this project is funded by the european union the sole ... energy... · measures require a value...

Agriculture and Energy Efficiency 1

This project is funded by the European Union

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the authors.The European Union is not responsible for any use that may bemade of the information contained therein.


This project was funded by the FP7 Program of the EU with the GrantAgreement Number 289139

Project Deliverable 2.3

Janusz Gołaszewski, Chris de Visser

Mariusz Stolarski, Zbigniew Brodziński, Ewelina Olba-Zięty, Ryszard Myhan

University of Warmia and Mazuryin Olsztyn

Hannu Mikkola, Jukka Ahokas, Tapani Jokiniemi,Mari Rajaniemi

University of Helsinki

Andreas Meyer-Aurich, Thomas Ziegler Leibniz-Institute for AgriculturalEngineering Potsdam-Bornim

Demetres Briassoulis, Athanasios Balafoutis,Antonis Mistriotis, Panagiotis Panagakis,Georgios Papadakis

Agricultural University of Athens

Fridtjof de Buisonjé, Hilko Ellen, Cecilia Stanghellini,Marcel van der Voort

Wageningen UR

Fátima Baptista, Luís Leopoldo Silva, Dina Murcho, JoséRafael Silva, José Oliveira Peça, João Serrano

University of Évora

© 2012 agrEE


Key points

1. An overview list was produced that contains 481 energy efficiency improvementmeasures for the main energy consuming agricultural sectors as reported by the six EUpartner countries. The list distinctly indicates the untapped potential for energysavings in agriculture.

2. At present energy efficiency in agriculture is not a policy priority in the EU and onlypartly so in member countries (an exception is energy use in greenhouses).Nevertheless, innovation and implementation of energy saving measures is alreadyhappening in all sectors of agricultural production. To stimulate this process it isestimated that research and innovation is required for at least 80% of the reportedmeasures.

3. Sometimes isolated single-issue energy saving measures can offer a solution, but inother cases a set of coherent measures is necessary to be meaningful, especially whensystems innovations are involved. Sometimes, the implementation of energy savingmeasures require a value chain approach, like precision agriculture, or sometimesrequire technologies that can be provided to the agricultural sector by supplycompanies, even in other sectors of the economy. The development andimplementation of these measures can be quite complex and long term efforts areneeded to realize its potentials.

4. Determination of a specific package of energy efficiency improvement measures foragricultural subsectors (to a great extent country-specific) enables for systemic/holisticresearch approach where total energy savings in a given production is considered as asynergistic (energy, economic, and environmental) effect.

Summary

The reduction of energy inputs in agricultural production is a process of practical

implementation of a set of energy saving (ES) measures associated with a given type of

production, farm infrastructure and managerial or organizational activities. In six national

reports from Finland, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Poland and Portugal for 13

subsectors of agriculture, 481 ES measures in total were identified and classified into seven

categories: 1) type of energy input: indirect, direct; 2) type of ES measure: operational level,

systems level, process monitoring, farm management, market orientation, capital goods; 3)

importance: from 1-low to 5-high; 4) R&D: yes, no; 5) potential of the measure: achievable at

present or not immediately ready for implementation; 6) indication of an investment cost:

from €1000 to over €1000000; 7) estimated payback time: from 1 to over 5 years.

The general conclusions from the analysis are as follows.ES measures refer to the

reduction of main energy inputs in agricultural production, including fertilizers and

pesticides; fuels for powering tractors and other machinery; fuel use for heating, cooling,

and ventilation in farm buildings and facilities; electricity use for pumping, lighting; and

energy embodied in buildings and equipment.

In general, the listed ES measures can reduce both direct and indirect energy inputs and

the overwhelming majority of the ES measures (443 out of 481) were assessed in the

range from 3 (moderate) to 5 (high) in terms of their importance for energy saving. The

implementation of part of the ES measures in agricultural practice is achievable at present


(464 out of 481) but will require some advanced research (389 out of 481). In the highly

industrialized production of pigs and broilers, there are many ES measures which may be

implemented with technologies which are presently on the market such as improved heat

insulation, more efficient ventilation, lighting and cooling systems, as well advanced

control of the interior climate.

R&D will be especially important for progress in attaining energy efficiency in

agriculture when applied to systems involved in the production process, operational

activity and capital goods/farm infrastructure engaged in production.

The estimated categories of investment costs related to implementation of ES measures

vary greatly between subsectors. 1/3 of the total number of the measures can be

implemented at a cost under €1000, and 1/3 incur costs in the range from €1000 to

€25000. The highest investment costs would be associated with saving energy and

improving energy efficiency in greenhouses and livestock production. They are

associated with improved heat insulation, more efficient ventilation, lighting and cooling

systems, as well advanced control of the interior climate.

In crop production, energy saving will be considerably affected by the ES measures

associated with reduction of diesel fuel use by optimizing the parameters for tractor and

machinery use in field operations, reduction of energy use for drying and in produce

stores. On the other hand, reduction of indirect energy input is associated with

implementation of ES measures related to advanced high-yield and disease-resistant

cultivars, application of alternative sources of nutrients and plant protection (organic and

green fertilizers, bioactive microorganisms), advanced monitoring of the production

process and use of production means in accordance with the soil fertility and plant

nutrient uptake (Precision Arable Agriculture with Variable Rate application). The

importance of ES activities may be country-specific, e.g. in the southern EU countries

more importance will be attributed to the ES measures associated with irrigation of

cultivated crops while in the central and north-eastern countries – to the ES measures

associated with energy effective drying techniques for the harvested crop..

In perennial crop production, the majority of ES measures are connected with

fertilization, plant protection and field operations.

In greenhouse production, potential reduction of direct energy inputs is associated with

the control of greenhouse atmosphere by energy efficient systems of heating, cooling and

ventilation as well optimization of production processes. There are also important

measures connected with new solutions for energy recovery and the use of other,

alternative sources of energy.

The structure of ES measures in livestock production depends on the country. In Portugal,

Poland and Finland many ES measures are associated with the production of animal feed

and the promotion of animal welfare. However in the Netherlands and Germany most of

the reported ES measures are related to electricity use and to the buildings and associated

infrastructure for livestock production. Energy use in livestock production may be

reduced by increased efficiency of production inputs which require energy consumption,

e.g. water use and cleaning, heat insulation, ventilation, reduction of amount of ammonia

in buildings, heat recovery, energy use optimization for a given production system.


Table of Contents

Summary .................................................................................................................................... 3

1. Introduction......................................................................................................................... 7

2. Data ..................................................................................................................................... 8

3. Results............................................................................................................................... 10

3.1. General Categorization of Energy Saving Measures................................................. 10

3.2. Energy Saving Measures by Subsectors of Agriculture ............................................ 13

3.3. Energy Saving Measures in Annual Crop Production............................................... 16

3.4. Energy Saving Measures in Perennial Crop Production ........................................... 17

3.5. Energy Saving Measures in Greenhouse Production ................................................ 18

3.6. Energy Saving Measures in Livestock Production......................................................... 19

Recapitulation ..................................................................................................................................... 21

Annex ....................................................................................................................................... 22

Country Reports – Categorization of Energy Saving Measures .............................................. 22

Report 1: Energy Saving Measures Categorized for Chosen Subsectors of Finnish Agriculture

.................................................................................................................................................. 23

Report 2: Energy Saving Measures Categorized for Chosen Subsectors of German Agriculture

.................................................................................................................................................. 26

Report 3: Energy Saving Measures Categorized for Chosen Subsectors of Greek Agriculture

.................................................................................................................................................. 31

Report 4: Energy Saving Measures Categorized for Chosen Subsectors of Dutch Agriculture

.................................................................................................................................................. 41

Report 5: Energy Saving Measures Categorized for Chosen Subsectors of Polish Agriculture

.................................................................................................................................................. 52

Report 6: Energy Saving Measures Categorized for Chosen Subsectors of Portuguese

Agriculture ............................................................................................................................... 59


The list of Tables

Table 1: The Number of Energy Saving Measures in Subsectors of Agricultural ProductionReported by Countries. .............................................................................................. 10

Table 2: The Number of ES Measures in Agricultural Subsectors by Categorized Variables. 11Table 4. The Number of ES Measures which Require Research by Type of ES Measure and

Importance for Energy Saving. .................................................................................. 12Table 5. The Number of ES Measures Classified by Investment Cost and Payback Time. .... 13Table 6. The ES Measures with High Repeatability by Agricultural Subsectors and Countries.

.................................................................................................................................... 13Table 7: Direct and Indirect Energy Inputs in Association with the Number of ES Measures.

.................................................................................................................................... 14Table 8: Crop production – the number of energy saving measures by process...................... 16Table 9: Crop production – measures with recognizable potential for energy savings in direct

and indirect energy inputs. ......................................................................................... 17Table 10: Perennial crop production – the number of energy saving measures by process and

main ES measures in reduction of direct and indirect energy inputs......................... 17Table 11: Greenhouse Production – the Number of Energy Saving Measures by Process. .... 18Table 12: Greenhouse Production – the Main ES Measures in Reduction of Direct and

Indirect Energy Inputs................................................................................................ 19Table 13: The number of ES measures in livestock production by Process and Countries. .... 20Table 14: Livestock Production – the Main ES Measures in Reduction of Direct and Indirect

Energy Inputs ............................................................................................................. 20


1. Introduction

The EU-27 agricultural production consumes around 1.07 EJ1 of energy, including indirectenergy embodied in production means (inorganic fertilizers, pesticides) and direct energy offuels and electricity. In the total primary energy consumption, the percentage of direct energyuse in agriculture is 61%, but in greenhouse production it may increase to 98%2. Improvedenergy efficiency of agricultural production is important for reducing energy consumption andenergy related costs. Improvements may be achieved in the production process, in farminfrastructure or on an organizational level. At the pre-farm gate stage, the potential forenergy saving may result from different approaches, including the two extreme ones, i.e.adaptation of a new energy efficient technology, which may be considered only in the case ofnewly established production, e.g. for pig or broiler production, and estimation of a set ofenergy efficiency improvement measures and ways of their implementation in farmproduction.

An energy efficiency indicator integrally shows the amount of energy used in the whole valuechain up to the product in question. This includes direct energy as well as indircet energyassociated with inputs to the production process under considerration. It may be used for 1)monitoring energy efficiency, 2) making an analysis and evaluation of the energy savingpolicy and 3) estimate the potential of a new, more efficient technology to be developed orimplemented. In the energy efficiency indicator pyramid, energy efficiency indicators dependon the level of aggregation and start from operational efficiency of direct production toefficiency of a subsector, sector and the national economy (Phylipsen et al. 19983).

