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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013

3 years of practical experiences

This presentation can be downloaded next week fromwww.uni-kassel.de/fb14/siwawi and used freely!

with the WaterBackpack PAUL:case studies from Colombia,

Benin and othersBenin, and others

Winner 2011 in the

Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Franz‐Bernd Frechen, University of KasselVice‐Chair, IWA Specialist Group

“Membrane Technology”Director of the Institute of Water,

Waste, Environment

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e 1 Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (DESEE)

Head: Prof. Dr.‐Ing. F.‐B. Frechenwww.uni‐kassel.de/fb14/siwawi

Winner 2011 in thecategory „society“

Waste, EnvironmentHead of the Department of Sanitary

and Environmental Engineering (DESEE)

PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013content

Short introduction: what is/who is the WaterBackpack PAUL?DefinitionWhere to be used Requirements and technical solutions Requirements and technical solutionsOne essential: logistics

Field test results Actual distribution of PAUL worldwide

Further results and more on the ULPUF filtration process willbe presented tomorrow, Wednesday, at 16.40 in room 109

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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013definition

The WaterBackpack PAUL is a portable Ultra Low Pressure Ultrafiltration (ULPUF) unit for filtration of water, removing pathogens, e.g. bacteria and viruses, from polluted water, e.g. surface water well water etc see below to make it potablesurface water, well water etc. – see below – to make it potable

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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013where to be used

The WaterBackpack PAUL is intended for use in emergencies and disaster in remote areas, small villages, and everywhere where help usually comes late due to infrastructure breakdown – even to be transported on the back a decentralized solutionto be transported on the back – a decentralized solution

Pakistan 2010 Thailand 2011

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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013WaterBackpack “PAUL” designed by DESEE:

at DESEE, starting 2001, wedesigned the WaterBackpackcalled “PAUL”, a smallmembrane ultrafiltration (UF)membrane ultrafiltration (UF)unit

membrane area 9.5 m2e b a e a ea 9 5 1,200 L/d for 400 people weight: 23 kgg g height: 1.2 m size: 0.4 m x 0.4 m 6 unit fit on a standard

Euro‐palette

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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013The requirements are:

No chemicals needed

No energy needed

No operation personnel needed

No maintenance needed

Absolutely robust Absolutely robust

Instant delivery y

Easily transportable

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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013The solutions of the WaterBackpack “PAUL”:

No chemicals needed – Membrane (Amem 9.5 m2) to filter pathogens, nominal pore size 40 nm (0.04 µm) (MWCO 150 kDalton)

No energy needed




Instant delivery y


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No energy needed – Uses gravity: TMP provided by the water level difference (max 0 80 m) due to height of the WaterBackpackdifference (max. 0.80 m) due to height of the WaterBackpack




Instant delivery 0,80 mmax.y


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No operation personnel needed – Simple pictograms explain usage even to illiterates



Instant delivery y


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No maintenance needed – just pour waterin over months and months

Absolutely robust0,80 mmax.

Absolutely robust

Instant delivery y


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Absolutely robust no moving parts0,80 mmax.

Absolutely robust – no moving parts,lifetime of the membrane ≈ 10 years

Instant delivery y


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Instant delivery – can be stored readyy yto use, 6 fit on an Euro‐Palette


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Instant delivery – can be stored readyy yto use, 6 fit on an Euro‐Palette

Easily transportable – weighs 20 kg,transporton the back by bike by lorry by helicopter

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on the back, by bike, by lorry, by helicopter ....


no moving parts, no energy, no chemicals, no maintenance ,

The complete operation manual

extremely robust, to be operated by anyone – even illiterates

S th l t ti l! See the complete operation manual!

