third semiannual report to the congress, october 1, 1959 - march 31, 1960

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O C T O B E R 1, 1959

TO

I M A R C H 31,1960

A E R O N A U T IC S A N S P A C E A D M I N IET, N.W. WASHINOT



TO THE CONGRESS O F THE UNITED STATES:

Pursuant to th e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e National

Aeronautics and Space A c t of 1958, I transmit here -

with f o r t h e information of the Congress t h e third

semiannual report of the N a t i o n a l Aeronautics and

Space Administration, covering the period October 1,

1959 through April 1 , 1960.

DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER

THE WHITE HOUSE,

AUGUST 30 , 1960



August 29, 1960

The President

The White House

Dear Mr. President:

This Th ird Semiannual Repo rt of the National A eronautics and

Space Administration, covering the period 0 c t o b e r 1 , 1 9 5 9 through

March31, 1960, is submitte dtoyoufo r transmit tal to the Congress in ac -

cor dan ce with the National Aeronau tics and Space Act of 1 9 5 8 , section

206(a).

The pr og re ss which NASA made during the period repo rted is

summarized in the introduction. Details appe ar in the ensuing chapt ers.

As revealed in the pages that follow, U.S. progress in aero -

nautics and s p a c e r e s e a r c h and development 'during the six months

cove redi n this re po rt ha s been impressi ve. The Nation's space program

is in transition from a p e r i o d of relatively crude improvis ations to astage in which rapidly accumulating e x p e r i e n c e and knowledge fore-

shadow a ma tu re , dependable technology.

Although le ss than t h r e e yea rs have passed since the e r a of

spac eflig ht opened, it is now possible to project, with reasonable as su r-

ance of suc ces s, unmanned and manned voyages to the moon and probes

of the neare r p l a n e t s . A principal step in this direction w a s NASA'sinitiation o f a long -rang e plan of space exp lora tion upon which to focus

our efforts for the next 10 years .

It is stil l too early to schedule with railro ad timetable precision

the many spa ce mi ssi ons that NASA is contemplating. But we hav e made

a good s a r t toward taking the me asu re of the problems and opportun-

iti es that challenge us in space. It is certain that in the coming decade

sco res of U. S. s p a c e m iss ions will be accomplished and their res ul ts

will add imm easu rably to ma n's st or e of knowledge and his technological

progress.

Since rely,

T. Keith Glennan

Administrator

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C O N T E N T S

C ~ 1 - ~ ~ ~ u u T I O N o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Of PrQWeSS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

~ j 0 1 . ~ ~ ~ o o o o o o o o o o

spwatmghto 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

A e r o n a u t i c a lInternatianal 0 0 0 0 0

NASA's Long Range P hn 0 0 0 0 0 0

Launch V e U c l e [email protected] 0

-9 % B d < m 8 0 0 0 0

First Meraury Suborbital. night= O Z l L a n d i n g S m e d 0 0 0 0 0

PlanetsrgH,sdonso 0

C d t t e e an Lnng Range &udies

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 . 0 . 4 0 . 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 k0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

c 3 - MIssIms 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13

OHAP'EZt 4 - NATIONAL LAUNCH VEHICLE pEu)[;1RAM

scout 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Delta O . . . . . . . . . . .A t h S - A g - B, 'Phor-Agma B 0

V e e cance l led 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .A t l a ~ - C d e u ~ r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

s a t u r n o o o o o d @ o o o o o

F -1 - e . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o . . . . 130 0 0 0 0 130 0 0 0 0 170 0 0 0 0 180 0 0 0 0 190 0 0 0 0 190 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 240 0 0 0 0 300 0 0 . . 30

0 0 0 0 0 310 0 0 0 0 310 0 0 0 0 31Space0 0 0 0 0 33

..... 30

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 390 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 390 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 li l0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 430 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43. . 0 . . . . . . . . 440 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 450 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48

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PACBC

C 5 - m m B SPACEMD am SPACE

.. .. . . . 51

p r o j t s c t ~ w . ....... . .. . . . ... . 51SuborUtarl Pvght ............. 51Redatone t!€llJ. Launch Capsule. . .. . .... . . 51

Little Joe plight Testa . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 54MbDOlrmsU. Deliver8 first Capsule . . . .. . .. . . 57Capsule Escape and Retrograde Rockets .. ... . 57braehut8 Tests C a r r i e d out . . .. . .. . .... 58

Astronaut Pressure Suit8 Delivered. . . . . .. . 58

Attitude Sensing and Reaction Control Sp3tam

. .58

Cormmtcations (On-Boamt) and Instrmentsrtion .. . 40E&g Joe Flight Test Results . . . . . ... . ... 60Astronaut Training Progresses ... . . . .. . . . 60M e r c u r y Tracking Network Progress . . .. .. .. 64

The X-15 Research Airplane . . .. . . . . .. . . 66Plane bT0 1Tranaferred t o NASA by Contractor 0 0 66X-l5 100. 2 Reaches 19- Peak Altitude .. . . ... 67Dar~annstra%%onFlights Corrtlnued 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67

OrbitalRLi&tplan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53&One88 DUZ%wReport P d o d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53

mVirOtrtaerrtd. C O X k t r O l S S g t e Tests 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58

xLR-sqB@,ne&aundTeSt~,o e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67

6 - SPA63E: SC CfZSIESEARCH 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69

InterrnationciL Science Autivitiea ... . . .. .. . . 70

first International Space Sgraposium . . .... . . 70

Scieritif3.c Results t o ............. 70Esature of Radiation Region S t i l l Conjectural .. .. 70Easthts I%p&ic FidLd Rela t ivd y Stable ... ... ?I.h Z a r d 8 t o uf0 a2ld Evalutsd 0 0 0 0 0 0 73.sunnzfght Pushes f ir ....................... ?2

~ W a t h ~ r0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72............... n% t a t 0 8 sounding ROctkatS

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

nGeophyx5ic8 s r r dA Bt r onomyO . . . . . . ... . TaAW8phd.e VgLl RL-ed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e 73Scope of Ggophysical Smeertigations .. . ... 73

TheAtmosphere.. .. . .... ..... . .... 73S t r u c t u r e S a t U t e .. . . .... 74ke t ActAVltiek8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74................... 7l@

MrpWt Ionospheric Measurement by S a t U t e . 75

lhcplorer V I I Telesnert cod08 R ~ ~ S S O C I .. . . . 70

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C O N T E N T S

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959595959596969797a7

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C O N T E N T S

CffspTER 10 TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Role i n Space Program . . . .. . '0 0

General Objectives and Db8 c f i p t h n . e

MidtrackNetwork

. . ... ... . ......Description and Operation ... ........NetworkBsdngEx%endsd . . .... .... .Equipment Improvement 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Conversion of Trackizq F'reqpencies . ... .OpticalTracMng . . . .. . . . . . . ....

Descr ip t ion . . . . ........... .Operations . . . . ... . . . .. ...

Deep Space Natwork .. .... * . . .. . .Goldstone Tranmitter hatplated . . . ... ..AdmCed T ~ h n i ~ a lr0a;ragls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

M e r ~ y N e t w o r k . . . . ... ... ... . .Projected Locations

.. .... . .

... .

.construction 0 0 0 * 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Negotiations . . . . . . . ... . . .. . .Wallops Station, Va. . .. . ...... . . .Complete Local Tracking and Telmetry SystuuMajorProjecta . . . . . .. . . . . ... .Additional h.sckS.ng EcpipnQlt Ins ta l led . ...

Cooperating Stations ... ... . . . . . .SupgiLemmt Current Capabilities ... . ....

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Phototrack Stations 0 - 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 ... ..Over-All Developents . . . ... . . ........

Computation and Data Reduction ... .. ... . .

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C O n s O U d s t i ~ f Ground CoammubC&ioatS 0 0 0 0 0 e

N W F r v e a ~ e y ~dgnmerrta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SpacePropulrslon . . ... . .... .. ..Tgp.8 of Research Fac i l i t i e s Us ed . . . . ..

C h d ~ s l R o C k s t ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F'U6L-OxidiZeffBes~h 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

~ ~ ~ - ~ U 0 ~ 8 & l & b 80 0 0 0 0 0 e 0

phssics wid Chsmdstry of Cclrtllbustlion .....RoOkat-Enghe Exhaust Nose;les .. . .. ...Wlug Nomle" for Rocket Engines

.... . .Storage of Cryogenic Propellarrts D u r i x q Space

Gas Generators for Rul.bopmnp Sy&ans ... .TurbopumpSystemslnvsstigations .... ..=quid Hydrogen Pressurization Studses ...

Probl- Aunping CryOganiC F l ddS 0 0 0 0

NL8dWM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SOlSd-PrOpallant Rockets 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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EILgh-Purfornmce Boeket Mators .........Steering.docity Control . . . . . . . . . .Thrvst.ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

X g 8 B O B h r 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k t d d . 8 md

...T d I X I I ~ e S 0 0 0 0 0

KLWtfieIirockets 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Drrpelopd of Electrical P r O p u r l S i ~ nS *~ M I 0 0

I O n & O C k & 8 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PlaaanarROckatr~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ElsctrathsrmslRockQta .............Use of ..Radiation for proguldon ......Nuclear H e a t TWSfm Rockats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P ~ ~ e r G a n s r a t i o n .. ... . . . . . . .u e l e a r...ppucations for Space .... .

u6u733.8U.8

119u9119120121122122122

3-233-26

c~ l 2 -M. ATERIALsm sTRuc~REs 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0 I27

Problans of Brtrsrae Temperatures

.........Alloys fo r High-Temperature Applications ....Refractory Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dtprodng Heat-Rsdstant U o y a and Refractory

Nomle Materials fo r SoUd-Propelhnt Rockets . .Bear i ng s f o r Use at Cryogenic Tanpewatures . . .

Other Materials Studies ..............Effects of Nuclear M a t i o n on &BtdsStudies of Fatigue S t r q g t h . . . . . . . . . . .Ab1atiOnMStefid.S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

R e f i ~ t O ~ M W S0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

M e t a l s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

. . . . .

Extreme Con&tions Involved . . . . . . . . . . . .Control and Stabil izat ion . . . . . . . . . . . .

Piloted SpaceVehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . .Simulated Spaceflight .............Ames F%ve-Degree-of-Freed~ imulator . . . . .Langley Fixed Base Simulators . . . . . . . . .Three-M a Simulator Inveertigations of SignalsAdapttve Conrtrol System ............

Guidance and Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Entry Corridor P oss ibi lit ies

..........Trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CaprterUse .................Precise and Sim~MA’3.d alculations ......

Mid-Course Trajectory Corrections ......Z’S and V-8 TX’ajeCtOIdeS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Investigation o f Lunar Wof’t” Landing Techniques

3-273-27128129

I29130131131131131132

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135135135136136136138138139

139139140140U Q

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C 0 N T E N T 'S

CHAPTER Ir, - AERODPNAKICS, F W I D MECHANICS, AHD JEW?IONM@ITALI r H Y S I C S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . .

Aircraft Aerodynamics . . . . . . . .Flfing QuaUties of Helicopters and V?QL Aircraft'Supersonic-Transport Aircraft . . .......Multi-Mission Aircraft . . . . .. . . .. ...phssics and Chamistry of Gases at High Tempera-

tu r e .....................Interactions of Ionized Gases . . . . ......

Swce Enviroment phssics . . .. . . . . .&ficrometwroid Impacts Studied . . . ..... .Photochdstry of Upper Atmosphere Gases . ..IonBsamExperimenta . . . . . . . . . .

FlUidMeChdCS 0 a e e e 0 e

C H A P T E R ~ ~ - ~ G K T S A F E T Y .

. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 3449operations ami ~ v i i o r m e n t .. . . . . . ... . .

Studies of Altimetry l?roblens i n Airplane, Operations . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .Downwash Effects on VTOL Aircraft . . . . . . .Noise Sources on Supersonic Transports . ..

Waken Effects of Large Transport AimraftFbel Sloshing Dampers . . .. . . . . .. . . .Pawer-Off Landings f o r Law I;tft-to-Drw Ratio

"vehicles . . . . . . . . ... . . . .Measuring Physiological.Condiktons of PilotsMeasurements of Winds and Mnd Shears

. ... . .O the r S tud ie se

.e 0 . e

.. . . 0

3.49

CHAPTER 16 - THE NASA ORGANIZATION 0 * 0 157

Organizational Dwelopemt . ... . . ... .. .Launch Vehicle Program Broadend . . . .Office of Launch Vehicle Programs . .... .Office of Space Flight P P O ~ P ~ S . . .

Office of<Aeronauticaland Space ResearchRebrgariized. .. . .. .. . . . . .. ..

Office of Life Sciencep Pr0g;rams . . . .. . .Office for th e United Rations Conference

Established . . . .. . .... . . . ......Off ice of Associate Adndnistrator Reorgadzed .George C. Marshdill Space F!Light C e n t e r

Established. .. . . . .. . ...... .. .s b c e night Centers S p e c U z e . . .... .. .. .. .. . . .

S p c e i l i & t W C t i O n S R m ~ m e d 0 0

Structure and F'unctiops .. .NASA 0 r e Z " a t i O n chart e 0

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C O N T E N T S

.

~ ~ R e 8 ~ h C ~ e ~ . . .62Ames Research C e n t e r ............... 162

Map . ncations of NASA Installations ....... 163Lands Research Cmter ............... 164

George ~ . ~ a r s ~pace Flight C e n t e r ...... 164

Weat erat ions Offlcse ............. 165Cbddard Space Fvght C a t e r ............Wdlops Stat&= .................. 165

NASA Relations with Other OOvernmQat Agendes ....cHApTEEll .7 . - ...................... 167

Composition and Growth of NASA Staff ........ 167

Table. htr lbut io n of NASA Personnd ...... 168TrabingPr~gTsms................. 169

I3ighSchoolLiaiaron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169lhployees Honored .................. 170

mat Research C a t - 164

A t l a n t i c Mf8de Range (APIR) operations OfMCe 0 0 1&+

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

165

165166

Jet Pr0p;llsion Laboratory (JPL) .. .. . 0 .

Re c r u i t i n g . Examhhg. and Training ......... 167R m dt i ngand- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 167

MewandCont5.mingWork.. .............Procureaaamt and Contracting .............Realignmsort i n O r g d a a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . .

Decmtralilcatim Progress

. . . . . . . . . . . .Slaa'llBusinessProgram . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Types of Contracts ...............Cooperative Procurement mecmsnts .......Procurement Regulations Pro3miLgatc4d .......

Research G r a n t s and Contracts . . . . . . . . . . .ShkryBght .... ..............Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PatmtprOgram ...................Patent Waiver RegulatLons .............

Patent Infringment

.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

R e v i e w of Patent Applications

...........Reporting of Imentians .. ontractors

EstabUsknnent of Patent C a u n s e l for Research C a t e r sPrOtWtion of NASA InVerrtiOna 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

......EWePltims and Contributions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CWt r i h t i O n S A W d S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Functions of th e Inventions and ContrAbutions Board

Waiver P e t i t i o n s Grarrted .............Construction and Equipment .............

Langley Research Center. brpton. Va........175175176

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C O N T E N T S

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a d , Calif. 0 0 0 176Ohio (including, Mo) 0 0 0 0 0 1n

plight Research Caster, Edwards, W f . .... . . 179

Jet Propulsion Laboratozy, Pasadena, U f .

....179

(loddard Space FUght Cen t e r , clreenbalt, MdO .. .. 180Wallops Station, wallops Sslasrtd, Va. . .. . . 18lMarshall SpacsFUght Center, IIurrtsviUe, Ala. . 183.~ , C B p e ~ ~ ~ , m B o o o o . o o o o o o o o o83Traddag and Data AcquiSition Station8 . . 183

hbl5.0 8Ilid T d ~ d c a l n f O m t i O I i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 lSl,ptlbllc Inf~nmarW~n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 184TWMOSJ , I n f O m t i O n 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 185

tees 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 187

c Q ? m c z l o 0 0 ' . 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180APPIBDIX B - Nemb~ar~bApf the Natiansl AeranSuti~sand S-8

mENDIx G = ership of

etee an I#ng Range Studies 1 9

APFBWJIX H - Mdership of Inventions and ContzLhtAons Bocud .. 20l

APmIx I .- ship of %he NASA-IXlD Space SOisarere tee . 203

Al?FENDIXJ- h Advisorg C ttees O O O , O O O O O O e O 205;

APEBBIX K - of the Bioscience Advisory CWttee . 219

APFB?DI.X L ... Res 8 C o n t r a & s o 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 247

M - Rd9 Contracts or Amendmrts Thereto of $lOO,OOO and

byPrO-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 259

APPENDIX N - Financial Stataimt as of March 31,1960 0 0 0 0 0 0 273.

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C H A P T E R 1

I N T R O D U C T I O N

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS

During the October 1, 1959 - March 31 , 1960 period coveredby NASA's Third Semiannual Report, the agency completed andset i n mot ion a Long Range Plan of space exploration spanningthe 1960-1970 decade.

ae ro na ut i ca l programs moved .ahead and major organiza t ionalchanges were ef fe ct ed t o accommodate incr eas ed r es po ns ib il i-

t i e s i n t h e f i e l d o f launch vehicle development.

