this file last updated: 05 dec 02 · web view"looking at flowers from horseback" [zoǔ...

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsI. INTRODUCTION

1. "looking at flowers from horseback" [zoǔ mǎ kàn huā 走馬看花]; “dragonfly

touching the water” [qīngtíng diǎn shǔi 蜻蜓點水]2. loess soil [huángtǔ 黃土]

3. the “Three Teachings” (sān jiào 三教 ):

a. Confucianism (Rúxué 儒學 )

b. Daoism [Taoism] (Dàoxué 道學)

c. Buddhism (Fójiào|Bukkyō|Bulgyo 佛教 )

II. EARLY CHINESE MYTHS

1. Pan Gu 盤古2. "Three August Ones" and "Five Rulers" [Sān Huáng Wǔ Dì 三皇五帝]

a. Fúxī 伏羲 b. Shén Nóng 神農

c. Huáng Dì 黃帝 d. Yáo 堯

e. Shùn 舜 f. Yǔ 禹

III. SHANG 商 or YIN 殷 PERIOD

1. oracle-bone" writing [jiǎgǔwén 甲骨文 ]

2. Ānyáng 安陽 3. "packed-earth" [hangtu 夯土 ]

4. city / wall [chéng 城 ]

5. dì 帝6. king / wáng [王 ] 7. shaman [wū 巫 ]

8. nei [內 ] = inside, inner; wai [外 ] = outside, outer

9. "state" / guó [國 ]10. “complementary duality”

Revised: 05 Dec 201208 May 23 (16:34) - /tt/file_convert/5b0195987f8b9ad85d8e5b87/document.doc

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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsa. yīn 陰

b. yáng 陽11. the Eight Trigrams [bā guà 八卦 ]

12.Zhòu Xīn 紂辛 (1105-1046 BCE)

IV. ZHOU 周 PERIOD1. periodization (all dates BCE):

a. Western Zhou [ Xi Zhou 西周 ] (c. 1100-771)

b. Eastern Zhou [ Dong Zhou 東周 ] (771-221)

c. Spring(s) and Autumn(s) [Chūn Qiū 春秋 ] period (722-481)

d. Warring States [Zhàn Guó 戰國 ] (480/403-221) 2. Duke of Zhou [Zhoū Gōng 周公 ]

3. "well-field" [jǐngtián 井田 ] system

4. "feudal" [fēngjiàn 封建 ] system

5. lineage system [zōngfǎ 宗法 ]6. four classes:

a. “men of service” (warrior / scholar) [shì 士 ] b. peasant [nóng 農]

c. artisan [gōng 工 ]d. merchant [shāng 商 ]

7. (“good iron doesn’t get beaten into nails; good men don’t serve as soldiers” [hǎo

tiě bù dǎ dìng; hǎo nán bù dāng bīng 好鐡不打釘，好男不當兵])

8. "Heaven" [Tiān 天 ]a. "Mandate of Heaven" [Tiānmìng 天命 ]

V. Warring States [Zhàn Guó 戰國 ] (480/403-221)

1. hegemon [bà 霸]

2. “sleeping on brushwood and tasting bile” [wòxīn chángdǎn 臥薪嘗膽 ]

a. Gōujiàn 勾踐 of Yuè / Zhèjiāng (reg.496-465 BCE)

b. Fūchāi 夫差 of Wú / Shànghǎi (reg.495-473 BCE)


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsc. “ten years of training/instruction, ten years of building/gathering [resources/soldiers]”

[shínián jiàoxùn, shínián shēngjù 十年教訓，十年生聚 ]

VI. LEGALISM

1. fǎ 法 = laws, rules; methods

2. punishments [xíng 形，刑 ]

3. "techniques" (of government) [shu 術 ]4. "rich country, strong military" [fùguó qiángbīng 富國強兵 ]

VII. DAOISM

1. Daò 道 2. "myriad objects" [wàn wù 萬物 ]3. wúwéi [無為 ] = "non-purposive action"

4. "artificial," "false" [wěi 偽 ]

5. "culture/patterns" [wén 文 ] vs. "simplicity/essence" [zhí 質 ]6. "immortal" [xiān 仙 ]

7. Lǎozi 老子 a. Classic of the Dao [Dào Dé Jīng道德經 ]

Dào kě dào fēi cháng Dào 道可道非常道 Míng kě míng fēi cháng Míng 名可名非常名

8. Zhuāngzi 莊子 (c. 365-290 BCE)

a. “transformation of things” [wùhuà 物化]

VIII. CONFUCIANISM

1. Confucius [Kǒng Fūzi 孔夫子 ] (c. 551-479 BCE)

a. Rú 儒 = expert on ritual & government

2. jūnzi 君子 = "gentleman"; “exemplary person”

a. dé 德 = "virtue" / ”fortitude” / “excelling”

3. "inferior man" [xiǎorén 小人 ]

a. profit, benefit [lì 利 ] 4. "sense of shame" [chǐ 恥]


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms5. self-cultivation [xiūshēn 修身]

6. "rectification of names" [zhèngmíng 正名]

7. "five constant virtues" [wǔ cháng 五常]

a. rén 仁 = "benevolence" / “authoritative conduct”

b. yì 義 = "righteousness"; “appropriate / fitting”

c. lǐ 禮 = [observing] "propriety", “ritual”, “rites”

d. zhì 智 = "wisdom"; “realizing”

e. xìn 信 = "trustworthiness”; “making good on one’s word”

8. xiào 孝 = "filial submission/piety/responsibility"

9. loyalty [zhòng 忠 ]; “doing one’s utmost”

10. reciprocity [shù 恕 ]; “putting oneself in the other’s place”

11. shàn 善 = “being good at…”

12. phrases from Confucius= writings:

a. I state but don=t make (up new truths...) [shù ér bù zuò 述而不作]

b. a gentleman is not a tool [jūnzi bù qì 君子不器]

c. in teaching, there should be no distinction of classes [yǒu jiào wú lèi 有教無類 ]

d. when I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers [sān rén xíng,

bì yǒu wǒ shī yān 三人行，必有我師焉]

e. respect the spirits but keep them at a distance [jìng gǔishén ér yuǎn zhī 敬鬼神而遠之]

f. my doctrine is that of an all-pervading unity [wǔ Dào yī yǐ guàn zhī 吾道一以貫之]

