsandstone, these cliffs are usually north-facingand often found along small streams or rivers.

Forestry Considerations: Trees that providethe required shade for the monkshood and thesurrounding cliff habitat should not beharvested. Single-tree selection silviculture inthe area surrounding these sites generally willhave little effect on the survival of this rarewildflower. Clearcutting is not advisable, as itwould reduce the humidity of the air andincrease the likelihood that winds would dryout the cliff face. Forestry activities in suchwoods should belimited to theNovember-to-Marchwinter season.Following Wisconsin’sForestry BestManagement Practicesfor Water Qualitywould be beneficial.

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PINE-DROPS

(Pterospora andromedea)


Description: Pine-dropshas a sturdy, hairy, fleshy-pink stem which grows upto 3 feet tall. From June toAugust, nodding, bowl-shaped, white to reddishflowers droop from theupper half of the stem. Theflowers mature intofruiting capsules, each ofwhich can produce 4,800minute, winged, wind-spread seeds. This means asingle plant can produce asmany as 600,000 seeds!The lower part of the stembears numerous short, tanto pink scales. This planthas no green leaves.

Habitat: Usually this plantis found in humus-richforests under white pinetrees in eastern Wisconsin. In parts of its range,pine-drops can be found in hardwood forests. It

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does not produce anychlorophyll, relyinginstead on dead organicmatter for food.Underground, it has amassive snarl ofbranching roots which,in partnership withvarious soil fungi,absorb nutrients fromdecaying plant andanimal matter.

Forestry Considerations: It is important tomaintain the shaded character of the mixedwoods where pine-drops live, along with thehumus-rich, loose soil found there. Therefore,single-tree selection silviculture is advisable,along with the use of equipment that does notcompact the soil. Spring and summer harvest oftrees will disturb orcrush growing,flowering andfruiting plants.Winter harvest,when the soil issolidly frozen and theplant is dormant, isbest.

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PURPLE MILKWEED

(Asclepias purpurascens)


Description: Purple milkweed grows to a heightof 2 to 4 feet tall. It has a smooth stem, andpaired tapering leaves with no teeth. Clusters ofsmall purple or pink flowers develop in June orJuly. Typical of other milkweed flowers, itspetals bend back toward the stem. In the fallthe plant develops seed pods containing manyseeds with fluffy tails.

Habitat: This native milkweed grows in oakforests in partial shade. In addition, it has beenseen growing in oak savannas, oak openings inpartial shade, and even along some roadsideswhere similar conditions prevail.

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Forestry Considerations: Care should be takento avoid disturbance of purple milkweed bymachinery and the construction of roads.Logging should bedone when theground is frozen,leaving some trees toprovide the partialshade this wildflowerrequires.

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RAM’S-HEAD

LADY’S-SLIPPER

(Cypripedium arietinum)


Description:The ram’s-head lady’s-slipper hasbroad shinyleaves withconspicuouslengthwisefolds. It flowersin late May orearly June, andmay reach 6 to12 inches tall.Each blossomconsists ofthree separate,petal-like sepals and true petals on the side, allgreenish-brown, and a pinkish inflated petalbelow.

Habitat: This rare Wisconsin orchid is usuallyfound in cool coniferous swamps and bogs, aswell as in white cedar swales, all in the northernand northeastern parts of the state. In addition,

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it is found, rarely, in the pine/aspen/spruceuplands of Ashland County.

Forestry Considerations: Ram’s-head lady’s-slipper is intolerant of disturbance, especiallyerosion and trampling. Single-tree or group-selection silviculturein wintertime wouldbe preferred in areaswhere this nativeorchid occurs.

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SMALL ROUND-LEAVED

ORCHIS

(Amerorchis rotundifolia)


Description: The small round-leaved orchis isidentified by the single, round basal leaf, 1 1/2 to4 inches long, and an erect flower stalk (6 to 17

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inches tall) with five or more pinkish, orchid-like flowers with dark purple spots on the lip.These flowers appear in early to mid-summer.

Habitat: This wild orchid occurs mainly inswamps, or forests bordering swamps, and bogs.These conifer swamps are characterized bytamarack, cedar, balsam fir and spruce.

Forestry Considerations: This rare, beautifulwildflower is especially intolerant of canopyremoval and soil compaction. Care should betaken to avoidhabitat modificationand to limitdisturbance wherethe plant is known tooccur.

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SMALL SHINLEAF

(Pyrola minor)


Description: Only8 inches tall, smallshinleaf has waxy,evergreen leavesthat are round,thick, and hairless.Most of the leavesoriginate at thebase of the plant.In June to earlyAugust, smallshinleaf produces10 to 12 pale pink,nodding, globe-likeblossoms on asingle stalk.

Habitat: Smallshinleaf grows inhigh-quality boreal forests. Such forests arecharacterized by acid soil and a variety ofconiferous tree species. Cool summers, highhumidity and abundant winter snow cover aretypical in this habitat.

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Forestry Considerations: True boreal forestsare quite rare in Wisconsin. They are foundonly near the shore of Lake Superior and to alesser extent on theDoor Countypeninsula. Single-tree selectionsilviculture would bebest to maintain thecool temperaturesand high humiditythat the smallshinleaf requires.