A t t h e same t ime, NASA's r e s e arc h , s pa ce f l i g h t , and

On January 14, 1960, th e Pres iden t n o t i f ie d the Congressof h i s i n t en t i on t o t r a n s f e r t o NASA the Development Opera-t i o n s D i v is io n o f t h e Army Ballistic Missile Agency a tRedstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Ala., a long wi th - Sa tu rn, th e1.5-million-pound-thrust c l us te red roc ket engine under devel-opment by th e Divi sio n. The t r a n s f e r became e f f e c t i v e 60days a f t e r n o t i f i c a t i o n and t h e b ud ge ta ry t r a n s f e r w i l l becompleted by July 1, 1960. On J u l y 1, NASA w i l l assumer e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e D i vi si on ts f a c i l i t i e s and 1,200 a c r e sa t t h e Arsenal -- which the President has renamed the George

C. Marshall Space Flight Center .

the most e f f ec t i ve use o f t he Hun tsv i l l e group, NASA c rea tedan Of fi ce of Launch Vehicle Development l a t e i n 1959 ando th e r ma jo r d iv i s ion s were r e a l ig n e d a s fo l lows: t h e Off iceof Space F l i g ht Programs; t h e Off ic e of Advanced ResearchPrograms; th e Off ice of Business Admini strat io n; and th eOff ice of L i f e Sc ie nce s Programs.

To speed development of laun ch ve hi cl es , and t o make

The Saturn rocket sha res to p NASA p r i o r i t y with Pro jec tMercury, f i r s t phase of the Manned Space Flight Program.

Pro jec t Mercury p rogress dur ing the re po r t pe r iod inc ludedd e l iv e ry by th e c o n t r a c to r of t h e f i r s t operational Mercuryspace capsule on April 1.

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MAJOR PROGRAMS

Space Fl ight

Susta ined by vigorou s research and development in s p a c es c i e n c e s and sp ac e tec hno logy , NASA?s space f l igh t p rogramwas marked by th r ee pa r t i cu la r l y s i gn i f ic an t exper imen ts --t h e Ex p lo re r V I 1 s a t e l l i t e ; t h e sun-orbi t ing Pioneer V deepsp ac e pro be; and t h e TIROS I experimenta l m eteorologica l

s a t e l l i t e which has t r a n s m i t t e d 22 , 952 photographs of t h eearth 's cloud cover.

Aeronautical Research

I n t h e realm of ae ronau t ic s , r e sea rch cont inued ac rosst h e speed r an ge f rom h ov er in g f l i g h t t o t h e n e a r - s a t e l l i t ev e l o c i t i e s of t h e rocket-boosted Dyna-Soar I, under develop-ment by t h e A i r Force. Between these speed extremes, NASA,i n c o op e ra t io n with t h e A i r Force and Navy, cont inue d t oplace strong emphasis upon t h e X-15 rocket-powered researcha i r p l a n e p r o j e c t. F i n a l c o n t r a ct o r t e s t s f o r t h e f i r s t X - 1 5

were completed and t h e ai rp l an e was t r an s f e r re d t o NASA onFebruary 9. NASA and USAF p i l o t s have been f l i g h t - t e s t i n gt h e a i r p l a n e s i n c e t h a t time. I n ad d i t i o n , NASA i s s tudyinga number of Vert ica l Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) and ShortTakeoff and Landing (STOL) a i r c r a f t . Supersonic t ra ns po rtconcepts a re a l so be ing inves t iga ted .

In ternat ional Programs

I n t h e f i e l d of i n te r na t io na l cooper ation, NASA con-c luded agreements f o r es ta b l is h i ng Pr oje c t Mercury t rac kin gs t a t i o n s i n Au st ra l i a and i n Sp ai nt s Canary Islan ds. NASA

a l s o o f f e r e d t h e s e r v i c e s o f i t s t r a c k i n g s t a t i o n s -- sub-j e c t t o t h e consent o f th e hos t coun t r ie s -- t o t h e S ov ie tUnion f o r any manned sp ac e f l i g h t program it may develop,and e s t a b l i s h e d t h e O f f i c e fo r t h e United Nations Conferencet o r ep re s en t t h e U ni te d S t a t e s i n a conference on t h e Peace-f u l Uses of Outer Space.

NASAVS LONG RANGE PLAN

NASAqs over-all mission, a s o u t l i n e d i n t h e N a ti on alAeronautics and Space Act of 1958, i s t o e x p l o it t h e e a r t h ' s

a tmosphere and ou te r space f o r pe acefu l purposes and t o pro-v ide ae ronau t ica l and space resea rch support t o the armeds e r v i c e s a t t h e same t i m e . In producing a Long Range Plan,NASA i s t r a n s l a t i n g i n t o o p er a t io n al terms the o b je c t iv e sse t f o r t h i n t h e Act c a l l i n g f o r "the p re s e rv a t io n o f t h er o l e o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a s a l e a d e r i n a e ro n a u t i ca l andspace sc ience and techno logy and i n th e ap p l i ca t ion the reoft o t h e conduct o f p e ac e fu l a c t i v i t i e s w i t hi n and o u t s i d e t h eatmosphere . n

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Launch Vehicle Development

Fou ndat ion ston e of t h e Long Range P la n i s developmentof a 'small f a mi l y o f v e r s a t i l s , h ig h ly r e l i a b l e [ l au nc h v eh i-c l es t o power spacec ra f t on a wide v a r i e ty of o r b i t a l andspace-probing missions . Scout and Delta, which were f l i g h t -t e s t e d f o r t h e f i r s t time s h o r t l y a f t e r t h i s r e po r t p er io dended, are t h e smallest v e h i c l e s i n t h e f am il y.

I n t h e medium- t o high -th rus t class i s the Atlas-AgenaB which the Department of Defense w i l l l a u n c h t h i s year andmake av ai la b l e t o NASA t o r e pl ac e t h e Vega which NASA can-ce led on December 11, 1959. A s t i l l more advanced, higher-t h r u s t v e h i c l e i s t h e Atlas-based Centaur wit h i t s l i q u id -hydrogen second stage.planned for 1961. When f u l l y developed, i t w i l l be capableof sending some 8,500lpounds i n t o an ea r t h o r b i t .

t e s t i n g ( t h a t i s , running the engine s wi th th e ve hic le clampe

i n a v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n , t o i t s launch pad) the 1.5-mill ion-pound-thrust Saturn f i r s t stage multi-chambered engine .

The f i r s t Centaur launching i s

I n the h igh- t hrus t vehic l e range , NASA has begun s t a t i c

With Saturn, NASA w i l l lay the groundwork f o r EBMedex pl or at io n of t h e moon. Sat urn w i l l be capable of-circum-navigating the moon and r e t rn i ng t o ea r t h , and of launchinga 25,000-pound space la bo ra to ry i n t o an e a r t h o r b i t . Duringt h e n ex t f e w years, NASA w i l l b e f l i g h t - t e s t i n g v a r i o u sSa tu rn stages a nd i n 1964 t h e f i r s t th ree -s tage veh ic le w i l lbe launched.

Toward the end of the 19609, NASA expec ts t o have a

launch vehicl e i n the Nova c l a s s which may co ns is t of ac l u s t e r o f F-1 single-chamber eng ine s, each producing 1.5-mil l ion pounds of th ru s t . By c l us te r i ng these eng ines ,which are now under development, it would be p o ss i b le t oachieve a t o t a l t h r u s t of s ix - t o 1 2-m i ll i on pounds.n a t i v e l y , t h e v er y large cap aci ty of th e system might beachieved through the use o f nuclear energy .

Alter -

Nova w i l l probably be the f i r s t veh ic le wi t h which theU . S. w i l l at te mp t t o la nd men on t h e moon. Now i n t h e con-cep t stage, it shou ld be ca pabl e of ca rr yi ng 100,000 poundst o t h e moon and of p lac ing a 290,000-pound sp ac e l ab or at or y,

o cc up ie d by s e v e r a l i n d iv id u a l s , i n a n e a r t h o r b i t .

a c t i ve r ese arc h and development i n coopera t ion wi t h t h eAtomic Energy Commission, w i l l be developed over t h i s decadef o r i mp or tan t r o l e s i n t h e

Nuclear pr op ul si on systems, which a r e now a s u b je c t o f

pace program.

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d



Long Range Plan Missions

on NASATs,list of s p e c i f i c missions i n th e Long Range Plan.TIROS I w i l l be fo l lowed by o th er exper i menta l weather sate l -l i t e s of similar type . These w i l l be followed by the moreadvanced Nimbus se r ies.

j e c t Echo of a 100-foot-diameter, i n f l a t a b l e n p a s s i v eref lec tor communica t ions s a t e l l i t eo f t h e s e o r b i t i n g s p h e re s , made of micro-thin aluminizedMy la r p l a s t i c , i s t o serve a s g loba l t e le rad io - t ranamiss ionl i n k s . A s e r i e s of s uc h s a t e l l i t e s may one day re vo lu t io ni zeworldwide communications and make t r ansocean ic TV a r e a l i t y .

The successful operation of TIROS I was t h e f i r s t even t

Also schedu led fo r 1960 i s t h e f i r s t l aunching i n Pro-

The ultimate purpose

I n April , NASA achiev ed th e f i r s t complete ly , successfu ls u b o r b i t a l t e s t f l i g h t of an Echo sphere and t ra nsm it t edv o ic e and r a d i o s ig n a l s v i a t h e s ph ere. (Radio t r a n s m i t t e r son t h e ground beam el ec tr om ag ne ti c waves a t t he s a t e l l i t e s

which , i n tu rn , r e f l e c t o r "bounce" them back t o anothe rg round s ta t ion . )

F i r s t Mercury Suborbi ta l Fl ight

Near the year end (1960), h e U. S. p l an s t o send up a na s t ro n a u t o n th e f i r s t s u b o r b i t a l f l i g h t i n P r o j ec t Mercury.A Redstone rocket w i l l l au nc h h i t i i n a Mercury capsule fromCape Canaveral on a 15-minute f l i g h t down th e A tl an ti c MissileRange a t speeds up . to 4,000 miles per hour . He w i l l exper i -ence about f iv e minu tes of we igh t le ssness , r each an a l t i t ud eof 100 miles and a dis tance of 180 miles, and w i l l l a n d r i n

t h e sea o f f t h e c o a s t o f F l o r i d a .

During th e next two t o three years , NASA has scheduled20-odd t e s t i n g , t r a i n i n g , and o r b i t a l f l i g h t s i n Pro S e ctMercury. The f i r s t manned o rb i ta l f l igh t shou ld take p lacei n 1961.

Moon Landings Planned

wi th i t s lu na r expl or at io n program, which w i l l c o n s i s t o fs tep-by-s tep progr ess through a s e r i e s of experiments , each

designed t o ex tend our knowledge and ca pa b i l i t i e s , F i r s ta t t e m p t s w i l l be lu na r or b i te rs , fo l lowed by so-ca l led "hardnland ings of s c i e n t i f i c d a t a - ga t he r i ng i n st ru m en ts . Next w i l lcome '%oftw land in gs on t h e moon w i th more f r ag i l e ins t ruments .NASA may lan d mobile i nstru ment s t a t i o n s on t h e lu ne r surface,powered by so l a r ba t t e r ie s .

During t h e LO-year pe ri od , t h e U. S. w i l l p re s s forw ard

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The most rewarding phase of lunar explora t ion w i l l comewhen men reach t h e moon, probably a f t e r 1970. I n a broadsense , t h e main dr i ve of t h e Long Range Plan consists o fpre par a t i on f o r manned exped i t ions t o t h e moon and nearbyp lane ts i n th e decades t o fol low. The U. S. i s p la c in gemphasis upon l un ar experiments fo r s ev er al reasons:

F i r s t , i n t h e words of a s c i e n t i s t i n N A S A ' s lunar pro-

gram: '?The moon may have t h e answers t o some of t h e mostimportant qu es ti on s i n scienc e. How was t h e so lar sys temc rea ted? How d i d i t devel op and change? Where d i d l i f ecome from?"

"The p a r t i c u l a r im p o r t a n c e o f t h e moon i s t h a t i t i st h e o n ly a c c e s s ib l e o b je c t t h a t c an g iv e u s these answers.The reason for t h i s i s tha t the moon has no wind and watert o e ro de i t s su rf ac e, t o wear away t h e record of h i s t o r y ,t o d es t ro y t h e cosmic dust t h a t h as f a l l e n t he re f o r b i l l i o n sof years..

Second, succes s i n th e lu na r program w i l l p r o v i d e t h i scountry with t h e e xp er ie nc e f o r a t t em pt i ng f l i g h t s t o t h eneare r p lane ts . I n s h o r t , N A S A w i l l b e a b l e t o p e r f e c t i t scommunications, guidance, and pro pul sio n systems ove r t h el u n a r d i s t a n c e -- about a q u a r t e r o f a m i l l i o n miles -- andt h u s g e t "prac t ice" f o r th e lon ger voyages t o Venus and Mars.

Planetary Miss ions

The planetary missions have as t h e i r s c i e n t i f i c objec-t i v e s t h e s tudy of t h e o r i g i n a nd e v o l u t i o n o f t h e s o l a r sys-tem; the s tudy of t h e na t ure of p la net ary sur fac es and atmos-

pheres; and t h e s ea rc h f o r l i f e .

PLAN IS S U B J E C T TO C H A N G E

Any plan pro je c t in g rese arc h and development a c t i v i t i e sa s f a r a s 10 yea rs ahead i s , of course , sub jec t t o con t inu ingreview and change.

Commi t t ee on Long Range Studies

On a broader , more gen era l sca le , t he agency has es tab-

l i s h e d a Committee on Long Range S tu di es t o c on si de r t h ei n t e r n a t i o n a l , economic, s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l , and l ega l impli-c a t i o n s of space res ear ch and exp lor a t i on . Toward t h i s end ,N A S A has n e g o t i at e d s e v e r a l c o n t r a c t s w i t h p r i v a t e r e s e a r chorg ani za t ion s t o s tu dy th es e impl i ca t ion s . The Committeehas a l s o ca l led upon a legal fo u n d a t io n fo r an a n a l y s i s ofa l l ava i lab le space law l i t e r a t u r e and p ro po sa ls f o r t h ec o n t ro l a n d a d m in i s t r a t i o n o f o u t e r s p a c e a c t i v i t i e s .

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CHAPTER 2NASA HIGHLIGHTS*(October 1, 1959 - March 31, 1960)

,October 4

A L i t t l e Joe l aunch veh i c l e ca r ry i ng a b o i l e r p l a t eMercury capsule w i t h a t e s t escape system was launched fromWallops Station. Test o b j e c t i v e s were t o determine whethert h e vehicle-capsule-escape system was opera t iona l and t ocheck t h e ve hi cl e ' s "destr uct" system. Both ob je ct iv es weremet.

October 1 3Explorer V I 1 was l aunched i n t o o r b i t by a Juno 11.

Data from t h e s a t e l l i t e have provided new information onf l u c t u a t i o n s of t h e Van Allen Radiation Zones a s much as50'0 miles a t a t ime and r a d i a t i o n i n t e n s i t y v a r i a t i o n s a smuch a s 10 t imes i n seve ra l hours . Subs t an t i a l evi dencehas been shown of in te rr el at io ns h ip between per iod s ofso l a r ac t i v i t y , changes i n cosmic r a y i n t e n s i t i e s , i o n o s -ph er ic d istu rba nce s, and geomagnetic storms above t h e ear th .

October 21

B a l l i s t i c Missi le Agency's Development Oper ati ons Di vi si on ,Huntsv i l l e , Ala., t o NASA. The Presid ent ves ted responsi-b i l i t y i n N A S A f o r t h e super booste r program, incl udi ngPro jec t Sa turn , t h e 1.5-million-pound-thrust c l u s t e r ofe ight rocke t engines of t h e J u p i t e r t yp e.

The Pres ident announced p lans t o t r an s fe r t h e Army

October 28

N A S A launched a 100-foot-diameterm i c ro-th i n, a lumin i ae d po1 mer pl a st ici n a s u b o r b i t a l t e s t . The experiment ,

i n f l a t a b l e s p he re o ffrom Wallops Stat iona pre l iminary t o

* Deta i l s a r e i n l a t e r chapters .

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c o r n m i c a t i o n s s a t e l l i t e development, tes ted e jec t ion andi n f l a t i o n of the sphere and opera t ion of t h e X-248 rowhich w i l l be t h e t h i r d stage of the Delta vehicle .sphere reached a 265-1nile a l t i t u d e and t ra ve l l ed 500 milesover the At lant ic Ocean.

The

November t.

A second L i t t l e Joe was launched a t Wallops Station t ot e s t t h e escape system under severe dynamic pressure.launch vehicle performed well, but t h e escape rocke t ign i te dsevera l seconds too l a t e and desired dynamic pressures weren o t a ~ h i e v e d .

The

A two-s tage rock et carry ing a sodium vapor payload was

l aunched from Wal lops S ta t io n t o an a l t i t u d e o f 150 miles.Its sodium vapor t r a i l was v i s i b l e f o r hun dr ed s o f milesalong t h e A t l a n t i c seaboard, and in dic a ted wind d ir ec t i on sa n d c h a ra u te r i s t i c s a t h ig h a l t i t u d e s .on November 19 and 20 f a i l e d t o produce sodium vapor t r a i l s .

Similar experiments

November 18

Saturn, p en ding forma l t r a n s f e r t o NASA, was endorsed byNASA and DOD. The agreement provided f o r tech ni ca l d i re c t io n

of Saturn by the NASA Adm in ist rat or, wi th advi ce and assist-anue of a Conunittee composed o f NASA and DOD r e p re s e n ta t iv e s .

A memorandun of understandi ng f o r o pe ra ti on of Pro e e t

November 26

An at tempt t o launch a l u n a r s a t e l l i t e f a i l e d when t h ep l a s t i c shroud p ro te c t i ng t h e sens i t ive pay load of t h e s a t e l -lit s s p a r a ted prematurely.

Deeember 1,

A t h i r d L i t t l e Joe c a r r i e d a rh es u s monkey, i n a dual-purpose mission t o t e s t oper a t io n of t h e escape system and t oob ta in measurements of bi ol og ic al r esponses of a pr imate t os p a c e f l i g h t . All o b j e c t i v e s of t h e t e s t were met.