PortableAqua

Unit for

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L ifesaving

PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013how much water is filtered per day?

water for 400 affected people: 1,200 L/d (800 bottles 1.5 Liter each) – see picture: 1 day production (1.2 tons of water)

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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013one essential to keep in mind

The WaterBackpack PAUL weighs 23 kg and can produce 1.2 tonsof water every day

Let’s assume a simple scenario to show the impact of decentralized versus centralized operation ….. 50 000 victims 50,000 victims 3 L/(cap. * d) needed 20 km average travelling distance

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50,000 victims have to be supplied with 3 L/(cap.*d) over 6 months,

think about logistics

and the average distance is 20 km. transportation of water: l f h l ktotal freight transport volume: 547,500 tokmafter 6 months: no more supply!

i f W B k k transportation of WaterBackpacks: 125 units necessary, weight 20 kg per unit total freight transport volume: 50 tokm this is less than 0.01 percent of the total freight transport volume when

distributing water after 6 months, victims still can get their water from the units – „Aid for , g „

self‐aid“. the first PAULs that were distributed are in use since March 2010 …!

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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013Case studies ‐ field experiences and test results

The first 5 PAUL were brought by a small NGO to Pakistan on1st September 2010. Today, more than 900 units are in use worldwide in more than 50 countries worldwide from Afghanistan to ZimbabweAfghanistan to Zimbabwe

As the lifetime of PAUL (including the membrane) is expected to be 10 years, a usage beyond the disaster situation is possiblebe 0 yea s, a usage beyo d t e d saste s tuat o s poss b e

So far no PAUL was re‐collected “after the disaster” by any NGO, so all PAUL distributed are still in place and by our best know‐ledge, most of them in permanent use in schools, villages etc.

Due to this, field inspections were undertaken recently as part of the research projectthe research project

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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013Colombia

Drinking water situation in rural areas ColombiaDrinking water situation in rural areas, ColombiaAbout 25% of Colombian population live in rural areas (dispersed)Remote ethnics settlements of African descent and Indigenous communities (11% d 3% f t t l l ti )and 3% of total population)

1. 2.

44

4.3.11

22 33

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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013Colombia: location of PAUL units

1.La Guajira (Wayúu Indigenous)

11

2.Cundinamarca (Silvania, rural)

3.Caldas (Nevado del Ruiz)22

33

44

66

4.Cauca (Afro‐descent)

5.Nariño (Laguna La Cocha)

55

66

5.Nariño (Laguna La Cocha)

6.Nariño (African‐descent)

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In the departments of Nariño and La Guajira is reported a water supply coverage of 63% and 39% for rural areas respectively. In Nariño, only 3% of the rural area has access to safe drinking water In La Guajira rural population takes its drinking waterwater. In La Guajira, rural population takes its drinking water from open ponds or directly from wells.

In 2012 six PAULs were transferred and tested as unique 0 s U s e e t a s e ed a d tested as u quedrinking water treatment in various remote areas of Colombia. The sites are small rural settlements or schools in rural areasith diff t i t l i l d lt l h t i tiwith different environmental, social and cultural characteristics.

PAUL has been monitored during the last 6 to12 months. Each rural settlement is supplied from different water sources: Each rural settlement is supplied from different water sources:

rivers, open ponds, shallow wells or lagoons. The physico‐chemical and microbiological quality of the water sources do

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not fulfill the requirements of WHO guidelines

PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013Colombia, PAUL test (4 samples), in La Guajira

Parameter Raw water Filtered water

Total Coliforms (CFU/100 mL) 13 000 0

E. Coli (CFU/100 mL) 3 000 0( / )

Following-up and maintenance

Water Production:

201 ± 9 L/h

Maintenance:

Flushing the filter PAULFlushing the filter PAUL

1L NaOCl (6.25%) in PAUL

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C/marca Cauca La Guajira Nariño

Parameter Raw PAUL Raw PAUL Raw PAUL Raw PAULTurbidity (NTU) 8.9 0.1 7.83 0.01 40.7 0.01 11.4 0.5Color (PCU) 7 1 39 1 28 11 100 50E Coli [cfu/100ml] 20 0 6 000 0 3 000 0 52 0

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E. Coli [cfu/100ml] 20 0 6 000 0 3 000 0 52 0

PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013Bénin

The drinking water supply in Bénin is problematic as seasonal water shortages regularly occur, particularly in rural areas, where only about 50% of the population has access to clean drinking water. About half of the population Bénin takes its drinking water from open ponds and rivers or other hazardous water sources. Waterborne diseases are therefore among the most common diseases.