13. Confucian "classics" / canonical writings:

a. “Four Books” [Sì Shū 四書 ]:1) Analects [Lùn Yǔ 論語 ]

2) Doctrine of the Mean [Zhōng Yōng 中庸 ]3) Great Learning [Dà Xué 大學 ]4) Mencius [Mèngzi 孟子 ]

b. “Five Classics” [Wǔ Jīng 五經 ]:

1) Classic of Songs (or Book of Poetry) [Shī Jīng 詩經 ]2) Classic of Changes [Yì Jīng 易經 ]


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms3) Record of Ritual [Lǐ Jì 禮記]

4) Classic of Documents [Shū Jīng 書經 ]5) Spring and Autumn Annals [Chūn Qiū 春秋]

14. Mencius [Mèngzi 孟子], c. 370-290 BCE

a. “All men have a mind which cannot bear [to see the sufferings of] others [rén jiē yǒu

bù rěn rén zhī xīn 人皆有不忍人之心] (Mencius, II.A.vi.1) b. "kingly way" [wáng daò 王道]

c. "humane government" [rén zhèng 仁政 ]

d. mínshēng [民生 ] = "popular welfare," "livelihood"

e. "five relationships" [wǔ lún 五倫] and "three bonds" [sān gāng 三綱]

IX. QIN 秦 DYNASTY (221-206 BCE)

1. King Zheng [Zhèng Wáng 政王] reg. 246-210 BCE who becomes:

a. Qín Shǐhuángdì [秦始皇帝] = First Emperor of Qin (221-210 BCE)

2. Li Si 李斯 (d. 208 BCE)

3. commanderies and districts [jùnxiàn 郡縣]

4. Great Wall [Cháng Chéng 長城]

5. "burning of books & burying of scholars" [fénshū kēngrú 焚書坑儒]

6. Second Emperor (of Qin) [èrshì huángdì 二世皇帝 ]

7. Chén Shèng [陳勝 ] and Wú Guǎng [吳廣 ]a. “王侯將相寧有種乎” (wáng hóu jiāng xiāng níng yǒu zhǒng hu / kings, marquises,

generals, prime ministers—are they a [separate] type?)

X. HAN 漢 (206 BCE – 220 CE)and the Consolidation of Imperial Government

1. Xiàng Yǔ 項羽

2. Liú Bāng 劉邦, who becomes:

a. Hàn Gāozǔ 漢高祖 reg. 206-195 BCE

3. Cháng’ān 長安

4. Lù Jiǎ [Gǔ] 陸賈5. "men of talent" [rencai 人才 ]


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COMMENT, 01/03/-1,

add Wu Guang

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms6. Empress (Dowager) Lü [Lǚ Hoù 呂后 ]

7. Sīmǎ Qiān 司馬遷 c. 145-86 BCE

a. Records of the Historian [Shǐ Jì 史記 ]

1) lièzhuàn = 列傳“assembled biographies”

XI. HAN and the FRONTIER

1. Xiōngnú 匈奴

a. shànyú shanyu 單于b. Máodùn

2. policy of "peace and marriage" [héqīn 和親 ]3. "use barbarians to control barbarians"[yi yi zhi yi 以夷制夷 ]

4. Hàn Wǔdì 漢武帝 reg. 140-87 BCE

5. Yuezhi 月氏6. Zhang Qian 張騫 fl. Late 2nd cent. BCE

7. Western Regions [Xi Yu 西域 ]

8. Wusun 烏孫 9. Da Yuan 大宛 = Sogdania / Ferghana

10. Da Xia 大夏 = Bactria

11. Li Guangli 李廣利12. Dunhuang 敦煌 13.Yumen 玉門14. Wáng Zhāojūn 王昭君 (1st cent. BCE)

15. Discourses on Salt and Iron [Yán Tiě Lùn 鹽鐵論] 81 BCE

16. Nan Yue 南越

XII. BUDDHISM [Fójiào 佛教 ]

1. Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha / Sākyamuni [Shìjiāmúní 釋迦牟尼] c. 563 – c.483 BCE

2. Four Noble Truths [sìshèngdì 四聖諦 ]

1) Nature of dukkha (“suffering”) [kǔdì 苦諦 ]


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms2) Origin of dukkha [jídì 集諦 ]

3) Cessation of dukkha [mièdì滅諦]

4) Path/Way of cessation [dàodì 道諦]

3. Eight-fold Path1) Right view 2) Right intention3) Right speech4) Right action5) Right livelihood6) Right effort7) Right mindfulness8) Right concentration

4. Three Treasures/Jewels [sānbǎo 三寶]

a. Buddha = “enlightened one” [Fó 佛]

b. dharma / vinaya = “teachings” / “disciplines” [fǎ 法 ]

c. sangha = “monastic community” [sēng 僧 ]

5. Mahāyāna [Dà Chéng 大乘 ]

6. arhat [luóhàn 羅漢]

7. bodhisattva [púsà 菩薩]

8. "matching concepts" [géyì 格義]

9. karma [yīnyuán 因緣 / yèyīn 業因]

10. samsara [dàlúnhuí 大輪迴]

11. nirvana [nièpán 涅盤]

12. Amitābha [Amítuófó 阿彌陀佛] 13. Avalokiteśvara, or Guānyīn 觀音14. Čakravartin-rāja

XIII. SIX DYNASTIES [Liù Cháo 六朝 ] PERIOD (220-589)

1. Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó 三國 ]: Wèi [魏]; Shǔ Hàn [蜀漢 ]; and Wú [吳 ]a. Romance of the Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó Yányì 三國演義 ] (Yuan/Ming novel)


