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  • threat from floodingthreat from flooding · 2017. 3. 20. · threat from floodingthreat from flooding Resilience and ‘building back better’ • The average amount of time that
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THREAT FROM FLOODING THREAT FROM FLOODING THREAT FROM FLOODING Resilience and ‘building back better’ • The average amount of time that people spend out of their flood-damaged homes is nine months. • By taking practical steps to increase the resistance and resilience of a property to flooding, the time taken to recover from flooding can be shortened considerably. The value of a claim submitted by insurers can be reduced or home-owners can remove the need to claim at all. • But installing property-level resilience and resistance measures is not yet standard practice in flood affected areas. Reasons include a desire on the part of householders to get back into their properties quickly after flooding, rather than wait for measures to be installed, and a lack of trust in the effectiveness of the measures. • Resistance measures are designed to slow down the flow of water into a property, buying valuable time to move furniture and possessions. Measures include: flood barriers, strengthened doors and windows, flood alarms and garden landscaping. Resilience measures are aimed at ameliorating flood damage once water has penetrated the property. These include stainless steel kitchens, extensive wall and floor tiling, waterproof grout and adhesive, removable stair carpet and quick release, removable internal doors. CASE STUDY: Slowing the Flow in Pickering A Natural Flood Management scheme from Pickering, ‘Slow the Flow’, was declared a success in 2016, following an evaluation by the Environment Agency. The scheme consisted of 167 ‘leaky’ dams and 187 heather bale dams within a stream, two timber bunds (part-concrete structures aimed at diverting water away from the town), and improvements to farmland, woodland and moorland in the river catchment. 40,000 trees were planted and an upstream storage reservoir installed. The community in Pickering was directly involved in the design of the scheme, facilitated by geographer Professor Sarah Whatmore and colleagues from the University of Oxford. The Environment Agency’s analysis concluded that the scheme prevented flooding in Pickering around Christmas 2015, that would otherwise have occurred to a small number of residential properties and the town’s museum. The flood peak was reduced by 15-20%, with half of this effect attributable to improved catchment management and tree planting and half to the flood storage reservoir. The Bonfield Review A 2016 report suggested the use of Building Regulations to encourage flood resilient and resistant construction, along with the introduction of industry standards and certification processes for flood products and their installation. Changes in land use Upsteam changes in land use can affect downstream flooding. For example, tree felling, increased densities of livestock and the modification of river channels can lead to erosion and increased run-off. Suggested solutions have included the removal of levees to reactivate flood plains, strategic tree planting and the reversal of soil degradation to increase infiltration capacity. The Government has recognised flooding as one of the most serious threats facing the United Kingdom: the 2017 Climate Change Risk Assessment identified flooding and coastal change risks to communities, businesses and infrastructure as the greatest risk posed to the UK by a changing climate. Land use practices and projected increases in heavy rainfall mean that the threat from flooding is severe and increasing. Winter floods 2015/16 • Analysis by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology shows that the winter flooding event of 2015/16, caused by storms Desmond, Eva and Frank, was one of the most severe and extreme hydrological events of the past 100 years. • December 2015 was the wettest December on record, and the wettest calendar month since records began in 2010. • It is estimated that 16,000 properties were flooded in England and 20,000 more protected from floods by existing defences. • KPMG has estimated the economic impact of the 2015/16 winter floods at £5 billion - £5.8 billion. SOURCES: FIGURE 1: THE WINTER FLOODS OF 2015/2016 IN THE UK - A REVIEW. CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY & HYDROLOGY; FIGURE 2: FLOOD RISK & MANAGEMENT AND FUNDING, HOUSE OF COMMONS LIBRARY. DESIGN + ILLUSTRATION: WWW. GREG- STEVENSON. CO. UK Natural Flood Management • Natural Flood Management is the alteration, restoration or use of landscape features to reduce flood risk. Altering features often includes ‘soft-engineering’, which has been defined as engineering with natural materials, such as soil. • Although the evidence is limited, there are indications that Natural Flood Management has a greater role to play in sustainable flood risk management in the UK than it does at present. It can be effective when used as part of a portfolio of measures, including planning, infrastructure design and regulation, tailored to the geography of the catchment. There are also wider social, environmental and economic benefits to natural flood management, including benefits for biodiversity. • The success of Natural Flood Management depends on the catchment scale, the scale of the flooding involved, the willingness of land owners to cooperate and the needs of the communities at risk. • There is presently a lack of evidence for the efficacy of Natural Flood Management at larger scales and a need to fill this research gap. Figure 1: November 2015 – January 2016 river catchment outflows the highest since records began in 1960s Funding for flood risk management The Government has committed £3.2 billion for new flood defences, maintenance and repair, up until 2021. Figure 2: UK Government spending on flood and coastal erosion risk management 2000 – 2017 CASE STUDY: Cumbria Cumbria was the worst hit area of the UK, with water levels in the main rivers exceeding the highest ever recorded. * 12 months on from the aftermath of Storm Desmond, one in five households were yet to return home. “Across Cumbria, 1,029 businesses were flooded that day; of these, 76 per cent are operational again, while 24 per cent remain closed. 200 roads or bridges have yet to be fully repaired, although most are in use again.” * Geographical article: social impacts of flooding in Cumbria (“In Recovery – 12 months on from Storm Desmond” by Karen Lloyd, Geographical, 18 January 2017) “It was the speed of it that was so shocking. Between 4pm and 5pm the water was rising at an inch a minute. By 5pm we were up to our chests.” Chris White, Resident, Cumbria Flooding from sea Land use changes Flooding from rivers Overloaded sewers < 2000/1 2016/17 > < 1960s 2015/16 >