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SMITH MELIC GRASS

(Melica smithii)


Description: Smith melic grass stems reach aheight of 1 1/2 feet to 3 1/2 feet. The leaves areslender and rough, like fine sandpaper. Itblooms in June and July with three to six smallgreenish-purple flowers arranged in spikelets.

Habitat: In Wisconsin, Smith melic grass hasbeen located only in sugar maple forests inAshland County.

Forestry Considerations: When working inAshland and adjacent counties, one shouldkeep an eye out for this rare grass. Where it is

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found, harvesting ofsugar maple treesshould be donesparingly (single-treeselectionsilviculture) andpreferably when theground is frozen.

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SNOW TRILLIUM

(Trillium nivale)


Description: Snow trilliums are the earliest ofthe trilliums to flower in Wisconsin woodlands.Their snow-white blossoms appear from mid-March to mid-April. Growing only 5 inchestall, with blossoms little more than 1 inch indiameter, this wildflower reminds some peopleof a miniature version of the more commonlarge white trillium. Like all members of thegroup, this rare trillium has three leaves perstalk.

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Habitat: Snow trillium grows in rich calcareoussoils in beech/maple/basswood and red oakforests. In Wisconsin, this rare trillium grows inonly a few counties in the southeastern andwestern parts of the state.

Forestry Considerations: Woodlot grazing haseliminated many populations in the state.Single-tree selection and small group-selectionsilviculture may be compatible with the survivalof this wildflower.Such harvest shouldtake place only in thewinter when theforest soil is solidlyfrozen. Avoid latewinter or springlogging.

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SQUASHBERRY

(Viburnum edule)


Description:This 3-foot-tallshrub grows insprawlingclumps on athin layer offallen leavesand organicdebris. Theshrub’s paired,lobed leaves,except forthose at thetips ofbranches,resemblemaple leaves.The leaves at the tips of the branches are notlobed. Bouquets of white, star-shaped fragrantflowers bloom in early May. These are followedby juicy, red, edible fruits.

Habitat: Squashberry requires the cool, moistconditions of shaded rocky sites, includingquartzite talus slopes. It may be found growing

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in the cracks of stony cliffs. The humus-rich soilthat sometimes accumulates in such situations ischilled by cool air drifting downslope betweenthe rocks.

Forestry Considerations: Mature deciduoustrees help to maintain the cool, moist conditionsthat squashberry requires. Single-tree selectionsilviculture ispreferred. Thistechnique maintainsa closed canopy,preventing dryingand warming of thesoil.

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WESTERN JACOB’SLADDER

(Polemonium occidentale var. lacustre)


Description:The leaves ofwestern Jacob’sladder ariseboth from thebase of theplant and fromthe flowerstems; they arecompound,made up of 9 to13 paired,slender leaflets.Each leaflet isabout 1 inchlong, while thewhole leaf(stem plus leaflets) may be 6 inches long and 2inches wide. The entire plant is slightly morethan 2 feet tall. The five-petaled blossoms ofwestern Jacob’s ladder appear in late June toearly July. Each flower is about 1/2 inch indiameter, a bright violet-blue fading to white in

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the interior. The flowers occur in spreadingclusters. The underground part of westernJacob’s ladder has a slender, horizontal, creepingrootstock, quite different from the commonJacob’s ladder.

Habitat: Wet, open sites amidst black spruce,white cedar and tamarack are good habitat forwestern Jacob’s ladder. Labrador tea, bead lily,swamp saxifrage and wild calla are also goodindicators of suitable habitat.

Forestry Considerations: Where westernJacob’s ladder occurs, it would be advisable tomaintain the openings that the plant prefers.“Strip cutting” hasproven to becompatible withwestern Jacob’sladder. Tree harvestshould occur onlywhen the ground issolidly frozen. Theground water levelsshould not bealtered.

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YELLOW GIANT HYSSOP

(Agastache nepetoides)


Description: The yellow giant hyssop growsabout 3 feet tall, bearing thin, toothed, egg-shaped leaf blades on short stems. The plant’s

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stalk branches toward the top of the plant.From July through October this hyssop bears aheavy spike of numerous small yellowishflowers.

Habitat: Yellow giant hyssop inhabits open oakor mixed oak forests.

Forestry Considerations: Where the yellowgiant hyssop occurs, single-tree selection orgroup-selection silviculture is favored, as thesetechniques will not greatly alter the balance oflight and shade that this plant requires.Management for oaksis preferred to preventsuccession to moisthardwood forest.Clearcutting and/orsummer cutting oftrees near theseplants should beavoided.

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APPENDIX IWisconsin Counties and the

Federally and State-listed SpeciesKnown to Occur in Them

This guide does not include all federally or state-listedspecies that occur in Wisconsin, only those that arelikely to be affected by logging or other forest practices.For a complete list of protected species, contact theWisconsin Bureau of Endangered Resources (seeAppendix II). The following icons are used to identifyspecies groups:

9 Mammals, Birds,M Reptiles and Amphibians, c Fish,

x Mussels and Snails, H Insects, s Plants.

