this presentation was not made for public use. please do not use this or any other of my teaching...
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This presentation was not made for public use. Please do not use this or any other of my teaching presentations without my permission and the permission of each of the authors of the photographs, quotes, and other materials that I have used.
Thank you,
Vicki Hughes
Ocean Puzzle http://www8.nos.noaa.gov/oequizx/welcome.html
Labs, Activities, and WS for this presentation:Ocean in a Bottle PPT
The ocean is the dominant physical feature of our planet.
Evaporation
Precipitation
Oceans (EOG L22)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwVU0-2Qnso
There is ONE World Ocean with many
ocean basins.
This is the WORLD OCEAN. The sections of the world ocean include:
1. Pacific Ocean(largest)
2. Atlantic Ocean
3. Indian Ocean
4. Southern Ocean
5. Arctic Ocean (smallest)
Formation of the Oceans
The oceans formed on Earth 3.8 billion years ago.
The oceans originated from two sources:
1. Outgassing is the process whereby gases are released by volcanic activity. 2. Comets carried water to Earth in the form of ice.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwVU0-2Qnso
Formation of the Oceans
Water vapor condensed into rain that collected in low lying areas.
Ice melted and joined the rainwater creating the ocean.
Oceans shifted over the Earth as the plates moved together and pulled apart.
Ocean Exploration
Oceanography = study of the ocean and its life forms
Matthew Maury• Published 1st
textbook on oceans
HMS Challenger• Ship used to study
Pacific, Atlantic, & Indian oceans
Ocean Exploration
Submersible = underwater research vessel
Human and Auto-pilot types.
Bathysphere = early type of submersible that remained connected to the ship.
Ocean Exploration
Bathyscaph = submersible not connected to ship
Alvin over 2000 dives holds three people discovered hydrothermal vents
Ocean Exploration
Robot Submersible = remote controlled submersible
Argo discovered remains of Titanic
Ocean Exploration
Sonar (Sound Navigation And Ranging)
Uses sound waves to study the ocean floor:
1. Sends out a continuous series of sound waves.
2. Sound waves hit the ocean floor and bounce back.
3. Ship receives bounced waves and records data.
The Ocean Floor
Continental Shelf = zone of shallow water where the ocean covers the edge of the continent.
Continental Slope = seaward edge of a continental shelf.
The Ocean Floor
Abyssal plain = very deep flat area.
Ocean trench = long narrow canyons.
Composition of Ocean Water Water is a powerful solvent. It can dissolve many different substances.
Water’s ability to dissolve things is due to its polarity.Water’s polarity isdue to its chemicalstructure.
Composition of Ocean Water
Water in the ocean can dissolve all kinds of minerals.
Sodium (salt)Chlorine (salt)MagnesiumCalciumSulfurOther substances
Salt and minerals in the ocean come from eroding land, volcanic emissions, reactions at the sea floor, and atmospheric deposition
Composition of Ocean Water
“Water, water, everywhere and
not a drop to drink.”
Coleridge
Dissolved salts make up 86% of the ocean’s minerals.
NaCl = Salt
Composition of Ocean Water
Salinity refers to the concentration of salt dissolved in the water.
Composition of Ocean Water
Archimedes Principle = the volume of an object will equal the volume it displaces when placed in water.
If the mass of the object is less than the mass of the water, the object will float.
Composition of Ocean Water
Buoyancy refers to the upward force of a fluid (water ) on an object.
The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid that is being displaced by it.
Composition of Ocean Water
Buoyancy is the force that allows large ships to float.
Composition of Ocean Water
As salinity increases, buoyancy increases.
Floating in the Dead Sea.
Composition of Ocean Water
The proportions of salt to water must remain at equilibrium.
Circulation of Ocean Water The thermohaline circulation of the oceans is based on (1) the distribution of water temperatures (thermo) and (2) the distribution of salt density (haline) called Density Currents.
Can take up to 100o years to complete a cycle.
Circulation of Ocean Water Thermohaline circulation moves energy and nutrients around the world. Thus it is often referred to as the “global conveyer belt.”
This circulation controls our climates.
http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/5603s.swf?SGWID=0-0-45-755203-0
Ocean Water Currents
Climate change and density currents
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7n-sbTRNOA
Ocean Water CurrentsCauses of Surface Currents:1. Wind2. Rotation of the Earth
Ocean Water CurrentsGulf Stream = warm current that flows up the eastern seaboard of North America from the equator.