December 7

NASA o f f e r e d t h e s e r v i c e s o f i t s t r a c k i n g s t a t i o n s --sub j e c t t o consen t o f t h e h o s t c o u n t r i e s -- t o t h e SovietUnion f o r i t s manned space f l i g h t program. NASA a1off ere d t o provide equipment o r use equipment f u r n iby S ov i e t s c i e n t i s t s , i f s p e c i a l r e c or d in g o r data rd u c t i o n f a c i l i t i e s s h o u l d be requi red.

December 11

i n f av or of an Agena B program, us in g Atlas-Agena BAgena B veh i c l e s , t o avoi d dup l i c a t i on and t o i n c r e ab i l i t y by keep ing t h e number of rocke t veh i c l e s i n t h e p rogramt o a minimum.

The Vega launch vehicle development program was c

December 22

Wallops Isl and , i n a j o i n t U . So-Canadian experiment. Thech ie f object ive--to measure t h e i n t e n s i t y of g a l a c t i c r a d i onoise-was no t reached because of payload f a i l u r e .t h e ,payload was c a r ri e d t o a n a l t i t u d e o f 65 0 miles by t h efour-s t age Jave l in .

The f i r s t Javel in sounding rocket was launched from

However,

1960-January 1

NASA Hea dquarte rs was reorga nized. Of fi ce of LaunchVehic les was e s t a b l i s h e d ; s e v e r a l o t h e r o f f i c e s were redesig-nated.

January 8-16

NASA gave ex ten si ve sup por t t o t h e Nati ona l Academy ofSci ences de l ega t i on t o t h e f i r s t In te rna t iona l Space Sc ienceSymposium, Nice, France. The symposium was sponsored by t h eI n t e r n a t i o n a l Committee on Space Research (COSPAR).

January 16

c a t i o n s a t e l l i t e , a 100-foot-diameter in f la ta bl e sphere waslaunched on a subo rb i t a l t r a j ec t o r y . Although it rup t u redon i n f l a t i on , vo i ce and rad i o s i gna l s were t r a n s m it t e d t oth e sphere and ttbouncedtt o r r ef le ct ed back t o ground s ta t io ns .

As a prel imi nary experiment i n Pr oj ec t Echo, a communi-

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January 2 1

The Project Mercury capsule escape system was t e s t e d a thigh dynamic pressure during a L i t t l e J o e f l i g h t .phere en t ry was n ot i nv ol ve d i n t h i s t e s t .)parachu tes and t he r ecove ry ope ra t i on were s a t i s f a c t o r y . Arhe sus monkey rode in si de t h e capsule i n a biopack, sustain-i n g stresses a s high a s 20 g without ill e f f e c t s .

(Atmos-Sequencing of

January 26

The second joint U, S .-Canadian Ja ve li n sounding ro ck etexperiment was launched from Wallops Is la n d. The laun chvehicle performed a s programmed, bu t th e payload malfunc-t ioned .

January 29

The Of fic e f o r United Nations Conference was e s t a b l i s h e dt o car ry out NASA's re sp on s ib i l i t y f o r planning, coord inat ing ,and d i r ec t i ng U . S . p a r t i c ip a t i o n i n t he F i r s t I n t e r na t io n a lConference on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. D r . John P.Magen was named di r e c t o r of t he new Off ice ,

February 9

X-15 Research Airplane No. 1was de l iv er ed by th e con-t r a c t o r , North American Aviation, Inc. , t o NASA f o r f ur th ert e s t i n g .

February 26

An agreement was reached for es tabl i shment of Project.Mercury t r ac ki ng networks i n Au str al i a ,

February 27

A t h i r d 100-foot-diameter in f l a t ab le sphere was launchedi n a b a l l i s t i c t r a j e c t o r y f rom Wallops I s l a n d . The sphereaga in rup tured , bu t vo ice transmiss ions were re layed from

Bell Telephone Laboratories, Holmdel, N. J ., t o GeneralE l ec t r i c t s Schenectady l ab ora t o r i e s and t o M.I .TTs f a c i l i t i e sa t Round H i l l , Mass.

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J



March 1

The Office of Life Sciences was e st ab li s he d i n NASAheadquar te rs t o p lan , o rganize , and opera te a program ofr e sea rch dea l i ng wi t h 1) survival and performance of man i nspace; 2) he effect of the space envi ronment o n b i o l o g i c a lorganisms, systems, and pro ces ses ; and 3 ) t h e s e ar ch f o re x t r a - t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e forms. D r . Clark T. Randt was named

d i r e c t o r of the new Office.

March 10

The Office of R e l i a b i l i t y and Systems Analysis wasI e s t a b l i s h e d i n NASA h ea dq ua r te rs , t o d i r e c t a program

des igned t o eva l ua t e and improve o pe ra t i ona l r e l i a b i l i t y ofNASA laun ch ve h ic le s and payloads. Landis S. Gephardt wasappo i n t ed d i r ec t o r .

March 11

Pioneer V , a 94.8-pound space probe, was launched on at r a j e c t o r y which c a r r i e d it i n t o a s o l a r o r b i t . As there po rt per io d ended, th e probe was t r a n s m i t t i n g s c i e n t i f i cdata f rom a d i s t a n c e of n e a r l y t h r e e m i l l i o n Itliles frome a r t h .

March 15

The President redesignated N A S A f a c i l i t i e s a t Redstone

Arsenal , Huntsvi l le , Ala., a s the nGeorge C . Marshall SpaceF l i gh t Cen t e r ."March 1 9

s t a t i o n i n t h e Canary I s l an ds .An ag reemen t was reached for a Project Mercury t racking

March 23

t i o n f l i g h t with X-15 No. 1. A l l previous t e s t f l i g h t s hadbeen performed by th e co nt ra ct or , North American Aviation , Inc .

NASA t e s t pilot Joseph Walker made the f i r s t f a m i l i a r i z a -

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March 25

NASA announced t h e s e l e c t i o n of Aero jet- Gene ral Corp.,a su bsi di ary of General T i r e arid Rubber Co., t o b ui ld th epower conv er si on equipment f o r t h e SNAP4 (System f o r Nuclear- uxi li ar y gower ) r e a c to r , a n d t o i n t e g r a t e The reac tor- in toa n o p e ra t io n a l system.

March 28

Two c l u s t e r e d f i r s t - s tage e n g in e s f o r t h e Sa tu rn ve h ic lewere s t a t i c t e s t e d . P er fo r nce was good, and nois e le ve l swere found to be somewhat lower than had been anticipated.

A p r i l 1

The four th suborbi ta l t e s t launch of 100-foot-diameterin f l a t a b l e s p h e re o p e ra t e d a s programed. Launched by atwo-stage ve hi cl e from Wallops Isla nd, i t reached an a l t i tudeof 280 miles, and a 12-sentence taped voice message wasr e l a y e d via the sphere from Holmdel, N . J ., t o Round H i l l ,Masse

A p r i l 1

The f i r s t prod ucti on model Pr oj ec t Mercury caps ule wasd e l i ve r e d t o NkSA by the contractor, McDonnell Aircraft Corp.,S t e Louis, Mo. The capsule i s ins t rumented for an escapesysten and recovery system t e s t t o be conducted by NASA'sSpace Task Croup and McDonnell.

A p r i l 1

TIROS I , t h e f i r s t of a se r i e s of experimental meteoro-l o g i c a l s a t e l l i t e s , was launched i n t o o r b i t , Dur ing thef i r s t few days a f t e r t h i s r e p o r t p e ri o d ended, i t s perform-ance f a r exceeded expectat ions a s i t s narrow- and wide-anglecameras t ransmit ted hundreds of cl ea r photographs of th eea r t h ' s c loud cover , provid ing s i gn if ic an t da ta on t h e forma-t i o n a n d e x t e n t of clouds.

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CHAPTER 3

EX

MAJOR EXPERIMENTS

Three major experiments -- the Explorer V I 1 and TIROS Is a t e l l i t e s and the Pioneer V deep space probe -- t r ansmi t t eds c i e n t i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n o f grea t s i gn i f i cance du ri ng t herepor t pe r i od

Data from Explorer V I 1 h a s i n d i c a t e d p o s s i b l e r e l a t i o n -sh ip s between so l a r ev en ts and geomagnetic storms. PioneerV has been s t ea d i l y t r ans mi t t i ng r ad i a t i o n da t a and o t he rs c i e n t i f i c i n fo rma t ion from deep space i n t he so l a r sys tem --mil l ion s of mi le s f rom ear th . And TIROS I , forerunner ofope ra t ion a l weather s a t e l l i t e s t o come, has t ran smi t ted

thousands of c lear photographs of t h e ea r t h ' s c loud cover .The three experiments are refinements and improvements

of e a r l i e r experiments and re pr es en t th e Nation's step-by-s t ep p rog ress i n t o space.

Explorer V I I * Measures Ea rt h ' s Radiat io n

Expl.orer V I I , a 91 5-pound radiation-probing s a t e l l i t eor i g i n a l l y p lanned f o r t he In t e r na t i on a l Geophysical Year,was launched on October 13 a t 11:31 a.mo EDT by a Juno IL**When lau nched, t h e s a t e l l i t e was set spinning a t 450 rpm t os t a b i l i z e it

.Explorer V I 1 a t ta i n ed an e l l i p t i c a l o r b i t

with a per igee of 344 miles and an apogee of 678 miles. I t sl i f e i s e s t i t e d a t about 20 years .

0- The s a t e l l i t e , 30 i nchesi n d i c o n s i s t s of two t r u nc a te dcones joined a t t h e i r bases . Pre l iminary ana lys es of theda t a t r ans mi t t ed from i t s seven experiments have beenencour aging. The exp eri ment s are a s follows:

m a l ra d i a t io n ba lance , o r "hea t budget" of th e e a r t h .

* A l s o , c a l l e d "1959. I o ta " , c a r r y i ng on t h e s c i e n t i f i c d es ig -

** A l l launchings were f rom the At lan t i c Missile Range ( A M R ) ,

1) Radiation Balance Experiment: t o measure t h e t h e r -

n a t i o ns o r i g i n a l l y e s t a bl i s h e d f o r t h e I n t e r n a ti o n a lGeophysical Year ( I C Y ) .Cape Canaveral, Fla . unl ess o therwise no ted .

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0



I t i s known t h a t t h e e a r t h re ce iv es more energy fromt h e s un i n t h e e q u a t o r i a l zone t h a n it r a d i a t e s i n t o spacea n d t h a t it ra d i a te s more energy f rom th e po lar reg ion st h a n it rec e iv es f rom th e sun , Thi s means t ha t hea t ene rgymust be t r a n s f e r r e d from t h e e q u a t o r i a l t o t h e p o l a r r e g i on sby means of ocean currents and the atm phere. The t r a n s f e rof hea t i s s tu d ie d i n t h i s exper iment measuring: 1) t h ed i r e c t r a d i a t i o n f a l l i n g on t h e n t op tc o f t h e e a r t h ' s atmos-phere from th e sun; 2) t h e f r a c t i o n o f t h i s r a d ia t io n t h a ti s re f l e c t e d by the ea r t h , c louds, and a tmosphere; and 3 )t h e f r a c t i o n o f r a d i a t i o n t h a t i s absorbed by th e e a r t h andeven t ua l l y r e r ad i a t e d back t o space

Six sensing elements are used t o det ermi ne t he d i f f e r en tq u a n ti t ie s needed f o r t h e above measurements The senso rsa re 3.25 cm diameter , hollow, hemis pherica l s h e l l s o f t h i nsh ee t s i l v e r . Two of t h e hemispheres are coated black andare e q ua l ly s e n s i t i v e t o b oth s o l a r and t e r r e s t r i a l rad ia-t i on s. Another , painted whi te , i s more se ns i t i ve t o t e r -r e s t r i a l r a d i a t i o n th an t o d i r e c t a nd r e f l e c t e d s o l a r r ad ia -t i o n , Another , wi th a pol i she d gold surfa ce, i s more sens i -t i v e t o d i r e c t and r e f l e c te d s o l a r r a d i a t i o n t h sn t o t e r -r e s t r i a l r a d i a t i o n . A bla ck s ph er ic al s ens or mounted on to po f t h e s a t e l l i t e , and a sun-shaded hemispherical sensor ont he equa t o r o f t he s a t e l l i t e , complete the assembly ofsensors necessary for these measurements .

The temperature o f each sensor i s dependent upon theamount of r ad i a t i on p resen t t o which i t i s p a r t i c u l a r l yse ns i t iv e These t empera tures a re t e l eme t e red t o dat a-r e c e i v i n g s t a t i o n s on e a r t h . The c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e e a r t h t s"heat budget" from th e da ta i s a long and tedious processwhen done by hand -- t h e r e f o r e , a computer method of reducingthe da t a i s being developed.

2 ) Lyman-Alpha and X-ray Experiment: de sig ne d t omeasure some of t h long-wave portions o f th e spectrum oft h e s u n t s r a d i a t i o n s -- so l a r u l t r av i o l e t and X- ray i n t e n s i -t i e s and t h e i r v a r i a t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y du ri ng s o l a r f l a r e s .

Sol ar u l t r a v io l e t (Lyman-Alpha) ra di at io n i s beingmeasured with two pho tos ens i t iv e io n iz at io n chambers, cyl in-d r i c a l i n shape, 3/l.+-inch i n diame ter and 1-& i nches long.A combinat ion of l i thium fluoride windows and a f i l L i n g o fn i t r i c oxide gas s e n s i t i z e s t h e c ou nt er s t o t h e p o r ti o n o ft h e u l t r a v i o l e t spectrum i n which Lyman-Alpha ra d ia t i on i st h e main co ns t i t ue nt The X-ray i on iz a t i on chambers, s i m i -l a r i n s i z e and shape t o th e Lyman-Alpha chambers, aref i l l e d w it h a rg on gas and have beryllium windows,

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A pho toce l l sensor i s u se d w i th t h e s o l a r u l t r a -v i o l e t and X-ray equipment, t o determine th e s a t e l l i t e ' sp o s i t i o n w it h r e s p e c t t o t h e sun.

determine the f l u x , o r in t en s i ty , of heavy pr imary cosmicr a y s .gas .

designed t o measure cosmic r ad ia t i on and th e l e s s e n e r g e t i cp a r t i c l e s i n t h e lower f r i n g es of t h e Van Allen Radi ati onZone and t h e re gi on s j u s t below t h e zone. One counter i sunsh ielded ; t he o t he r has a l ea d sh ie ld about one millimetert h i c k .

3 ) Heavy Primary Cosmic Ray Experiment: designed t o

I t employes an i on iz a t io n chamber f i l l e d wi th argon

4 ) Cosmic R ay Experiment: two Geiger-Mueller cou nt er s,

5 ) Exposed Solar Cel l Experiment: t o determine theperformance of a n u n p ro te c t e d s o l a r c e l l i n th e space envi ron-ment. The e f f e c t of er os io n upon a s i l i c o n c e l l mounted ont h e s a t e l l i t e i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e v o lt a ge

developed by the c e l l during exposure t o l i g h t .6 ) Micrometeoroid Experiment: t o measure micrometeoroids

o f more than 10 microns diameter by means of a cadmium sulphitephotoconductor covered by a n o p t i c a l l y opaque f i l m . Micro-m eteo ro id s s t r i k i n g th e f i l m w i l l l e t s u n l ig h t into - the c e l l ,t h u s r e g i s t e r in g im pa ct s, which are te lemetered t o e a r t h .

t h e s a t e l l i t e s u r f a c e ; c o n s i s t s o f a s o l a r c e l l c lus t e r , ab a t t e r y pack, and one Geiger-Mueller counter .

7 ) Temperature Experiment: t o measure temperature on

Data were b eing r a d ioe d t o e a r t h by two t r a n s m i t t e r s .One, op er at in g on 108 m c and powered by nickel-cadmium ba t-t e r i e s , was used p r in c i pa l l y fo r t r a ck i ng and micrometeoro idd a ta . I t s b a t t e r i e s went dead on December 5 . A t the end o fth e r e p o r t i n g p e r io d, t h e o t h e r t r a n s m i t t e r , powered by s o l a rc e l l s , was s t i l l t r a n s m i t t i n g d a t a o n 19.9915 mc. An auto-mat ic t iming de v i ce 'w i l l cu t o f f th e so la r-powered-t ransmi t -t e r one year a f t e r launchiing t o r e l ease the rad io f requencyf o r o t h e r u s es .

Pre l iminary Resu l t s -- On December 30, s c i e n t i s t s a sso-c i a t e d w i th t h e Exp lo re r V I 1 exper iments repor ted pre l iminaryf ind ings . Here are br ie f exce rp t s and condensa tions of t h e i rs ta tements :

Verner E. Swmi, Pro fes sor of Meteorology and S o i l s ,Un iver s i ty o f Wisconsin, sa id of th e ra d i a t io n ba lanceexperiment :

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W h i l e t he s a t e l l i t e i s not d ned t o look a t d e t a i l si n t he weather below, it does ind ic a te c louds o r s to rm areasabout a thousand miles a c ro s s . This shows up r e a d i l y o n t h es u n l i t p o r t i o n of t h e e a r t h b ec aus e o f t h e large amount ofre f le c t ed s unl igh t (p icked up by th e senso rs) . However, iti s . l s o p o ss i bl e t o r e l a t e th e changes i n 1or)g-wave r a d i a t i o non t h e d a rk s id e of t h e e a r t h t o p o s i t i o n s w here c o ld o r w a r m

air exis t s .

