thorium, its alloys and intermetallic compounds...feb 08, 2020  · 2) • two primary phases ......

16
Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds A chemicophysical and mechanical retrospective Stephen A. Boyd, Ph.D. Havelide Systems, Inc. 118 Division Avenue Blue Point, NY 11715

Upload: others

Post on 06-Mar-2021

7 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds

A chemicophysical and mechanical retrospective

Stephen A. Boyd, Ph.D.Havelide Systems, Inc.118 Division AvenueBlue Point, NY 11715

Page 2: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Thorium – the element: synthesis 

– Three sources for “modern” synthesis:

• Ames  Protocol

–(Th(NO3)4•4H2O + (COOH)2 → Th(oxo) 2–Th(oxo) 2 +∆H → ThO2

– ThO2 + HF ‐> ThF4– ThF4 + 2Ca0 + ZnCl2 +∆H →Th0

• Battelle: 2I2 + Th +∆H ‐> ThI4; ∆H → Th0

• Westinghouse: ThO2 + Ca0 + ∆H → Th0

1829 – Jakob Berzelius  Original reaction: KThF5 + K0 → Th0

Page 3: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Thorium – the element: performance

• Vicker’s Hardness: 36‐100 (depending on purity); remarkably soft – very similar to Al– Easily cold‐rolled to 0.1mm

– cold‐workable, 

– Extrudable

– machinable

– Weldable – arc, MIG, TIG

– Intermetalic welding, braising

INTERIM REPORT ON METALLURGY OF THORIUM AND THORIUM ALLOYS. ORNL 1090 METALLURGY AND CERAMICS.  1949 ‐ 1951 Contract No. W‐740S, eng‐26.

Page 4: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Thorium – the element – α phase

• Face‐centered Cubic†

_– Fm3m

• a = 5.08Å

• ⟩ ≈ 11.6 g/cm3

†Wilson, W. B., Austin, A. E., and Schwartz, C. M., "The Solid Solubility of Uraniumin Thorium and the Allotropic Transformation of Thorium‐Uranium Alloys", BMI‐ 11 11(July 12, 1956).

Page 5: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Thorium – the element – β phase

• Body‐centered Cubic at 

High temperature:

transition temp: 

1360°C†

_– Space group: Im3m

• a = 4.12Å

• ⟩ ≈ 9 g/cm3

†Chiotti, P., "High‐Temperature Crystal Structure of Thorium", J. Electrochem. Soc,,‐101, 567‐70 (1954).

Page 6: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Binary Alloys: ASTM Nomenclature• Letters = major alloying elements

• first letter = the highest amount (wt%)

• second letter = the second highest amount (wt%)

• Numbers = wt% of each, in same order

Page 7: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Binary Th alloys

• Containment vessels a challenge– Refractory materials few and far between

– ZrO2 vessels (<1800°C) discovered…<1% reactivity with Th0

– BeO excellent, but highly toxic and Th‐Bex(2<x<13; solid solution) microlayer readily formed above 1200°C; high shear plane number†§

† Spedding, F. H., unpublished information (November, 1944).§ Foote, Frank, Metallurgy Division Progress Report, CT‐2794 (April, 1945)

Page 8: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Silica Tube Alloying Furnace

INTERIM REPORT ON METALLURGY OF THORIUM AND THORIUM ALLOYS. ORNL 1090 METALLURGY AND CERAMICS.  1949 ‐ 1951 Contract No. W‐740S, eng‐26.

Page 9: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Mag‐Thor (ThMg2)

• Much vaulted, due to its chemical and physical properties:– High tensile strength at elevated (350°C) temperatures

– High corrosion resistance

– Little creep, despite prolonged elevated temperature exposure

Page 10: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Mag‐Thor (ThMg2)

• Two primary phases– Temperature dependent

– Low‐temperature (<700°C) phase: hexagonal (P63/mmm)

– a = 6.086Å– c = 19.64Å

Peterson, D. R., Diljak, P. F., and Vold, C. L., "The Structure of Thorium‐MagnesiumIntermetallic Compounds", Acta Cryst., 1‐90, 1036 (1956

Page 11: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Mag‐Thor (ThMg2)

Page 12: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Mag‐Thor – high‐temp cubic phase

Cubic: Fd3m

a = 8.57 Å

Small stability rangeBefore peritecticdecomposition

Yamamoto, A. S., Levinson, D. W., and Rostoker, W., "Research on Phase Relationshipsin Magnesium Alloys", WADC TN‐649 (November 1, 1955).

Page 13: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Mg‐Th

• Demonstrably skewed toward Mg‐rich side

• Low mp (790°C)

• Peritecticdecomposition

Page 14: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Th‐CrClassic eutectic phase curve, But NO intermetallic at eutecticpoint

Alloy (non‐intermetallic) withOnly 2% Cr has incredibly high Tensile  strength

α‐phase (<1360°C)face‐centered cubic (Fm3m)

β‐phase (1360‐1755°C)body‐centered cubic (Im3m)

Venkatraman, M., Neumann, J.P., Peterson, D.E. Bull Alloy Phase Diag. 6, 5 1985

Page 15: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Th‐Cr

• Tensile data for Th‐rich (~98% %wt) Th‐Cr surprising• Weldable, machinable, double T‐strength of 316‐SS,• Non‐magnetic

Page 16: Thorium, its Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds...Feb 08, 2020  · 2) • Two primary phases ... Alloy (non‐intermetallic) with. Only 2% Cr has incredibly high ... • Weldable,

Conclusions

• Hundreds of Binary, Ternary alloys

• Poorly studied, nearly zero present‐day research

• Remarkable properties– Simple machining for both elemental Th and binary alloys

– Non‐magnetic behavior

– High‐temperature performance