ADAMS Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler,Great Egret, Hooded Warbler, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk M Western Slender GlassLizard, Wood Turtle H Frosted Elfin Butterfly,Karner Blue Butterfly s Bog Bluegrass

ASHLAND 9 American Pine Marten,Timber Wolf Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler,Osprey, Spruce Grouse M Wood Turtlex Purple Wartyback s Braun’s Holly Fern,Broad-leaved Twayblade, Calypso Orchid,Drooping Sedge, Goblin Fern, Hawthorn-leaved Gooseberry, Large-leaved Sandwort,

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Moonwort, Mountain Cranberry, Ram’s-headLady’s-slipper, Smith Melic Grass

BARRON Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler,Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk, Spruce GrouseM Wood Turtle c Greater Redhorse, OzarkMinnow, Pugnose Shiner s Hawthorn-leavedGooseberry, Squashberry

BAYFIELD 9 American Pine Marten, TimberWolf Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler, Osprey,Red-shouldered Hawk, Spruce GrouseM Wood Turtle c Pugnose Shiners Auricled Twayblade, Braun’s Holly Fern,Broad-leaved Twayblade, Calypso Orchid,Mountain Cranberry, Small Shinleaf

BROWN Cerulean Warbler, Great EgretM Wood Turtle c Greater Redhorse, LongearSunfish x Cherrystone Drop Snail, MidwestPleistocene Vertigo Snail s Dwarf Lake Iris,Foamflower, Handsome Sedge, Snow Trillium

BUFFALO Bald Eagle, Bell’s Vireo,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, KentuckyWarbler, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk, Yellow-crowned Night-heron M Eastern MassasaugaRattlesnake, Wood Turtle c Crystal Darter,Red Riverhorse x Buckhorn, Bullhead,Butterfly, Elephant Ear, Monkeyface, RockPocketbook, Salamander Mussel, WingSnaggletooth

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BURNETT 9 Timber Wolf Bald Eagle,Great Egret, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk,Spruce Grouse M Wood Turtle c Gilt Darter,Greater Redhorse, Pugnose Shiner, RiverRedhorse x Purple Wartyback, SalamanderMussel, Spectacle Case H Karner BlueButterfly, Phlox Flower Moth s Bog Bluegrass,Calypso Orchid, Drooping Sedge

CALUMET Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret,Osprey c Greater Redhorse s Ram’s-headLady’s-slipper, Snow Trillium

CHIPPEWA Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler,Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk M Wood Turtlec Greater Redhorse x Bullhead, Ellipse,Purple Wartyback, Spectacle case H KarnerBlue Butterfly

CLARK 9 Timber Wolf Bald Eagle,Cerulean Warbler M Eastern MassasaugaRattlesnake, Wood Turtle x EllipseH Karner Blue Butterfly

COLUMBIA Bell’s Vireo, CeruleanWarbler, Great Egret, Red-shouldered Hawk,Yellow- crowned Night Heron M EasternMassasauga Rattlesnake, Ornate Box Turtle,Western Slender Glass Lizard, Wood Turtlec Greater Redhorse, Longear Sunfish, PugnoseShiner x Buckhorn, Bullhead, Butterfly,Higgins’ Eye Pearly Mussel, Monkeyface,Salamander Mussel s Drooping Sedge,

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Hop-like Sedge, Lapland Rosebay, Yellow GiantHyssop

CRAWFORD Bald Eagle, Bell’s vireo,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, KentuckyWarbler, Red-shouldered Hawk, Yellow-crowned Night-heron M Eastern MassasaugaRattlesnake, Wood Turtle c Longear Sunfish,Ozark Minnow x Buckhorn, Bullhead,Butterfly, Ebony Shell, Elephant Ear, HigginsEye Pearly Mussel, Monkeyface, PurpleWartyback, Rock Pocketbook, SalamanderMussel, Spectacle Case, Wartyback, WingSnaggletooth Snail, Yellow Sandshells Great White Lettuce, Purple Milkweed,Yellow Giant Hyssop

DANE Bell’s Vireo, Cerulean Warbler, GreatEgret, Hooded Warbler, Kentucky WarblerM Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake, Ornate BoxTurtle, Western Slender Glass Lizardc Greater Redhorse, Pugnose Shiner, StarheadTopminnow x Buckhorn, Bullhead, Butterfly,Ellipse, Higgins’ Eye Pearly Mussel, Monkeyface,Rock Pocketbook, Salamander Mussel,Yellow Sandshell s Drooping Sedge, KittenTails, Purple Milkweed, Yellow Giant Hyssop

DODGE Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret,Hooded Warbler, Red-shouldered Hawkc River Redhorse x Ellipse, MidwestPleistocene Vertigo Snail

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DOOR Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler,Hooded Warbler, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawkx Cherrystone Drop Snail, MidwestPleistocene Vertigo Snail s Calypso Orchid,Drooping Sedge, Dwarf Lake Iris, Foamflower,Handsome Sedge, Hawthorn-leavedGooseberry, Moonwort, Northern Comandra,Pine-drops, Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper, SmallRound-leaved Orchis

DOUGLAS 9 Timber Wolf Bald Eagle,Cerulean Warbler, Osprey, Spruce GrouseM Wood Turtle c Gilt Darter, GreaterRedhorse x Purple Wartyback s CalypsoOrchid, Hawthorn-leaved Gooseberry, SmallShinleaf