7

COMMENT, 09/18/12,

from Wright, pp. 50, 62

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms2. Wú [吳 ] 222-265/280, with its capital at Jiànyè 建業 (= modern Nanjing)3. Jìn1

a. Western Jin [Xī Jìn 西晉 ], at Luoyang, 265-316

b. Eastern Jin [Dōng Jìn 東晉 ], at Jiànkāng 建康 (Nanjing), 317-420

4. "internal disorder, external disaster" [nèi luàn wài huàn 內亂外患 ]5. "Northern and Southern Courts" [Nán Běi Cháo 南北朝 ], 420-589

a. in the south, four successor states (420-589) to Wu and Jin, to complete the rest of the "Six Dynasties": (reference only)

1) Liú Sòng 劉宋 (420-476)2) Southern Qi [Nán Qí 南齊 ] (479-=502)

3) Liáng 梁 (502-557)a) Liáng Wǔdì 梁武帝

4) Chén 陳 (557-589)b. in the north:

1) "Sixteen Kingdoms" [Shíliù Guó 十六國 ], 304-439

2) "five barbarian tribes throw China into disorder" [wǔ hú luàn Huá 五胡亂華] 3) “sinification” / “sinicization” [Hàn huà 漢化]

4) Northern Wei [Běi Wèi 北魏 ], 386-535

a) Toba clan [Tòbá shì 拓跋氏 ] of the Xiānbēi 鮮卑 ] (Tabgach)

b) rulers: Tàiwǔdì 太武帝; Míngyuándì 明元帝; Xiàowéndì 孝文帝 c) institutions:

(1) professional border guards [fǔbīng 府兵 ]

(2) collective guarantee [bǎojiǎ 保甲] system

(3) "equal-field" [jūntián 均田 ] system2

XIV. Land and Taxes (N. Wei through mid-Tang)

1. "equal-field" [juntian 均田 ] system

a. mu, mou [mu 畝 ]

1 ?often spelled ATsin” in older texts

2 ?to be distinguished from the "well-field" [jingtian 井田 ] system


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsb. arable land [lutian 露田 ]

c. "mulberry" land [sangtian 桑田 ]; permanently-held land [yongyetian 永業田 ]2. “estates” [zhuangyuan 莊園 ]

3. dīng 丁 = adult male, for taxation purposes [mù bu shì dīng 目不識丁]

4. taxes [shui 稅 ]:a. main:

1) in grain [zu 租 ]

2) in cloth [diao 調 ]3) in corvée labor [yong 庸 ]

b. examples of other taxes

1) household tax [hushui 戶稅 ]

2) land tax [dishui 地稅 ]5. "double tax" system [liangshuifa 兩稅法 ] (780)

XV.SUI [隋 ] DYNASTY

1. Yáng Jiān 楊堅 ], who becomes:

a. Suí Wéndì 隋文帝 reg. 589-604

2. Yáng Guǎng 楊廣 who becomes:

a. Suí Yángdì 隋煬帝 reg. 605-617

3. "ever-normal granaries" [chángpíngcāng 常平倉 ] and "relief granaries" [yìcāng 義倉 or shècāng 社倉 ]

4. Grand Canal [Yùnhé 運河]

5. Turks [Tújué 突厥 ]6. Tuyuhun 吐谷渾 (in Tibet) and Koguryŏ/Goguryeo 高句麗 ] (in Korea)

XVI. China’s Táng 唐 Dynasty

1. Li Yuan 李淵 ()565-635), who becomes:

a. Tang Gaozu 唐高祖 reg. 618-627

b. “retired emperor” = tàishànghuáng 大上皇

2. Li Shimin 李世民 , who becomes:


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsa. Tang Taizong 唐太宗 reg. 627-649

3. Gaozong 高宗 reg. 649-683

4. Wu Zhao 武曌 (c.625-705), who becomes:

a. Empress Wu [Wu Hou 武后 ];b. a.k.a. Wu Zetian 武則天 reg. 684-705

5. Xuanzong 玄宗 a. a.k.a. Ming Huang 明皇 reg. 713-756 b. "my sorrow continues w/o end" [ci hen mianmian wu jueqi 此恨綿綿無絕期]

6. Yang Yuhuan 楊玉環 , better known as:

a. Yang Guifei 楊貴妃 ] or, "Lady Yang"

7. An Lushan 安祿山 (703?-757)

XVII. Japan’s Jōmon period (c. 11,000 – 300 BCE)1. Jōmon pottery [Jōmon-shiki doki 縄文式土器 ]

2. kami　かみ

XVIII. Early Japanese state-building1. Yayoi 弥生 period (c. 300 BCE – 300 CE)

a. social groups:1) aristocratic clans [uji氏]

2) commoners [be 部]

2. Yamataikoku

a. Himiko♀卑弥呼 (d. c. 248)

b. Wa 倭

3. Yamato 大和 “state” (c. 250 – 710)

4. Tomb [kōfun 古墳] period (c. 300-552)

a. haniwa [埴輪]

b. Soga 蘇我　clan

5. Asuka 飛鳥　period (552/592-645/710)

a. Soga no Umako 蘇我馬子(? – 626)

b. Suiko♀ 推古(554-628)


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsc. Prince Shōtoku 聖徳太子(574-622)

1) “Seventeen Article Constitution” (604)d. syncretism of Shintō and Buddhism (shinbutsu shūgō 神仏習合)

XIX. Hakuhō 白鳳 period (645-710 / 673-686

1. (anti-Soga)coup (Isshi no hen 乙巳の変) 645

a. Nakatomi no Kamatari 中臣鎌足(614-669) > Fujiwara　藤原

b. Tenji 天智(reg. 626-671)

2. Taika　大化 Reforms (646)

3. “Jinshin Disturbance” (Jinshin no ran 壬申の乱), 672

4. Tenmu 天武(c. 631-686; reg. 672-686)

5. Jitō♀ 持統(645-702)

a. reg. 686-697)

b. “retired/cloistered emperor” (daijō tennō 太上天皇 )

c.“retired emperor system” (insei　院政)