"If t h i s compara t ive ly crude exper iment can do t h i s ,more sophis t ica ted s a t e l l i t e s now being planned and underco ns tr uc ti on can recognize s torm systems even on th e darks id e o f t h e earth."

Not ing t he va r i a t io ns i n the amount o f heat r a d i a t e d b yt h e e a r t h o ver a small area of the Uni ted S ta tes , D r . Suonris a i d it i s p o s s i b le t o r e l a t e them i n th e s a t e l l i t e r e c o rdwith the weather map for t h e area but "at t h i s stage I am notver y conf ident because th e key t o it i s t o go i n th e r ev er s e

d i r e c t i o n -- t o t ake t h e v a r i a t i o n s measured by t h e s a t e l l i t eand say the re are things below. A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e we arej u s t f i nd i n g t h e se r e l a t i on s h i p s ; we r e a l l y need t o have muchmore d at a and in cr ea se t h e confidence i n them...'t

Heavy Primary Cosmic Ray Results

Foundation of Frank l in I n s t i t u t e , Swarthmore, Pa . d iscussedt h e Heavy Primary Cosmic Ray experiment. He s a i d t h a t heavyprimary cosmic r a y s '*consi st of heavy atoms st ri pp ed of ex-t e rna l el e ct r on s and endowed wit h very high ene rgi es. They

come f rom t h e f a r reaches of our galaxy and have t ra ve le dv a s t d i s t a n c e s t hr ou gh i n t e r s t e l l a r s pa ce b e fo re r e ac hi ng us.We can learn much of fundamental i n t e r es t by s tudy ing t h e i rc h a ra c t e r i s t i c s . The f a c t t h a t t h e y have s u rv ive d t h e i r l o ngjourney y i e l ds informat ion about con di t ion s i n cosmic space ..

"The da ta re co rd i s accomplished by monitoring the r a t eo f ( t he p a r t i c l e s t ) a r r i v a l a t f ixed loca t ions over ex tendedp e r io d s of time... The d e t e c t o r empldyed i s the so -ca l led'pulse io ni za ti on chamber? and i t e n ab l e s u s t o s e l e c t t h eheavy primary cosmic rays, even i n th e presenc e of muchl a rger background of radiat ion of o th e r t y p e s .

Mart in A. Pomerantz, Director of the Barton Research

"This i s t h e f i r s t occas ion i n which t h i s s o r t of detec-t o r has been used i n a s a t e l l i t e e x p e r i m e n t . I t has proved

' e s p e c i a l l y well adapted t o t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n because i t corn-b i n e s a hi gh s e n s i t i v i t y and a g r e a t c a p a b i l i t y f o r d i s -c r im i n at i ng a g a i n s t i n t e r f e r i n g e f f e c t s .

- 17 -



l t F l u c t ua t i o n s i n i n t e n s i t y , p ro ba bl y a s s o c i a t e d w it hstorms i n th e sun, have been observed but have not y et beens t u di e d i n a ny d e t a i l . . . I n p a r t i c u l ar , we s h a l l be e spe-c i a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n s ee ki ng t o d e t e c t a ny heavy n u c l e ie m i tt e d d i r e c t l y by t h e sun -- an occurrence known t o t ra ns -p i r e i n t h e case of hydrogen . . .a*

Low Energy P a r t i c l e s Experiment

Brian O'Brien, an as so ci at e of James A . Van Allen ofth e S ta te Un ivers i ty of Iowa, d iscus sed th e cosmic r a y andlow enevgy par t ic les exper iment .e f f e c t s o f r a d i a t i o n b u r s t s upon th e Van A l le n r a d i a t i o nb e l t , h e s a id :

11 . On s ev er a l occas ions th e appa ra t us has d e te c t e dwhat appears t o be b u r s t s of s p ora dic r a d i a t i o n near t h einner edge o f t h e o u t e r r a d i a t i o n b e l t These b u r s t s maybe r e l a t e d t o t h e b u r s t s o f X - r a y s whi\ are observed a tb al lo on a l t i t u d e s , b ut a t p re s e n t we can o n ly s a y th a t t h ecause i s unknown or uncertain.

Speaking of t h e s h or t -t e rm

"Another thing we have found f r o m a s tudy o f tlhe sequenceof passes over North America from t h e 16th of October (1959)through t o the 20th was a n e f f e c t which apparently i s r e l a t e dt o a geomagnetic storm which began on th e 1 8 t h o f October.On t he 18 th of OcOober only, t he c o u n t e r s measured radia t ionwhich appea rs t o have been gen era ted ... l . 3 , O O O miles o u tf rom th e c en t e r o f the ea r th . . . between th e two ra d i a t io nb e l t s .Explorer I V , i n which geomagnetic s torms during 1958 werebe ing s tud ied .

This phenomenon i s being compared with re s u l t s from

"The t h i r d phenomenon I want t o mention i s a s s o c i a t e dw i t h what we c a l l t h e Forbusch phenomena. On occas ions overt h e years , people wi th cosmic r ay de te c t or s on t h e groundhave observed a sudden dec rease i n cosmic ray in te ns i t y ,g e n e r a l l y of a few p e rc e n t ; t h i s covers a p e r io d o f s e v e ra ldays. Qu i t e of ten , t h i s Forbusch decrease i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t hgeomagnetic storms..

* The heavy nucle i are o f s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t b ecause t h e i r o r i -

g ins , and t h e i r r e l a t i o n sh i p s t o t h e fundamental processesgoing on i n t h e sun and s tars , are not ye t f u l l y known.Moreover, t h e heavy nu cl ei are th e most io ni z i ng of t h e cos-mic ray pa r t i c l e s , hence have a greater e f f e c t on l iv ings ub st an ce s; f o r t h i s r e as on t h e y are of p r a c t i c a l i n t e r e s tt o t h e people concerned w i t h manned space flight.

- 18 -



He p o i n t ed o u t t h a t sea l e v e l d e t e c t o r s r e co r d o n lyvery high energy cosmic rays.tud es have r e vea le d th a t t he Forbusch decrease i s much strongerfo r lower energy par t i c l es observed a t sea l e v e l .

"Now, w i t h Ex pl or er VII,n s a i d Prof. OtBrien, "we canstu dy even lower energy par t i c l es . W studied one sequenceusing data provided by D r . Hugh Ca rmichae l i n Canada. He

h a s sea level measurements and he has found f o r one par t icu -l a r Forbusch decrease a nine pe rcent change i n h i s countingr a t e over a pe ri od of many days, whereas Exp lore r VI1 hasfound something l ike a two t o th ree hundred pe rce nt change. . "

Prof. OtBrien s ai d t h a t s i n ce t h e se d ec r ea se s are asso-ciated with geomagnetic storms, it i s p o ss i b l e t h a t E xp lo re rVI1 f i n d i n g s will throw fu r t h er l i g h t on th e nature and mech-anism of geomagnetic storms and th e i r ef fec t on radio com-munications.

Bal loon s tudies a t high a l t i -

Micrometeoroid Experiment

Branch of NASAt s Goddard Space Fl ig ht Center, re po rt ed ont h e s t a t u s of the micrometeoroid and erosion experiments.Sa id Mr. La Gow:

Herman E . La Gow, head of t h e P la ne ta ry Atmospheres

nThis experiment i s conducted t o eva lua te some of t h eh az ar ds i n t h e space environment. It co n s i s t s of t h r eeevaporated cadmi-un sulphide conductors which are coveredw i t h t h i n b ut o p t i ca l l y opaque f i l m s . The ero si on of the sesur fac es by e i t h e r h igh ve loc i ty ' molecules o r impacts frommicrom eteori te s would produce openings i n th e covers. Theadmitted sunlight would change t h e e x e c t r i c a l r e s i s ta n c e i nt h e c e l l i n p r op or ti on t o t h e area of the hole .

"Analyses o f the t e l emete red r ecords t o d a te a re incom-p l e t e . . ')bu t napproximately one ha lf of one percent of t h et o t a l area o f one ce l l was admi t t ing suh l ig h t . Th i s punctureoccurred during the launch phase and hence i s not from amicrometeori te . No fur th er p ene t r a t ion o r e ros ion s have beennoted t o d a t e . The te le me try equipment i n t h e c e l l and t h esensor t o measure th e temperature of one of the c e l l s havefunct ioned proper ly . .@

S a t e l l i t e Temperature Experiment

Gerhard Heller of the Research Projects Laboratory,Army B a l l i s t i c Missile Agency (now t h e George C . MarshallSpace Fl ig ht Cente r ) Huntsvi l le , Alabama, repo r ted t h a t t h etemperature wi t h in th e s a t e l l i t e had been s t ay in g wi th in i t sdes ign l i m i t s o f 320 Fahrenhe i t t o 1400 Fahrenhei t . Data



from th e Lyman-Alpha and X-ray exper iment were s t i l l beinganalyzed as th e re po rt per iod ended. The equipment f o r t h i sexperiment ha s been working pro pe rl y; however, t h e s a t e l l i t ei s i n th e r a d i a t i o n b e l t f o r such l on g p e ri o ds t ha t t h eins t ruments are sa t u r a t ed by t he r ad i a t i on . As a consequence,t he i n s t rumen t s are unable t o i n d i c a t e t h e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n st h a t t h e y were designed t o observe. Ins tea d, t h e equipmentg i v e s a good ind ica t ion of the s t ruc ture of the lower edge

of t h e r a d i a t i o n b e l t . This i s provided by the change fromsa t u r a t ed cond i t i on t o unsa t u rat ed cond i ti on as t h e equip-ment comes out of th e ra di at io n b e l t and again as it i sc a r r i e d back i n t o t h e r a d i a t i o n b e l t .

Pioneer V* Orb i ts the Sun

Space Probe Launched by Thor-Able -- Pioneer V i s a94.8-pound probe designed t o ga th er s c i e n t i f i c data fromdeep space and t o t e s t communicat ions over interplanetarydi s t ances . On March 11 a t 8 a.m. EST, a Thor-Able firedthe probe on a t r a j e c t o r y t h a t c a r r i e d i t i n t o B so l a r o r b i t .

U . K . Fac i l i t y T r i gge r Sepa ra t i on -- The Thor-Ablelaunched Pioneer V a s planned and a t 8:27 a.m. EST. ther a d i o t el es co p e f a c i l i t y a t J o d r e ll Bank, ne ar Mankhester,England, t ransmi t ted the s ignal which t r iggered separat ionof the probe from the t h i r d stage.

Trans mit ter Sends Data -- Since then, Pioneer V's f i v e -watt r ad i o t r ansmi t t e r has been s t ead i l y send i ng da t a onr a d i a t i o n a n d other phenomena from deep space, m i l l i o n s o fmiles from ear th.** When t h e probe i s f i v e t o s i x m i ll i onmiles fronr earth, a f a r r f u l t r a n s m i t t e r - r e c e i v e r

(150 wat t s ) w i l l be tu rn ed on, which should permit ra di oc o nt a ct t o 50 mill ion miles from earth.***

Data Being Analyzed -- As t he repor t per iod ended onApr i l 1, d a t a were s t i l l undergoing prel iminary a n a l y s i s ;a t midnight on t ha t t e , the probe was 2,977,515 miles f r o mea r t h . The f ive-wat t t rans mi t t e r - rece i ver was s t i l l workingst rongly, demonst rat ing t ha t we can communicate ov er i n t e r - '

p l a n e ta r y d i s t a n c e s.

***

***

I G Y des igna t ion , n1960 AlphaThe probe f a r exceeded the previous communications recorddis tance of 407,000 miles set by Pioneer I V .

After t h e rep or t per iod ended, th e 150-watt t r a n s m i t t e rwasl a c t i v a t e d a t 5:04 a . m . EDT on May 8 , but two weeksl a t e r , b a t t e r y d e t e r i o r a t i o n c e s s i t a t e d a switch backt o t h e fi ve - tr at t t r a n s m i t t e r ,

- 20 -i



Orbital Cycle: 312 Days -- The probe w i l l c i r c l e t h esun i n 12 days, reaching i t s p e r i he l i o n ( p o i n t c l o s e s t t ot h e sun3 of 74,967,000 miles on August 10, 1960, and anaphe l ion ( f a r th es t d i s tanc e f rom th e sun) o f 92,358 ,000miles on January 13 , 1961. Each c i rcu i t w i l l t o t a l514,500,000 miles.

Four Experiments Aboard -- Besides t h e two radio t rans-

mit te rs , t he probe cont a ins :

A high-energy r ad ia t i on counter t o measurerad ia t ion s t reaming f rom the sun; it c o n s i s t sof s ix argo n-f i l l ed cyl i nder s ranged arounda seventh.

A t o t a l r a d i at i on flux coun te r to masures p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i on of e n e rg e t i c p a r t$ c l e sand medium-energy e l e c t r o n s and pr ot on s; itc o n s i s t s o f a gas-fi l led ion chamber and aGeiger-Mueller tube .A micrometeoroid counter t o recor d t h e numberand t h e d e n s i ty o f m e te o ri c d u st p a r t i c l e ss t r i k i n g t h e probe; it c o n s i s t s o f a diaphraglnmounted on the probets surface and a microphone.

A magnetometer t o measure t h e s t r e n g t h of mag-n e t i c f i e l d s and t o determine t h e i r o r i e n t a t i o ni n s pa ce .

So la r Vanes Recharm Batter ies -- Pioneer V c a r r i e dnumerous associated experiments and instrumentation. Four

paddle-shaped, 14- by i8-i nch vanes j u t from th e globe-shaped payload.which pro vide power t o rec har ge t h e p ro be ts nickel-cadmiumb a t t e r i e s .

Each vane i s s tudded wi th 1 ,200 so la r ce l l s ,

Pioneer V S e t s Record -- A t 7:30 p.m. EST on b r c h 13 ,P'ioneer V broke t h e long di st anc e communications reco rd --407,000 m i le s -- es tabl ished by Pioneer I V . A t 2 a.m. ESTon March 18, i t s f i v e -w a t t t r a n s m i t t e r s e n t d a t a from onem i l l i o n m i l e s i n s pa ce , on command from t h e t r a c k i n g s t a t i o na t Kaena Point, Hawaii. At t h a t r e c e p tio n , t h e d a ta c o n si s t e dof two sep ar at e cosmic r a y counts; a record o f 87 microme-te or oi d impacts; temperature i ns id e t he probe (68OF); temper-a t u r e o n the probe 's sur face (270F); and various magnetometermeasurements.

I

Uunched Counter t o Ear th Ro ta t ion -- Pioneer V waslaunched t o a v e l o c i t y Qf 24,884 mph -- 575 mph fas ter t h a nt h e minimum speed requir ed t o overcome th e e a r t h t s gr avi ta -t i o n a l p u l l . As the sphere sped on i t s c o u r s e , e a r th ' s

- 22 -



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- 23

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g r a v i t y a t f i r s t had a powerful ef f ec t. By mid-afternoonof the f i r s t day's f l i g h t , t h e speed r e l a t i v e t o t h e e a r t hhad slackened t o l e s s t h a n 8,000 rnph.

To achieve t h e d e s i r e d o r b i t -- p e r i h e l i o n c l o s e t ot h e sun and near t h e orbi t of Venus -- Pioneer V was launchedi n a d i r e c t i o n o p p os i t e t o t h a t of t h e ear th ' s r evo l u t i onaround t h e sun. With a speed l e s s t han ear th ' s

--and hence

wi th a r ed uc ed c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e t o o f f s e t t h e s un 's g r a vi t a-t i o n a l p u l l -- the probe would s t a r t f a l l i n g inward towardt h e sun. (P re vio us pro bes had been launche d so t h a t t h e i rspeed was added t o t h a t o f t h e e a r t h , and they thus movedoutward, away from the sun.)

Probe W i l l Become Ar t i f i c i a l Planetoid -- A s t h e probei s p u l l e d i n t o t h e s u n ' s g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e i d and becomest h e t h i r d man-made planetoid, i t s speed w i l l i n cr e as e t o a nestimated a ve ra ge o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y o f 67,750 rnph.par i son , ear th ' s o r b i t a l v e l oc i ty i s 66,593 rnph; t h a t ofVenus, 78,403 mph.

reaches pe r i he l i on it w i l l b e 46,406 000 miles from ear th ,hence s t i l l t h e o r e t i c a l l y w i th i n r an ge o f t h e 150-watt t rans-mi t t e r .

I

I n com-

Expect Five-Month Radio Cont ac t -- When t h e probe

Per i od i c r ad i o con t ac t w i l l b e at tempted w i t h Pioneer Vf o r t h e f i v e months u n t i l i t moves out of range. If t h eprobe survives t h e s t r e s s e s o f s pa ce t r a v e l , r a d i o c on t ac tw i l l be e s t a b l i s h e d a g a i n i n 1963 when it swings back t owi t h i n 50 m i l l i o n miles o f t h e ear th .

T I R O S 14 : Launched

A t t a i n s Nearly C i r c u l a r O r b i t -- T I R O S I (Te l ev i s i on-nfra-Red -b e r v a t i o n S a t e l l i t e ) , an experiment21 weathersa te l ly t e , equipped to-take photographs of t h e ea r t h ' s c l oudcover, was launched a t 6:40 a.m. EST on Apri l 1, 1960,The project i s a j o i n t NASA-U,S. Weather Bureau un de rt ak ing, .

A Thor-Able launched t h e 270-pound s a t e l l i t e i n t o t h ep lanned , nea r l y c i r cu l a r o r b i t : apogee, or g r e a t e s t d i s t a n c efrom t h e ear th , 465 miles; perigee, lowest po i n t of o r b i t ,430 miles; t ime r equ i red t o c o m p l e t e o n e c i r c u i t { o r b i t a l

pe r i od ) , 99.19 minutes. By 8:20 a.m., T I R O S ' t wo t e l ev i s i oncameras had a l ready begun t r ans mi t t i ng p i c t u re s of cloudpa t t e rns .