DUNN Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler,Great Egret, Red-shouldered Hawk M WoodTurtle c Crystal Darter, Greater Redhorse,River Redhorse x Buckhorn, Bullhead,Monkeyface, Salamander Mussel H KarnerBlue Butterfly s Beak Grass

EAU CLAIRE Bald Eagle, CeruleanWarbler, Red-shouldered Hawk M Wood Turtlec Greater Redhorse, River Redhorsex Buckhorn, Bullhead, Salamander MusselH Karner Blue Butterfly, Phlox Flower Moths Beak Grass, Muskroot

FLORENCE 9 American Pine Marten, TimberWolf Bald Eagle, Osprey, Red-shouldered

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Hawk, Spruce Grouse M Wood Turtles Braun’s Holly Fern, Calypso Orchid,Foamflower, Goblin Fern, Marsh Valerian,Small Round-leaved Orchis, Western Jacob’sLadder

FOND DU LAC Cerulean Warbler, GreatEgret, Hooded Warbler c Greater Redhorse,Longear Sunfish, Pugnose Shiner x Ellipse,Midwest Pleistocene Vertigo Snail s BogBluegrass, Forked Aster

FOREST 9 American Pine Marten, TimberWolf Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler, Osprey,Red-shouldered Hawk, Spruce GrouseM Wood Turtle s Braun’s Holly Fern, CalypsoOrchid, Goblin Fern, Mountain Cranberry,Small Round-leaved Orchis

GRANT Acadian Flycatcher, Bald Eagle,Bell’s Vireo, Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret,Hooded Warbler, Kentucky Warbler, Red-shouldered Hawk, Yellow-throated WarblerM Ornate Box Turtle, Wood Turtlec Crystal Darter, Ozark Minnow, RiverRedhorse, Starhead Topminnow x Buckhorn,Bullhead, Butterfly, Cherrystone Drop Snail,Ebony Shell, Higgins’ Eye Pearly Mussel,Midwest Pleistocene Vertigo Snail,Monkeyface, Occult Vertigo, Rock Pocketbook,Salamander Mussel, Wartyback, WingSnaggletooth Snail, Yellow Sandshell

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s Intermediate Sedge, Muskroot, NorthernMonkshood, Purple Milkweed, Yellow GiantHyssop

GREEN Cerulean Warbler, Great EgretM Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake, Ornate BoxTurtle c Gravel Chub, Ozark Minnow, RiverRedhorse x Buckhorn s Great White Lettuce,Kitten Tails, Yellow Giant Hyssop

GREEN LAKE Acadian Flycatcher,Bald Eagle, Bell’s Vireo, Cerulean Warbler,Great Egret, Red-shouldered HawkM Western Slender Glass Lizard x BuckhornH Karner Blue Butterfly

IOWA Acadian Flycatcher, Bald Eagle,Bell’s Vireo, Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret,Kentucky Warbler, Red-shouldered HawkM Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake, Ornate BoxTurtle, Wood Turtle c Greater Redhorse,Ozark Minnow, Starhead Topminnowx Buckhorn, Bullhead, Butterfly, Ebony Shell,Higgins’ Eye Pearly Mussel, Monkeyface, RockPocketbook, Salamander Mussel, YellowSandshell s Beak Grass, Fire Pink, PurpleMilkweed

IRON 9 American Pine Marten, TimberWolf Bald Eagle, Osprey, Spruce GrouseM Wood Turtle c Greater Redhorse, PugnoseShiner x Cherrystone Drop Snail s Braun’sHolly Fern, Brood-leaved Twayblade, Calypso

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Orchid, Goblin Fern, Large-leaved Sandwort,Small Shinleaf

JACKSON 9 Timber Wolf Bald Eagle,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk M Eastern MassasaugaRattlesnake, Western Slender Glass Lizard,Wood Turtle c Gilt Darter, River Redhorsex Buckhorn, Purple Wartyback H FrostedElfin Butterfly, Karner Blue Butterfly, PhloxFlower Moth s Bog Bluegrass

JEFFERSON Acadian Flycatcher, CeruleanWarbler, Great Egret, Hooded Warbler,Kentucky Warbler c Greater Redhorse,Pugnose Shiner, River Redhorse s Kitten Tails,Purple Milkweed, Yellow Giant Hyssop

JUNEAU 9 Timber Wolf AcadianFlycatcher, Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler, GreatEgret, Kentucky Warbler, Osprey, Red-shoulderedHawk, Yellow-crowned Night-heron M EasternMassasauga Rattlesnake, Western Slender GlassLizard, Wood Turtle x Monkey Face, SalamanderMussel H Frosted Elfin Butterfly, Karner BlueButterfly s Drooping Sedge, Muskroot

KENOSHA Cerulean Warbler, Great EgretM Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake c LongearSunfish, Pugnose Shiner, River Redhorse,Starhead Topminnow H Karner Blue Butterflys Hop-like Sedge, Purple Milkweed

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KEWAUNEE Cerulean Warbler c LongearSunfish, Pugnose Shiner x Cherrystone DropSnail s Forked Aster