6. Sekkan　摂関 system

a. Sesshō 摂政 = regent for child emperor

b. Kampaku 関白 = regent for adult emperor

7. “Emperor” = Tennō　天皇

8. reign name / “year style” nengō　年号

9. “Japan” = Nihon 日本

XX. Nara period 奈良時代(710 – 784/794)

1. capitals

a. Heijō 平城/ Nara 奈良 (710-784)

b. Naniwa 難波(744-745)

c. Nagaoka　長岡 (784-794)

2. Shintō 神道 / kami-no-michi　神の道

3. Taihō Code 大宝律令 Taihō ritsuryō (701/702 enacted/implemented); revised in 718 as Yōrō

Code 養老律令 Yōrō-ritsuryō

4. “provinces”/”statelets” (kuni 国 / 國 )and “districts” (gun 郡)

5. system of criminal and administrative law (ritsuryōsei 律令制)


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms6. Council of State Affairs (Daijōkan　太政官)

7. “equal-field” system (of China; N. Wei through mid-Tang) 均田制度8. publicly-administered lands (kokugaryō　国衙領)

9. literary works:

a. gazetters (fudoki　風土記)[in China, fāngzhi 方誌]

b. Kojiki 古事記 (712)

c.Nihon Shoki　日本書紀(720)

d. Kaifūsō　懐風藻

1) Chinese poetry kanshi 漢詩

e. Man’yōshū 万葉集(c. 751)

f. Japanese poetry waka /　Yamato uta 和歌

10.Late Nara politics

a. Kōken 孝廉 / Shōtoku 称徳 ♀(718-770; non-Fujiwara)

b. Kanmu　桓武 (737-806)

XXI. Heian Period

1. Heiankyō 平安京 / Kyōto　京都 (794-1868)

2. “aristocratic state” ōchō kokka 王朝国家 (c. 900-1050)

3. noble families = kuge 公家

a. upper level = dōjō 堂上

b. lower level = jige 地下

4. four great clans: Genpeitōkitsu 源平藤橘

a. Fujiwara family

1) Fujiwara no Yoshifusa 藤原義房(802-872)

2) Fujiwara no Mototsune 藤原基経(836-891)

3) Fujiwara no Michinaga 藤原道長(966-1027)

b. Kenmu Taira / Heishi 平氏(first granted c. 825)

1) Taira no Takamochi (founder, 889)

2) Taira no Masakado (d. 940)　平の将門

3) Taira no Kiyomori (1118-1181)　平の清盛

c.Seiwa Minamoto / Genji　源氏

1) Minamoto no Tsunemoto (894-961)　源の恒元 [grandson of Emperor Seiwa]

2) Minamoto no Tameyoshi (1096-1156)　源の為義


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms3) Minamoto no Yoshitomo (1123-1160) 源の義朝

4) Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147-1199)　源の頼朝

5) Minamoto no Yoshitsune (1159-1189)　源の義経

5. Tachibana 橘 clan

6. shōen 荘園　= “estates”

a. “name-fields” 名 myō

b. mandokoro 政所　= “administrative council”

c.shiki 職= “rights/entitlements”

d. patrons (honke 本家)

e. central proprietors (ryōke 領家 )

f. residents (shōke　荘家 )

g. proprietors (ryōshu 領主 )

h. cultivators (shōmin 荘民)

7. shinden 寝殿 = “mansions”

a. paper screens (shōji　障子)

b. Yamato-e　大和絵

c.scrolls (emaki　絵巻)

8. Murasaki Shikibu 紫式部 (c. 973 – c. 1025)

a. [daughter of Fujiwara Tametoki 藤原為時]

b. author of Tale of Genji (Genji monogatari 源氏物語)

c.miyabi 雅 = elegance; absence of crudity/roughness

XXII. Early Korea1. pottery types:

a. chŭlmon/jeulmon (“comb-pattern”) 櫛文b. mumon (“no pattern”) 無文

2. Kochosŏn / Gojoseon (“2333”-108 BCE) 古朝鮮 ] (i.e., “ancient Joseon”)

3. northern polities

a. Wiman Chosŏn / Wiman Joseon (194-108 BCE) 衛滿朝鮮b. four Han commanderies 漢四郡 hànsìjùn / hansagun

1) Lèláng (108 BCE – 313 CE) 樂浪Revised: 05 Dec 2012

08 May 23 (16:34) - /tt/file_convert/5b0195987f8b9ad85d8e5b87/document.doc

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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsa) Dàifāng (204-313) 帶方

2) Xuántú (108 BCE – 302 CE) 玄菟3) Líntún (107 BCE – 82 CE) 臨屯4) Zhēnfān (107 BCE – 82 CE) 真番

c. Puyŏ / Buyeo (c. 2nd cent. BCE – 494 CE) 夫餘d. Koguryǒ /Goguryeo (37 BCE – 668 CE)高句麗

4. polities in central/south Korea

a. Jin state (jin-guk) 辰國 3rd-2nd cents. BCE

b. “Three Han” Confederacies (c. 1st cent. BCE – 3rd cent. CE)

1) Mahan 馬韓2) Jinhan 辰韓3) Byeonhan 弁韓

5. “Three Kingdoms” period Samguk Sidae 三國時代a. Koguryǒ /Goguryeo (37 BCE – 668 CE)高句麗

1) Kwanggaet’o / Gwanggaeto (374-413; r. 391-413) 廣開土2) Yŏn Kaesomun / Yeon Gaesomun (603-666) 淵蓋蘇文

b. Paekche / Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE) 百濟c.Silla (67 BCE – 935 CE) 新羅

1) Sŏndŏk/Seondeok ♀ (606-647; reg. 632-647) 善德

2) Chindŏk/Jindeok ♀ (reg. 647-654) 眞德d. Kaya / Gaya 加倻 Federation (42-562 CE); in Japanese: Kara or Mimana 任那

6. Silla aristocracy – “bone-rank” system (golpumjedo 骨品制度)a. “sacred bone” seonggol 聖骨b. “true bone” jingol 眞骨c. Council of Notables (Hwabaek和白)

