THOMAS JEFFERSON

• Home is Monticello, VA• Pictured on the nickel & $2 bill• 1st President inaugurated in Washington, D.C.• On Mount Rushmore; a state capital named after him

• Declaration of Independence• Died on the 4th of July• Suffered from migraines• Kept live bears on White House lawn; had a pet mockingbird

• Made macaroni & cheese, waffles & ice cream popular

Jefferson’s Bedroom / Study

“The rights of human nature are deeply wounded by this infamous practice of slavery.”

The Great Chief JusticeJohn Marshall

Louisiana Purchase

James Monroe & Robert Livingston sent James Monroe & Robert Livingston sent to FR in 1803 to seek purchase of to FR in 1803 to seek purchase of New New Orleans Orleans for $10Mfor $10M

LEWIS & CLARKEXPEDITION, 1804-1806

Guide/Interpreter:– Sacagawea – “Bird Woman”– Shoshone Indian, married to a French-Canadian trapper– York – black slave – hunting, fishing skills– 48 men on the 3 year expedition

SACAJAWEA

Stolen, held captive, sold, eventually reunited with the Shoshone Indians.

An interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark in 1805-1806 with her husband Toussaint Charbonneau. She navigated carrying her son, Jean Baptiste, on her back. She traveled thousands of miles from the Dakotas to the Pacific Ocean.

The explorers said she was cheerful, never complained, and proved to be invaluable. She served as an advisor, caretaker, and is legendary for her perseverance and resourcefulness.

BURR vs. HAMILTONBURR vs. HAMILTON

BURR vs. HAMILTONBURR vs. HAMILTONBurr leaves Vice Presidency & runs for Gov. of NY

Hamilton works against him & keeps him from winning; also exposes Burr’s NE secession conspiracy (Essex Junto)

Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel

NJ, July -1804

Hamilton fires to miss; Burr fires to kill

Hamilton mortally wounded; dies

bankrupt; Federalists leaderless

Burr’s career over….

he & LA Gov. plot to take over Mexico; arrested & tried for treason – acquitted; flees to Europe

Jefferson reelected by landslide victory in 1804 winning all but 2 statesBRITISH (shark) & FRENCH (tiger) back at war by 1805 & both interfere with American neutral trading rightsBritish “Orders in Council” 1806

– Kept US from trading with FRFrench then issue order to seize all merchant ships in BR ports

• BRITISH IMPRESSMENT:• Legalized form of kidnapping where BR would

stop ships, seize American sailors off of them & “press” them into service against their will (over 6,000 Americans between 1808 & 1811).

ATTACK ON THE CHESAPEAKE, 1807:

U.S. warship; stopped by BR for search;U.S. refused. BR fired. Killed 3 &wounded 18. U.S. surrendered, BRboarded & carried off 4 sailors.

JEFFERSON’S RESPONSE THE EMBARGO ACT

The FounderThe FounderOf theOf theUniversityUniversityof Virginiaof Virginia

& the Author& the Authorof theof theDeclaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

NOT as PresidentMonticello

JAMESJAMESMADISONMADISON

44THTH President President

Two Terms, Republican, VATwo Terms, Republican, VAHad served as Jefferson’s Had served as Jefferson’s Secretary of State Secretary of State Jefferson’s hand-picked Jefferson’s hand-picked successor for Presidentsuccessor for PresidentShortest President: 5’4” & Shortest President: 5’4” & less than 100 poundsless than 100 poundsMacon’s Bill No. 2, 1810Macon’s Bill No. 2, 1810– Commerce restored with all Commerce restored with all

countriescountries– BUT any violation of neutral BUT any violation of neutral

commerce would require commerce would require reapplication of Non-reapplication of Non-Intercourse ActIntercourse Act

James Madison James Madison on Slaveryon Slavery

Saw slavery as politically, Saw slavery as politically, economically, and economically, and morally wrongmorally wrongOwned slavesOwned slavesIndirectly freed one slave, Indirectly freed one slave, rest were never freed rest were never freed

Pres. Of American Pres. Of American Colonization SocietyColonization SocietyFelt that freed slaves Felt that freed slaves could not live in white could not live in white society, must be returned society, must be returned to Africa & compensation to Africa & compensation given to slave ownersgiven to slave ownersLeft $2,000 to Left $2,000 to Colonization Society & Colonization Society & proceeds from sale of his proceeds from sale of his grist mill grist mill