LA CROSSE Bald Eagle, Bell’s Vireo,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, KentuckyWarbler, Osprey, Red-shouldered HawkM Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake, WesternSlender Glass Lizard, Wood Turtle c GiltDarter, River Redhorse, Starhead Topminnowx Buckhorn, Bullhead, Higgins’ Eye PearlyMussel, Monkeyface, Wing Snaggletooth Snails Carey’s Sedge

LAFAYETTE Bell’s Vireo, CeruleanWarbler, Great Egret c Gravel Chub, OzarkMinnow s Beak Grass, Purple Milkweed,Yellow Giant Hyssop

LANGLADE 9 American Pine Marten Bald Eagle, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk,

Spruce Grouse M Wood Turtle x Slippershells Braun’s Holly Fern, Calypso Orchid, GoblinFern, Marsh Valerian

LINCOLN 9 Timber Wolf Bald Eagle,Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk, Spruce GrouseM Wood Turtle

MANITOWOC Acadian Flycatcher,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, HoodedWarbler, Kentucky Warbler, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk c Greater Redhorse

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x Cherrystone Drop Snail, Ellipse, MidwestPleistocene Vertigo Snail, Slippershell s BogBluegrass, Drooping Sedge, Snow Trillium

MARATHON Bald Eagle, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk M Wood Turtle

MARINETTE 9 American Pine Marten Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret,

Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk, Spruce GrouseM Wood Turtle c Greater Redhorse s GoblinFern, Marsh Valerian, Purple Milkweed

MARQUETTE Bald Eagle, Bell’s Vireo,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, Red-shoulderedHawk M Western Slender Glass Lizardc Greater Redhorse, Pugnose ShinerH Karner Blue Butterfly s Bog Bluegrass

MENOMINEE 9 American Pine Marten Bald Eagle, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk,

Spruce Grouse M Wood Turtle x SlippershellH Karner Blue Butterfly, Phlox Flower Moth

MILWAUKEE Cerulean Warbler, HoodedWarbler, Red-shouldered Hawk c GreaterRedhorse, Longear Sunfish s Blue-stemmedGoldenrod, Forked Aster, Handsome Sedge,Hop-like Sedge, Purple Milkweed, Ram’s-headLady’s-slipper, Snow Trillium

MONROE Acadian Flycatcher, CeruleanWarbler, Great Egret, Kentucky Warbler,Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk M Eastern

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Massasauga Rattlesnake, Western Slender GlassLizard, Wood Turtle c Gilt Darter, RiverRedhorse H Frosted Elfin Butterfly, Karner BlueButterfly, Phlox Flower Moth s Beak Grass, BogBluegrass, Muskroot, Northern Monkshood

OCONTO 9 American Pine Marten Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret,

Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk, Spruce GrouseM Wood Turtle c Greater Redhorse, LongearSunfish x Slippershell H Karner Blue Butterflys Bog Bluegrass, Braun’s Holly Fern, CalypsoOrchid, Foam Flower, Goblin Fern, Ram’s-headLady’s-slipper, Small Round-leaved Orchis

ONEIDA 9 American Pine Marten, TimberWolf Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler, Osprey,Red-shouldered Hawk, Spruce Grouse M WoodTurtle c Greater Redhorse s Calypso Orchid

OUTAGAMIE Bald Eagle, CeruleanWarbler, Osprey M Wood Turtle x Buckhorn,Salamander Mussel, Snuffbox H Karner BlueButterfly s Handsome Sedge, Marsh Valerian,Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper, Snow Trillium

OZAUKEE Cerulean Warbler, KentuckyWarbler, Red-shouldered Hawk c GreaterRedhorse, Longear Sunfish x CherrystoneDrop Snail s Forked Aster, Handsome Sedge,Pine-drops, Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper, SnowTrillium

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PEPIN Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler, GreatEgret, Hooded Warbler, Kentucky Warbler,Red- shouldered Hawk M Eastern MassasaugaRattlesnake, Wood Turtle c Crystal Darter,Greater Redhorse, River Redhorsex Buckhorn, Bullhead, Butterfly, Elephant Ear,Monkeyface, Salamander Mussel s Beak Grass

PIERCE Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler,Great Egret, Kentucky Warbler, Red-shoulderedHawk M Wood Turtle c Crystal Darter, RiverRedhorse x Buckhorn, Bullhead, Butterfly,Ebony Shell, Elephant Ear, Higgins’ Eye PearlyMussel, Monkeyface, Rock Pocketbook,Snuffbox, Wing Snaggletooth Snail, WingedMapleleaf s Kitten Tails, Muskroot, SnowTrillium

POLK Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler, GreatEgret, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawkc Crystal Darter, Gilt Darter, GreaterRedhorse, River Redhorse x Buckhorn,Butterfly, Ebony Shell, Elephant Ear, Higgins’Eye Pearly Mussel, Monkeyface, PurpleWartyback, Salamander Mussel, Snuffbox,Spectacle Case, Winged MapleleafH Karner Blue Butterfly s Bog Bluegrass,Kitten Tails

PORTAGE Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler,Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk M EasternMassasauga Rattlesnake, Wood TurtleH Karner Blue Butterfly s Marsh Valerian