Today, energy efficiency in agriculture is not a priority at the political and research agendabut the process of energy savings in agricultural production is already going on. However thepresent research activities are fragmented and require co-operation between institutesnationally and transnationally from a coherent and collective vision and approach. This reportis an attempt to systematize the energy efficiency improvement measures and point out theirpotential for energy savings in agriculture.

In this report, energy saving measures specific for 13 subsectors of agricultural productionwere established and their importance, achievability, cost of implementation and paybacktime were roughly estimated (expert judgments) and categorized.

The analysis presented of ES measures in agriculture addresses the following objectives: to collect energy saving measures which may contribute significantly to energy

savings in the most energy-consuming agricultural subsectors of the EU countries, to emphasize the importance of reported energy savings measures and which ones may

be universal or specific to certain countries, to allocate an energy saving measure to the type of farm activity and to assess which

of the farm activities is supported by a large set of energy saving measures,

1Eurostat: Final energy consumption, by Agriculture/Forestry [tsdpc320]

2Estimation on the basis of the results presented in the agrEE Report: “State of the Art on Energy Efficiency in

Agriculture. Country data on energy consumption in different agroproduction sectors in the European countries.”2012.3

Phylipsen, G.J.M., Blok, K. and Worrell, E. 1998, Handbook on International Comparisons of EnergyEfficiency in the Manufacturing Industry, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University.


to get a rough indication of R&D needed to finally implement a given energy savingmeasure with sufficient potential to save energy,

to indicate investment costs and to estimate payback time for implementation ofenergy saving measures

2. Data

Energy saving (ES) measures were lited in reports from six EU countries: Finland, Germany,Greece, the Netherlands, Poland, and Portugal (Annex). For a given agricultural production,the measures were collected by in-depth interviews with the experts from research institutionsand finally formalized in the course of discussions with representatives of the agriculturalpractice (extension services, leading farms, etc.). It should be noted that this is not a completeand exhaustive list of measures and that the list should thus not be considered as such. It ismerely a list to show the variability of measures and to get a good impression of the potentialto make agro products more energy-efficient. It is also worthwhile notifying that the list(s)hold no prioritization of the measures involved. This aspect is dealt with in the stakeholdermeetings of WP4.

Data from the countries were categorized into seven variables to indicate the potential forenergy savings in agriculture. The variables specify the type of measure (scale level ofimplementation), the nature of the energy input (direct or indirect), an estimation of thepotential of teh measure in question, an indication of the investment costs, and an estimationof the pay-back time. The other two variables address the potential of the measure for quickimplementation and the need for research. The variables often show interaction, like variablesIV and V. The variables do not always fully express the complexity of some ES measuresdirectly, but in general the type of ES measure may coincide with increasing complexity asthe scale level of the measure increases. In general, operational measures can be considered tobe less complex than value chain based measures. Nevertheless, even operational measurescan be complex when co-operation between the agricultural sector and other sectors of theeconomy are involved (like energy efficient machinery or energy efficient solutions for farmbuildings). Farm management based measures may not appear to be simply implementablewhen training, guidance and knowledge are involved. . For example, a measure that requiresadvanced research will need extra funds and time for R&D and implementation of themeasure into practice will thus be effective only on the longer run. Some of the potentialenergy saving technologies origin from other sectors of the economy like the Real TimeKinematic (RTK) satellite navigation technique. This can now be used to develop precisionagriculture that holds the promise of substantial energy savings several inputs for field crops.Precision agriculture is an example of an innovation that affects not only crop managementbut also farm and value chain management. This multiscale character of the technology makesdevelopment and implementation complex and requires substantial time for the agriculturalsector to take full advantage. The same goes for other systems innovations that hold greatpromise but are also associated with high complexity on different scale levels, like thebiobased economy and the valorization of agro waste streams.

The variables are:I. Type of energy input

I – indirect energy inputD – direct energy input


II. Type of ES measure1. Operational level: an ES measure that is an improvement of a single production

activity (production innovations).2. Systems level: an ES measure that affects and alters the production system and/or its

design and thus has implication to a series of activities (systems innovations).3. Process monitoring: ES measures to monitor and regulate the production process in

order to optimize the total process. Mostly, this refers to ICT solutions andmanagement systems. The production system is not altered but the level of individualmeasures can be optimized.

4. Farm management: these measures refer to the organization of the farm and itsactivities.

5. Market orientation: these measures refer to production planning so as to match betterproduction to demand, thus decreasing product losses and market research for bettertechniques or equipment.

6. Capital goods: these measures refer to investments in capital goods or improvementsof these goods that lead to improved energy efficiency (buildings, machinery).

III. Importance for energy savings in a given production: this variable reflects the relativepotential for energy efficiency improvement.1 – low2 – between low and medium3 – medium4 – between medium and high5 – high

IV. Indication for the need of research and development (R&D)Y – R&D is neededN – R&D is not needed

V. Indication of whether the measure is achievable at present or whether it is notimmediately ready for implementation

A – achievable at presentP – measure with potential but not immediately ready for implementation

VI. Indication of investment cost: there are categories depending on the amount ofinvestment needed to implement a measure in a given subsector.

1. under €10002. in the range from €1000 to €250003. in the range from €25000 to €10000004. over €10000005. not applicable

VII. Estimated payback time: there are categories depending on the time when the moneyinvested money for a given measure will give a break-even return.

1. 1 year2. 1-5 years3. over 5 years4. not estimated


3. Results

3.1. General Categorization of Energy Saving Measures

481 ES measures were reported for 13 subsectors of agriculture. Out of that number, 93 were

mentioned by more than one partner country (Table 1). These measures could give the

indication of being of transnational importance and thus be subject to transnational co-

operation. The list of the number of energy saving measures with comments on their

implementation, as well their categorization in the seven categories is summarized in the

national reports (Annex).

Table 1: The Number of Energy Saving Measures in Subsectors of Agricultural Production

Reported by Countries.

No of ESmeasures

Finland Germany Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal In total1

Wheat 58 9 14 20 16 21 13 93Sugar beet 30 2 16 17 35Potatoes 31 2 17 19 38Sunflower 10 6 6 12Cotton 19 19 19Tomatoes 43 4 28 7 12 51Cucumber 37 4 28 7 39Sweetpepper 10 4 7 11Vineyards 24 3 18 16 37Olivegroves 19 18 8 26Dairy cows 37 7 4 16 7 7 41Pigs 30 5 7 13 7 3 35Broilers 40 4 7 21 7 5 44Total 388 25 57 131 120 78 70 4811the total number of measures includes duplicates as some ES measures were mentioned by more than

one of the partner countries.

The seven categories were attributed to the reported ES measures in the agricultural

subsectors and associated figures are presented in Table 2. In general, the ES measures have a

potential for reducing both direct and indirect energy inputs – the number of ES measures

associated with indirect energy inputs is similar to that of the ES measures associated with

direct energy inputs (244 vs. 230). In the overwhelming majority of cases (443 out of 481),

the importance of ES measures for energy saving was assessed in the range from 3 (moderate)

to 5 (high).

All the individual country reports point out that implementation of the ES measures in

agricultural practice is potentially achievable at present (464 out of 481) but most of the

measures may benefit from further research (389 out of 481).


What is striking about the data concerning R&D is that in the highly industrialized production

of pigs and broilers there is a relatively high number of ES measures which may be

implemented on the basis of the present-day knowledge. These are measures associated

mostly with the production infrastructure (buildings). The commonly reported ES measures

are related to the improvement of heat insulation, more efficient ventilation, lighting, and

cooling systems, as well control of the inside atmosphere.

Table 2: The Number of ES Measures in Agricultural Subsectors by Categorized Variables.

Variable/Categories

Type of energy input

Direct139 13 15 9 6 24+1 22+1 7+1 10 8 23+4 24 30 230+7

Indirect 54 22 23 3 13 26 16 3 27 18 14 11 14 244

Type of ES measure

1. Operational 61 29 31 12 6 23 8 3 24 15 19 16 20 267

2. Systems 12 3 3 2 1 21

3. Monitoring 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8

4. Management 2 1 1 3 1 1 9

5. Market 1 1

6. Capital goods 1 1 1 14 13 7 4 15 20 76

Mixed 17 0 1 0 10 13 17 0 13 11 15 1 1 99

Importance

1 2 1 3 1 2 92 5 1 4 1 6 5 1 3 1 2 293 30 6 8 4 6 17 12 2 13 10 14 14 19 1554 29 13 13 3 5 17 11 3 13 8 14 14 11 1545 27 14 13 4 8 11 11 6 8 7 10 5 10 134

R&D

Yes 76 28 31 12 16 48 36 10 33 24 35 19 21 389No 17 7 7 3 3 3 1 4 2 6 16 23 92

Achievable or Theoretical

A 89 34 37 12 18 49 38 11 36 25 39 34 42 464P 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 17

Investment cost

< 1000 25 14 15 2 11 25 14 1 18 15 7 2 7 1561000-25000 33 16 16 3 4 16 15 5 13 7 12 16 16 172

25000-100000 20 2 2 3 8 8 5 4 4 13 11 13 93> 100000 9 3 5 1 2 2 5 5 5 37

Not applicable 6 2 5 2 4 1 3 23

Payback time (in years)

< 1 years 11 7 7 2 4 21 10 3 10 7 14 6 14 1161-5 years 55 25 28 8 11 18 17 5 22 16 11 15 15 246> 5 years 17 3 2 1 4 10 10 3 3 3 12 13 12 93


Not estimated 10 1 1 2 2 2 4 1 3 261 Additional figures mean that the ES measures has the potential for energy saving in both direct and indirect energy input.

The research and development activity will be especially important in studies on energy

saving on the operational level and capital goods (infrastructure) engaged in production

(Table 4). It is worth noticing that there are 99 measures that cannot be classified in the six

individual categories as they affect more scale levels at the same time. The ES measures on

the operational level are associated with the production level in 18 cases and interact with

process monitoring in 23 cases. The other 26 ES measures of high importance combine

activity on the operational level with capital goods.

Table 4. The Number of ES Measures which Require Research by Type of ES Measure and

Importance for Energy Saving.