* IGY designat ion, '(1960 Beta."

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Thor-Able et, carryin I, i ched f rom R, C a p e

Canave al,

I



-- TIROS' cameras are sweepinge between 50 degrees nor th andvered extends roughly fromru z, Ar ge nt in a; from Le Havrand from Northern Manchuria

N e w Zealand. One camera can pho togra phi hun dre ds of tof square miles, the a rea va ry ing wi th the ang le o f tw ith r e s p e c t t o t h e e a r th . The o th e r i ns t ru m en t , a "high-

reso lu t ion t t camera capable of t e n times more detai l , canphotograph an area 80 miles on a s i d e w i th in t he t e r r i t o r yphotographed by th e wide-angle camera; it reproduces thes t r u c t u r e and texture of c louds wi th in the ove r -a l l c loudmass 0

Since the s a t e l l i t e i s space-o r iented , the len s po i n t searthward on ly pa r t of t h e t i m e .cloud cover may bb t ake n o nl y when a s u n l i t p o r t i o n of t h eearth comes within the camerats view.

Photographs of the ear th ts

S a t e l l i t e Transmits Hundreds of Photopraphs -- During

i t s f i r s t f e w days i n o r b i t . T I ROS relaved hundreds of Rhoto-graphs of a q u a l i t y s u r p as s in g a l l expec ta t ions .Re iche lde r fe r , ch ie f of t h e U . S. Weather Bureau, s a i d t h a t. i n i t i a l r e s u l t s from t h i s one ex pe ri me nt al s a t e l l i t el e ad u s t o b el ie ve t h a t a new era in ' meteorological .observingi s a bo ut t o open f o r u s o n

Franc is W.

On A p r i l 2, t h e s a t e l l i t e t r a n s m i t t e d p i c tu r e s o f a1,500-mile-diameter s t o r m , the edge of which was 300 milesoff th e coas t o f I re land . Wi th in th e s to rmts boundar ieswere c i rc u l a r bands o f c louds 20 t o 100 miles across. (Theeven ing of t h e same day, t h e cl oc k-t im er commanding t h e data-

s torag e tape recorde r f o r t he h i gh-reso lu t ion camera malfunc-ti on ed . Since the n, photographs from t h a t camera have beenreceiv ed only by d i r e c t t ransmiss ion .*1,300 revo lu t ions o f i t s u s e fu l o p e ra t io n a l l i f e (abou t th reemonths) TIROS I w i l l pass over a major por t ion of th e ea r th t sin h a b i t e d l a n d a r e a s .

During the predicted

F i r s t Event i n 10-Year Plan -- The launching o f TIROS Il e d o f f NASA's l i s t of s p e c i f i c m i s s i o n t a r g e t da tes f o r 1960i n i t s 10-Year Plan. Several s a t e l l i t e s o f s im i l a r t y p e w i l lfollow. These w i l l be succeeded by th e more advanced, e a r th -oriented Nimbus s e r i e s of s a t e l l i t e s .

Detai ls of Launch -- The Thor-Able vehicle -- 90 f e e tf e e t i n diameter -- cons i s ted o f th ree s tages :

1) Thor 150,000 pounds th rus t ) ; 2 ) Liquid-propellant Ablerocke t (7,500 pounds t h r u s t ) ada pt ed from Vanguard, equippedwith a s p e c i a l Bell Telephone Laboratories ' guidance system

* On May 10, t h e c lock- timer began funct ioni ng again .

- 26 -d



t o co rr ec t by ra d i o command, de vi at io ns from t h e plannedt r a j e c t o r y ; 3 ) Hercules-Allegany B a l l i s t i c s Laboratoryso l id -p rope l lan t rocke t (3,000 pounds thrust) equipped witha sp ec ia l ra di o beacon designed by th e Lincoln Laboratoryo f Ma s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e of Technology f o r r a d a r t r a c k in g .

Following separation f r om the second stage, t h e t h i r d

stage coas ted fo r 63 minutes a f t e r engine shut-o ff and beforeig n i t i o n . During t h i s p e r io d i t was s t a b i l i z e d on i t s courseby spinning at 90 rpm. The s a t e l l i t e payload sep ara ted fromt h e t h i r d stage 25 minutes a f t e r burnout.

TIROS Has 9,200 Solar Cel l s -- TIROS I is a drum-shapeds t r u c t u r e of aluminum and s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , 42 i n c h e s i ndiameter and 19 i n c h e s t h i c k . Three p a i r s o f s p in ro c k e t se n c i r c l e i t s basep la te ; a rv tu rn s t i l e " t r ansmit t ing -an tennaextends below i t , and a rece i v iqg antenna p r o j ec t s above.Almost t h e en t i r e ou te r su r face of th e s a t e l l i t e i s studdedwi th 9,200 so la r ce l l s , which convert heat f rom th e sun i n t o

e l e c t r i c a l power by char gin g nickel-cadmium b a t t e r i e s ,

Ground Sta t io n Ac t i v i t i e s -- The s a t e l l i t e t s program i sprepared a t NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. I n s t r u c t i o n sa r e t he n s e n t t o t h e tw o ground s ta t ions -- F t . Monmouth andthe Lockheed Miss i le and Space Divis ionts fac i l i ty a t KaenaPoint , Hawaii -- which in s t ru c t t h e s a t e l l i t e . Backup sta-t i o n s a t Cape Canaveral, Fla . , and Princeton, N. J., a l s oreCeive TIROS' s i g n a l s , but cannot tra ns m it commands. Datarece ived a t a l l s t a t i o n s i s ev en tu al ly fed back t o Goddard.

Recording Techniques -- Connected t o each camera i s a

magnet ic recorder tha t can s t o r e a s many a s 32 photographs,taken a t 10- t o 30-second in t e r va l s whi le the s a t e l l i t e i sout of range of ground s ta t io ns . The rec ord ing tap e, madsof Mylar p las t ic , i s on a 400-foot lo op, which i s p u l l e d a t50 inches per second dur ing record ing or p layback. Pi c t ur ess to r e d o n th e t a p e can be re lay ed t o th e ground rec e iv e rs i na j i-rninute peri od. The ta pe i s then erased and the nexts e r i e s of p i c t u r e s i s recorded.

Storage and Transmitt ina; -- Upon r a d i o command, t h ecameras can bypass t h e rec ord ing system and tra nsm it pi ct ur esd i r e c t l y t o t h e n e ar e st ground s t a t i o n ; each o f t h e s e s t a t i o n s

i s i n t he s a t e l l i t e t s range about 12 minutes , or l e s s , perpa ss . Each camera has a one-half -inch Vid ico nr t tube -- adevice t h a t stores images rec eiv ed when th e s h u t t e r opens,An e l ec t r on ic beam conver ts the s t or ed p i c t ur e i n t o an e lec-t r o n ic s ig n a l t r a n s m i t t e d t o r e c e i v e r s on e a r th by twin two-watt FM tra n s m i t t e r s , o p e ra tin g a t 235 mc.

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I -

Instrumentation o atellite: (1) One of thetwo half - nch Vidi e cam era lens; (3)Tape

recorders ; ( 4 ) E l ational sequencing; (5) TVtransmit te r ; (6) C lectronics; ( 8 ) Taperecorder electron iliary controls; (11)

Power converter for ta e regulator; (13) Battery

charging regul ator; (14 e ra tor fo r TV; 15)

Transm itting ante 17) Solar sensor to

mea sure posit ion olar cells; (19)Spin-up rockets; (

J



Transmit ted da ta a re displayed immediately on ground-s t a t i on te le v i s i on sc reens , by th e k inescope p rocess , pho to -graphed , and ta pe d. The s a t e l l i t e conta ins two 3 0 - m w beacont r a n s m i t t e r s o p e r a t in g on 108 mc and one 108.03 mc beaconf o r t r a c k i n g and r e l ay i n g d at a on a t t i t u d e ( o r i e n t a t i o n ) ,equipment operation, and space environment.

' Spin Rate Is Cont ro l led

--To pre ven t nprecession,w o r

wobbling, TIROS I must r o t a t e no s lower th an 9 rpm; f o r c learphotography it must ro ta te no f a s t e r th an 12 rpm. When t h es a t e l l i t e s e p ar a te d from t h e t h i r d stage, it was sp inning a ta much f a s t e r r a t e -- about 90 rpm. A nde-spinn mechanisa --weighted wires wrapped around th e main s tr uc tu re before launch-- unwound on schedule and were thrown of f i n t o space, s lowingr o t a t i o n t o 10 rpm. An i n f r a r e d "scannern shows how f a s t t h es a t e l l i t e i s sp inn ing and i nd ic a t es i t s o r i e n t a t i o n t o t h ehorizon when photographs are being taken.

L u n a r S a t e l l i t e Attempt

On November 26 a n at te mpt t o la un ch a 372-pound paddle-wheel spheroid in to a l u n a r o rb i t , f a i l e d bec au se of p re -mature separ a t i on o f th e payload' s p ro tec t iv e p l a s t i c sh roud .The payload contained equipment that was t o have t r a n s m i t t e dphotographs of t h e moon's hidden si d e , a nd d e vic e s t o g a t h e rda ta on micrometeoroids, magnetic f i e l d s , cosmic ray@, andradio waves.

The payload was launched a t 2:26 a . m . EST. For ty-f iveseconds l a t e r , a burning fragment dropped from the launchv e h ic l e a n d r a d io c o n ta c t was l o s t . A t 104 seconds a f t e r

" l i f t o f f , a l l te le me tr y stopped. The premature shroud sepa-r a t i o n was c au se d by in t e rn a l p r e s s u re s t h a t b u i l t up a s ar e s u l t o f a p p a re n t ly i na de qu ate v e n tin g.

R a d i a t i o n S a t e l l i t e Attempt

An att emp t t o launch a 22.8-pound radiation s a t e l l i t ea t 8:35 a.m. EST on March 23 ended when the Juno I1 launchv e h ic l e was unable t o l i f t t h e payload t o o r b i t a l v e l oc i t y.A m a lfun ct io n a p p a r e n t ly o c cu r re d i n t h e c l u s t e r o f s o l id -p rope l lan t rocke ts fo rming the upper s tages; causes are unders tudy.

The s a t e l l i t e was equipped t o r e c o r d d e t a i l e d d a t a w i t h i nth e Van Allen Radiatio n Region f o r an extended per iod o f t i m e .

Aerobee 1 5 0 - A t s Launched from Wallops

On Febr ua ry ,16, t h e f i r s t Aerobee 150-A sounding rocket-- a new ty pe i n t he Aerobee ser ies , s tab i1 i l ;ed wi th four

- 30 -I



f i n s i n s t e a d of t h e u su a l t h r e e -- was f i r e d from therecently completed launch tower a t Wallops Stat ion. A m a l -func t ion i n th e th r us t chamber caused the rocke t t o f a i l e

a f t e r i t r os e t o a n a l t i t ud e of abou t th ree miles. A seAerobee 150-A, launched on March 25, r ea ch ed a n a l t i t u d e1 5 0 miles and met most of i t s objec t ives , which inc ludedt e s t i n g i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n t o measure rocket performance --r e s i s t a n ce t o v ib r at i on , e tc . -- and t o count micrometeoroid

impacts.P

X-248 Engine F l igh t Tes ted i n Jave l in

On January 26, a so l id - fue l Jav e l i n sound ing rocke t --employing t h e X-248 engine (devel oped i n t h e Vanguard pro-gram) a s a f o u r t h stage =- was f i r ed from Wallops S ta t io n t oa n a l t i t u d e o f 600 miles. Performance data were t e lemete redon t h e X-248, which i s being read ied f o r use a s t he t h i r dstage i n t he Delta v e h ic l e under develppment by NASA. Thete lemete red in fo rmat ion inc luded data on v ib ra t ion , acce l -e r a t i o n a nd a f t e r -b u rn in g -- t ha t i s , i r r e g u la r b u fn in g

w i th in t h e ro c k e t e n g in e a f t e r main b u h i n g a nd th r u s t haveceased. When t h i s occurs , th e stage sp u r t s ahead and some-times bumps i n t o the next s ta ge o r s epara t ed payload .

Antenna E Sect ion System Fai ls -- The Jav e l i n ca r r iedan experiment prepared by the Defence Research Telecommuni-ca t ion s Es tab l ishment of Canada, t o measure ga l ac t i c ra d i ono ise . As was t h e c as e i n a n e a r l i e r experiment w i t h t h eJavelin on December 22, 1959, the pay load 's antenna e j es t i onsys tem fa i led .

Nike Asps Launched

I n tw o launchings (March 1 and March 41, malfunctionsi n t h e nose cone e j e c t o r system of Nike-Asp sounding r o c k e t scaused f a i l u r e of exper imen ts in tended t o measure u l t r av i o le tr a d i a t i o n f r o m t h e sun. On both occas ions te lemet ry andother systems worked a s planned, and th e ro ck et s reacheda l t i t u d e s of 150 miles.

Sodium Flare Experiments Launched

NASA launched t h r e e sodium-flare ro ck et expe rimen ts a sp a r t of t h e U ni ted S t a t e s c o n t r i b ut i o n t o I n t e r n a t i o n a l

Rocke t Week, November 1 5 th rough 21, 1959. One yielded i m -po rt an t infor matio n about upper atmosphere wind ve lo ci ty anddirec t ion; two f i r ings , November 19 and 20, f a i l e d t o pro-duce sodium t r a i l s .

Reveals St ron g Windshear Ef fe ct s -0 The successfulf i r i n g was made a t 5:17 p.m. EST, November 18, f r c l m WallopsS t a t i o n , Va. The veh ic l e , cons i s t in g o f a Nike f i r s t stage

- 31 -a



and an Asp second sta ge , began t o e m i t sodium vapor a t a50-rnile a l t i t u d e and cont inued th e emission u n t i l i t reached150 miles .about 15 minutes over a l a r g e s e c t i o n of t h e A t l a n ti c seboard., Observation of th e cloud re vea led powerful windsheare f f e c t s ( t h a t i s , s e v e r a l l a y e r s of strong winds moving a td i f f e re n t v e l o c i t i e s a t a l t i t u d e s of 70 t o 100 m i l e s ) .

behavior of t h e sodium vapor cloud were ob ta ine d by s pe ci alNASA op t ic a l t r ac kin g s t a t ions tempora r i ly loca ted a tCherry Point, N. C. ; Bowling Green, Va.; Andrews A i r ForceBase, Md.; Dover, Del.; and Wallops S t a t i o n .

The glowing orange-yellow cloud was v i s i b l e f o r

Experiment Employs Optical Tracking -- Data from the

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4crm

3Qrrn

E

4

k0

4

3

a"m

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1

I

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f-6 l

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.



4

!a

8rl



CHAPTER 4

N A T I O N A L L A U N C H VE HIC LE P R O G R A M

DEVELOPMENT STRESSES POWR, RELIABILITY

To power spacec ra f t on t he va r ied miss ions ou t l ined i ni t s Long Range Plan of space exploration, NASA has beenve lop ing a family of launch veh ic le s wi th emphasis on t h r u s t ,r e l i a b i l i t y , and v e r s a t i l i t y .

The group includes Scout, Delta, and the Defense Depart-ment's Agena B, Centaur, Saturn, and the Nova concept basedupon the F-1 engine . Their payload ca pa bi l i t i es range f romScout's 180-pound earth s a t e l l i t e t o Nova's 100,000- t o200,000-pound o r b i t a l space la bor at or y.

Scout-Scout i s a four-s tage , so l id-p ropel l an t launch vehic le

weighing 36,000 pounds, des igned fo r a wide range of small-to-medium pay loa d mi ss io ns -- i n cl u di n g e a r t h s a t e l l i t e s i n3000500 m i l e o r b i t s , s pa ce p ro be s, h ig h -v e lo c ity e n t r y t e s t s ,and advanced heat ing and ab la t i on s tu die s .

Scout w i l l be capable of launching payloads of 180pounds i n c i r c u l a r we? t-e as t o r b i t s a t a l t i t u d e s of 300

miles ahd o f launchin g probe s wi th 100-pound payloads t oa l t i t u d e s of 6,000 miles.

A 1 1 Scout components have passed development t e s t s , .

except th e hydrogen peroxide c ontr o l un i t f o r th e secondstage which shou ld be read y i n May. Assembly of t h e ve hi cl ew i l l begin i n May a t Wallops Is land; i t s f i r s t f l i g h t w i l lta ke p lace t h i s summer.

Vehicle -- The Scout vehic le co ns is ts of fou r techni-c a l l y advanced so l id -p rope l lan t rocke t stages. The guidance

s ys te m in c o rp o ra t e s g yro sc o pic s t a b i l i z a t io n and a b u i l t - i n ,pre-set program.dynamic surfaces f o r t he f i r s t stage, perox ide reac t ion j e t sf o r t h e second and th i rd stages, a n d s p in - s t a b i l i z a t io n f o rt h e f o u r t h stage.

Co n t ro l s c o n s i s t o f j e t vanes and aero-



S t a t u s -- The Scout f i r s t stage rocke t (Algol) , underdevelopment by t h e Aero je t-Ge ne ra l Corp., Sacramento, Calif.,weighs 23,600 pounds and has 115,000 pounds of thrust .sa t i s f ac to ry ' t e s t - f i r ing s have been made; f i v e f l i g h t u n i t shave been shipped t o Wallops Isl and.