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PRICE 9 Timber Wolf Bald Eagle,Cerulean Warbler, Osprey, Red-shoulderedHawk, Spruce Grouse M Wood Turtlec Greater Redhorse x Purple Wartyback,Salamander Mussel s Calypso Orchid

RACINE Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret,Red-shouldered Hawk, Yellow-throated WarblerM Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake c LongearSunfish, Pugnose Shiner, River Redhorses Blue-stemmed Goldenrod, Forked Aster,Hop-like Sedge, Kitten Tails, Purple Milkweed,Yellow Giant Hyssop

RICHLAND Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler,Kentucky Warbler, Red- shouldered HawkM Ornate Box Turtle c Crystal Darterx Buckhorn, Bullhead, Butterfly, Ebony Shell,Higgins’ Eye Pearly Mussel, Monkeyface, RockPocketbook, Salamander Mussel, YellowSandshell s Bog Bluegrass, Muskroot, NorthernMonkshood

ROCK Acadian Flycatcher, CeruleanWarbler, Great Egret, Kentucky Warbler, Red-Shouldered Hawk, Yellow-crowned NightHeron, Yellow-throated Warbler M EasternMassasauga Rattlesnake, Ornate Box Turtlec Gravel Chub, Greater Redhorse, OzarkMinnow, Starhead Topminnow x Ellipse,Monkeyface, Purple Wartyback s Beak Grass,Forked Aster, Kitten Tails, Muskroot, Purple

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Milkweed, Yellow Giant Hyssop

RUSK 9 Timber Wolf Bald Eagle, Osprey,Spruce Grouse M Wood Turtle c Gilt Darter,Greater Redhorse, Longear Sunfishx Bullhead, Purple Wartybacks Hawthorn-leaf Gooseberry, Squashberry

SAUK Acadian Flycatcher, Bell’s Vireo,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, HoodedWarbler, Kentucky Warbler, Red-shoulderedHawk, Worm-eating Warbler, Yellow-throatedWarbler M Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake,Ornate Box Turtle, Western Slender GlassLizard c Starhead Topminnow x Buckhorn,Bullhead, Butterfly, Cherrystone Drop Snail,Higgins’ Eye Pearly Mussel, MidwestPleistocene Vertigo Snail, Monkeyface, RockPocketbook, Salamander Mussel, YellowSandshell H Karner Blue Butterfly s BogBluegrass, Drooping Sedge, Great WhiteLettuce, Muskroot, Northern Monkshood,Purple Milkweed

SAWYER 9 American Pine Marten, TimberWolf Bald Eagle, Osprey, Red-shoulderedHawk, Spruce Grouse M Wood Turtlec Greater Redhorse, Longear Sunfishx Purple Wartyback s Calypso Orchid,Goblin Fern, Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper, SmallRound-leaved Orchis

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SHAWANO Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler,Hooded Warbler, Osprey, Red-shouldered HawkM Wood Turtle c Longear Sunfish, PugnoseShiner, River Redhorse x Buckhorn,Salamander Mussel, Slippershell, Snuffbox

SHEBOYGAN Cerulean Warbler, GreatEgret, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawkc Greater Redhorse, Pugnose Shinerx Cherrystone Drop Snail, Ellipse, Slippershells Forked Aster, Handsome Sedge, MarshValerian, Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper, SnowTrillium

ST. CROIX Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler,Great Egret, Osprey, Red-shouldered HawkM Wood Turtle c Crystal Darter, Gilt Darter,Greater Redhorse, River Redhorsex Buckhorn, Butterfly, Ebony Shell, ElephantEar, Higgins’ Eye Pearly Mussel, Monkeyface,Purple Wartyback, Salamander Mussel,Snuffbox, Spectacle Case, Winged Mapleleafs Kitten Tails, Snow Trillium

TAYLOR 9 Timber Wolf Bald Eagle,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk, Spruce GrouseM Wood Turtle s Goblin Fern, Hop-like Sedge

TREMPEALEAU Bald Eagle, Bell’s Vireo,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, KentuckyWarbler, Osprey, Red-shouldered HawkM Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake, Wood

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Turtle c Crystal Darter x Bullhead, Higgins’Eye Pearly Mussel, Monkeyface, WingSnaggletooth Snail s Bog Bluegrass

VERNON Acadian Flycatcher, Bald Eagle,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, KentuckyWarbler, Red-shouldered Hawk, Worm-eatingWarbler M Wood Turtle c Greater Redhorsex Cherrystone Drop Snail, Higgins’ Eye PearlyMussel, Monkeyface, Rock Pocketbook,Wartyback, Wing Snaggletooth Snail, YellowSandshell s Drooping Sedge, Lapland Rosebay,Muskroot, Northern Monkshood

VILAS 9 American Pine Marten, TimberWolf Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler, Osprey,Red-shouldered Hawk, Spruce GrouseM Wood Turtle c Greater Redhorse, LongearSunfish, Pugnose Shiner s Calypso Orchid,Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper

WALWORTH Acadian Flycatcher,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, HoodedWarbler M Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnakec Longear Sunfish, Ozark Minnow, PugnoseShiner, Starhead Topminnow x Ellipses Forked Aster, Kitten Tails, Purple Milkweed,Yellow Giant Hyssop

WASHBURN 9 Timber Wolf Bald Eagle,Hooded Warbler, Osprey, Red-shoulderedHawk, Spruce Grouse M Wood Turtle