Type of ESmeasures

Importance Intotal1 2 3 4 5

1. Operational level 7 16 83 89 72 267

2. Systems level 1 2 7 5 6 21

3. Process monitoring 3 5 8

4. Farm management 3 2 4 9

5. Market orientation 1 1

6. Capital goods 1 4 30 22 19 76

Mixed categories in total 7 28 31 33 99

1,2 11 6 1 18

1,2,4 1 1 2

1,2,5 1 1

1,2,6 5 5

1,3 2 1 3 17 23

1,3,6 1 3 4

1,4 3 1 4

1,4,6 1 1 2

1,5 1 1

1,6 1 9 8 8 26

2,4 1 1 2

4,5,6 2 2

4,6 2 3 2 7

5,6 1 1 2

The estimated categories of investment costs related to implementation of energy saving

measures vary greatly between the subsectors . Despite this variation, most of the measures

are estimated to require less than €25,000 of investment to be implemented. One third of the

total number of measures could be implemented at a cost of less than €1000, and 1/3 would

need €1000 to €25000 (Table 5). The highest investments are associated with saving energy

and improving energy efficiency in the greenhouse and livestock production. Around 20% of

energy saving measures in the greenhouse production and 50% in the livestock production

would require an investment of over €25,000 (the third and fourth categories in the estimate).

It should be noted that not all measures were included in the investment cost categories


because some may be implemented just by operational or managerial activity at no direct

investment cost. It is very promising that over 20% of the reported ES measures may reach

break-even in 1 year and 66% of the total number of measures will reach break-even in less

than 5 years. There is a longer payback time for implementation of ES measures in the

greenhouse and livestock infrastructure and buildings. In general, the higher the investment

associated with implementation of ES measure, the longer the payback time (Table 5) as can

be expected.

Table 5. The Number of ES Measures Classified by Investment Cost and Payback Time.

Investment cost Payback time

< 1 years 1 – 5 years > 5 years Not estimated

< 1000 94 671000-25000 16 126 23 7

25000-100000 8 34 50 1> 100000 2 15 20

Not applicable 5 18

3.2. Energy Saving Measures by Subsectors of Agriculture

The ES measures which occur most often in the discussed agricultural subsectors and

countries are associated with crop production and include activities which enable reduction of

indirect energy inputs on production means such as fertilizers and pesticides, application of

high quality sowing/planting material and bioactive microorganisms, as well as reduction of

direct energy use in transportation and agricultural infrastructure engaged in production e.g.

dryers, crop stores, cowsheds, piggeries, poultry sheds, etc. (Table 6). It should be noticed that

the energy saving effects of the following ES measures are not always straightforward.

Implementation of many of them require consideration in a broader context of good

agricultural practice, precision agriculture, available machinery, and/or thorough calculation

of economic and environmental consequences with estimation of trade-off effects.

Table 6. The ES Measures frequently mentioned Across Agricultural Subsectors and Countries.

ES measure No

1 Application in accordance with soil fertility and availability of the compounds 24

2 Reduced use of herbicides 18

3 Rational use of transportation 15

4 Appropriate power of the tractor and other machinery to the field operations 13

5 Reduced use of fungicides 12

6 Increased use of organic fertilizers 11

7 Reduced use of pesticides 11

8 Application of bioactive microorganisms/insects 10

9 Better heat insulation 10

10 High quality seeds 9

Multi-compound fertilizer use 9

No tillage 9

Reduced use of synthetic fertilizers 9


The number of ES measures associated with direct and indirect energy inputs differs

significantly depending on the agricultural subsectors (Table 7). In wheat, sugar beet, and

potato production, as well as in sunflower production in Germany direct energy use shares

about 30 % - 50 % of the total specific energy use4. This means that only a little higher

potential for energy savings is associated with reduction of indirect energy use. The extremely

high direct energy use, over 90%, is for sunflower production in Portugal and for cotton

production in Greece. Thus, in these cases the inputs associated with direct energy use may

contribute significantly to energy savings.

In the arable land production, the ES measures are mostly associated with saving energy in

indirect energy inputs while in the greenhouse and livestock production, most of the ES

measures are related to direct energy inputs. Across the EU countries, a high energy saving

potential in the arable land production can be attributed to a reduction of diesel and fertilizers

use. In the case of wheat, potato and sunflower production, significant energy savings may

result from reduced direct energy use for drying, storage and irrigation.

Table 7: Direct and Indirect Energy Inputs in Association with the Number of ES Measures.

SubsectorEnergy inputs and the number of associated ES measures (in

brackets)

The number of ES

measures in

relation to energy

input

Direct1 Indirect

Wheat Diesel use (25); Nitrogen (15); Energy use (11); Fertilizers (9);

Seeds (5); Herbicides (4); Irrigation (3); Pesticides (3); Bioactive

microorganisms (2); Fertilizers in relation to crop rotation (2);

Fungicides (2); Harvesting (2); Phosphorus (2); Potassium (2);

Calcium (1); Energy use control (1); Limiting grain losses during

harvest (1); Plant breeding (1); Storage (1); Sulfur (1)39 54

Sugar beet Diesel use (12); Nitrogen (9); Fertilizers (4); Seeds (3); Pesticides

(2); Bioactive microorganisms (1); Energy use control (1);

Fertilizers in relation to crop rotation (1); Phosphorus (1);

Potassium (1)13 22

Potato Diesel use (11); Nitrogen (8); Fertilizers (7); Pesticides (4); Seeds

(2); Storage (2); Bioactive microorganisms (1); Energy use

control (1); Fertilizers in relation to crop rotation (1); Sorting (1) 15 23

Sunflower Diesel use (6); Herbicides (2); Energy use (1); Nitrogen (1);

Pesticides (1); Seeds (1) 9 3

Cotton Fertilizers (7); Diesel use (4); Harvesting (2); Irrigation (2);

Bioactive microorganisms (1); Fungicides (1); Herbicides (1);

Seeds (1) 6 13

Tomatoes Energy use (13); Building/Construction (10); Fertilizers (6);

Irrigation (4); fungicides (3); Plant growth control (3); Herbicides24(+1) 26

4Deliverable 2.1.


(2); Pesticides (2); Diesel use (1); Insecticides (1); Nematocide

(1); Nitrogen (1); Phosphorus (1); Potassium (1); Seeds (1);

Substrate (1)

Cucumber Energy use (13); Building/Construction (9); Fertilizers (6);

Irrigation (3); Plant growth control (3); Fungicides (2); Diesel use

(1); Herbicides (1); Pesticides (1) 22(+1) 16

Sweet

pepper

Energy use (10); Irrigation (1) 7(+1) 3

Vineyards Fertilizers (10); Diesel use (8); Herbicides (4); Nitrogen (3);

Irrigation (3); Fungicides (2); Insecticides (1); Pesticides (2);

Seeds (1); Bioactive microorganisms (1); Phosphorus (1);

Potassium (1) 10 27

Olive

groves

Diesel use (6); Fertilizers (6); Herbicides (4); fungicides (2);

Irrigation (2); Bioactive microorganisms (1); Insecticides (1);

Nitrogen (1); Phosphorus (1); Potassium (1); Seeds (1) 8 18

Dairy cows Feed (19); Energy use (12); Diesel use (5); Ventilation (2);

Veterinary Drugs & Service (2); Water use (1);

Building/Construction (1); Diesel and labour use (1); Feed

additives (1); Lighting (1) 23(+4) 14

Pigs Building/Construction (17); Feed (6); Energy use (6); Water use

(1); Diesel use (1); Feed additives (1); Lighting (1); Ventilation

(1); Veterinary Drugs & Service (1); 24 11

Broilers Building/Construction (23); Feed (5); Energy use (6); Diesel use

(3); Spatial planning (2); Water use (1); Feed additives (1);

Lighting (1); Ventilation (1); Veterinary Drugs & Service (1);30 14

1 Figures in brackets mean that the ES measures has the potential for energy saving in both direct and indirect

energy input.

Most of the ES measures reported for greenhouse production are associated with reduced

energy use for production, modernization of greenhouses and then fertilizer use and irrigation.

In Central Europe the direct energy input is predominant accounting for over 99% of the total

energy input, while in the Southern countries it accounts for 10-40% of the total energy

input.5 Thus, the reduction of direct energy use in greenhouse production will be essential for

energy savings in Central Europe while in the Southern countries a greater impact on energy

savings will have reduction of indirect energy inputs.

In livestock production, the ES measures vary between the subsectors; for dairy cow

production significant energy savings are anticipated from an improvement in feed quality

and reduced use of energy to distribute the feed, followed by direct energy input associated

5 Deliverable 2.1


with energy and diesel use; in pig and broiler production the dominant ES measures are

related to refurbishment of buildings, followed by better feed quality and reduced direct

energy use.

3.3. Energy Saving Measures in Annual Crop Production

In crop production, most ES measures are associated with fertilization and field operations,

although a substantial potential for energy savings may also be assigned to the measures

related to post-harvest activities (drying, storage) and other activities, e.g. application of

bioactive organisms, change of agricultural systems (such as minimum tillage or controlled

traffic farming) and implementation of a monitoring system over energy use (such as

supervisory control and data acquisition).

Table 8: Crop production – the number of energy saving measures by process.

Process Wheat Sugar beet Potatoes Sunflower Cotton In total

Sowing 5 2 2 2 1 12

Fertilization 30 15 15 1 7 68

Plant protection 9 2 4 3 2 20

Irrigation 3 2 5

Field operation 26 12 11 6 4 59

Harvest 3 1 1 2 7

Post-harvest 12 2 14

Other 5 3 3 1 12

The list of measures with an acknowledged potential for energy saving in the crop production

is shown in Table 9. Reduction of diesel use for tillage and other field operations as well as

optimizing the use of tractors and machinery in field operations, energy saving in drying

process and crop stores and improved production management are among the measures with

high energy saving potential. Energy saving by reducing indirect energy input is associated

with advanced, high-yield and disease-resistant cultivars, application of alternative sources of

nutrients and plant protection (organic and green fertilizers, bioactive microorganisms),

advanced monitoring of the production process and use of production means in accordance

with the soil fertility and plant nutrient uptake. Independently of the energy inputs, high

energy saving potential is anticipated from the research related to the systems innovations

(measures on higher scale level than the operational level) The listed measures are universal

but the importance may vary between countries with stronger or weaker impact on the total

energy input for a given production type. In the southern EU countries, energy saving by

reducing energy use for crop drying will be less important while energy saving associated

with irrigation of cultivated crops will have more importance. Also, a country-specific crop,

like cotton in Greece, may require special attention in order to improve water management by

energy efficient drip irrigation systems.


Table 9: Crop production – measures with a potential for energy savings in direct and indirect

energy inputs.