XXIII. Korea’s “Southern and Northern States period” (Nam-Baek Guk Sidae 南北國時代)


14

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms1. Unified Silla (668-935) Tong-il Silla 統一新羅

a. Battle of Paekchŏn River | Hakusukinoe 白村江 (663), wherein Silla defeats the Yamato fleet

b. Munmu 文武(reg. 661-681) drives out Tang forces, 676

c. capital at Kyŏngju / Gyeongju 慶州d. “flower-youth” (hwarang 花郞 )

2. Parhae/Balhae (698-926) 渤海a. Tae Choyŏng/Dae Joyeong, reg. 699-719大祚榮b. malgal / mohe 靺鞨 people (Tungusic)


15

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms

XXIV. North Asia states:1. Song at Kaifeng

2. Liao 遼 dynasty

a. Khitan [Qidan 契丹 ] Mongols

b. "sixteen prefectures" of Yenyun [Yanyun shiliu zhou 燕雲十六州 ] under the Liao

c. Shanyuan/Danyuan) Treaty [Dǎnyuān zhī méng澶淵之盟] (1004)

3. Jurchen [Nǚzhēn女真], who are a branch of the:

a. Tungus [Mòhé 靺鞨 ] people and form the:

b. Jīn 金 dynasty3

c. with their capital at Yānjīng 燕京 (now Beijing)

d. “raw” shengfan 生番 vs. “cooked” shufan 熟番 “barbarians”

4. Southern Song at Lín’ān 臨安 , now known as Hangchow [Hángzhōu 杭州 ]1) Yuè [Yo] Fēi 岳飛 ] (1103-1141)

a) "completely loyal in devoting oneself to the national cause" [jìn zhōng

bào guó 盡忠報國 ]

b) Qin Gui [秦檜 ]b. "partial peace/security" [bianan 偏安 ] (1141)

5. Tangut [Dǎngxiàng 黨項 ] people, who form the:

a. Xī Xià 西夏b. with their capital at today’s Níngxià 寧夏

XXV. Song examination system

1. “basic government institutions” [tǐzhì [體制]

2. appointing to office (“filling a gap”) [ buque 補缺 ]

3. yinbu 蔭補 = to designate a dependent for office through "protection" or “shadow privilege”

3 ?Distinguish among:Qín 秦 (Ch’in) = state which forms the first empireJìn 晉 (Chin/Tsin) = state which unites the Three Kingdoms

. Jīn 金 (Chin/Kin) = state formed by the Jurchens


16

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms4. examinations [keju 科舉 ]

5. "men of talent" [rencai 人才 ]6. jinshi 進士 = "presented scholar" ("doctorate")

7. "hiding of names" [mifeng 彌封 ]8. "copying" (of exam essays) [tenglu 謄錄 ]

9. palace examination [dianshi 殿試 ]

10. to memorize or repeat a book by rote [背書 bèishū]

11. "Eight-legged Essays" [baguwen 八股文 ]12. “regularly-submitted names” [zhengzouming 正奏名 ]

XXVI. INSTITUTIONAL REFORM in the SONG1. mid-Song emperors [for reference only]:

a. Renzong 仁宗 reg. 1022-1063

b. Shenzong 神宗 reg. 1068-1085

c. Zhezong 哲宗 reg. 1086/1093-1100

d. Huizong 徽宗 reg. 1101-1125

1) “Flower and Stone Convoy” [huāshígāng 花石綱]

2. "popular customs" [fēngsú 風俗 ]; “national mood”a. rù jìng wèn sú 入境問俗 = “when entering the territory, ask about the customs”; i.e.

“when in Rome…”

b. rù xiāng súi sú 入鄉隨俗 = “when entering the countryside, follow the customs”

3. Fan Zhongyan 范仲淹 (989-1052)

a. “pacify the interior / repel the outsiders” [ annei rangwai 安內攘外]

b. “first in the world to assume its worries; last to enjoy its pleasures” [xian tianxia

zhi you er you; hou tianxia zhi le er le 先天下之憂而憂；後天下之樂而樂]

4. Wang Anshi 王安石 (1021-1086)

a. known as the "Obstinate Prime Minister" [Ao Xianggong 拗相公]

b. Ten-thousand Word Memorial [Wanyanshu 萬言書 ] (1058)

5. The "New Policies" (“Laws”) [Xinfa 新法 ]a. farming (“green sprouts”) loans [qingmiao qian 青苗錢 ]


17

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsb. hired service system [muyifa 募役法 ]

c. land survey and equitable tax [fangtian junshui 方田均稅 ]d. baojia 保甲 system

6. ”cliques" [dǎng 黨 ] (now used for “political party”)

XXVII. "NEO-CONFUCIANISM" 1. terms for Confucian studies:

a. "studies/students" of the Dao" [Daoxue /jia 道學 / 道學家 ]b. 'ordinary' Confucianists [Rúlín 儒林 ]

2. Song studies [Sòngxué 宋學 ]3. Zhou Dunyi 周敦頤 (1017-1073)

a. tàijí 太極 = "supreme ultimate"

b. Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate [Taiji Tushuo 太極圖說 ]

c. "sincerity" [cheng 誠 ]d. "public-spiritedness" [gong 公 ]

e. "tranquility" [jing 靜 ]f. "emptiness" [xu 虛 ]

4. Zhang Zai 張載 (1021-1077)

a. qì 氣 = "matter," "psycho-physical stuff", Aconfigurational energy@5. Cheng Yi 程頤 (1032-1107)

a. lǐ 理 = "principle," "order"

b. "reverence" / Arespect@ [jìng 敬 ]

XXVIII. School of Principle [Lǐxué 理學 ]1. Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130-1200)

a. Reflections on Things Close at Hand [Jinsilu 近思錄 ]b. "investigation of things" / Aapprehending the principle in things@ [géwù 格物]

2. xìng 性 = "nature"

3. xīn 心 = "mind" (lit., "heart")

4. "self-cultivation" [xiushen 修身 ]


18

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms5. ”false learning" [wei xue 偽學 ]

XXIX. School of the Mind [Xinxue 心學 ]

1. Wang Shouren 王守仁 (1472-1529)

a. H. = Yangming 陽明

2. "ideas" [yi 意 ]3. "intuitive knowledge" [liangzhi 良知 ]

a. "extension of innate knowledge of the good " [zhi liangzhi 致良知 ]