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c Gilt Darter, Greater Redhorse, OzarkMinnow, Pugnose Shiner x Purple Wartyback,Yellow Sandshell s Bog Bluegrass

WASHINGTON Acadian Flycatcher,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, HoodedWarbler, Kentucky Warbler, Red-shoulderedHawk c Greater Redhorse, Longear Sunfish,Pugnose Shiner x Ellipse s Forked Aster,Kitten Tails, Purple Milkweed

WAUKESHA Acadian Flycatcher, CeruleanWarbler, Great Egret, Hooded Warbler,Kentucky Warbler, Red-shouldered Hawkc Greater Redhorse, Longear Sunfish, OzarkMinnow, Pugnose Shiner, Starhead Topminnowx Ellipse, Rainbow Shell, Slippershell sForked Aster, Handsome Sedge, Hop-likeSedge, Kitten Tails, Marsh Valerian, PurpleMilkweed, Snow Trillium

WAUPACA Bald Eagle, Cerulean Warbler,Great Egret, Osprey, Red-shouldered Hawk,Yellow-crowned Night-heron M Wood Turtlec Greater Redhorse, Pugnose Shiner, RiverRedhorse x Buckhorn, Salamander Mussel,Snuffbox H Karner Blue Butterfly s MarshValerian, Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper

WAUSHARA Bald Eagle, Cerulean WarblerM Western Slender Glass Lizard c GreaterRedhorse, Longear Sunfish, Pugnose ShinerH Karner Blue Butterfly s Purple Milkweed

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WINNEBAGO Bald Eagle, CeruleanWarbler, Great Egret, Osprey M Wood Turtlec Greater Redhorse, Pugnose Shinerx Buckhorn s Bluegrass, Forked Aster, PurpleMilkweed

WOOD 9 Timber Wolf Bald Eagle,Cerulean Warbler, Great Egret, Osprey,Red-shouldered Hawk M Eastern MassasaugaRattlesnake, Western Slender Glass Lizard,Wood Turtle H Frosted Elfin Butterfly,Karner Blue Butterfly s Goblin Fern

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APPENDIX IISources of Additional Information

and Technical Assistance

International Paper Company

P.O. Box 39Norway, MI 49870-0039(906) 563-7545

Wisconsin Bureau of Endangered Resources -DNR

P.O. Box 7921Madison, WI 53707-7921(608) 266-7012

Wisconsin Bureau of Forestry - DNR

P.O. Box 7921Madison, WI 53707-7921(608) 267-7494

U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Endangered Species Coordinator1015 Challenger CourtGreen Bay, WI 54311(920) 465-7440

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Other Wisconsin Reference Books

Endangered and Threatened Vertebrate Species ofWisconsin, Bureau of Endangered Species,Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Guide to Wisconsin’s Endangered and ThreatenedPlants, Bureau of Endangered Resources,Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Manual of Aquatic Plants of Wisconsin, NormanFassett, Univ. Wisconsin Press

Natural History of Amphibians and Reptiles ofWisconsin, Richard Carl Vogt, MilwaukeePublic Museum

Spring Flora of Wisconsin, Norman Fassett,revised by Olive Thomson, Univ. WisconsinPress

Wisconsin Birdlife, Sam Robbins, Univ.Wisconsin Press

Wisconsin’s Forestry Best Management Practicesfor Water Quality, Bureau of Forestry, WisconsinDepartment of Natural Resources

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APPENDIX IIIContents by Latin Name

MAMMALSCanis lupus ................................. 4Martes americana .......................... 2

BIRDSButeo lineatus ............................. 24Casmerodius albus ....................... 16Clemmys insculpta ....................... 41Dendragapus canadensis ................. 26Dendroica cerulea ........................ 14Dendroica dominica ...................... 32Empidonax virescens ....................... 7Haliaeetus leucocephalus ................... 9Helmitheros vermivorus .................. 28Nyctanassa violacea ...................... 30Ophisaurus attenuatus ................... 39Oporornis formosus ...................... 20Pandion haliaetus ......................... 22Vireo bellii ................................. 12Wilsonia citrina ........................... 18

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANSClemmys insculpta ....................... 41Ophisaurus attenuatus ................... 39Sistrurus catenatus ....................... 35Terrapene ornata ......................... 37

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FISHAmmocrypta asperlla ..................... 45Dionda nubila ............................. 46Fundulus nottii ........................... 47Hybopsis x-punctata ..................... 45Lepomis megalotis ........................ 46Moxostoma carinatum .......................... 47Moxostoma valenciennesi ................ 46Notropis anogenus ........................ 47Percina evides ............................. 45

MUSSELS AND SNAILSAlasmidonta viridis ....................... 55Arcidens confragosus ..................... 54Cumberlandia monodonta ............... 55Cyclonaias tuberculata ................... 53Ellipsaria lineolata ........................ 50Elliptio crassidens ......................... 51Epioblasma triquertra .................... 55Fusconaia ebena .......................... 51Gastrocopta procera ...................... 56Hendersonia occulta ...................... 51Lampsilis higginsi ......................... 52Lampsilis teres ............................ 57Plethobasus cyphus ....................... 50Quadrula fragosa ......................... 56Quadrula nodulata ....................... 56Quadurla metanevra ..................... 53Simpsonaias ambigua ..................... 54Triogonia verrucosa ...................... 50Venustaconcha ellipsiformis .............. 52