Factor of

productionES measures for reduction of direct energy inputs

Tillageno tillage or minimum tillage systems; Controlled Traffic Farming; Autosteer

with RTK

Tractors and

machinery

matching of the power tractor and other machinery to what is neede in field

operations and transportation; proper tire size, tire pressure and weight of front

axle, machinery aggregation, combined application of production means;

Production

system

modification to organic or integrated production system; Precision Arable

Farming; Controlled Traffic Farming

Infrastructure prevention of heat loss from dryers and crop stores; heat recovery using heat

pumps, use of energy from farm residuals

Otherresearch on development of energy efficient process control, innovative drying

and storage systems, optimization of dryer and crop store designs

Factor of

productionES measures for reduction of indirect energy inputs

Seeds/tubersnew cultivars with high yield potential and lower energy inputs per unit of

production

Fertilizers

application of fertilizers in accordance with soil fertility and availability of the

nutrients, dosing in relation to crop uptake; application of bioactive

microorganisms, green fertilizer application, multi-compound fertilizers; organic

fertilization on the basis of N fertilizer working coefficient; replacement of

synthetic N fertilizer with biological nitrogen fixing; cultivation of green manure

crops

Pesticidesbioactive microorganisms; site specific application of pesticides; disease

resistant cultivars

Other

Improvement in management of fertilizers, pesticides, and water use; research

and market research for energy efficient innovative solutions in production; yield

mapping; proper plant rotation; reduced harvest and post-harvest losses

3.4. Energy Saving Measures in Perennial Crop Production

The ES measures in production of vineyards and olive groves were reported by Germany,

Greece and Portugal. The ES measures in aspects of the production process are presented in

Table 10. These are ES measures associated mostly with fertilization (24), plant protection

(16) and field operations (12). Production in Greek vineyards and olive groves also includes

5 ES measures associated with irrigation.

Table 10: Perennial crop production – the number of energy saving measures by process and

main ES measures in reduction of direct and indirect energy inputs.

Process Vineyards Olive groves In total


Germany Greece Portugal Greece Portugal

Sowing 1 1 2Fertilization 6 9 6 3 24Plant protection 2 3 4 4 3 16Irrigation 3 2 5Field operation 1 4 2 4 1 12Harvest 1 1 2Other 1 1 2

The main ES measures in reduction of direct and indirect energy inputs.

Direct energy useno or reduced tillage, appropriate power for loaders, trucks and othermachinery to harvest and transport olives and grapes; water management – soilcoverage; use of energy efficient pumps

Indirect energy use

High quality plants; reduced use of fertilizers, pesticides (by precisionapplication); increased use of organic fertilizers; application of bioactivemicroorganisms; improved fertilizer management related mainly to nitrogen(division of dose, efficient utilization)

3.5. Energy Saving Measures in Greenhouse Production

Most ES measures in the greenhouse production are associated with production operations

and greenhouse design and process control (infrastructure) (Table 11). Subsequently there are

ES measures associated with fertilization, plant protection and irrigation.

Table 11: Greenhouse Production – the Number of Energy Saving Measures by Process.

Process Tomato Cucumber Sweet pepper In total

Sowing 1 1Fertilization 9 6 15Plant protection 9 4 13Irrigation 4 3 1 8Field operation 1 1Production operations 17 17 4 38Greenhouse infrastructure 10 9 6 25

The ES measures which have potential for reduction of direct energy inputs are associated

with the control of greenhouse atmosphere by energy efficient systems and/or new

greenhouse designs related to heating, cooling and ventilation as well optimizing production

processes. There are also important measures which refer to new solutions in energy recovery

and the use of alternative sources of energy (e.g. geothermal energy, waste heat from

industrial or other sources including Municipal Waste and Combined Heat and Power). The

ES measures associated with greenhouse infrastructure are connected with reducing both

direct and indirect energy use. They will mostly affect modernization of greenhouses and

synchronization of the control system of greenhouse atmosphere with the physiology of plant

growth and development. Among the ES measures which have potential for reduction of

indirect energy use are measures associated with reducing fertilizer and pesticide use,

application of bioactive microorganisms and management of the production processes. In the

mentioned greenhouse production activities expressed in ES measures, R&D activity is also

required.


Table 12: Greenhouse Production – the Main ES Measures in Reduction of Direct and Indirect

Energy Inputs

Factor of

productionES measures associated with reduction of direct energy inputs

Energy use

optimization of energy parameters of the production process

(heating/cooling/ventilation); heat recovery from exhaust air of ventilation;

geothermal energy use; reduced use of fuel for heating; lowered temperature set

point

Greenhouse

infrastructure

double thermal screen; adaptive set-points; increased set point for air relative

humidity; shading system during summer period; crop based humidity control,

crop based use of energy screen

Production

process

irrigation - optimal water input; energy efficient application of fertilizers and

pesticides; reduction of crop transpiration

Other R & D in greenhouse design and technologies; improved management of water

use; fertilization and plant protection; decision support models

Factor of

productionES measures associated with reduction of indirect energy inputs

Seeds/ plant breeding, high quality seeds and seedlings

Production means

optimal fertilizer doses and division of doses; application of bioactive

microorganisms; application of organic fertilizers; reduction of fertilizers and

pesticides use

Greenhouse

infrastructure

anti-reflection glass; greenhouse cover film with anti-drip coating that removes

condensed water; wind brake at the north side of the greenhouse

Other Market research and research on new solutions in greenhouse production

In greenhouse production ES measures have specific meaning depending on the geographical

location of production. Firstly, improved energy efficiency in the central European countries,

Germany and the Netherlands, is related to energy saving in direct energy inputs so the ES

measures are associated with greenhouse infrastructure and optimization of production

processes in relation to the atmosphere inside a greenhouse and to irrigation. In Southern

Europe, i.e. Greece and Portugal, where greenhouse production is operated at higher ambient

temperature and often directly on soil, together with the ES measures associated with

greenhouse infrastructure and irrigation, there are many other measures which are quite

commonly used for production of arable crops, including fertilization in accordance with soil

fertility and nutrient availability as well as reduced use of production inputs (fertilizers,

pesticides).

3.6. Energy Saving Measures in Livestock Production

There are different structures of ES measures depending on the country (Table 13). In

Portugal, Poland and Finland, numerous ES measures are associated with the distribution of

the feed and welfare of animals, while in the Netherlands and Germany most of the reported


ES measures are related to electricity use as well as buildings and associated infrastructure of

the livestock production. Noteworthy are the unique measures on spatial planning reported by

the Netherlands, which concern the applicability of animal manure in arable farming.

Table 13: The number of ES measures in livestock production by Process and Countries.

Process elements Germany Finland Netherlands Poland Portugal

Feed (+feed additives) 4 6 6 3+3 7

Water use 3

Veterinary drugs & service 1 3

Energy use 9 9 5 1

Diesel (+and labour) use 1 1 2+1 3 2

Building/Construction 3 2 30 4 2

Lighting 3

Ventilation 4

Spatial planning 2

In total 18 16 50 21 15

Energy use in livestock production may be reduced by increasing the efficiency of production

inputs which have impact on energy consumption, like water use and cleaning, heat

insulation, ventilation, reduction of ammonia concentration in buildings, heat recovery, and

optimizing energy use for a given production type (Table 14). In animal production, it is also

important to decrease diesel use by matching the power of tractors and other machines to the

production operations as well rationalizing the use of transportation. In the case of indirect

energy inputs, there are many ways to save energy, e.g. by increasing feed quality and

efficiency of feeding, which result in higher production at lower energy input. Other examples

to maximize the use of feed include activity sensors to detect oestrus in dairy cattle, sows etc

to optimize timing of insemination minimize breeding cycles and reduce unnecessary culling.

Liveweight gain of meat animals can be monitored by Image Analysis, careful monitoring of

water and feed intake and used with models to optimize feed conversion. Other sensors

(acoustic, water consumption etc) can be used to indicate to the stockmen when animals are

beginning to fail to thrive. Other important factors are fodder production from own feedstock,

feed conservation methods and water management. Some other measures are associated with

the conditions of maintenance and welfare of animals.

Table 14: Livestock Production – the Main ES Measures in Reduction of Direct and Indirect

Energy Inputs

Factor of

productionES measures associated with reduction of direct energy inputs

Energy use

efficient water cleaning, pumping system, heating system, lighting with low

energy consumption, optimization of production process, heat recovery, energy

production from farm residuals

Diesel usedecreasing diesel use by appropriate power of the tractor and other machines to

the production operations and rational use of transportation

Buildingsefficient heat insulation, ventilation, fans, lighting system, reduction of

ammonia, use of recovery energy for drying of manure, use of heat exchangers,


control of inside climate

Other spatial planning, use of animal residues for energy production

Factor of

productionES measures associated with reduction of indirect energy inputs

Feed and feeding

higher quality of fodder, feeding in accordance with specific animal needs, better

fodder utilization and less energy use for producing of young animals,

improvement of feeding value, reduced use of concentrates, replacement of

compound feed by home grown production, water management; cultivation of

silage lays consisting of mixture of legumes and grasses

Vet & service new drugs, maintenance of animals, service life of dairy cows

Recapitulation

The reduction of energy inputs in agricultural production is a process of practical

implementation of a set of energy saving measures associated with a given type of production,

farm infrastructure and managerial or organizational activities. Improvements in energy

efficiency may be achieved in many areas of the production process, including operational

level, farm or value chain level, process monitoring, market orientation, capital goods. All of

these activities were pivotal categories for classification of ES measures. Furthermore, the ES

measures were classified according to: type of energy input, importance of the measure, call

for R&D activity, potential for implementation, indication on investment cost, and estimated

pay-back time. In six national reports from Finland, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands,

Poland and Portugal for 13 subsectors of agriculture 481 ES measures in total were identified

and classified into seven categories with a country-specific meaning based on expert

knowledge available. The ES measures refer to the reduction of main energy inputs, including

fertilizers and pesticides; fuel use for tractors and other machinery; fuel and energy use for

heating, cooling, and ventilation in farm buildings and facilities; electricity use for pumping,

lighting; and energy embodied in buildings and equipment. In the highly industrialized

production of pigs and broilers, there are many ES measures which may be implemented with

technologies which are present on the market such as improved heat insulation, more efficient

ventilation, lighting and cooling systems, as well advanced control of the interior climate.

Over 80% of ES measures call for advanced research. However there is considerable overlap

of ES measures that can be used now but that would also benefit from further research. R&D

will be especially important for progress in realizing a higher level of energy efficiency in

agriculture when applied at production level as well on farm or even value chain level and

regarding capital goods/farm infrastructure. The estimated investment costs related to

implementation of energy saving measures are estimated to vary greatly between subsectors.

Two thirds of the total number of the measures are estimated to be implemented at a cost

under €25,000 while the highest investment costs of a single ES measure are associated with

improvements of energy efficiency in the greenhouse and livestock production.