4. wù [悟 ] = enlightenment, revelation, (J. = さとり )

5. "unity of knowledge and action" [zhi xing he yi 知行合一 ]

6. jìngzuò [靜坐] = “quietly sitting”, “tranquil repose”, meditation

7. Li Zhi 李贄 (1527-1602)

XXX. The YUAN 元 DYNASTY (1272/9-1368)

1. Karakorum [Hālàhélín 哈剌和林 ]2. quriltai = "convocation," "grand meeting"

3. Yelü Chucai耶律楚材 1190-1244

4. Mongol rulers:

a. Temüjin, > Chinggis Khan, known as Tàizǔ 太祖 , b. ca. 1167; reg. 1206-1227

b. Ögödei, known as Tàizōng 太宗 , reg. 1229-1241

c. Möngke/Mangu, known as Xiànzōng 憲宗 , reg. 1251-1260

d. Qubilai, known as Shìzǔ 世祖 , reg. 1260-1294

e. Shùndì 順帝 , reg. 1333-13705. capitals:

a. Shàngdū 上都

b. Dàdū 大都

6. Central Secretariat [Zhōng Shū Shěng 中書省 ]

7. Privy Council [Shū Mì Yuàn 樞密院 ]

8. Metropolitan Province [Fùlǐ 腹裏 ]

9. "replica" or "branch" secretariats [Xíng Zhōng Shū Shěng 行中書省]


19

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms10. lǐjiǎ 里甲 system11. four social groups:

a. Mongols [Mèng rén 蒙人 ]

b. Semu [Sèmù 色目 ], or "nationalities" (Apeople of various states@) [zhū guó rén

諸國人]

c. Northern Chinese [Hàn rén 漢人 ]d. Southern Chinese [Nán rén 南人 ]

12. paper currency [jiāo chāo 交鈔 ] 13. Zhào Mèngfǔ 趙孟頫 (H. Zhào Zǐ’áng 趙子昂 ) (1254-1322) and Guǎn Dàoshēng

管道昇 (1262-1319)

14. Ní Zàn 倪瓚 (1301-1374)

XXXI. YUAN-MING TRANSITION

1. White Lotus sect [Bái lián jiào 白蓮教 ]

2. Maitreya Buddha [Mí Lè Fó 彌勒佛 ]3. Manichæism [Míng jiào 明教 ]

a. King of Brightness [Míng Wáng 明王]

4. Red Turbans [hóng jīn 紅巾 ]

5. local militia [yìbīng 義兵]

6. Latter Song [Hoù Sòng 後宋]

7. “dwarf ([Sino]Japanese) pirates [wòkǒu 倭寇 ]


20

COMMENT, 11/06/12,

1.K'uei-chang-ko [Kul zh_ng gI 7B nÞ 9é ]

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsXXXII. MING [Míng 明 ] DYNASTY (1368-1644)

1. Zhū Yuánzhāng 朱元璋, who becomes

a. the Hóngwǔ 洪武 Emperor, or

b. Míng Tàizǔ 明太祖 , reg . 1368-1398 2. Grand Secretariat [nèigé 內閣 ]; Grand Secretary [dà xué shì 大學士 ]3. political sensitivity under the Ming founder:

a. Zhū 朱 / zhū 豬 b. “In the bright empire, Heaven has given birth to a sage” [guāng tiān zhī xià, tiān

shēng shèng [sēng] rén 光天之下，天生聖[僧]人 ]4. Zhū Yǔnwen 朱允炆(1377-1402), who becomes

a. the Jiànwén 建文 Emperor (1398-1402)5. Zhū Dì 朱棣 (1360-1424), who becomes

a. the Yǒnglè 永樂 Emperor, or

b. Míng Chéngzǔ 明成祖 , reg. 1403-1424

6. Zhèng Hé 鄭和 (Mǎ Hé 馬和 ) 1371-c. 1433

a. Sānbǎo Tàijiān 三寶太監 (“Three Treasure Admiral [eunuch]”)

7. Foreign Expeditionary Armada [xiàfān guānjūn 下番官軍 ]

8. "treasure ships" [bǎochuán 寶船 ]

9. qílín 麒麟 / zǔlàfǎ 祖剌法 (i.e., giraffe)

XXXIII. Emergence of the samurai class 1. warrior families = buke 武家

2. bushidō 　武士道

a. samurai 侍

b. vassals (gokenin 御家人)

c.ritual suicide (seppuku 切腹 or harakiri 腹切 )

1) kaishakunin 介錯人 (assistant/”second”)

2) following one’s master in death (junshi 殉死)

d. rōnin 浪人

XXXIV. End of the Heian period


21

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms1. Hōgen War (1156)　保元の乱

a. Minamoto no Tameyoshi (1096-1156)　源の為義 & cloistered emperor vs. Go-

Shirakawa 後白河, Taira no Kiyomori (1118-1181)　平の清盛, & Minamoto no

Yoshitomo(1123-1160) 源の義朝

b. Go-Shirakawa wins; Taira-Minamoto rivalry begins

2. Heiji War (1159-1160)　平治の乱

a. Taira no Kiyomori vs. Minamoto no Yoshitomob. temporary Taira victory

3. Genpei War (1180-1185)　源平合戦

a. Minamoto Yoritomo vs. Taira

b. battle of Dan-no-ura (壇ノ浦の戦い Dan-no-ura no tataka), 24 April 1185

c. Heike Monogatari 平家物語

d. Minamoto dominance

XXXV. Shōgunal government) 1. three shōgunates

a. Kamakura 鎌倉 (1192-1333)

b. Ashikaga　足利 / Muromachi 室町 (1336-1467/1573)

1) Warring States 戦国(sengoku ) period

c. Tokugawa 徳川 (1603-1868)

2. bakufu 　幕府 = “tent government”

a. “barbarian-suppressing general” (seii taishōgun 征夷大将軍) 1192

b. military governor / constable (shugo　守護 )

c.steward (jitō 地頭)

d. land manager (myōshu 名主 )

e. shiki 職= “rights/entitlements”