The second-stage engine ( C a s t o r ) , a 9,300-pouad rocketw9th 55,000 pounds of thrus t , i s being developed by theRedstone Division of t h e Thiokol Chemical

Co., Huntsv i l l e ,Ala. I t i s fu e l e d w i t h an improved propellant and has al a r g e r nozzle cone ( f o r improved hig h-a lt i tud e performance)th a n t h e Sergeant rocket on which it is based.f i r i n g s have been completed, and s i x f l i g h t u n i t s h a v e beenshipped t o Wallops Is land.

Four

Twelve test-

The 13,600-pound-thrust th i rd-s tage engine (Antares) ,

The 2,600-pound rocke t has a filament-wound f i be rg l a s s

a scaled-up ve rs io n of t h e e x i s t i n g f o u r t h stage, i s be ingdeveloped by t h e Allegany Bal l i s t i cs Laboratory a t Curnberland,Md.e ng in e c as in g. A lthough d i f f i c u l t i e s w i th i n s u l a t i o n andp r o p e l la n t f a b r i c a t i o n caused s e v e r a l e a r l y f a i l u r e s , t h el a s t s i x f i r i n g s have been complete ly S U C C B S S ~ U ~ , and twof l i g h t eng ine s have been shipped t o Wallops,f i r i n g s u nder a l t i t u d e s i m ul a t io n c on d it i on s i n Ap ri l, 1960,w i l l complete t h e development.

i s a 520-pound rocket w i t h 3,060 pounds of t h r u s t .t h i s stage was adapted from t h e Vanguard upper st ag e ro ck et ,no development t e s t s are required .t h i s u n i t u t i l i z e s p l a s t i c c o ns t ru c ti o n t hr ou gh ou t,

Two more t e s t

The four th-s tage engine ( A l t a i r ) , developed by Allsgany,Because

Like t h e t h i r d stage,

Guidance Being Developed

--Guidance f o r Scout i s being

developed by t h e Missile Development Laboratory of t h eMinneapolis-Honeywell Regulator C o o , Los Angeles, Calif. Thetwo hydrogen-peroxide s t a b i l i z a t i o n systems f o r t h e v e h i c l eare b ei ng b u i l t by Walter Kidde Co., Inc., of B e l l e v i l l e , N. J.Guidance development i s complete and u n i t s have been shippedf o r e a r l y f l i g h t s . The third-stage p er ox id e c o n t r o l u n i t hasf un ct io ne d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y i n t e s t s ; however, t h e second-stageu n i t has met w i t h valving problems and w i l l no t be completedun t i l May, 1960.oxide system were s u c c e s s fu l ly t es ted a t Langley Researchcent&.

The guidance package and third stage per-

Airframe Contrac t L e t -- The c o n t r a c t f o r t h e Scout air-frame c a l l s f o r s t r u c t u r a l l y i n t e g ra t i ng t h e rockets , guidanceand c o n t r o l systems, and payloads, The t a s k i s b e i n g c a r r i e dout by t h e Vought Astronautics Division of Chance Vought

,

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Aircraf t Corp . , Dallas, Tex. A l l airframe components, whichconnect th e rocke t engines , house t h e con t ro l un i t s aance , and cover t h e to p stages, have bet e s t e d .

Launcher Erected -- The Scout Launcher, fVought Ast ron aut ics , has been erec ted on a padSt a t io n and has been s ucc ess fu l ly checked withveh ic le .

Delta

t h i r d s tage , s o l id - fu e l ) v e h ic l e c a pa b le o f launching as a t e l l i t e o f 480 pounds into a 300-mile ea r t h o r b i t o r a65-pound payload on a space-probe mission. The , f irst twoproduct ion Del tab w i l l b e used i n a t t e m pt s t o l a u nc h 100-fo o t d ia m eter i n f l a t a b l e s p h e re s i n P ro j e c t Echo, t h e pas-s i ve communica tions s a t e l l i t e p rogram .(gee Chapter 7,

"S a t e l l i t e Appl ica t ions", pp. 83 - 88 ) .The f i r s t complete Delta v e h ic l e was de l ive red t o AMR

f o r l aunchi ng i n May, and i t s l aunch f a c i l i t i e s were com-p le ted .

Vehicle -- D e l t a ' s f i r s t s t a g e i s a s tandard l iqu id -f u e l Thor wi th 150,000 pounds o f th r us t ; th e second s tagei s a modified ver si on of th e 13quid-fuel second stage rocke tengine employed i n t he Thor-Able veh ic le ; t h e / t h i rd s tagei s an improved sol id -f ue l roc ket (X-Z@)., a l s o u s e d i n t h eThor-Able and Atlas-Able, and a s t h e l a s t st ag e of Scout.

The Delta second and t h i r d s tage s , o r ig in a l ly deve lopedf o r t h e Vanguard program, were modified and improved f o r t h eThor-Able, and were s t i l l f u r t he r improved f o r t he De lta.

c o n tr o l u n i t , t o o r i e n t t h e v e hi c l e i n t h e r i g h t d i r e c t i o nwhile coas t ing; and t h e Bell Telephone Labora tor ies rad iocommand gu idance u n i t developed f o r t h e T it an program.

D e l t a i s a three-@age ( f i r s t two s ta ge s l iqui d-fue l ,

Changes f o r Delta i n c lu d e t h e a d d i t i o n o f a n a t t i t u d e -

Atlas-Agena B, Thor-Agena B

The Agena B, an en lar ged and improved ve rs io n o f t h eAgena A t h a t has d em on st ra te d good r e l i a b i l i t y i n t h e A i rForce Discoverer program, i s a l i q u id - fu e l r o c k e t stagehaving about 15,000 pounds of thrus t . I t w i l l be used i ncombination wi th s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t f i r s t stages, on a widev a r i e ty o f m i s s io n s . I t s eng ines can be re - s ta r te d i nf l i g h t

- 41 -



THOR-AGENA B ATLAS-AGENA B

STAGESIR RA6E-U))(/RP.IITHOR)21 0 STM - RFIU/UWH (IIGEW 8)

MISSION CAPABILITY3@H. MI. ORBIT-l .6a)LBS.

EMPLOYMENTMEORoLoCICALAND

SCIENTIFIC SAlElLllES

4

W

t

I+

SCOUT

3.3'

SATURN

4

185

+

-2l.5'-

INITIATEDEARLY 1959 IDOD)

IST LAUNCHINGEARLY 1962 INASA)

STAGESIST sTIGE-u)IvRpI(ATus)

2NDSTM-IRFIUIUOYHu6M )

MISSION CAPABILITYM O W . MI. ORBI T-5 , WBLBS.ESCAPE - BMI LBS.

EMPUWMENTLUNAR PmEs0011UUN!GATTI(WIS SATELLITESSCIENTIFIC SATELLITES

STAGESIST STAGE-LDXIRP-I(THOR), I D TIIGE- WIFWUDUHSRD STAGE-SOUD

INITIATED

IST LAUNCHING MISSION CAPABILITY

UTE 1958

MID 1960 300N.II. ORBIT - 480 LBSESCAPE - - 65LBS.

EMPUlYMENTSATELLITES

SPACE P m E s

INITIATED

Isf LAUNCHINGEARLY 1964(3 STAGES)

LATE 1458

t

98'

4

DELTA

INITIATED

IST LAUNCHING

EARLY 1959 (COD)

MID 1961 (NASA)

a+

t

924

t

Ie-

CENTAUR

STAGES151STAGE LOXRP &TIAS)ZND STAGE L0,:ILH

MISSION CAPABILITYM O W . MI . ORBIT-E,5M)LBS.ESCAPE - - 1.40 LBS.

EM PLOY MENTLUNAR AND PIMETMY EXPLORATION

za HOUR CWUN ICATIONS S A ~ L I T E

t

105'

t

INITIATED

IST LAUNCHING

EARLY 1959

MID 1960

INITIATED

IST LAUNCHING

LATE 1958

MID1961 ,

Descriptions, capabilities, and contemplated employment of propulsion

systems being developed for NASA's Launch Vehicle Program.



Agena B, when combined w it h t h e 150,000-pound-thrustThor as f i r s t stage, w i l l s e rv e as a general-purpose spacev e h ic l e c a pa b le of launching 1,600 pounds into a 300-mileo r b i t , With t h e Atlas, which gives 360,000 pounds oft h r u s t a t l i f t - o f f and 80,000 i n i t s su s t a i ne r phase, itw i l l be capable of la unc hing 800-pound prob es t o t h e moon --inc ludi ng ve hi c l es f o r "hard" o r impact landing s on i t s sur-f a c e -- and 300-mile orbi ta l payloads weighing a s much as

5,000 pounds,

Marshall Space Flight Center w i l l t e c h n i c a l l y d i r e c tt h e NASA Agena Ve hic le Program,tor, Goddard w i l l p ro vi de i n st ru me nt at io n f o r s a t e l l i t eexperiments and the Je t Propu ls ion Labora to ry w i l l designlu n a r s p a c e c ra f t,

Lockheed i s system contrac-

Vega Cancelled

Vega was scheduled as an int eri m ve hi cl e f o r mediurn-s i ze d s a t e l l i t e and l u n a r pa yl oa ds , pending t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y

of Centaur. On December 11, 1959, NASA ca nc el le d t h e Vegai n favor of t h e Agena B under development by the Departmentof Defense ( s e e above),

Vega was planned as a th ree -s tage rocke t : f i r s t s tage ,a modified Atlas; second, a modified Vanguard f i r s t s t a g eengine; and a t h i r d s t a g e powered by a s t o r a b l e l i q u i d -p ro p e l l a n t , 6,000-pound-thrust engine,

The Je t Propu ls ion Laboratory d i r ec t ed the p ro jec t anddeveloped the t h i r d s tage engine (which was not cancel led ;see below) A t c a n c e l l a t i o n , t h e G en eral E l e c t r i c Co. had

modified the Vanguard engine and the Convair AstronauticsDiv is ion of General Dynamics Corp. , ad begun constructingthe second stage. Convair was r e s p o ns ib l e fo r th e o v e r - a l lveh ic l e in te gr a t io n and implementa t ion of launch opera t ions

Fi na l t e rmina t ion co s t s have no t been f u l ly determined,but as o f A p r i l 1, t h e y a r e e s tim ate d t o t o t a l a p prox im ately$13,300,000.recovered by applying i t s components t o ot he r v eh ic le andt e s t programs, For example, dur ing Vega program work,Genera l E l ec tr ic produced fo ur usabl e rocket t hr us t chambersand a number of engin e components, some al re ad y a l l o t t e d t o

the Langley Research Center for o ther pro jec ts .A coas t-

phase t e s t s tand f o r checking t h e non-powered phase a t t i tu de -control system and a p ay lo ad s hroud j e t t i s o n in g f a c i l i t y ,begun by Convair, w i l l be completed f o r t h e Centaur pro je c t ,

6 ,000-pound-thrust, s t or ab le l iq uid- pro pel lan t propuls ionsystem, upon which J P L was working, w i l l continue underdevelopment f o r fut ur e, as ye t undesignated , app l ica t i ons .

Some of t h e fun ds expended on Vega w i l l be

J P L St orab le Propel lan t Engine -- The Vega t h i r d s t a g e

- 43 -d



I t w i l l use hydrazine and n i t rogen- te t rox ide p ro pe l lan tsf e d t o t h e t h ru s t chamber by p re s s u r i ze d gas.

Two Types of Thrust Chambers Tested -- Two t y p e s o fth ru s t c h a m b e r s t h a t u s e h y d ra z in e fu e l a s a coolant havebeen te s t e d success fu l ly . P lans have been made f o r t e s t in gt h e ig n i t i on and per fo rmance o f t he engine a t L e w i s Research

Center .

A t as-Centaur

Atlas-Centaur, a two-stage launch ve hi cl e , w i l l be ablet o i n j e c t a communications s a t e l l i t e i n t o a 22,300-mile a l t i -t u d e e q u a t o r i a l o r b i t . Because th e o r b i t a l a n gu lar v e lo c i tyo f t h e s a t e l l i t e a t t h i s a l t i t u d e approxim ates t h a t of t h ee a r t h t s r o t at i o n , t h e s a t e l l i t e w i l l be f ix e d over one spoton ea r th . (See Chapter 7, n S a t e l l i t e A p pl ic at ion s, " pp. 83 -88 . ) The vehicle w i l l a l s o be employed t o launch o t he ra t e l l i t e s a nd lu n a r a nd in t e rp l a n e t a r y p ro be s, i n t h e p ay-

l o a d weigh t range between Atlas-Agena and Sa tu rn .

Liq ui d Hydrogen-Liquid Oxygen Second Sta ge -- Centaur 'sf i r s t s tage i s a modifi ed Atlas-D. The second stage i spowered by two turbopump-fed rocket engines which produce15,000 pounds th r us t each and u t i l i z e l i qu id oxygen andl i qu i d hydrogen a s p ro p e l l a n t s . Th i s w i l l be the f i r s t U.S.engine with a t r u l y h igh-energy pro pel lan t combination .(Sa t u rn t s u pp er s t ages w i l l u s e th e same combination.) Suchp r o p e l l a n t s w i l l i n c r e a se t h e pa yl oa d c a p a b i l i t i e s o f ex-i s t i n g and p lanned space veh i c le s up t o doub le those ofveh ic l es wi th conven tiona l p rope l la n ts .

Vehicle W i l l Have Ine r t ia l Gu idance -- The Atlas-Cen ta ur a l l - i n e r t i a l g uida nc e sy st em w i l l p ro vide , f o r t h ef i r s t time i n a U.S. mult i -s tage space launching vehic le ,ac t i ve se l f -cont a ined guidance throughout powered f l i g h tf rom l i f t -o f f t o pay load in je c t io n . The guidance sys temw i l l permit coasting periods followed by engine r e s t a r t , t os a t i s f y t h e o rb i t r e qu i re me nt s o f 24-hour s a t e l l i t e s andlu na r and deep space missi ons. The system, which w i l l weighabout 150 pounds, employs a four-gimbal p la t form with three-ax i s s t a b i l i z a t i o n and a d i g i t a l computer (see Chapter 13,"Mechanics of Spacefl ight ," p . 135.)

Marshall Center W i l l D ire c t P ro j e c t -- NASA's MarshallSpace F l igh t Cen te r a t H u n t s v il l e h a s o v e r - a l l d i r e c t io n ofth e Atlas -Centaur l aunch veh ic le p ro jec t . Convair-AstronauticsDivision of General Dynamics Corp., i s developing the Centaurv e h ic l e , i n t e g r a t i n g v e h ic l e a nd s p a c e c ra f t , a nd w i l l conduct

- 4.4 -

J



t h e laun ch ope rat ion s. Minneapolis-Honeywell and i t s sub-cont rac t or , Librascope , a r e developing th e guidance systemunder sub cont rac t t o Convair ,Div is ion of United Aircraft Corporation i s making t h e l i q u i dhydrogen second-stag e engi ne,

P r a t t & Whitney Aircraft

Work Is On Schedule -- Atlas b o o s t e r s , second-stageengines, and guidance and second-stage s t r u c t u r e s f o r t h ef i r s t s i x Atlas-Centaur f l i g h t s a r e now under co nt ra ct and

a l l work i s on schedule,

Tests of a heavy-walled second-stage tank f o r t h e l i q u i dhydrogen were begun i n November, 1959. A second tank plannedf o r ground t e s t i n g t h e second-stage engine was completed. Af r e e - f l o a t i n g f l i g h t t e s t package was f a b r i c a t e d f o r u se i nzero-g ex periments i n a KC-135 air p la ne , Purpose of t heset e s t s i s t o s t udy problems asso cia t ed with storing and pump-ing l iquid hydrogen whi l e i n " f re e f a l l " encountered inunpowered coa st in g sp ac ef li gh t.

Completion of the Centaur launching complex a t AM R i s

planned f o r l a t e 1960; developmental f l i g h t s of t he Centaurveh ic le a r e scheduled t o beg in i n 1961; and opera t ionalf l i g h t s a r e p lan ned f o r 1 962,

Saturn

Sa tu rn i s t he l a r g e s t launch vehic le under developmentin the Free World.of t h e Department'of Defense s t a r t e d t h e p r o j e c t a t t h e ArmyB a l l i s t i c Miss i le Agency, Huntsville, Ala., i n August, 1958.

In November 1959, t h e P r e s i d e n t dec ide d t o a s s i g n s o l e

re sp on s i b i l i ty f o r deve lop ing h igh-th rust l aunch veh ic le st o NASA, which immediately became re spo ns ib le f o r t ec hn ic ald i r e c t i o n o f t h e Satu rn p ro jec t . ARPA maintained t h e con-t i n u i t y o f a d m i n is t r a t iv e d i r e c ti o r l u n t i l March 1960, whent h i s a l s o was assumed by NASA. T h i s was i n accordance wi thth e fo rmal no t i f i ca t i on o f Congress, i n January , o f th eproposed t r a n s f e r o f f a c i l i t i e s and pe rs on ne l.

In December 1959, a technical-plus-management committee,comprised of s en io r pe rs on ne l from NASA, ARPA, A B M A , and theDepartment of Defense, recommended t h a t t h e Sa tu rn uppers t a g e s u t i l i z e o n ly high-energy p ro p e l l a n t s ( i n t h i s case ,

hydrogen plus oxygen). T hi s combination i s known a s t h eSa tu rn C - 1 ,bloc k approach t o upper s t a ge development be employed, sot h a t t h e sma lle r , more ea s i l y developed sta ge s could bef i r s t used atop t h e l a rg e b o o s te r , and t h e number of re-quired engine developments could b e minimized, These recom-mendations were aocepted by t h e Administrator .