Annex

Country Reports – Categorization of Energy Saving Measures

The following tables 1-6 contain data from country reports on potential ES measures in agriculture with categorization of seven variables. The

ten columns of the tables include the following data:

No ofcolumn Explanation

1 Agriculture subsector / Energy input

2 Type of energy input: I – indirect; D – direct

3Type of ES measure: 1: Operational level; 2: Systems level; 3: Process monitoring; 4: Farm management; 5: Market orientation; 6: Capitalgoods

4 ES measure

5 Importance for energy saving in a given production: 1-low importance – 5-high importance

6 Indication for the need of research and development (R&D): Y – R&D is needed; N – R&D is not needed

7 Description of ES measures in the context of implementation

8 Indication if the measure is: A – achievable at present; P – with a potential but not immediately ready for implementation

9Indication on investment cost: 1: under €1000; 2: in the range from €1000 to €25000; 3: in the range from €25000 to €1000000; 4: over€1000000; 5: not applicable

10 Estimated payback time: 1: 1 year; 2: 1-5 years; 3: Over 5 years; 4: Not estimated


Report 1: Energy Saving Measures Categorized for Chosen Subsectors of Finnish AgricultureHannu Mikkola, Jukka Ahokas, Tapani Jokiniemi, Mari RajaniemiUniversity of Helsinki

Agriculturalsubsector/

Energy inputI/D

Type ofES

measureES measure

Importance

R&DY/N

Description of the needs in order toimplement ES measure

A/PCost of

implementation

Paybacktime

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Wheat

Nitrogen I 1Reduced use of synthetic N fertilizer bysite specific N application

3 YGPS, advanced application control,yield mapping

A 3 3

Nitrogen I 2Replacement of synthetic N fertilizerwith biological nitrogen fixing

4 Yeducation and economic baits forfarmers to increase the share ofleguminous plants in crop rotation

A 4 2

Pesticides I 1Reduced use of pesticides by sitespecific application

3 YGPS, advanced application control,premonitoring of weeds, diseasesand insects

A 3 3

Plantbreeding

I 4Higher yields with lower energy inputs(plant breeding)

5 Y Plant breeding A 4 3

Diesel use I 1Lower specific energy consumption forfield operation

4 YReplacement of old machinery withmore energy efficient machinery,energy labels and certifications

A 4 2

Diesel use D 1 No tillage 3 N Direct drill A 3 3

Diesel use D 1 Reduction of tillage 5 N

A tillage implement for stubblecultivation and a seeding machinewhich can operate on trash coveredsoil

A 3 3

Diesel use D 2Training of fuel economic tractoroperating manners

3 NOnline monitoring of fuelconsumption l/ha or l/h

A 2 2

Energy use D 1Better heat insulation (prevention of heatlosses from a grain dryer furnace anddrying silo)

3 NPurchase of heat insulation materialand a few days of labour

A 2 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Dairy cows

Feed I 1Cultivation of silage lays consisting ofmixture of legumes and grasses (todaymostly only grasses)

5 YPossibilities to control the variation ofthe yield year by year

A 1 1

Feed I 1Replacement of drying with freshconservation methods in fodder (cereals)production

5 YAir tight silos or other storage facilitiesinstead of grain driers.

A 3 3

Diesel use D 1 Lower specific energy consumption 4 YReplacement of old machinery withmore energy efficient machinery,energy labels and certifications

A 3 3

Ventilation D 1 Heat recovery from outlet air 3 YA heat exchanger to the ventilationsystem

A 3 3

Lighting D 1 Less energy for lightening 4 NReplacement of old lamps with energyefficient light fittings

A 3 3

Ventilation D 1 Reduced energy for ventilation 3 YGravity ventilation instead of forcedventilation, automated inlet openings

A 3 3

Feed I 4Better fodder efficiency and less energy forproducing young animals

5 Y Market research A 3 3

Pigs



A 3 3

Building/Construction

I 6 Better heat insulation 4 NStricter heat insulation requirementsfor new animal buildings

A 3 3


A 3 3


A 3 3


5 Y Market research A 3 3


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Broilers



A 3 3


I 6 Better heat insulation 4 NStricter heat insulation requirements fornew animal buildings

A 3 3


A 3 3


A 3 3


Report 2: Energy Saving Measures Categorized for Chosen Subsectors of German AgricultureAndreas Meyer-Aurich, Thomas ZieglerLeibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim


Energy inputI/D

Type ofES

measureES measure

Importance

R&D

Y/N

Description of the needs inorder to implement ESmeasure

A/PCost of

implementation

Paybacktime

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Wheat

Seeds I 1 Plant breeding 4 Y Plant breeding A 5 4

Nitrogen I 1 Reduced N-input 4 Y Advisory systems A 5 4

Herbicides I 1 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Y Advisory systems A 5 4

Pesticides I 1 Reduced use of pesticides 1 Y Advisory systems A 5 4

Diesel use D 1 No tillage 3 Y Investment in chisel plow A 2 2

Diesel use D 1 Precision farming 3 YDecision to invest in; sufficientliquidity

A 3 2

Energy use D 1 Active heat recovery using heat pumps 4 Y Applied research, investment A 3 2

Energy use D 1 Basic research on agricultural drying 3 Y Basic research A 5 4

Energy use D 1 Development of energy efficient process control 5 Y Applied research, investment A 3 2

Energy use D 1 Development of innovative drying processes 4 Y Applied research A 5 4

Energy use D 1 Development of new optimized dryer designs 5 Y Applied research, investment A 4 2

Energy use D 1 Improved drying process 4 Y Investment A 4 3

Energy use D 1Passive heat recovery (heat exchangers, heatinsulation)

4 N Investment A 3 2

Energy use D 1Utilization of waste heat from (e.g. biogas, combinedheat & power plants)

4 N Investment A 3 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sugar beat

Seeds I 1 Plant breeding 4 Y Plant breeding A 4 3

Diesel use D 1 Precision farming 3 Y Investment in machinery A 3 2

Potato

Nitrogen D 1 Reduced N-input 4 Y Precision agriculture A 5 2

Diesel use I 1 Plant breeding 4 Y Plant breeding A 5 4

Sunflower

Energy use I 1 Plant breeding 4 Y Sowing of high quality seeds A 5 4

Nitrogen D 1 Reduced N-input 4 Y Precision agriculture A 5 2

Herbicides D 1 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Y Rational use of pesticides A 5 2

Pesticides D 1 Reduced use of pesticides 3 Y Rational use of herbicides A 5 2

Diesel use D 1 No tillage 3 YImprovement on efficiency ofthe production process

A 5 2

Diesel use D 1 Precision farming 3 YImprovement on efficiency ofthe production process

A 3 2

Tomato

Irrigation D 1 Irrigation - optimal water input 5 YResearch for optimal waterinput

A 2 2

Energy use D 6 Energy efficient heat insulation 5 Y Analysis of housing structure A 2 2

Energy use D 6 Heat recovery from exhaust air of ventilation 4 Yinstallation of state of the artventilation systems

A 3 2

Energy use D 3Optimization of energy parameters of the productionprocess (heating/cooling)

4 YMonitoring of productionprocess

A 2 1


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cucumber

Irrigation D 1 Irrigation - optimal water input 5 YResearch for optimal waterinput

A 2 2

Energy use I 6 Energy efficient heat insulation 5 Y Analysis of housing structure A 2 2


A 3 2



A 2 1

Sweet pepper

Energy use I 6 Energy efficient heat insulation 5 Y Analysis of housing structure A 2 2


A 3 2

Energy use D 1 Irrigation - optimal water input 5 YResearch for optimal waterinput

A 2 1



A 2 1

Vineyards

Herbicides I 1 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Y Advisory systems A 5 4

Pesticides I 1 Reduced use of pesticides 1 Y Advisory systems A 5 4

Diesel use D 1 Reduced tillage 3 N Investment A 2 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Dairy cows

Feed D/I 2,4 Efficient use of pasture 3 Y efficient use of pasture A 5 4

Feed D/I 1,2,4 Feeding in accordance with specific animal needs 5 Y

optimizing of diet concerningperformance of animal, it is toconsider that roughage has inaverage a lower energy intensityfor its production thanconcentrate

A 5 4

Feed I 1 Optimization of application of fertilizers 5 Yoptimizing of plant productionprocess

A 5 4

Veterinarydrugs&Service

D/I 1,2 Service life of dairy cows 5 Yimprovement of animal welfarein barns to avoid diseases

A 5 4

Pigs

Feed I 1 Energy efficient feed production 3 NPrecision farming, no tillagefarming, low N-Inputproduction system

A 3 2

Energy use D 1 Manure management (biogas production) 4 Y Investment in biogas technology A 4 3



A 2 1


D 6 Energy efficient heat use 5 N Analysis of housing structure A 2 3

Energy use D 6 Heat recovery from exhaust air of ventilation 4 Ninstallation of advancedventilation systems

A 3 2


D 6 Housing tightness, no air leaks 5 NAnalysis of housing structureand identification of possible airleaks

A 2 2

Energy use I 1 Animal breeding 3 Y New breeding programms A 5 4


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Broilers

Diesel use I 1 Energy efficient feed production 3 NPrecision farming, no tillagefarming, low N-Inputproduction system

A 3 2

Energy use I 1 Manure management (Biogas production) 5 YDecision to invest in biogastechnology; sufficient liquidity

A 4 3

Energy use D 3 Optimization of production process 4 YMonitoring of productionprocess

A 2 1

Energy use D 6 Energy efficient heat use 5 N Analysis of housing structure A 2 3

Energy use D 6 Heat recovery from exhaust air of ventilation 4 Ninstallation of state of the artventilation systems

A 3 2


I 6 Housing tightness, no air leaks 5 NAnalysis of housing structureand identification of possible airleaks

A 2 1

Energy use I 1 Animal breeding 3 Y New breeding programs A 5 4


Report 3: Energy Saving Measures Categorized for Chosen Subsectors of Greek AgricultureDemetres Briassoulis, Athanasios Balafoutis, Antonis Mistriotis, Panagiotis Panagakis, Georgios PapadakisAgricultural University of Athens


Energy inputI/D

Type ofES

measureES measure

Importance

R&D

Y/N


A/PCost of

implementation

Paybacktime

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Wheat

Seeds I 1 High quality seeds 4 Ynew breeding programs fornew cultivars

A 4 3

Fertilizers I 1,3Application in accordance with soil fertility andavailability of the compounds

5 Yanalysis of the content ofmacro and micronutrients -precision agriculture

A 1 1

Nitrogen I 1,3 Division of N doses 5 Yanalysis of the content ofmacro and micronutrients -precision agriculture