An incident that illuminates James Madison's ambivalence An incident that illuminates James Madison's ambivalence toward the issue of slavery is the story of Billey, a body servant toward the issue of slavery is the story of Billey, a body servant who accompanied him to Philadelphia during the Continental who accompanied him to Philadelphia during the Continental Congress. Madison wrote to his father at Montpelier:Congress. Madison wrote to his father at Montpelier:

"On a view of all circumstances I have judged it most prudent "On a view of all circumstances I have judged it most prudent not to force Billey back to VA even if it could be done; and have not to force Billey back to VA even if it could be done; and have accordingly taken measures for his final separation from me. I accordingly taken measures for his final separation from me. I am persuaded his mind is too thoroughly tainted to be a fit am persuaded his mind is too thoroughly tainted to be a fit companion for fellow slaves in VA. The laws here do not admit companion for fellow slaves in VA. The laws here do not admit of his being sold for more than 7 years. I do not expect to get of his being sold for more than 7 years. I do not expect to get near the worth of him; but cannot think of punishing him by near the worth of him; but cannot think of punishing him by transportation merely for coveting that liberty for which we transportation merely for coveting that liberty for which we have paid the price of so much blood, and have proclaimed so have paid the price of so much blood, and have proclaimed so often to be the right, and worthy pursuit, of every human often to be the right, and worthy pursuit, of every human being."— James Madison, Jr., to James Madison, Sr., 8 being."— James Madison, Jr., to James Madison, Sr., 8 September 1783September 1783

His solution was to sell Billey to a Quaker, knowing that, by His solution was to sell Billey to a Quaker, knowing that, by Pennsylvania law, Billey could only remain a slave for seven Pennsylvania law, Billey could only remain a slave for seven years and then would be freed. Billey was indeed freed, years and then would be freed. Billey was indeed freed, adopted the last name Gardner, and in his occupation as a adopted the last name Gardner, and in his occupation as a merchant's agent, was lost at sea a few years later.merchant's agent, was lost at sea a few years later.

TECUMSEH & THE BATTLE OF TECUMSEH & THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOETIPPECANOE

Shawnee Indian; excellent Shawnee Indian; excellent leader and warriorleader and warrior

Formed a Confederation of Formed a Confederation of Indians in the trans-Indians in the trans-Appalachian regionAppalachian region

Brother, Brother, TenskwatawaTenskwatawa – the – the “Prophet” – a fanatic who is on “Prophet” – a fanatic who is on moral crusade for Indians to moral crusade for Indians to give up white culture & reclaim give up white culture & reclaim their owntheir own

While Tecumseh is away, While Tecumseh is away, his forces defeated by his forces defeated by William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison at at Battle of Tippecanoe

End of his Indian End of his Indian confederation by 1811confederation by 1811

Westerners claimed that Westerners claimed that the confederation was the confederation was actually a BR scheme & actually a BR scheme & cried for war against BRcried for war against BR

Tecumseh joins BR & Tecumseh joins BR & dies fighting with them in dies fighting with them in War of 1812War of 1812

hashasTHE WAR OF 1812

“Mr. Madison’s War”“The Second War for Independence”

U.S. DECLARES WAR AGAINST BRITISH:1) Impressment2) BR interference with US trade & neutrality rights3) BR inciting of Indians (Westerners)4) Land fever (FL, Canada)

War HawksWar HawksObjections to War by the Objections to War by the

Federalists …. NewFederalists …. New

England:England:Economic reasons – would be Economic reasons – would be worse than Orders in Councilworse than Orders in Council

Realism – foolish to take on Realism – foolish to take on strongest Navy in worldstrongest Navy in world– U.S. has only 7 frigatesU.S. has only 7 frigates

Real threat is Napoleon – and Real threat is Napoleon – and we’re aiding him if we go to war we’re aiding him if we go to war with BRwith BR

U.S. WINS EARLY BATTLES at sea.U.S.S. CONSTITUTION (“Old Ironsides”) VERY SUCCESSFUL.BR are too involved in Europe fighting Napoleon to concentrate on U.S.Attack on Canada will fail (poorly planned)