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Page 1: threat from floodingthreat from flooding · 2017. 3. 20. · threat from floodingthreat from flooding Resilience and ‘building back better’ • The average amount of time that

threat from floodingthreat from floodingthreat from flooding

Resilience and ‘building back better’ • Theaverageamountoftimethatpeople

spendoutoftheirflood-damagedhomesisninemonths.

• Bytakingpracticalstepstoincreasetheresistanceandresilienceofapropertytoflooding,thetimetakentorecoverfromfloodingcanbeshortenedconsiderably.Thevalueofaclaimsubmittedbyinsurerscanbereducedorhome-ownerscanremovetheneedtoclaimatall.

• Butinstallingproperty-levelresilienceandresistancemeasuresisnotyetstandardpracticeinfloodaffectedareas.Reasonsincludeadesireonthepartofhouseholderstogetbackintotheirpropertiesquicklyafterflooding,ratherthanwaitformeasurestobeinstalled,andalackoftrustintheeffectivenessofthemeasures.

• Resistancemeasuresaredesignedtoslowdowntheflowofwaterintoaproperty,buyingvaluabletimetomovefurnitureandpossessions.Measuresinclude:floodbarriers,strengtheneddoorsandwindows,floodalarmsandgardenlandscaping.Resiliencemeasuresareaimedatamelioratingflooddamageoncewaterhaspenetratedtheproperty.Theseincludestainlesssteelkitchens,extensivewallandfloortiling,waterproofgroutandadhesive,removablestaircarpetandquickrelease,removableinternaldoors.

CASE STUDY: Slowing the Flow in Pickering ANaturalFloodManagementschemefromPickering,‘SlowtheFlow’,wasdeclaredasuccessin2016,followinganevaluationbytheEnvironmentAgency.Theschemeconsistedof167‘leaky’damsand187heatherbaledamswithinastream,twotimberbunds(part-concretestructuresaimedatdivertingwaterawayfromthetown),andimprovementstofarmland,woodlandandmoorlandintherivercatchment.40,000treeswereplantedandanupstreamstoragereservoirinstalled.ThecommunityinPickeringwasdirectlyinvolvedinthedesignofthescheme,facilitatedbygeographerProfessorSarahWhatmoreandcolleaguesfromtheUniversityofOxford.

TheEnvironmentAgency’sanalysisconcludedthattheschemepreventedfloodinginPickeringaroundChristmas2015,thatwouldotherwisehaveoccurredtoasmallnumberofresidentialpropertiesandthetown’smuseum.Thefloodpeakwasreducedby15-20%,withhalfofthiseffectattributabletoimprovedcatchmentmanagementandtreeplantingandhalftothefloodstoragereservoir.