Ocean Water Currents
Humbolt Current = cool current that flows up the western seaboard of the South America from Antarctica.
Involved in activities of El Niño.
Ocean Water Currents
El Niño • A warming of
the surface of Pacific Ocean
• every 4 to 12 years
• causes unusual weather.
Upwelling = movement of cold, deep ocean waters to the surface http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbNzw1CCKHo
Ocean Water in MOTION
Waves = rhythmic movements that carry energy
Crest = top of a waveTrough = lowest point between waves
Wavelength is measured from crest to crest.
Wave Height is measured from trough to crest.
Wave H
eig
ht
Ocean Water in MOTION
Waves in the ocean are produced by winds.
Three things determine the height of waves:1. wind speed2. how long the wind blows3. distance the wind travels
USAJapan
Ocean Water in MOTION
As waves approach the shore, the land pushes the wave upward.
A tsunami is a giant wave that has been pushed up by the shore.
Ocean Water in MOTION
Tides are periodic rises and falls of large bodies of water. Tides are caused by the gravity between Earth and Moon.
Most places on Earth experience two tides a day.
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/edu/learning/player/lesson10.html
Tides 1:59 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gftT3wHJGtg
The ocean is divided into zones based on temperature, pressure, and light.
Euphotic
Disphotic
Aphotic
Marine Ecosystems (EOG 23)
Vertical Ocean Water Pressure and Temperature
The deeper into the ocean one goes, the greater the pressure becomes and the colder the temperature becomes.
The thermocline is a layer between the warmer surface waters and the deep ocean waters where the temperature changes rapidly.
The ocean is divided into zones based on temperature, pressure, and light.
Intertidal Neritic Open Ocean
River
Ocean
Estuary
River
Estuary = a partially enclosed body of water where fresh water from rivers and streams mixes with salt water from the ocean.
Estuaries perform several important functions:
• habitats for marine species
• breeding grounds for organisms
• Filtering system for chemicals from runoff.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2rYC5wciCA
What organism would most likely be at the base of the Oceanic Food Web?
Microscopic Algae
Ocean Systems
Coral reefs support approximately 25 percent of all known marine species.
Most established coral reefs are between 5,000 and 10,000 years old.
Ocean Systems
Coral reefs are in danger.
An estimated 25% of coral reefs have already died.
Since 1975, more than 90% of the reefs in the Florida Keys have lost their living coral cover
Ocean Systems
What is killing our coral reefs?
• Pollution • Disease• Over-fishing • Dynamite and
cyanide fishing • Sedimentation • Bleaching caused by
rising ocean temperatures
Ocean Systems
Plankton = tiny organisms that move with water currents.
Nekton = larger organisms that are able to swim in the sea.
Sperm whales feeding on nekton (krill).
The deep ocean contains tens of thousands of endemic creatures (exist no other place on earth).
ugly-animals.blogspot.com
Sea Pig AnglerfishDragonfishGoogly-Eyed Glass FishPolychaete Worm
Goblin Shark
Scale Worm
Hydrothermal Vents = openings in Earth’s crust on the bottom of the ocean
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D69hGvCsWgA
Deep ocean ecosystems do not have light for energy and therefore do not use photosynthesis.
Chemosynthesis = using chemical energy instead of light energy to produce food.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=BLOUFrncG7E&feature=endscreen
sulfur
Ocean Resources
Freshwater can be acquired from ocean water through the process of desalination (removal of salt) by distillation (boiling then collecting steam).
However, the salt remaining from distillation is often dumped back into the sea.
Ocean ResourcesSalt is harvested from ocean waters by the process of evaporation (drying out).
Ocean water is trapped in evaporation ponds where the water evaporates off leaving the salt sticking behind.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6CRqOM0oOA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r53ZQn-B64w
Energy can be obtained from the ocean using:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-sFLGMSMac&playnext=1&list=PLF829FBE41D11046F&feature=results_main
• wave action• tidal action• thermal
changes• dissolved
hydrogen
Ocean Resources
3.5 billion people rely on fish for their primary food source
Aquaculture is the term applied to the “farming” of the oceans.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUrGKVJcd9M
Ocean Resources
Ocean Pollution
Sources of ocean pollution:
SewageChemicalsOilSolid-WasteSediment
Famous Oil Spills: 1989 Exxon Valdese (Alaska)
2012
Ocean Pollution
Famous Oil Spills: 2010 BP (Gulf of Mexico)
Ocean Pollution
Any Questions?
Death of the Oceans 58:59 http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/death-oceans/