COMMANDER OLIVER HAZARD COMMANDER OLIVER HAZARD PERRY – LAKE ERIEPERRY – LAKE ERIE

COMMANDER OLIVER HAZARD COMMANDER OLIVER HAZARD PERRY – LAKE ERIEPERRY – LAKE ERIE

Most important naval victory in the War!Most important naval victory in the War!Summer 1813Summer 1813Perry’s ship shot to piecesPerry’s ship shot to piecesHad to row to sister ship, Had to row to sister ship, NiagraNiagra, during , during heavy battleheavy battleTook charge of Took charge of NiagraNiagra and defeated and defeated BritishBritish““We have met the enemy and they are We have met the enemy and they are ours!”ours!”Instant heroInstant hero

British Strategy:British Strategy: After Napoleon's After Napoleon's

defeat in 1814, defeat in 1814, concentrate entire concentrate entire forces on U.S.forces on U.S.

3 major invasions:3 major invasions: Attack from Attack from

Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C. Baltimore, MDBaltimore, MD

Attack at New Attack at New OrleansOrleans

WASHINGTON, D.C.WASHINGTON, D.C.

BRITISH WINBRITISH WIN Burn the Capitol, White House & other public buildingsBurn the Capitol, White House & other public buildings

Done in retaliation for US burning of York, CanadaDone in retaliation for US burning of York, Canada Dolley MadisonDolley Madison

Escapes from White House with original of Washington’s Escapes from White House with original of Washington’s portrait, etc.portrait, etc.

Effect: enlistments!Effect: enlistments!

Americans win andAmericans win and

turn the British away after 25 turn the British away after 25 hour bombardment.hour bombardment.

BR then defeated at Plattsburg, BR then defeated at Plattsburg, NY - retreat to Canada & war NY - retreat to Canada & war is effectively over.is effectively over.

BATTLE AT FT. McHENRYBATTLE AT FT. McHENRY (Baltimore) (Baltimore)

“STAR-SPANGLED BANNER”

Francis Scott Key

Jackson’s Florida CampaignsJackson’s Florida Campaigns

HARTFORD CONVENTIONHARTFORD CONVENTIONNE Federalists – Dec. 1814 / Jan. 1815NE Federalists – Dec. 1814 / Jan. 1815

To protest war & plan convention of states to revise To protest war & plan convention of states to revise ConstitutionConstitution

Primary concern – continuation of trade w/BRPrimary concern – continuation of trade w/BR

New England Radicals – seeking secession (minority)New England Radicals – seeking secession (minority)

Proposed Constitutional amendments:Proposed Constitutional amendments:– Repeal 3/5 compromiseRepeal 3/5 compromise– Require 2/3 vote of Congress for war & new statesRequire 2/3 vote of Congress for war & new states– Reduce Congress’ power to restrict tradeReduce Congress’ power to restrict trade– Limit P’s to 1 termLimit P’s to 1 term

Totally discredited by Treaty – why?Totally discredited by Treaty – why?

BATTLE OFBATTLE OFNEW ORLEANSNEW ORLEANS

Americans are led by Gen. Andrew JacksonRecruits militia, blacks, & pirates, etc.Jackson’s plan to defeat the British?

Sheltered behind earthen parapet & cotton bales.Picked off 2000 BR soldiers as they advance in open.

But the irony of this battle is …..?

TREATY OF GHENTTREATY OF GHENT

Just a Cease-Fire; an ArmisticeA return to the “status quo ante-bellum”Last treaty of peace between US & BRWhy does U.S. claim victory?

EFFECTS OF THE WAREFFECTS OF THE WARAmerica viewed as a major world powerAmerica viewed as a major world power

Validity of republican form of government is established Validity of republican form of government is established (America held off BR despite the internal frictions)(America held off BR despite the internal frictions)

Federalist Party is effectively destroyedFederalist Party is effectively destroyed

HUGE WAVE OF NATIONALISM!HUGE WAVE OF NATIONALISM!

Internal improvements (transportation)Internal improvements (transportation)

Indians are primary losers –esp. those opposing Indians are primary losers –esp. those opposing Jackson; US gains 23 million acres in AL & GAJackson; US gains 23 million acres in AL & GA

Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817

Convention of 1818Convention of 1818

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 (Florida!)Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 (Florida!)