A 1 2

Fertilizers I 1Improved fertilizer management - efficientapplication and utilization

4 Y precision agriculture A 3 3

Fertilizers I 1 Increased use of organic fertilizers 3 Y

organic or integratedagriculture system;conservation tillage (left 30%of residues)

A 1 2

Fertilizers I 1 Multi-compound fertilizer use 4 Ynew more effective forms ofmulti-compound-fertilizersfertilizers

A 1 2

Fertilizers I 1 Reduced use of synthetic fertilizers 5 Y integrated fertilization A 1 2

fungicides I 1,2 Reduced use of fungicides 3 YOrganic or integratedagriculture system; proper croprotation; cultivars

A 1 2

herbicides I 1,2 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system; proper croprotation; cultivars

A 1 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Irrigation D 4, 6Reduction of electricity use by use of energy efficientpumps

4 Nmarket research on highefficiency pumping systems

A 2 3

Irrigation D 1,3, 6 Water management-drip irrigation 5 Nanalysis of the exact irrigationneeds per ha

A 2 2

Diesel use D 1, 6Appropriate power of the tractor and other machinesto the field operations

5 Y the proper power of tractor A 3 3

Diesel use D 1, 6 No tillage 3 Y

new "no till farming" cropproduction technologies;application of propermachinery

A 3 2

Diesel use D 1 Rational use of transportation 3 Ycombined tillage operations toavoid multiple transports fromthe village to the field

A 1 1

Diesel use D 1, 6 Reduction of tillage 5 Y

new "reduced tillage" cropproduction technologies;application of propermachinery

A 3 2

Harvesting D 2 Less transport 3 Norganize sequential harvestingto many small scale fields

A 1 1

Harvesting I 1, 6 Yield mapping 5 Y precision agriculture A 2 2

Storage I 1, 6 Reduction of electricity use 3 Ychange or improve aerationsystem

A 2 2

Bioactivemicroorganisms

I 1,2 Application of bioactive microorganisms/insects 4 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system

P 1 2

Fertilizers inrelation tocrop rotation

I 2 Proper plant rotation - reduction of fertilizer use 3 Y


A 2 2


Cotton

Seeds I 1 High quality seeds 4 Ynew breeding programs for newcultivars

A 4 3


5 Yanalysis of the content of macroand micronutrients - precisionagriculture

A 1 1

Fertilizers I 1,3 Division of doses 5 Yanalysis of the content of macroand micronutrients - precisionagriculture

A 1 2



Fertilizers I 1 Increased use of organic fertilizers 3 Yorganic or integrated agriculturesystem; conservation tillage (left30% of residues)

A 1 2


A 1 2

Fertilizers I 2 Proper plant rotation - reduction of fertilizer use 3 Yorganic or integrated agriculturesystem; conservation tillage (left30% of residues)

A 2 2


Fungicides I 1,2 Reduced use of fungicides 3 YOrganic or integratedagriculture system; proper croprotation; cultivars

A 1 2

Herbicides I 1,2 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Yorganic or integrated agriculturesystem; proper crop rotation;cultivars

A 1 2

Irrigation I 4, 6 Reduction of electricity use 4 Nmarket research on highefficiency pumping systems

A 2 3

Irrigation D 1,3, 6 Water management-drip irrigation 5 Nanalysis of the exact irrigationneeds per ha

A 2 2

Diesel use D 6Appropriate power of loaders and trucks to transportseed cotton

5 Ythe proper power of loaders andtrucks

A 1 1


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10




A 1 1

Diesel use D 1, 6 Reduction of tillage 5 Ynew "reduced tillage" cropproduction technologies;application of proper machinery

A 3 2

Harvesting D 2 less transport 3 Norganize sequential harvestingto many small scale fields

A 1 1

Harvesting I 1, 6 yield mapping 5 Y precision agriculture A 2 2


I 1,2 Application of bioactive microorganisms/insects 4 Yorganic or integrated agriculturesystem

P 1 2

Tomatoes



A 1 1


A 1 2

Fertilizers I 1, 6Improved fertilizer management - efficientapplication and utilization


Fertilizers I 1 Increased use of organic fertilizers 3 Yorganic or integrated agriculturesystem;

A 1 2


A 1 2


Pesticides I 1,2 Application of bioactive microorganisms/insects 4 Yorganic or integrated agriculturesystem

P 1 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Fungicides I 1,2, 6 Reduced use of fungicides 3 Y Better aerization A 1 2

Fungicides I 1,3, 6 Reduced use of fungicides 4 Y Dehumidification A 2 2

Herbicides I 1,2, 6 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Y solarization film on the soil A 2 2

Irrigation I 4, 6 Reduction of electricity use 4 Nmarket research on highefficiency pumping systems

A 2 3

Irrigation D 1,3 Water use management 5 Nanalysis of the exact irrigationneeds per ha

A 2 2

Diesel use D 1, 6 Rational use of transportation 3 Ypost-harvest facilities to storetomatoes until they are enoughfor a full truck load

A 1 1

Plant growthcontrol

D 1 Crop-based RH control 2 Yorganizational of greenhouseproduction

A 1 1

Plant growthcontrol

D 1 Crop-based use of the energy screen 2 Yorganizational of greenhouseproduction

A 1 1

Energy use D 1, 3 Increased set point for air relative humidity 2 Y monitoring and control system A 1 1

Energy use D 1, 3 Lowered temperature set point 4 Y monitoring and control system A 1 1

Plant growthcontrol

D 1 Reduction of crop transpiration 3 Yclimate control in propertiesoptimum for this plant

A 1 1

Energy use D 1 Temperature integration 2 Y more sensors A 2 1


D 1 Better ventilation 3 Yelectronic control windows, newdesign

A 2 4


D 6 Geothermal application 3 Y pipes circuit in low depth A 3 3


I 6Greenhouse cover film with antidrip coating thatremoves condensed water

4 Ypurchase - greenhouse coverfilm with antidrip coating

A 2 2


D 1 Less fuel for heating 3 Ynew high-tech boilers (highefficiency, other fuel)

A 2 4


D 6 Precision farming 3 Y precision farming A 4 3


D 6 R & D in greenhouse design and technologies 3 YR&D on new constructiontechnologies

A 4 3


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Building/Construction

D 6 Shading during summer period 5 Ynew technologies in plasticcover production

A 3 3


D 6 Thermal storage systems 2 Yinstallment of thermal storagesystem

A 2 3


I 1, 6 Wind brake at the north side of the greenhouse 4 Yinvestment in wind brake at thenorth side of the greenhouse

A 2 2

Cucumber



A 1 1


A 1 2



Fertilizers I 1 Increased use of organic fertilizers 3 Yorganic or integrated agriculturesystem;

A 1 2


A 1 2


Pesticides I 1,2 Application of bioactive microorganisms/insects 4 Yorganic or integrated agriculturesystem

P 1 2

Fungicides I 1,2 Reduced use of fungicides 3 Y Better aerization A 1 2

Fungicides I 1,3 Reduced use of fungicides 4 Y Dehumidification A 2 2

Herbicides I 1,2, 6 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Y solarization film on the soil A 2 2

irrigation I 4, 5, 6 Reduction of electricity use 4 Nmarket research on highefficiency pumping systems

A 2 3

Irrigation D 1,3 Water use management 5 Nanalysis of the exact irrigationneeds per ha

A 2 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Plant growthcontrol

D 1 Crop-based RH control 2 Yorganizational of greenhouseproduction

A 1 1

Plant growthcontrol

D 1 Crop-based use of the energy screen 2 Yorganizational of greenhouseproduction

A 1 1

Energy use D 1, 3 Increased set point for air relative humidity 2 Y monitoring and control system A 1 1

Energy use D 1, 3 Lowered temperature set point 4 Y monitoring and control system A 1 1

Diesel use D 1, 6 Rational use of transportation 3 Ypost-harvest facilities to storetomatoes until they are enoughfor a full truck load

A 1 1

Plant growthcontrol

D 1, 6 Reduction of crop transpiration 3 Yclimate control in propertiesoptimum for this plant

A 1 1

Energy use D 1, 6 Temperature integration 2 Y more sensors A 2 1


D 1, 6 Better ventilation 3 Yelectronic control windows, newdesign

A 2 4


D 6 Geothermal application 3 Y pipes circuit in low depth A 3 3


I 6greenhouse cover film with antidrip coating thatremoves condensed water

4 Ypurchase - greenhouse coverfilm with antidrip coating

A 2 2


D 1, 6 Less fuel for heating 3 Ynew high-tech boilers (highefficiency, other fuel)

A 2 4


D 6 Precision farming 3 Y precision farming A 4 3


D 6 R & D in greenhouse design and technologies 3 YR&D on new constructiontechnologies

A 4 3


D 6 Shading during summer period 5 Ynew technologies in plasticcover production

A 3 3


D 6 Thermal storage Systems 2 Yinstallment of thermal storagesystem

A 2 3


I 1, 6 Wind brake at the north side of the greenhouse 4 Yinvestment in wind brake at thenorth side of the greenhouse

A 2 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Vineyards



A 1 1


A 1 2




A 1 2


A 1 2



A 1 2


A 1 2

Herbicides I 1,2, 6 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Y mulch film on soil A 2 2

Irrigation I 5, 6Reduction of electricity use by pumps (waterpumping)


A 2 3

Irrigation D 1,3 Water management-drip irrigation 5 Nanalysis of the exact irrigationneeds per ha

A 2 2

Irrigation D 1,3, 6 Water management-soil coverage 5 N mulching film on the soil A 2 2


5 Y proper power of tractor A 3 3

Diesel use D 1, 6 No tillage 3 Y mulching film A 3 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


A 1 1

Diesel use D 1 Reduced tillage 5 Ynew "reduced tillage" cropproduction technologies

A 3 2

Diesel use D 4, 6 Appropriate power of loaders and trucks to transport 5 Ythe proper power of loaders andtrucks

A 1 1



P 1 2

Olive groves



A 1 1


A 1 2




A 1 2


A 1 2



A 1 2

Herbicides I 1 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Ycattle or sheep pasture in theolive grove

A 2 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


A 1 2

Herbicides I 1,2, 6 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Y mulch film on soil A 2 2

Irrigation D 4, 5, 6Reduction of electricity use by pumps (waterpumping)


A 2 3

Irrigation D 1,3 Water management-drip irrigation 5 Nanalysis of the exact irrigationneeds per ha

A 2 2

Diesel use D 1,6Appropriate power of the tractor and other machinesto the field operations


Diesel use D 1 No tillage 3 Y weed cutting A 3 2


A 1 1

Diesel use D 1 Reduced tillage 5 Ynew "reduced tillage" cropproduction technologies