The Bonfield ReviewA2016reportsuggestedtheuseofBuildingRegulationstoencouragefloodresilientandresistantconstruction,alongwiththeintroductionofindustrystandardsandcertificationprocessesforfloodproductsandtheirinstallation.

Changes in land useUpsteamchangesinlandusecanaffectdownstreamflooding.Forexample,treefelling,increaseddensitiesoflivestockandthemodificationofriverchannelscanleadtoerosionandincreasedrun-off.Suggestedsolutionshaveincludedtheremovalofleveestoreactivatefloodplains,strategictreeplantingandthereversalofsoildegradationtoincreaseinfiltrationcapacity.

TheGovernmenthasrecognisedfloodingasoneofthemostseriousthreatsfacingtheUnitedKingdom:the2017ClimateChangeRiskAssessmentidentifiedfloodingandcoastalchangeriskstocommunities,

businessesandinfrastructureasthegreatestriskposedtotheUKbyachangingclimate.Landusepracticesandprojectedincreasesinheavyrainfallmeanthatthethreatfromfloodingissevereandincreasing.

Winter floods 2015/16• AnalysisbytheCentreforEcology

andHydrologyshowsthatthewinterfloodingeventof2015/16,causedbystormsDesmond,EvaandFrank,wasoneofthemostsevereandextremehydrologicaleventsofthepast100years.

• December2015wasthewettestDecemberonrecord,andthewettestcalendarmonthsincerecordsbeganin2010.

• Itisestimatedthat16,000propertieswerefloodedinEnglandand20,000moreprotectedfromfloodsbyexistingdefences.

• KPMGhasestimatedtheeconomicimpactofthe2015/16winterfloodsat£5billion-£5.8billion.

sources: figure 1: the winter floods of 2015/2016 in the uk - a review. centre for ecology & hydrology; figure 2: flood risk & management and funding, house of commons library. design + illustration: www.greg-stevenson.co.uk

Natural Flood Management• NaturalFloodManagementisthe

alteration,restorationoruseoflandscapefeaturestoreducefloodrisk.Alteringfeaturesoftenincludes‘soft-engineering’,whichhasbeendefinedasengineeringwithnaturalmaterials,suchassoil.

• Althoughtheevidenceislimited,thereareindicationsthatNaturalFloodManagementhasagreaterroletoplayinsustainablefloodriskmanagementintheUKthanitdoesatpresent.Itcanbeeffectivewhenusedaspartofaportfolioofmeasures,includingplanning,infrastructuredesignandregulation,tailoredtothegeographyofthecatchment.Therearealsowidersocial,environmentalandeconomicbenefitstonaturalfloodmanagement,includingbenefitsforbiodiversity.

• ThesuccessofNaturalFloodManagementdependsonthecatchmentscale,thescaleofthefloodinginvolved,thewillingnessoflandownerstocooperateandtheneedsofthecommunitiesatrisk.

• ThereispresentlyalackofevidencefortheefficacyofNaturalFloodManagementatlargerscalesandaneedtofillthisresearchgap.

Figure 1: November2015–January2016rivercatchmentoutflowsthehighestsincerecordsbeganin1960s

Funding for flood risk managementTheGovernmenthascommitted£3.2billionfornewflooddefences,maintenanceandrepair,upuntil2021.

Figure 2: UKGovernmentspendingonfloodandcoastalerosionriskmanagement2000–2017

CASE STUDY: Cumbria CumbriawastheworsthitareaoftheUK,withwaterlevelsinthemainriversexceedingthehighesteverrecorded.*

12monthsonfromtheaftermathofStormDesmond,oneinfivehouseholdswereyettoreturnhome.

“AcrossCumbria,1,029businesseswerefloodedthatday;ofthese,76percentareoperationalagain,while24percentremainclosed.200roadsorbridgeshaveyettobefullyrepaired,althoughmostareinuseagain.”

*Geographicalarticle:socialimpactsoffloodinginCumbria(“InRecovery–12monthsonfromStormDesmond”byKarenLloyd,Geographical,18January2017)

“It was the speed of it that was so shocking. Between 4pm and 5pm the water was rising at an inch a minute. By 5pm we were up to our chests.” ChrisWhite,Resident,Cumbria

Flooding from sea

Land use changes

Flooding from

rivers

Overloaded sewers

<2000/1 2016/17>

<1960s 2015/16>

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