Within the frame of a cooperation with GIZ(Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationaleZusammenarbeit) six PAULs were located for permanent water supply in southeast Bénin in 2012 and were monitored over an operation period of 15 months. The sites are individual settlements or schools in rural areas.

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The population at these sites is supplied usually from shallow wells; the microbiological quality of the well water is bad as can be seen from the results of the raw and the PAUL‐filtrated water analyzed in July 2013.

© DESEE

© DESEE© DESEE

E.coli [KbE/100ml] Enterokokken [KbE/100ml] DurchflussEinsatzort

Rohwasser PAUL Rohwasser PAUL l/d676 Djonougoui 3.800 0 8.600 0 2.880677 Djonougoui 3.800 0 8.600 0 4.320675 Akplenou 8.200 0 9.100 3 5.400695 Akplenou 8.200 0 9.100 1 3.323

sat o t

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693 Awacou 180 0 1.000 0 1.920694 Kladjieme 450 0 1.600 0 4.800

PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013Further short field inspections

Further short field inspections were undertaken by DESEE in Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan

Even after three years of usage, no casei k h h i l l iis known where a chemical cleaning wasundertaken

a minority of units are non operational

rainwater storage pond, Myanmar

a minority of units are non operationaltoday, mostly due to misuse (dry out ofthe membrane)→ to be overcome by ahint on storage

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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013conclusion from the field inspections

in practice, the daily flow is far beyond our design value of 1,200 L/d, up to 10,000 L/day (most in the range between 2,000 L/d and 6,000 L/d

Th i f C l bi d Bé i ll ll h The experiences from Colombia and Bénin as well as all other locations show very clearly that the waterbackpack PAUL can be used on a long‐term basis for decentralized supply with potable used o a o g te bas s o dece t a ed supp y t potab ewater.

Thus, the waterbackpack PAUL is also becoming increasingly attractive for regions which, although not exposed to real disaster scenarios, generally do not have an adequate decentralized water supplydecentralized water supply.

PAUL is more and more used in schools etc., improving health conditions effectively

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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013Also external parties tested the quality ….

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PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013Tanzania

© Schaupp

installed March 2012© Schaupp

installed March 2012 since then, no more cases of diarrhea,

cholera or other waterborne diseases

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according to locals© Schaupp

PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013PAUL in use worldwide

Madagascar: 3Malaysia: 4 Mexico: 2 Mongolia: 3 Mozambique: 2

Myanmar: 26

Kenya: 1Kenya/Somalia: 31

Colombia: 7Comoros: 13Congo: 12Malawi: 1

g

Nepal: 20Niger: 1Nigeria: 4

942 PAUL (as of 25.11.2013)

India: 12

Indonesia: 11Cambodia: 2Cameroon: 7

Kenya: 1Pakistan: 254

Peru: 9

Haiti: 166Philippines: 155

Thailand: 42Vietnam: 49unknown: 37

Afghanistan: 2

Egypt: 5Bulgaria: 1Chile: 2

Dom. Rep.: 1Ecuador: 1

Gambia: 1Ghana: 3

United Kingdom: 2

Russia: 1Sambia: 1

Switzerland: 1St. Lucia: 2

Taiwan: 2Tanzania: 4

Turkey/Syria: 2

Uganda: 4

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Ethiopia: 5Bénin: 10Bolivia: 1

Bulgaria: 1 Switzerland: 1

Senegal: 1Zimbabwe: 1Somalia: 11

y y

PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013thank you very much for your attention !

www.uni-kassel.de\fb14\siwawiwww.waterbackpack.org

Winner 2011 inWinner 2011 in the category

„society“

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© Humanity Care Foundation

PAUL experiencesMelbourne, 26.11.2013www.waterbackpack.org

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