A 3 2

Diesel use D 4, 6Use of appropriate power of loaders and trucks totransport olives

5 Ythe proper power of loaders andtrucks

A 1 1



P 1 2


Report 4: Energy Saving Measures Categorized for Chosen Subsectors of Dutch AgricultureChris de Visser, Fridtjof de Buisonjé, Hilko Ellen, Cecilia Stanghellini, Marcel van der VoortWageningen UR


Energy inputI/D

Type ofES

measureES measure

Importance

R&D

Y/N


A/PCost of

implementation

Paybacktime

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Wheat


A 4 3

Nitrogen I 1 Anorganic fertilizer 5 YSplit up the anorganic fertilizerapplication

A 2 2

Nitrogen I 2 Cultivation of green manuring crops 5 Y Use of green manuring crops A 2 2

Nitrogen I 2 Fertilizer dose in relation to crop uptake 5 Y

Fertilizer use corresponds tocrop uptake (e.g. plant sapanalysis and/or sensortechniques)

A 1 1

Nitrogen I 1 Improved fertilizer management 4 Y

precision agriculture;automated application basedon plant requirement and soilsamples / measurements(sensors)

A 2 2

Nitrogen I 2 Improved soil fertility (living organisms) 4 Y

Use of (good) compost (withbio activators) improves soillife and stimulate the uptake offertilizer by the plants

A 2 2

Nitrogen I 1Organic fertilization on the basis of N fertilizerworking coefficient

5 YFactor in the workingcoefficient of organic manure

A 1 1

Herbicides I 1 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Y

precision agriculture; use ofGEWIS and models (diseasesand weather) to determine needfor spraying and amount

A 2 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Diesel use D 1 Less tillage of the soil 5 NDifferent of less soil tillage canreduce fuel consumption

A 2 2

Diesel use D 1 Shut down tractors 5 NTractors are 25% of the timeturning idle. It can be reduced to15%

A 1 1

Diesel use D 1 tire pressure 5 NProper tire pressure is 20%more speed and 10% fuelimprovement

A 2 2

Diesel use D 1 tire size 5 N

15 till 30% of the fuel is used totransfer the power to thesurface. A bigger tire sizeimproves the transfer of powerand saves fuel

A 2 2

Diesel use D 1 Tractor machine combination 5 N

Use a tractor that does notexceed the capacity requirementof the machine by 15%. Abigger tractor consumes morefuel even if it is used a 75% ofits capacity

A 1 1

Diesel use D 1 Trimmed soil tillage machinery 5 N

Soil tillage is responsible formost of the fuel consumption.Better trimmed soil machineryreduces fuel consumption

A 1 1

Diesel use D 1 Weight front axle 5 N

Saving 1 till 5 liters per hectareis possible by adjusting weightto front axle (max.) 25% of thetotal weight

A 1 1

Energy usecontrol

D 3 Measurements of energy use 3 Y

Measure energy use on the farm(e.g. electricity not only the totalbut per activity / building ameasurement)

A 1 1


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sugar beet

Seeds I 1 High quality seeds 4 Ynew breeding programs for newcultivars

A 4 3


A 2 2




A 1 1


precision agriculture; automatedapplication based on plantrequirement and soil samples /measurements (sensors)

A 2 2


Use of (good) compost (with bioactivators) improves soil lifeand stimulate the uptake offertilizer by the plants

A 2 2



A 1 1

Pesticides I 1 Reduced use of pesticides 3 Y


A 2 2


A 2 2


A 1 1


A 2 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10



A 2 2



A 1 1



A 1 1



A 1 1

Energy usecontrol



A 1 1

Potatoes

Seeds I 1 High quality tubers 4 Ynew breeding programs for newcultivars

A 4 3


A 2 2




A 1 1


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


precision agriculture; automatedapplication based on plantrequirement and soil samples /measurements (sensors)

A 2 2


Use of (good) compost (with bioactivators) improves soil lifeand stimulate the uptake offertilizer by the plants

A 2 2



A 1 1

Pesticides I 1 Reduced use of pesticides 3 Y


A 2 2


A 2 2


A 1 1


A 2 2



A 2 2



A 1 1


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10



A 1 1



A 1 1

Storage D 6 Saving energy in storage room 2 Y25% energy saving by improvedair flow in the storage

A 2 2

Energy usecontrol



A 1 1

Tomato

Energy use D 1 Adaptive set-points 5 Y less rigid climate control A 1 1

Energy use I 6 Anti-reflection glass 3 Y anti-reflection cover A 3 3

Energy use D 6 Better heat insulation 5 Y double glazing/low emission A 3 3

Energy use I 6 Diffuse glass 3 Y light diffusive cover A 3 3

Energy use D 6 Double thermal screen 5 None screen is standard; morescreens insulate better

A 2 2


A 3 2

Energy use D/I 1 Smart irrigation 5 Yclosed loop irrigation or smartirrigation

A 2 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cucumber



Energy use D 6 Better heat insulation 5 Y double glazing/low emission A 3 3



A 2 2


A 3 2

Energy use D/I 1 Smart irrigation 5 Yclosed loop irrigation or smartirrigation

A 2 2

Sweet pepper

Irrigation D/I 1 Irrigation 5 Yclosed loop irrigation or smartirrigation

A 2 2



Energy use D 6 Better insulation 5 Y double glazing/low emission A 3 3



A 2 2

Energy use D 6 Heat recovery from exhaust air of ventilation 4 YInstallation of state of the artventilation systems

A 3 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Dairy cows

Feed D 4 In total less concentrates per kg milk 4 Nconcentrate feeders and dailymilk yield measurements forindividual cows

A 2 1

Feed D 1,5 Less energy in feed 4 NConcentrate compounds shouldbe available in the own country

A 2 1

Feed I 1More energy for process, replacement ofconcentrates

3 Yoptimization of the process,equipment for industrial or on-farm use

A 3 3

Diesel use D 1,2,5 Decrease of diesel usage for external transport 4 NCompound feed/dairy industryshould have a local focus onmarketing

A 2 1

Diesel andlabour use

D 2,4 Decrease of diesel use and labour 4 YApplicability of new innovativegrazing systems

A 2 2

Energy use D/I 1,2,4 Less energy input but more energy / kg milk 2 NNot easy to implement, must bea switch to organic farming

P 2 3

Energy use D 1,6Decrease energy using solar panels for manurescraper

3 YSolar panel and an automaticmanure scraper

A 2 3

Diesel use D 1,4,6 Efficiency in roughage storage and feeding strategy 3 NInvestment of a central feedcentre and feeding machines tomix and transport the rations

A 3 2

Energy use D 1,3 Efficient cleaning less water and lower temperature 3 YWith new technics and otherchemicals maybe we can useless water en energy A

A 2 2

Energy use D 1,6 Efficient lighting with low energy consumption 4 YSeveral types of lamps ( TL/LED /high press lamps)

A 2 2

Energy use D 1,4,6 Efficient lighting with low energy consumption 4 Yautomatic turn on /off fromindividual lamps driven by lightintensity sensor

A 2 2

Energy use D 1,6 Heat recovery from milk cooling 4 Ynew technical process(coolingwith water, system eco 200),new cooling engine

A 3 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Energy use D 1,4 Optimization of automatic milking systems 5 Y

we have more than 2500 farmswith an AMS, they used 1,5times more energy thantraditional milking systems, Wemust optimized that energy used

A 2 2

Energy use D 1Use of the warm water released by heat recoveryfrom cooling milk

5 Y

Isolated pumping system fortransport the warm water toseveral parts of the farm whereused warm water

A 2 2

Energy use D 1 Use the heat from manure 2 Y heat exchanger in manure cellar A 3 3


5 Y also mentioned by FL A 3 3

Pigs

Feed I 1 Improvement of feeding value 3 YImprovement of the quality offeed production

A 2 2


D 6 Better heat insulation 3 N Calculation on ROI (gas) A 2 3


D 6 Better heat insulation 4 N Calculation on ROI (electricity) A 2 3


D 6 Daylight instead of artificial light 4 N Calculation on ROI A 2 2


D 6Efficient lighting systems; High Frequency FL, LED,Induction

4 N Calculation on ROI A 2 2


D 6 Fans using less energy per 1000m3 air 4 N Fans that use less energy A 2 2


D 6 Floor cooling at heavy pigs, heating at small pigs 2 N water pipes in the floor A 2 3


D 1 Heat/cold storage in soil 3 N Calculation on ROI A 2 3


D 1Heat/cold storage in soil; constant temperature ofincoming air; lower ventilation rate

3 N Calculation on ROI A 2 3


D 6 Natural ventilation 3 Yimprovement of systems withnatural ventilation

A 2 2



D 1 Use of heat exchanger 3 Y Calculation on ROI A 3 2


D 1 Using of frequency controlled regulators 3 N Calculation on ROI A 2 2


D 2 Yearly control of climate equipment 3 N contract for yearly control A 1 2

Broilers

Feed I 1Replacement of 10-15 % compound feed by homegrown cereal grain

2 Y Decrease feed costs A 2 2


D 6At high temperatures: evaporative cooling ofincoming air (nozzles, cooling pads)

5 NIncreased weight gain, lessmortality

A 2 1


D 6 Better heat insulation 3 NDecrease of energyconsumption (gas/electricity)

A 2 3


D 6Combination of natural and forced ventilation(automated hybrid ventilation)

3 YDecrease of energyconsumption

A 2 2


D 6Drying of manure with ventilation air for reductionof transport and/or for processing of manure(incineration, pelletizing)

3 NDecrease of transport / increaseof value

A 3 2


D 6Efficient lighting systems; sodium lamps, metalhalide lamps, HighFrequency FL, LED, Induction,reflecting fittings

4 NDecrease of energyconsumption

A 2 2


D 6Energy efficient emission reduction systems forammonia, particulate matter (notably use of heatexchangers that lower ventilation rate)

3 YDecrease of energyconsumption

A 5 4


D 1Heat/cold storage in soil in combination with heatpump for heating ventilation air


A 2 3


D 6Local heating of chicks with infrared heating lamps,using less gas for spatial heating

3 N Decrease of gas consumption A 1 1


D 6Low temperature (< 50 oC) warm water heating incombination with floor/wall heating


A 2 2


D 6Motion detector connected to lighting switch in oftenused rooms


A 1 1


D 1 Regular cleaning of ventilation fans 3 NDecrease of energyconsumption

A 1 1



D 6Shuttered windows in roof/wall for daylightprovision with additional artificial lighting


A 2 2


D 1Underground tubes (heat exchanger) for cooling ofincoming air and lower ventilation rate