XXXVI. Kamakura 鎌倉　shogunate (1192-1333)

1. early Minamoto shōguns1) Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147-1199)　源の頼朝

2) Minamoto no Yoriie (1182-1204, first son of Yoritomo; reg. 1202-1203)源頼家

3) Minamoto no Sanetomo (1192-1219, second son of Yoritomo; reg. 1203-1219 源実朝


22

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsb. Kujō Yoritsune (1218-1256; reg. 1226-1244) 九条頼経

2. Hōjō regencya. shikken 執権 = regent for a shōgun

1) contrast with Sekkan　摂関 system

a) Sesshō 摂政 = regent for child emperor

b) Kampaku 関白 = regent for adult emperor

b. Hōjō Tokimasa 北条時政 (1138-1215; reg. as shikken, 1199-1205)

c.Hōjō Masako 北条政子(1157-1225) (the “nun shōgun”; widow of Minamoto Yoritomo)

d. Hōjō Shigetoki　北条重時 (1198-1261)

3. Jōkyū War (承久の乱 jōkyū no ran)- 1221

a. Emperor Go-Toba 後鳥羽 (1180-1239; reg. 1183-1198; cloistered 1198-1221)

b. rensho 連署 (“co-signatory)

c.Rokuhara Tandai 六波羅探題

4. Jōei 貞永 (or, Adjudications / goseibai 御成敗 )Code / shikimoku 式目, or “House Regulations”) of 1232

a. promulgated by 3rd shikken Hōjō Yasutoki 北条泰時 (1183–1242)

5. attempted Mongol invasions of 1274 and 1281

a. kamikaze 神風

XXXVII. Religion and culture during the Kamakura perioda. Pure Land school (Jōdo shū 浄土宗)- Hōnen 法然 (1133-1212)

b. True Pure Land school (Jōdo Shinshū 浄土真宗 ) – Shinran 親鸞 (1173-1262)

c.Nichiren 日蓮(1222-1282)

1) “namu myōhō renge-kyō”　南無妙法蓮華経

d. Zen 禅

1) Eisai 栄西 (1141-1215) / kōan　公案

2) Dōgen 道元(1200-1253)

3) Engakuji 円覚寺in Kamakura

2. Shintōa. Tsurugaoka Hachimangū 鶴岡八幡宮

3. æsthetics

a. aware 哀れ - “melancholy”; awareness of intransience

b. yūgen 幽玄 - “profound mystery”

c.wabi-sabi 侘寂 - “sadness; loneliness; impermanence; imperfection”


23

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsd. shibui / shibumi 渋い /　渋み - “astringent/astrigency”; balance of simplicity and

complexity

e. mujō 無常 = [Buddhist] impermanence

XXXVIII. Kenmu Restoration 建武　(1333-1336)

1. Go-Daigo 後醍醐　(1288-1339)

2. Ashikaga Takauji　足利尊氏 (1305-1358)

3. Nitta Yoshisada 新田義貞(1301-1338)

XXXIX. Ashikaga　足利 / Muromachi 室町　shogunate (1336-1467/1573)

1. period of Northern and Southern Courts (Nanbokuchō 南北朝 1336-1392)

2. Kitabatake Chikafusa 北畠親房(1293-1354)

a. Records of the Legitimate Succession of the Divine Sovereigns or Chronicle of Gods

and Sovereigns (Jinnō Shōtōki　神皇正統記 )

3. daimyō 大名

a. shugo daimyō　守護大名

b. sengoku daimyō 戦国大名

4. castles5. “warrior-repelling” mushagaeishi 武者返し walls

6. collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate

a. Ōnin War 応仁の乱 (1467-1477)

b. Warring States 戦国(sengoku ) period

c.kokujin 国人 (a.k.a. jizamurai 地侍 )= “men of the province”

d. gekokujō下克上 = lit, “lower overcomes upper”

e. Ikkōshū 一向宗 “Single-Minded” sect of “True Pure Land” Buddhism

1) Ikkō-ikki 一向一揆 = Ikkō Uprising

XL. Azuchi-Momoyama period 安土桃山時代, 1573-1603

1. “early modern” (kinsei 近世) period

2. Ashikaga Yoshiaki 足利義昭 (1537–1597), 15th shōgun, reg. 1568-1573)

3. the Three Unifiers:

a. Oda Nobunaga 織田信長(1534-1582)

1) Battle of Okehazama (Okehazama no takaki 桶狭間の戦い ), 1560


24

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms2) Incident at Honnōji (Honnōji no hen 本能寺の変)

b. [Toyotomi] Hideyoshi 豊臣秀吉 (1536-1598)

c.Tokugawa Ieyasu 徳川家康(1542-1616)

d. koku 石 = 4.96 bushels

XLI.Koryŏ / Goryeo 高麗 Period 918-1392

1. society

a. land-owning/educated aristocracy: yangban 兩班 (two/pair rank/team/branch)

1) civil and military2) village councils (hyangso 鄕所)

b. commoners

c. slaves: nobi 奴婢 2. relations with neighbors

a. Myoch’ŏng / Myocheong 妙淸 d. 1135

b. Kim Pusik / Gim Busik 金富軾 1075-1151

1) Three Kingdoms History (Samguk Sagi 三國史記 ), 1145

2) sadae 事大 (“serving the great”)

3. “Lady Ki” 奇皇后 1301-1370?