The Advanced Research Projects Agency

The committee a l s o recommended t h a t a bui ld ing-

- 45 -



-- The Saturn pro-gram e-stage, and four-stage launch veh ic le s capable of p l ac ing up t o 10 t o n s i n t oa low earth o r b i t ,

The development program has a twofold pwpose: 1) t oob ta in such large a yl oa d c a p a b i l i t y f o r t h i s country a s soona s poss ib le , and 2 c o n c ur r e n tly t o o b ta in a n e a r ly a c ce p t-able m is si on r e l i a b i l i t y t hr ou gh t h e u se of t h e c lus te red -engine technique. The vari ous Saturn ve hi cl es w i l l b e u s e fu lf o r o r b i t a l m is si on s, i nc lu di ng t h e s p e c i a l c a s e o f t h e 24-hour o r "f ixed" or b i t ; f o r va r i ou s lunax. miss ions , inc ludings o f t landing and circumnavigation; and f o r , i n t e r p l a n e t a r yprobes. ! \

F i r s t S t a g e -- The f i r s t s tage (S-1) of Saturn employsei gh t Rocketdyne H -1 engines, each de l ive r ing 188,000 poundsof t h r u s t a t sea l e v e l , f o r a t o t a l t h r u s t o f 1 . 5- mi ll io npounds. Liqu id oxygen and RP-1 ( a Hydrocarbon fuel) formt h e propellant combination; they a r e c a r r i e d i n a c l u s t e rof ei ght elongated tank s, o f t h e same diameter as t h e Red -s tone miss i le tank, surrounding one elongated tank of thesame diameter as t h e J u p i t e r tank. The engines can be indi-v i d u a l l y sh ut o f f on command when an in c i p i e n t mal func tio ni s de tec ted . S ince th e eng ines a re s im p l i f i e d a d a p ta t io n sof t he well-proven engines used i n Atlas, Thor, and Jupiter,the number of malfunc t ions dur ing f l i g h t i s expected t o below.boos te r stage recoverable .lans are being developed with the hope of making t h e

Second Sta e -- The second stage (S-IV) of t h e SaturnC-1 conT---+ura t on w i l l u t i l i z e t h e l iquid hydrogen-liquidoxygen propellant and four uprated Centaur engines of roughly17,500-pounds t h r u s t each. The two-stage ve rs io n of t h eSaturn C-1 ( t h a t i s S-I p l u s S-IV) w i l l be a b l e t o p la cea bou t f i v e t o n s i n t o low o r b i t s .

Th i rd S ta e -- The th i rd-s tage (S-V) of t he Sa tu rn C - 1i s a+n a ur upper stage, modif ied t o ca rry heavier payloads.Two of t h e same engines which are t o be u t i l i z e d i n S-IV a r et o be used t o power t h i s s tage . Coasting and engine r e s t a r tc a p a b i l i t i e s w i l l be incorpora ted in t h i s s t a g e , as i n Centaur ,t o pe rm it more d i f f i c u l t o r b i t s and d eep s pa ce t r a j e c t o r i e st o b e a t t a in e d.

The t h i r d s tage w i l l c a r r y a n a l l - i n e r t i a l g ui da nc esystem t o c o n t r o l a l l t h r e e s tages .

Contrac tors -- The Development Operations Division ofABMA has been responsib le f rom the f i r s t f o r t h e o v er -a llt e chn ic a l d i re c t io n o f Saturn.' T h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t ykill



remain with t he D ivisi on, which -- a f t e r the p lanned t rans-f e r -- w i l l form NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center .w i l l a l so be respons i b le fo r th e de ta i l ed "in-house" devel -opment of the booster stage; f o r i n t e g r a t i n g t h e stages andpayload , and f o r conduct ing launch oper a t i ons ,

assembly of the f i r s t boos te r stage, which w i l l be used

s o l e l y f o r s t a t i c t e s t i n g , h a s been completed. T h i s s t a g ewas mounted i n t h e s t a t i c t e s t s tand in February , a f t e r t h es t a n d was proof -te s ted and ca l ib r a te d .engines have been s t a t i c t e s t e d . Tes t s of fo u r , t h e n a l le ig h t e n g in e s w i l l fo l lo w, Procurement , fa br ic a t io n , andassembly of the f i r s t t h r e e b oo st e rs f o r f l i g h t use a re onschedule.

Within a month a f t e r th e deci sio n i n December t o useh igh e n ergy p ro p e l l a n t s i n t h e up per s tages of Saturn , a nS-IV stage s p e c i f i c a t i o n was w r i t t e n and in d u s t ry wasi n v i t e d to s u b m i t p ro p o s a l s f o r i t s development. Eleven

pro pos als were recei ved a t the end o f February; evaluat ionby picked teams of NASA e x p e r t s was under way on April 1.

I t

Fir st- Sta ge Fa br ic at io n Completed -- Fabr ica t ion and

Two of t h e e i g h t

-- A 200,000-pound-thrust, hydro-gen- eveloped f o r t h e upper s t ag es o ft h e n conf i gura t i on ) which w i l l employe s s e n t i al l y t h e same boos te r as t h e C-1 .

Sp ec if ic at io ns fo r t h e hydrogen-oxygen engine were re-viewed w ith seven engine con tr ac to rs on February 2 a t N A S Aheadquarters .March 1 4 were s t i l l being evaluated a t th e end o f th e rep or t

period.

Proposa ls submi tted by f i v e con t r ac t o rs on

-- Construc t ion of t h elaunc Ran l a s t summer and bvA p r i l was largely completed.b oo st er s t a t i c t e s t s tand a t Hunstvil le were completed, aswere p l a n s f o r t r a n s p o r t i n g t h e b o o s t e r from H u n t s vi l l e t oAMR by barge.barge was l e t .

Modif ica t ions of t h e l a r ge

The c o n t r a c t f o r t h e f i r s t b o o s t er t r a n s p o r t

It was decided t ha t t he gu idance system f o r th e f i r s tth re e Sa tu rn launches (b oos te r s tage only) would be a

s l i g h t l y modif ied vers io n of th e wel l-proven Ju pi te r guid-ance sys tem; in ve s t ig a t io ns of guidance sys tems f o r use wi tht h e three-s tag e ver s io n a r e under way.

-- Ful l - sca les t a t o f t h e p ro to ty p e

- 47 -

J



boos t e r s t age w i l l begin t h i s sp r i ng . So a l s o w i l l S-IVstage development and a program t o modify th e Centaureng ines f o r use i n t he upper s tages of Saturn. Const ruct ionwork o n t h e l a u n c h f a c i l i t y a t AMR w i l l be completed t h i ssummer, and in s t a l l a t i o n and checkout of sp ec ia l equipment ,such a s prope l l an t storage tanks, inst ru mentat io n networks,and g a n t r i e s w i l l begin.

F-1 Engine

pound-thrust ro ck et engine by th e Rdcketdyne Div isio n ofNorth American Aviation, Inc, , began i n Janua ry 1959. Thedevelopment phase should be completed in ear ly 1963.

Development of t h e F-1, single-chamber, 1.5 mil l ion-

-- The primary e f fo r t du r i ng t h i srep0 ra te d upon developing t h e engine'sl a rge-sca le th r us t chamber. S t a t i c t e s t s of up. t o t h r eeseconds dur at io n have produced th r u s t s of more tha n a m i l l i o npounds.l i m i t s , it has f re que nt ly been e r r a t i c and work i s continuing.

Although performance has approached acceptable

Propellant Pumps Are On Schedule -- The turbine-drivenpropellant pump assembly i s on schedule.model indicate t h a t t h e desired performance can be met,Designs have been incorporated which w i l l f a c i l i t a t e - h ef a b r i c a t i o n o f t h e various components of t h e turbopump.

Tests on a s c a l e

Seve ra l sys tem changes , pa r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e p rope l l an tThese i n t u rnn l e t sec t ion of th e engine, have been made.

have been i nco rpo rat ed i n the mockup of t h e F-1 engine, As tudy of ways t o co ol t h e l arge F-1 exhaus t no zz le i s near ingcompletio n; one method in vo lve s t h e use of t h e r e l a t i v e l ycoo l t u rb i ne exhaust gases nex t t o t h e nozz l e wall. It i sp o s s i b l e t h a t only th e upper po r t i on of th e nozz le need becooled by one of t h e prope l l an t s .

Construction Under Way on Three Test Stands -- Work i scont inuing on t h e t h r e e s t ands in tended for F-1 engine t e s t -i n g a t t h e Missi le Capt ive Test Site, Edwards A i r Force Base,Calif. These w i l l permi t extending pre sen t t e s t l i m i t s ofabout a mil l ion pounds of th rus t and three seconds maximumd u r a t i o n imposed by equipment now i n use, Stan d 2A w i l l b eready soon and the f i r s t f i r i n g of an F-1 t h r u s t chambershould t a ke p la ce i n Ju ly , Having s t and 2A a v a i l ab l e f o rt h i s p r o j e c t w i l l expand t h e scope of work appreciably.

SOUNDING ROCKET DEVELOPMENT

NASA space sc ience inv es t iga t ion s r equ i re a fami ly ofsounding roc ke t s t o ca r ry s c ie n t i f i c payloads of numerous

- 4.8 -



ty pe s t o var iou s altitude+s.* Prototype rockets of a pro&*se r ies $re the ttArcon" and n I

r o j e c t s of t h e Naval Researchvy Bureau of Ordnance, Now d i d

e r , Arcon andc o n t ra c t t o t

Arcon

___i n d iamete r and e i f ee t , s i x i n c €5,

the Arcon rocket weighs 220 pounds, and' u se s a f a s t , end-burning so l i d p rope l lan t .40-pound, instrumented payload are a t t a c h e d t o form a v e h i c l e11 f e e t long , weighing 254. pounds. The Arcon vehic le wasdesigned t o lift i t s payload t o a n a l t i t u d e o f 70 miles.NASA development, c o n s i s t i n g of improvements i n chamber ins u-l a t i o n and propel lan t-charge des ign , was completed in: 1959.'

After t he r e s u l t s of t h e s ix f l i g h t t e s t s performed i nmid-1959 were evaluated, two problems were evident: 1) aero-

dynamic sur fa ce re de si gn i s n ec es sa ry t o e l i m i n a t e e r r a t i cperformance which occurs a s the rocket nears burnout ; and2) the rocket power w i l l have t o be increased i f t h e o r i g i -n a l a l t i t u d e g o a l o f 70 miles w i t h a 40-pound payload is t obe m e t . Three more ve hi cl es remain t o be flown i n the Arcondevelopment program, probab ly by mid-1960.

A s t a b i l i z i n g \ f in s e c t i o n and a

Ir is

a l s o being developed by At la nt ic Research Corp. Designedt o pr ope l a 100-pound payload t o a n a l t i t u d e of.185 miles,

t h e r o c k et i s approximately 13 f e e t long, one f o o t i n di -ameter, weighs 1,140 pounds, and us es th e same p ro p e l l a n ta s Arcon, A s t a b i l i z i n g f i n s e ct i on and a 100-pound pay-l o a d are a t ta c he d , r e s u l t i n g i n a 1,290-pound vehicle, 20feet long.extra i n i t i a l t h r us t by a small c lu s t e r e d b o o s t e r.

-Subs tan t ia l ly l a r ge r than Arcon, the I r i s rocket i s

Launched from a tower , t he rock et w i l l be given

S ev er al f i r i n g s o f t e s t chambers dur ing t h i s r epo r tper i od proved th e in te gra ted design . Three engines weres t a t i c - f i r e d s u c c e s s f u l l y . Four more rounds w i l l complete

* I n comparison w i t h ot h er NASA ve hi c l e programs, t h e pay-lo a d and a l t i t u d e r e qu i re m en t s are r e l a t i v e l y l o w . M i s -s i on requi remen ts are t o r e a ch v a r io u s l a y e r s of t h eatmosphere and ionosphere, usually below 200 mile s. In-s t rumenta t ion requ i red is l ikewise l e s s e l a b o ra t e t h a nt h a t f o r s p ac e mi ss io ns .



the ground t e s t program. Three op er a t io na l ve hi c l es w i l lbe as sembled i n May-June 1960, a n d f l i g h t t e s t s w i l l bBal l i s t i c and ae rodynamic d a t a a v a i l a b l e a tc a t e t h a t t h e desired performance w i l l be a t

The NASA Propuls ion Off ice a t Headquarters has t e c h n i c a lmanagement of sounding ro c k e t development. The Godda ce

Fl igh t Cen te r pa r t ic ip a t es i n aerodynamic design, suppayloads, and w i l l conduct f l i g h t t e s t s a t Wallops Is land.

f



CHAPTER 5

M A N N E D F L I G H T IN SPACE AND NEAR SPACE

THE NEED FOR M A N B E D SPACE EXPLORATION

Elec t ron ic ins t ruments des igned fo r NASA sa te l l i t e s andspace probes can perf o many i n t r i c a t e , u lt ra .swift , u l t r a -a c c u r a t e t a sks of se ns ing and measuring bet ter t h a n men maidever do. However, t h e s t a t i s t i c a l information gathered andt r a n am i t t e d t o ear th by these i n s t ru m e n t s c o n s t i t u t e s only ap a r t o f t h e b a s i c r e s e arc h n e c es s ary f o r u n de rs ta nd in g thela rger r e a l i t i e s of space. The most advanced apparatusr 088

perform only as it i s programmed t o do. Ins trwrrea ts have RO

f l e x i b i l i t y t o meet u nfores ee n s i t u a t io n s . Sc i e n t i f i c dabaacquired i n space mechanical ly mast be balanced by on-the-spot human senses, human reasoning, and by t h e power of judg-

ment compounded of these human elements.

I n this l i e s man's su per io r i ty t o t h e machine8 he in-v e n t s and bu il ds . And i n t h a t s u p e r i o r i t y lietr t h e neces-s i t y fo r manned spaceflight, as sooh 8s it is. practicable.But bef o re man can f l y t o t h e moon and beyond, the gueat ionof h i s a b i l i t y t o withstand t h e r i g o r s of s p a c e f l i g h t -weight lessness , high-g fo rce s , a tmospheric en tr y for ces ,e t c , -- must be answered. These are t h e reasone, f o r t h e t o pn a t i o na l p r i o r i t y t h a t has been a ssigned t o P ro je ct Mercury.

PROJECT MERCU

Suborb i ta l F l ig h t P lanned

For t h e next two o r three yeam, NASA haa planned about20 t e s t i n g , t r a i n i n g and o r b i t a l f l i g h t a in P ro je ct Mercury,Acording t o pres ent schedules, NASA p l a n s t h e firsat manneds u b o r bi t a l f l i g h t fer l a t e t h i s year, and t h e f i r s t mannedo r b i t a l f l i g h t f o r l a t e r i n 1961.

Bedstoae W i l l Launch Capsule

I n t h e s u b o r b i t a l t e s t , a Redstone rocket will fauncha manned Mercury capsule from Capef l i g h t down t h e A t l a n t i c Missile Ra

a v e r a l on a l5-misutea t speeds up t o 4,000

mph, The a s t r o n a u t w i l l e x p e r i ~ ~ c o u t f i v e minutes of

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w e ig h tl e ss n e s a c h a n a l t i t u d e o f 120 miles and a d i s -t ance of 180 , a nd in g i n t h e sea of f F l o r i da .

P la ns f o r t h e f i r s t manned o r b i t a l f l i g h t c a l l f o r t h eMercury capsule t o be boos ted in to o r b i t by an Atlas launched

from AMR i n a d i r e c t io n s l i g h t l y n or th o f eas t . This t r a j e c -t o r y w i l l send i t i n t o o r b i t a t a po i n t i n space over Bermuda.The capsule w i l l t r a v e l a t a speed of about 18,000 rnph, a t a na l t i t u d e of about 100 miles over Africa, Australia, Mexico,and the U . S .

A worldwide system of tr a ck in g and communication s t a t i o n sw i l l be i n co nta ct with th e Mercury caps ule almost cont inu-ously.

Near t h e C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t , a f t e r th ree c i r c u i t s of t h eg l obe , r e t ro rocke t s w i l l be f i r e d , e i t h e r by t he a s t ro nau t

o r by ra d io command from t h e ground, slowing th e cap sul e by3 5 0 mph so t h a t it w i l l return from orbi t and become sus-ce pt ibl e t o a tmospheric drag. Within one-quarter of a c i r -c u i t , t h i s drag w i l l reduce the capsule speed below 200 mphso tha t lan din g par ach ute s can be s a f e l y deployed. Openinga t an a l t i t u d e of about 10 ,000 f e e t , the para 'chutes w i l llower the capsule a t t h e r a t e of 30 f e e t per second t o alan din g i n t h e A tl an t i c Ocean near th e Bahama Is la nd s.

A f te r t h e c ap s ul e s t r i k e s t h e water, the parachute w i l lbe detache d au to ma tic all y. The cap sul e w i l l f loa t . Thee n t i r e f l i g h t , about 75,000 miles , w i l l have lasted f o u r and

one half hours -- about the t i m e it t a k e s a j e t a i r l i n e r t of l y from Los Angeles t o New York.

Government aircraft and ships w i l l be deployed wi th int he l and i ng area t o r ecove r t he capsu le and i t s a s t r o n a u tpassenger .

During t h i s rep or t per iod , the fol lowing major advanceswere made i n Pr oj ec t Mercury:

... he escape system was confirmed by four t e s t launch-ings with ' 1 L i t t l e Joe" rockets.

... he f i r s t space capsule was del ive red t o WallopsS t a t i o n , Va . , by the contractor, McDonnell Aircraft Corp. ,St . Loui s , Mo.