A 2 3


D 1Use of energy efficient direct current ventilation fans/ frequency controlled and/or cascade controlledventilation fans


A 2 2


D 1 Use of heat exchanger unit with ventilator 3 YDecrease of energyconsumption

A 3 2


D 6 Use of surplus heat from neighbouring activity 3 N Increased energy efficiency A 3 3


D 6Vertical ventilation shafts bringing warm air from theridge down to chicks


A 2 1


D 5 Yearly control of climate equipment 3 NDecrease of energyconsumption

A 1 2

Spatialplanning

I 4Spatial planning: Arable farm with poultry branchuses poultry manure to replace chemical fertilizer

4 N Decrease of fertilizer use A 3 3

Spatialplanning

D 1Spatial planning: Poultry farm with sufficient arableland to apply manure (grain for manure)


A 5 4


Report 5: Energy Saving Measures Categorized for Chosen Subsectors of Polish AgricultureJanusz Gołaszewski, Mariusz Stolarski, Zbigniew Brodziński, Ryszard Myhan, Ewelina Olba-Zięty University of Warmia and Mazury


Energy inputI/D

Type ofES

measureES measure

Importance

R&D

Y/N


A/PCost of

implementation

Paybacktime

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Wheat


P 4 3

Calcium I 2Application in accordance with soil fertility andavailability of the compounds


A 2 2

Potassium I 2Application in accordance with soil fertility andavailability of the compounds


A 2 2

Phosphorus I 2Application in accordance with soil fertility andavailability of the compounds


A 2 2

Sulfur I 2Application in accordance with soil fertility andavailability of the compounds


A 2 2

Nitrogen I 1,3 Division of N doses 5 Yanalysis of the content ofmacro and micronutrients -precision agriculture

A 2 2

Nitrogen I 2 Improved management of N fertilization 4 Yprecision agriculture; propercrop rotation

A 2 2



A 1 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


A 1 2


fungicides I 1,2 Reduced use of fungicides 3 YOrganic or integratedagriculture system; proper croprotation; cultivars

A 1 2

herbicides I 1,2 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system; proper croprotation; cultivars

A 1 2

Diesel use D 1Appropriate power of the tractor and other machinesto the field operations


Diesel use D 1 No tillage 3 Y


A 3 2

Diesel use D 1 Rational use of transportation 3 Y combined tillage operations A 3 2

Diesel use D 1 Reduction of tillage 5 Y


A 3 2

Limitinglosses

I 1 Reduced pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest losses 3 Nmany organizational activities(proper drying temperatures,

A 4 2

Energy use D 4,6Use of post-harvest residuals for energy generationfor drying

2 Ysaving energy by on-farmenergy production

P 3 3

Energy use D 4,6Use of post-harvest residuals for energy generationfor drying

2 Ysaving energy by on-farmenergy production

P 3 3


I 1 Application of bioactive microorganisms/insects 4 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system

A 1 2




A 2 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sugar beet


P 4 3



A 2 2



A 2 2

Fertilizers I 1Application in accordance with soil fertility andavailability of the compounds


A 1 2

Nitrogen I 1 Division of N doses 4 Yanalysis of the content ofmacro and micronutrients -precision agriculture

A 2 2

Nitrogen I 1 Efficient N application and utilization 4 Yprecision agriculture; propercrop rotation

A 2 2

Nitrogen I 1 Improved fertilizer management 4 Y precision agriculture A 1 2



A 1 2


A 1 2


Pesticides I 1 Reduced use of pesticides 3 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system; proper croprotation; cultivars

A 1 2





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10



A 3 2

Diesel use D 6Use of appropriate power of loaders and trucks totransport roots to sugar plant

5 Ythe proper power of loadersand trucks

A 2 2


I 1 Application of bioactive microorganisms/insects 4 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system

A 1 2




A 2 2

Potato

Seeds I 1 High quality tubers 4 Ynew breeding programs, newcultivars

P 4 3





Nitrogen I 1 Division of N doses 4 Y precision agriculture A 2 2

Fertilizers I 1 Efficient fertilizers application and utilization 4 Y precision agriculture A 2 2

Fertilizers I 1 Improved fertilizer management 4 Y precision agriculture A 1 2



A 1 2


A 1 2

Fertilizers I 1 Reduced use of synthetic fertilizers 5 Y


A 1 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pesticides I 1 Reduced use of pesticides 3 Yintegrated agriculture system;proper rotation; ne cultivars

A 1 2


A 1 2


A 1 2






A 4 2

Sorting D 1 Effective sorting of potatoes 2 Yenergy saving methods ofsorting

A 2 2

Storage D 5,6 Saving energy in storage room 2 Ysaving energy by on-farmenergy production

A 2 2


I 1 Application of bioactive microorganisms/insects 4 Y integrated agriculture system A 1 2




A 2 2

Dairy cows

Feed I 1 Improvement of feeding value 5 YModification of technologiesof fodder production, feedpreparation and dosage

A 4 2

Feed additives I 1 Improvement of feeding value 4 YApplication of milticompoundfeed with high coefficient ofdigestibility

A 4 1

Diesel use D 1,4 Rational use of transportation 4 Y

Better organization of foddertransportation, feed preparationand dosage, application of newequipment

A 4 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Energy use D 6 Efficient pumping 3 YModification of water pumpingsystem

A 3 1

Energy use D 6 Heat recovery from milk cooling 3 YApplication of heat exchangerto recover the heat from milkcooling

A 4 1


D 6 New ventilation systems 3 Y

Modernization of ventilationsystem - new low energyconsuming ventilatorscombined with gravitationalventilation

A 3 1


I 1 New drugs and treatments 3 YApplication of new animalmedicaments with effectivedrug release

P 4 3

Pigs


A 4 2


A 3 1



A 4 2


A 3 1


D 6 New ventilation systems 4 Y


A 3 1

Energy use D 6 Use of energy for heating from farm residuals 3 YHeat production from farmresources in high performanceboilers

A 4 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Veterinarydrugs&Service


P 4 3

Broilers


A 4 2


A 3 1



A 4 2


A 3 1


D 6 Energy generation from farm residues (boiler) 3 Y

Heat production from farmresources in high performanceboilers, minimization of energyloses

P 4 2


D 6 Modernisation of ventilation system 5 Y


A 3 1



P 4 3


Report 6: Energy Saving Measures Categorized for Chosen Subsectors of Portuguese AgricultureFátima Baptista, Luís Leopoldo Silva, Dina Murcho, José Rafael Silva, José Oliveira Peça, João SerranoUniversity of Évora


Energy inputI/D

Type ofES

measureES measure

Importance

R&D

Y/N


A/PCost of

implementation

Paybacktime

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Wheat

Seeds I 1 High quality seeds 4 Ynew breeding programs, newcultivars

A 1 1



A 2 2



A 2 2


A 2 2

Nitrogen I 1 Efficient N application and utilization 4 Yprecision agriculture; propercrop rotation

A 2 3

Nitrogen I 1 Improved fertilizer management 4 Y precision agriculture A 2 3



A 2 3

Pesticides I 1 Reduced use of pesticides 2 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system; proper croprotation; cultivars

A 1 2

Irrigation I 1 Water use management 3 Yimprovement of the productionprocess

A 2 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10





A 2 4




A 2 4

Sunflower


A 1 1

Herbicides I 1 Reduced use of herbicides 2 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system; proper croprotation; cultivars

A 1 1





A 2 2




A 2 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Tomatoes

Seeds I 1 High quality plants 4 Ynew breeding programs, newcultivars

A 1 1


3 Yanalysis of the content ofmacro and micronutrients

A 1 1


3 Yanalysis of the content ofmacro and micronutrients

A 1 1

Nitrogen I 1 Efficient N application and utilization 4 Yanalysis of the content ofmacro and micronutrients

A 1 1

pesticides I 1 Application of bioactive microorganisms/insects 3 Y integrated agriculture system P 1 1

fungicides I 1 Reduced use of fungicides 2 Y Integrated agriculture system A 1 1

herbicides I 1 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Y integrated agriculture system A 1 1

Insecticides I 1 Reduced use of insecticides 4 Y integrated agriculture system A 1 1

Nematicide I 1 Reduced use of neamatocides 3 Y integrated agriculture system A 1 1

Irrigation I 1 Water use management 4 Y recycling system A 1 1

Substract I 1 Extending the shelf life 4 Ystudies of behavior anddurability

A 1 1


D 3Reduced use of pesticides, fertilizers, irrigationwater

4 Yenvironmental controlsystems

A 2 2


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Vineyards


A 1 2



A 2 2



A 2 2



A 2 2


A 2 2

Fertilizers I 1 Efficient fertilizers application and utilization 4 Y precision agriculture; A 2 2

Nitrogen I 1 Efficient N application and utilization 4 Y precision agriculture; A 2 2

nitrogen I 1 Improved fertilizer management 1 Y precision agriculture A 2 2



Fertilizers I 1 Increased use of organic fertilizers 4 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system;conservation

A 1 1




fungicides I 1 Reduced use of fungicides 4 YOrganic or integratedagriculture system;

A 1 1

herbicides I 1 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system;

A 1 1

Insecticides I 1 Reduced use of insecticides 3 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system;

A 1 1

Pesticides I 1 Reduced use of pesticides 4 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system;

A 1 1


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Olive groves


A 1 2



A 2 2



A 2 2


A 2 2

fungicides I 1 Reduced use of fungicides 4 YOrganic or integratedagriculture system; cultivars

A 1 1

herbicides I 1 Reduced use of herbicides 3 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system; cultivars

A 1 1

Insecticides I 1 Reduced use of insecticides 3 Yorganic or integratedagriculture system; cultivars

A 1 1



Dairy cows

Feed I 1 High quality dried green fodder 3 Ynew breeding programs fornew cultivars

A 1 1

Feed I 1 High quality feed 4 Y complete feeds A 1 1

Feed I 1 High quality feed concentrates 4 Y complete feeds A 1 1

Feed I 1 High quality green fodder and silage 3 Ynew breeding programs fornew cultivars

A 1 1

Water use I 1 Water management 2 Ymechanisms for recycling thewashing water

A 2 2



Energy use D 6 Appropriate sizing of the milking machine 3 Y market research A 1 1


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pigs



A 2 2


D 6 Better heat insulation 3 Y good thermal insulators A 2 1

Broilers

Feed I 1 Better heat insulation 3 Y good thermal insulators A 1 1



A 2 2




D 6 Better heat insulation 3 Y good thermal insulators A 2 1

this project is funded by the european union the sole ... energy... · measures require a value...

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