XLII. Chosŏn / Joseon 朝鮮 1392-1397

1. founder Yi Sŏnggye / Yi Seonggye 李成桂 1335-1408

a. T’aejo / Taejo 太祖 reg. 1392-1398

2. T’aejong / Taejon 太宗 (1367-1422; reg. 1400-1418)

3. Sejong 世宗 (1397-1450; reg. 1418-1450)

a. Hall of Worthies (Chiphyŏnjŏn / Jiphyeonjeon 集賢殿, 1420)

b. hangul alphabet, 1443

4. Sejo 世祖 (1417-1468; reg. 1455-1468)

5. Sŏnjo / Seonjo 宣祖 (1552-1608; reg. 1567-1608)

XLIII. War on the Asian mainland, 1592 – 1598


25

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A3

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8B

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A9%A2

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms1. names:

a. J: Bunroku Keichō no eki 文禄・慶長の役1) kara-iri 唐入り(lit., “China-entering”)

b. K: Imjin [1592] War (Japanese disturbance) 壬辰倭亂 (Imjin Waeran)

2. C: Renzhen War to Defend the Nation (rénzhèn wèiguó zhànzhèng 壬辰衛國戰爭)

3. Yi Sunsin 李舜臣 (1545-1598)

a. “board-room ship” panokseon 板屋船b. “turtle ship” geobukseon 龜船

4. “Ear Mound” (mimizuka 耳塚 / hanazuka 鼻塚) 1597

5. Shénzōng 神宗, or the Wànlì 萬歷 emperor (1563-1620; reg. 1572-1620)

XLIV. Christianity in 16th-17th Century East Asia1. early Jesuits

a. (St.) Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)b. (St.) Francis Xavier (1506-1552)c. Alessandro Valignano (1539-1606)

d. Matteo Ricci [Lì Mǎdòu 利瑪竇 ] (1552-1610)

2. "Three Pillars of the Church" in China [kāijiào sān dà zhùshí 開教三大柱石 ]

1) Paul Hsu = Xú Guāngqǐ 徐光啟 (1562-1633)2) Leo Li = Lǐ Zhīzǎo 李之藻 (1565-1630)

3) Michael Yang = Yáng Tíngyún 楊廷筠 (1557-1627) 3. Edict of Toleration (1692)

4. "Rites Controversy" [diǎnlǐ wèntí 典禮問題] in China (early 18th century)

a. shàngdì 上帝 “=” God

b. tiān 天 “=” Heaven

c. tiānzhǔ / tenshu 天主 = “Lord of Heaven"

1) hence, Roman Catholicism = Tiānzhǔjiào 天主教 4

5. first Japanese converts

a. Ōmura Sumitada (Bartolomeu)大村純忠 (1533–1587)

b. Konishi Yukinaga (Aghostino) 小西行長 (1555-1600)

4 Later, mocked as “天豬叫”Revised: 05 Dec 2012

08 May 23 (16:34) - /tt/file_convert/5b0195987f8b9ad85d8e5b87/document.doc

26

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms6. suppression in Japan

a. Shimabara Rebellion 島原の乱, 1637 -1638

b. “Deus” = dai uso 大嘘c. “treading pictures” fumi-e 踏み絵

d. “hidden Christians” kakure-kirishitan 隠れキリシタン

7. early Korean Catholics

a. “Western” studies (seohak 西學 / cheonjuhak 天主學)

b. Yi Seung-Hun [Peter Li] 李承薰 (1756-1801)

c. Yi Byeok 李檗 (1754-1785)

d. Sinyu Persecution (1801) (sinyu bakhae 辛酉迫害)

XLV. Establishment of the Edo Perioda. Council of Elders (Gotairō 五大老) under Toyotomi Hideyoshi, to rule for Toyotomi

Hideyori (1593-1615)— Tokugawa Ieyasu and four others2. Commissioners bugyō 奉行

a. Ishida Mitsunari (1560-1600)3. Tokugawa family

a. Tokugawa Ieyasu 徳川家康(1543-1616; reg. 1603-1605)

b. Tokugawa Hidetada 徳川秀忠(1579-1632; reg. 1605-1623)

4. Battle of Sekigahara (21 October 1600)Sekigahara no tatakai 關ヶ原の戦い

a. “Battle of the Divided Realm” Tenka Wakeme no tatakai 天下分け目の戦い

5. Tokugawa Gosanke 徳川御三家

a. Owari尾張

b. Kii紀伊

c.Mito水戸

6. types of daimyō under the Bakufu/fief system (bakuhan taisei 幕藩体制 )

a. shinpan　　親藩 (collateral)

b. fudai　　譜代 (hereditary [allies])

c.tozama 外様 (“outside”)

7. Bakufu retainers:

a. hatamoto 旗本 [“beneath the flag”] (with right of audience with shōgun)

b. gokenin [“honored housemen”]御家人


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http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%96%B0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%BF

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms8. Laws of Military Households (Buke Shohatto 武家諸法度 ) 1615

9. Bakufu-domain system (bakuhan taisei 幕藩体制)

10. “alternate attendance” (sankin kōtai 参勤交代 ) system

11. castle towns jōkamachi 城下町 and “townsmen” chōnin 町人

XLVI. Early Tokugawa Foreign Relations

1. “southern barbarians” nanban 南蛮

2. William Adams (1564-1620), the “pilot of Miura” (Miura Anjin 三浦按針 )

3. maritime restrictions (kaikin 海禁 )

4. sakoku 鎖国(“locked/chained country”) policy

5. Hirado　　平戸

6. Nagasaki 長崎 under various bugyō　　奉行

a. Dejima　出島

7. Tsushima 津島 under the Sō 宗 clan

8. Ryūkyū 琉球 , controlled by the Shimazu 島津 clan of Satsuma　薩摩

XLVII. “Dutch [Western] Learning” (rangaku 蘭学 )

1. other intellectual schools in Japan

a. “Chinese studies” kangaku　漢学

b. “Nationalist” studies1) names:

a) kogaku 古学

b) wagaku　　和学

c) inishie manabi 古学び

d) kokugaku　国学

2) Motoori Norinaga 本居宣長(1730-1801)

2. Tokugawa Yoshimune 徳川吉宗 (1684-1751; 8th shōgun, 1716-1745)

3. Nakane Genkei (1661-1733)4. first students of Dutch

a. Noro Genjō (1693-1761)b. Aoki Konyō (agronomist / “Mr. Sweet Potato”; 1698-1769)

5. Hayashi Shihei 林子平(1738-1793)


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsa. “Military Discussions of a Maritime Nation” (Kaikoku Heidan 海国兵談 , 1791)


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