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y By Pramoedya Ananta Toery It was created while he was inside the political prison

in Buru of Eastern Indonesiay 1ST Book in the Buru Quartety It was first passed on verbally (1973)y It was allowed to be written (1975)

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y The story starts with Minke, the first native Javanese boy to attend an elite Dutchcolonial high school Hollands BurgelukseSchool (HBS). He is a brilliant student, adescendant of Javanese royalty, and anacutely sensitive observer of the complexand dangerous world around him

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y , but as a "native", Minke is disliked by many of his fellow-students, who all claimsome European descent. Minke's life isdisrupted when he is invited to live with ahighly unconventional family in Wonokromo after his visit together with his

fellow student in HBS, Robert Suurhof.

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y Here Minke meets extraordinary women who will force him to confront the

entrenched antagonisms of a society builtupon racial and gender oppression . Thehousehold is headed by Nyai Ontosoroh, anative concubine of a Dutch man calledHerman Mellema.

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y

She runs the family's dairy business, andher half-European children, the beautiful Annalies and the treacherous Robert.Minke falls in love with Annalies whom heeventually marries in an Islamic weddingin accordance with "native" customs, but which, according to Dutch law,

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y has no legal validity because it was conducted without the consent of the under-aged Annelies' legal, Dutch, guardians.

y

Moreover, the murderous hatred of Robertarouses causing fear in Minke s mind. Andthrough his relationship with Nyai, he takeshis first steps on the path that will lead him tobecome an outspoken opponent of Dutchcolonial rule.

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y Minkey Annaliesy Nyai Ontosorohy Herman Mellemay Robert Mellemay Robert Suurhof y

Darsamy Fatsoy Maurits Mellema

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y The Spice Island- the Moluccas island of Indonesia- Europeans tried to monopolize the source of spices

(nutmegs,cloves, and pepper) because of its importance.

y The Dutch East India Company (VOC)- established in 1602 by the Dutch Parliament- became a dominant power in Europe- became involve in the political activity of Java- dissolved in 1800- replaced by the Dutch Batavian Republic

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y Dutch government took over the VOC possessions (1816)y The main context of Pramoedyas novel This Earth of Mankind.

- describes the severe condition of the natives under theDutch rule.

- characters are set amid the tension and contradiction of theliberating aspect of technology and the power of colonialism.

- provides the reader a sense of what life was like in theDutch East Indies

- underlines the cycle of abuse and repression under theDutch colonial rule.

y Exploitation of Indonesias wealthy Netherlands became a significant colonial power

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y Racial/Ethnic Discrimination- social class and hierarchy among the Dutch, Indo, and Natives.

y Sexism and Women discrimination- concubinage- legality of marriage

y Language as a form of social castesy Presence of different ethnic groups and races in the Dutch East

Indies- allows the understanding of the aspect of life of the people from

different nations- creates an atmosphere of dynamic environment

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y The disintegration of the Dutch colonial statey Different nationalist movement began to develop in response to

Dutch oppression.y Pramoedyas imprisonment in 1947-1949y The publication of Buru Quartet of Pramoedyay World War II in the Pacificy Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation

of Dutch East Indies ended the Dutch rule.

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y The Netherlands tried to regain control of the East Indies after thewar.

y Nationalist forces resisted Dutch control.y Sukarno declared their independence from the Dutch in 1945.y In December 1949, The Netherlands formally recognized

Indonesian sovereignty.y Sukarno became the first president of the Republicof Indonesia.

y Indonesia suffers economic problem and enters ina period of turmoil.

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y Javanesey Dutchy Frenchy Chinesey Japanese

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Whether the future is a kindor a cruel god is, of course, itsown affair: Humanity toooften claps with just one

hand.Page 15

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An educated person mustlearn to act justly, beginning,first of all, with his thoughts,then later in his deed.

Page 56

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Good, he said nodding. Anddon t you forget either, you reonly a Native.

Page 108

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Oh, I ll certainly alwaysremember that, Rob. Don t worry. Don t you forget either,in your veins runs Nativeblood too. I m indeed not an

Indo, not a Mixed-BloodEuropean; but

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while I m studying atEuropean schools, there sEuropean knowledge andlearning inside me too, if it sEuropean things that you

value so much.Page 108

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Do not underestimate thehuman beings, whosometimes appear so simple.Even with the sight as sharp asan eagle, a mind as sharp as arazor, senses more powerfulthan the gods,

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hearing that can catch themusic and the lamentations of

life, your knowledge of humanity will never be total.

Page 111

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The purpose: to find out if Natives are able truly tounderstand and bring to life within themselves European

learning and science.Page 144

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Minke, if you maintain yourpresent attitude, I mean yourEuropean attitude, not aslavish attitude like most Javanese, perhaps one day you will be an important person.

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Y ou, as an educated person,

surely understand that yourpeople have fallen very low,

humiliatingly low. Europeanscan no longer do anything tohelp. The Natives themselvesmust begin to do something.

Page 148

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Don t sit in judgment oversomething about whose truth you are uncertain.

Page 183

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My grandfather had taughtme that if you believe you willbe successful in all yourstudies, then you will besuccessful; if you think of allstudy as easy,

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because such fear is theoriginal ignorance that will

make you ignorant of everything.

Page 208

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What I was feeling then, such very depressed feelings, my ancestors called nelangsafeeling completely alone, stillliving among one s fellows but

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no longer the same; the heatof the sun is borne by all, butthe heat is one s heart is bornealone. The only way to obtainrelief was communion withthe hearts of those of a similarfate,

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similar values, similar ties, with the same burdens: NyaiOntosoroh, Annelies, JeanMarais, Darsam.

Page 289

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Annelies had to know: We were defeated, crushed, without ever being able todefend ourselves, let alongfight back.

Page 348

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Mother, your son has beendefeated. Y our beloved son didnot run, Mother; he is nocriminal, even though he s

proven incapable of defendinghis own wife, your daughter-in-

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law. Is this how weak a Nativeis in the face of Europeans?Europe, you, my teacher, isthis the manner of yourdeeds? So that even my wife, who knows so little about you,lost all belief

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in her little world a worldincapable of providingsecurity even for her. Just oneperson.

Pages 358-359

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We ve been defeated, Mama,I whispered.

We fought back, child, Nyo,as well and honorably aspossible.

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y Racism

y Colonialism

y

Colonial Mentality

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y In Footsteps, He starteda new life in the town of Betawi but soon he seesthat he still cannotescape from theoppression

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y The narrator here is notMinke anymore butPangemanann, a formerpoliceman, who has thetask of spying andreporting on those whocontinue the struggle forindependence.