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Vertigo hubrichtii ......................... 52Vertigo occulta ............................ 53Villosa Iris ................................. 54

INSECTSIncisalia irus .............................. 59Lycaeides melissa samuelis ............... 61Schinia indiana ........................... 64

PLANTSAconitum noveboracense ............... 121Adoxa moschatellina .................... 117Agastache nepetoides .................... 141Amerorchis rotundifolia ................. 129Arenaria macrophylla ................... 109Asclepias purpurascens .................. 125Aster furcatus ............................. 91Besseya bullii ............................. 105Botrychium lunaria ...................... 113Botrychium mormo ....................... 93Calypso bulbosa .......................... 79Carex careyana ........................... 81Carex formosa ............................ 97Carex lupuliformis ....................... 101Carex media ............................. 103Carex prasina ............................. 83Cypripedium arietinum ................. 127Diarrhena americana ..................... 69Geocaulon lividum ...................... 119Iris lacustris ............................... 85Listera auriculata ......................... 67Listera convallarioides .................... 77

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Melica smithii ............................ 133Moehringia macrophylla ................ 109Poa paludigena ............................ 73Polemonium occidentale var. lacustre ... 139Polystichum braunii ...................... 75Prenanthes crepidinea .................... 95Pterospora andromedea ................. 123Pyrola minor ............................. 131Rhododendron lapponicum.............. 107Ribes oxyacanthoides ..................... 99Silene virginica ............................ 87Solidago caesia ............................ 71Tiarella cordifolia ......................... 89Trillium nivale ........................... 135Vaccinium vitis-idaea .................... 115Valerian uliginosa ........................ 111Valeriana sitchensis ...................... 111Viburnum edule.......................... 137

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APPENDIX IVPhoto and Illustration Credits

Photo and illustration contributors include, butare not limited to, the cooperators and thefollowing:

Kurt Buhlmann, Savannah River Ecology Lab,University of Georgia – Wood Turtle

N. L. Britton and A. Brown, illustrations inBritton, N. L., and A. Brown. 1913. Anillustrated flora of the northern United Statesand Canada, 2nd ed. Charles Scribner’s Sons,N.Y. – Great White Lettuce, Hawthorn-leavedGooseberry

Betty Cottrille and Cornell Laboratory ofOrnithology – Acadian Flycatcher, KentuckyWarbler

Henry Creutzburg, illustrations in Mackenzie,K. K. 1940. North American Cariceae (2vols.) New York botanical gardens, NY –Carey’s Sedge, Drooping Sedge, Handsome Sedge

Joe Duft, Native Plant Society, New Mexico –Large-leaved Sandwort, Small Shinleaf, WesternJacob’s Ladder

John Dunning and Cornell Laboratory ofOrnithology – Worm-eating Warbler

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Bill Dyer and Cornell Laboratory ofOrnithology – Cerulean Warbler

Les Ferge, USDA Forest Service, ForestProducts Laboratroy – Phlox Flower Moth

Vivien Frazier, illustration in Correll, D.S., andH. B. Correll. 1972. Aquatic and wetlandplants of southwestern United States.Environmental Protection Agency, WaterPollution Control research Series 16030 DNL01/72. – Yellow Giant Hyssop

C. Kuhn, illustration in Mitchell, R. S., and C.J. Sheviak. 1981. Rare plants of New YorkState. N. Y. State Museum Bull. No. 445,Albany – Auricled Twayblade

Greg W. Lasley, Bell’s Vireo

James Leupold, U.S. Geological Survey –Yellow-crowned Night Heron

Thomas Meyer, Bureau of EndangeredResources, Wisconsin Department of NaturalResources – Various plants

Steve Mortensen – Goblin Fern

Paul Parmalee and Arthur Bogan. 1998. Thefreshwater mussels of Tennessee. The Univ. ofTenn. Press, Knoxville. – Purple WartybackMussel

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C. O. Rosendahl and F. K. Butters, illustrationin Rosendahl, C. O., and F. K. Butters. 1928.Trees and shrubs of Minnesota. Univ.Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. – Hawthorn-leaved Gooseberry

Caulion Singletary and Cornell Laboratory ofOrnithology – Great Egret

Janice Stiefel – Blue-stemmed Goldenrod,Handsome Sedge

Dan Stosits and Cornell Laboratory ofOrnithology – Spruce Grouse

Ann Swengel – Frosted Elfin Butterfly

USDA, illustration in Hitchcock, A. S. 1951.Manual of the grasses of the United States (2nd

ed., revised by A. Chase). USDA Misc. Pub.200, U. S. Gov. Printing Off., Washington,D.C. – Beak Grass

Ed Voss, University of Michigan – AuricledTwayblade, Intermediate Sedge, MountainCranberry, Pine-drops, Smith Melic Grass,Squashberry

Wisconsin Bureau of Endangered Resources

a cooperative publication of:

threatened and endangered in of wisconsin...endangered species act (esa) was passed by the u.s....

Documents