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...Various modifications of t h e c a p s u le were made,inc lud ing a window ( 2 1 x 11 i n c h e s ) t o r e p l a c e two smallpo rt ho le s, a quick-opening emergency escape hatch , and anin f l a t a b l e l a nd ing bag t o re du ce s ho ck i n c a s e o f a l andimpact

. Proto type Goodr ich fu l l -p res sur e s u i t s f o r a s t r o n au t

. Astronau t t r a i n i ng p rogressed on a b ro a d f ro n t ,

wear were d e l iv e r e d t o NASA i n November.

i n cl ud in g "z er o ' gr av i ty " f l i g h t s i n a i r c r a f t , c e n t r i f ug ee x pe r i en c e, e n g in e e r in g s tu d i e s , e t c .

... s e r i e s of parachute t e s t s were made by a i r c r a f tand h e l i c o p t e r i n t h e c ap su le parachu te qu a l i f ic a t io n program.

. Other components of t h e Mercury system, i 'nclud ing th ere t rograde rocke t moto rs were t e s t e d (see below) .

L i t t l e J o e F l ig h t TestsL i t t l e Joe i s a f i n - s t a b i l i z e d , c l u s t e r e d , e i g ht - ro c ke t

launch veh ic le con s i s t in g o f fou r modi fied Sergean t and fo urR e cr ui t r o c ke t s, designed f o r b a l l i s t i c f l i g h t t e s t s ofbo i le rp la te mode ls of the Mercury capsule and opera t ion o fth e escape system under severe condi t ions . The roc ket ha s amaximum v e l o c i t y of ab out 4,000 mph and a range of 160 miles.

L i t t l e Joe has proven t o be a v a l u a b l e a n d r e l i a b l et e s t v e h ic l e . The ro c k e t perform ed s a t i s f a c to r i l y i n a l lf o u r t e s t s d ur ing t h i s r e p o r t p e rio d. Bo i l e rp l a t e c a ps u les ,

u se d i n L i t t l e Joe and i n landing system drop t e s t s , dupli-ca te weight and ex te rn al shape of t h e capsule. Construc tedo f heavy, welded sheet s t e e l , th e y co nt ai n some instrumenta-t i o n , but not t he many subsys tems with which th e f i n a l capsulew i l l be equipped. The boi le rp la te capsul es provide a n eco-nomical means of developing parachute and escape systems,checking out recovery procedures, and determining capsulemotions and heating.

F i r s t Test -- On October 4, 1959, a L i t t l e Joe veh ic leca r ry ing a boi lerp la te Mercury capsule wi th a dummy escapesystem was launched from Wallops St at io n.

a t t a i n e d i t s ob je c t iv es of checking t h e soundness of t heboos te r airframe and roc ket engine sys tem, t h e opera t io ns oft he r oc ke t and th e emergency "de str uct " system. After con-f i rm a t io n o f s a t i s f a c t o r y v e h ic l e pe rforma nc e, t h e d e s t ru c tsystem was t r ig ge re d , two and one ha lf minutes a f t e r launch.

T hi s f l i g h t

Second Test -- On November 4, NASA launched a secondL i t t l e Joe f rom Wal lops S t a t io n t o t e s t the escape sys temunder severe dynamic pressure . The launch vehicle functioned

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well, b u t t h e e sc ap e ro c k et i g n i t e d s e v e ra l s ec on ds to o l a t e ,By t h a t t ime, aerodynamic pr ess ur e had f a l l e n from i t s maxi-m u m of 1,000 pounds pe r square f o o t t o 200 pounds per squarefoo t , The t e s t f a i l e d t o a c hi ev e i t s pr imary objec t ive .

Other purposes of the f i r i n g were t o t e s t paand recovery . Both t he drogue (ri bb on)

chutes funct ioned proper ly , opening a s proThe main parachute was automatically detached whencaps ule landed. Aft er t h i s t e s t , a r e v i s edes igned and s imula ted a l t i tude t e s t s of tt i o n system were made i n th e Arnold Engi neer ing DevelopmentC e n t e r F a c i l i t i e s a t Tullahoma, Tennessee .

T h i r d Test -- A t h i r d L i t t l e Joe t e s t took place onDecember 4. The launching, a t 11:15 a.m. EST.from WallopsS t a t i o n, c a r r i e d t h e c ap su le t o a n a l t i t u d e o f 55 miles .Purpose was t o check opera tio n of t h e escape system a t higha l t i t u d e . The e sc ap e ro c k et f i r e d a t a n a l t i t u d e of 95,000

f e e t , j u s t a f t e r L i t t l e Joe burnou t.

Escape acce le ra t ionwas 15 g. -

The capsule contained a biopack (a conta iner wi th equip-ment t o s u pp or t l i f e ) c a r ry in g a rhes us . monkey. A s h i pre t r ieved the capsule f rom heavy seas a t 1:15'p.m. All loca-t i o n and rec over y equipment on t h e caps ule performed s uccess-f u l l y .15 g when th e escape ro ck e t ' f i r ed , was recovered a l ive andwel l .

The monkey, which had ex per ienc ed 8 g a t launch and

Fourth Test -- The f o u r t h L i t t l e Joe veh ic le waslaunched on January 21, 1960 a t 9 : 2 3 a.m. EST from WallopsS t a t i o n . The p r i n c i p a l o b j e c ti v e o f t h i s f l i g h t ,was t h esame a s t h a t of the second L i t t l e Joe; namely, t o check t h eperformance of t h e P ro je ct Mercury esca pe s y s t e m a t maximumaerodynamic stress condi t i ons . The capsule ca rr i ed a six-pound rhesus monkey i n a t e s t o f p rima te r e a c t i o n t o higha c c e l e r a t i o n f o r c e s.

The escape system, which was t r iggered by rad io s igna lfrom th e g round, ig n i te d a t 36,500 f e e t , withs tand ing 1,070p o u n d s o f ' a i r p r e s s u re p e r s q u a re fo o t a s i t c a r r i e d t h ecapsule away from the booster .the escape tower from the capsule a t 48,900 f e e t . The cap-su le 's par achu tes opened on schedule and th e capsul e landedi n the At l an t ic Ocean 12 miles from Wallops St a t io n , To ta lf l i g h t t ime: e i gh t and one ha l f minutes . A h e l i c o p t e rrecovered th e capsule wi th i n f i ve minutes of landing . Thisf l i g h t confi rmed th e s a t i s f ac t or y performance of t he Mercuryescape system.

A timing mechanism separated

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McDonnell D el iv er s F i r s t Capsule

The f i r s t pro duct ion model of th e P ro j ec t Mercury spacecapsule was d e l iv e re d t o Wa llo ps S t a t i o n , Va., on April 1 byth e co nt ra ct or , McDonnell Ai rc ra ft Corp., S t . Louis , M o ~ Thecapsule , f i r s t of 24 c o n t r a c t e d fo r , i s ins t rumented forescape system t e s t s t o be conducted by NASAfs Space TaskGroup

i n t h e c a ps u le t o r e n d e r i t safer . F i r s t , a n a i r cushionhas been added t o p rov ide ad d i t i on a l impac t p ro tec t io n i ncase t h e c a p s u le l a n d s on the g round ins tea d of th e water(which could occur , f o r example , i n an abor t off the launchpad) . This cush ion cons i s t s of an extendable , four-foot-l on g s k i r t o f r u b b er i ae d f iberg lass c o n n e c t i n g th e hea t Bhieldwi th the capsu le s t ruc tu re .

Capsule Made Safer -= A number of changes have been made

After the main parachute i s dep loyed, th e hea t s h i e l di s released from the capsule and the bag f i l l s with a i r .Upon impact, t h e a i r t rappe d between th e hea t s h i e l d and th ec a ps u le v e n t s t hrou gh th e h o le s i n t h e s k i r t , t h e r eb y pro-v id in g t h e d e s i r e d c u s h io n in g e f f e c t .

The i mpact bag a l s o i n c r e a s e s t h e v e h i c l e f s s t a b i l i t yi n a water landing , s e rv in g a s a sea anchor, and th usp re v en t in g th e c a ps u le f rom p i t c h in g to o a c t iv e ly .

Enlarged Window Provided -- An en la rged window, 21 X 11i n c h e s , has been added t o rep lac e two smaller por tho les .Th i s w i l l a l lo w th e a s t ro n a u t , i n c as e o th e r s ys te ms f a i l ,t o o b s e rv e th e o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e v e h ic l e ; it w i l l a l s o pro-v i d e him w i t h v i s u a l r e fe r en c e f o r c o n t r o l l i n g h i s p o s i t i o nd ur in g r e t r o r oc k e t f i r i n g .

-- I n a d d i t io n t o t h e t o p h at ch ,p ro v i r a quick-opening emergency ha tc hwit h in the s i de door , which i s bo l ted i n p lace . The ha tchi s opened by means of explosive bolts,the! s i d e hatc h from the in si de , much a s a canopy i s blownfrom a j e t f i g h t e r p l a n e .

The p i lo t can t r i g g e r

Bath t he capsule and re t ro gr ad e roc ke ts have been suc-

c e s s fu l ly f i r e d und er s imu lat e d s pa ce c o n d i ti o n s a t theArnold Eng in eer in g Development Cen ter wind tun ne l , Tullahorna,Tenn. I n add i t i on , th e capsule escape system roc ke t has beens u c c e s s fu l l y t e s t e d u nde r t h e most c r i t i c a l capsule escapec o n d i t i o n s i n f l i g h t , The r e t r o r o c k e t h a s n o t been evaluated

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a s yet under f l icapsule escapa nd q u a l i f i c a t i o n of t h e s e u n i t s is underway.

Parachute T e s t s Carried Out

More than 100 parachute t e s t s have been made t o d at ewi th a i r c r a f t and he l ico p te r s . The pa rachu te qu a l i f ic a t io n

program i s near ing completion. I n a t y p i c a l t e s t , the one-t o n t e s t capsule i s dropped from a t r a n s p o r t a i r c r a f t a n dla n d s a t a r a t e of 30 f e e t per second. After water con tac t ,the chu te au tomat ica l ly r e l eases i t s e l f and the t e s t capsuler em ains a f lo a t u n t i l r e co ve re d.

evelopment of both thet s i s e s s e n t i a l l y c omplete

Environmental Control System Tests

atmosphere wi thi n th e capsule under space cond it i ons. Thef i r s t manned developmental system t e s t s were completed i nNovember 1959, a t the AiResearch Manufacturing Division,

Garret t Corporation. These t e s t s were conducted i n a n a l t i -tude chamber t o determine th e proper fu nc ti oni ng of a l l sys-tem components. Preliminary data from these t e s t s i n d i c a t et h a t t h e s ystem o pe ra te d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y .

The environmental control system must mainta in a l i v a b l e

Astronaut Pressure Su i t s D el iv ered

Proto type Goodrich fu l l -p ressu r e s u i t s f o r a s t ron au twear dur ing Mercury f l i g h t s were de l ive r ed t o NASA i nNovember. These are modified Navy Mark I V s u i t s. The NavyA i r C r e w Equipment Laboratory (NACEL) , Phi lade lph ia , Pa .f i t t e d t h e s u i t s t o t h e a s t r o n a u ts and i n do c tr i na t ed them i n

t h e i r use

T e s t s of t h e s u i t a t s imu lat e d h ig h a l t i t u d e s and a thigh temperatures have shown t h a t i t e f f e c t i v e l y r e s i s t shea t . NASA, NACEL, and the Goodrich Co. are cont inuingdevelopmental work on the suit.

After r e c e iv in g t h e i r p r es s ur e s u i t s , t h e a s t r o n a u t s .

v i s i t e d t h e McDonnell Ai rc ra ft Corp., St . Louis , Mo., t o bei n d iv id u a l ly f i t t e d w ith special couches on which they w i l ll i e during the mission.

Atti tude Sensing and Reaction Control Systems

The a t t i t u d e sens ing and reac t i on con t ro l sys tems musts t a b i l i z e t h e capsule, i n t h e p ro pe r r o t a t i o n a l p o s i t i o n i nspace. Horizon scan ners are used i n con junction with gyro-s co pe s and a p p ro p r i at e e l e c t r o n i c c i r c u i t r y t o s en se a t t i -tude o f the capsu le .

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Simulated mission t e s t s of t h e complete a t t i t u d e sens-ing system were begun i n mid-January, For t h e s e l abora to ryt e s t s an a r t i f i c i a l ho rizon was used , Per fo rmance o f th ecompleted system was proven s a t i s f a c t o r y i n t e s t s made to-date .

In o rde r t o pe rmi t r o t a t i on a l movement of the capsu le ,small hydrogen peroxide rocket j e t s , b u i l t by t h e B e l l A i r -c r a f t C O e , are provided. Successful t e s t s of these small

r e a c t i o n j e t s have r ec e nt l y been completed a t t h e L e w i sResearch Center ,

Communications ( On-Board) and In st ru me nt at io n

t h e s ev er al communications systems i n t h e capsule have beencompleted.

D u r in g th e l a s t s i x months, ex ten s ive f i e l d t r i a l s of

B i g J o e F l ig h t Te s t Re s u l t s

Since the l a s t NASA Wemiannual Reporttt, which described

p re l im i na ry r e s u l t s of t h e Big Joe l aunc h of September 9, 1959(p. 26), d e t a i l e d r e s u l t s have been a s se s s ed . I n t h a t t e s t ,a n Atlas boos ted a fu l l - s ca le inst rumented bo i le rp la te modelo f t he Mercury capsule t o nea r -o rb i ta l speed and an a l t i t u deof about 100 miles. The purpose was t o t e s t e n t r y c a p a b i l i t i es ,performance of t h e h e a t s h i e ld , c a ps u le f l i g h t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c sand capsule recovery .

A s mentioned previously, t h e h e a t s h i e l d s u c c e s s fu l lywiths tood entry , thereby proving t h e design . The Big Jo ef l i g h t t e s t r e s u l t s have been used i n con junc t ion withr e s u l t s obta ined i n t he Ordnance Aerophysics Laboratory

heated j e t t u n n e l a t Daingerf ie ld , Texas, t o e va lu at e t h eaf terbody hea t in g problem. The most s ig ni f i ca n t r e s u l t i sa n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t under t h e most c r i t i c a l a b o r t e n tr ycond i t ions t h e a f t er b od y h e a t s h i e l d i ng i n c e r t a i n areasmay be marginal. Approp riate changes a r e bei ng made t o t h eh e a t s h i e ld in g d e sig n i n these areas,

Besides t h e h e a ti n g data obtained from t h e Big Joef l i g h t t e s t , important aerodynamic s t a b i l i t y data were de-r iv ed . The c a p s u le' s s t a b i l i t y ( inher ent tendency t o keept h e heat s h i e l d forward) proved b e t t e r than had been an t ic i -pated.

Astronaut Tra in ing Progresses

a s t r o n a u t s w i l l experience i n o r b i t a l f l i g h t a r e l a r g e l yunknown. During t h i s re po rt per iod , a s p a r t o f t h e t r a i n i n gand fa mi l i a r iz a t io n program, each as t ron aut made four "ze rog ra vi ty " f l i g h t s i n FlOOF a i r c r a f t ,

The b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s of t h e w e ig h t l e s s n e s s t h a t t h e

By f l y i n g a b a l l i s t i c

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is tested at



t r a j e c t o r y , t h e a i r c r a f t can p ro du ce w e ig h t l e ssn es s f o r a slong a s 60 seconds.

Each as tr on au t made h i s f i r s t t w o f l i g h t s a s a passen-ger , f i r s t wearing a r e g u l ar f l y i n g s u i t , t h en a Mark I Vp r e s s ur e s u i t . On t h e t h i r d f l i g h t , t h e a s t r o n a u t was a tt h e. c o n t r ol s , and t h e f i n a l f l i g h t was a r e p e t i t i o n of t h ef i r s t , t o permit comparison i n performances. .The as tr on au tsand t h e a i r c r a f t were inst rumented; phys io log ica l and o th erd a t a were t e l emete red t o the g round.f l i g h t , th e as t ro nau t s took so l i d food (ground meat, e t c . )f rom too thp ast e- l ike tubes , and drank water from a squeezeb o t t l e and ano ther type of exper imenta l bo t t l e . The spacefoods and conta iners were developed by the Amy QuartermasterCorps.

During weightless

I n i t i a l s t u d i e s of c o l l e ct e d data show no unusualr ea c t i o n s d u ri n g w e i gh t l e s s p e r i o ds .

no d i f f i c u l t y i n f l y i n g t h e a i r p l a n e o r i n e a t i n g d ur in gw e i g h t l e s s f l i g h t .

The as t ro na uts repo r ted

Manned Centrifuge Experiments -- During the f i r s t h a l fof t h e r ep or t pe r iod , each as t ron au t exper ienced abou t 10hours of / s imula ted f l i g h t i n t he manned cen t r i f uge a t t h eNavy Aviat io n Medical Acc ele rat i on Laboratory, Jo hn sv il l e ,Pa . , a t a c c e l e r a t i o n s a s high a s 18 g. While whir l in g i nt h e c e n t r i f u g e cab, t h e a s t r o n a u t c o n t r o l l e d t h e v e h i c l ea t t i t u d e wi th the manual co nt ro l l er which fe d s i gn al s througha n ana log computer. They developed br ea th in g tec hn iq ue s t h a t

\prevented\ blackout and pe rmi t ted them t o c o n t r o l t h e v e h i c le

a c t i v e l y d e s p i t e t h e h i g h a c c e l e r a t i o n .

S t a t i c F l i g h t S im ul at or T r a i ni n g -- A t Langley ResearchCente r, th e as t ron au t s were t r a i n e d i n a f ixed-base simulatorwith computer-driven ins trum ents which permit t ed the a st ro na utt o p r a c t i c e c ap su le o r i e n t a t i o n d ur in g o r b i t , r e t r o - f i r e ,a n d e n t r y i n t o t h e atmosphere.

Heat and Pressure Chamber Familiarization -- Each astro-n au t a l s o spen t s ev e r a l h ou rs i n a combination pressure andh ea t chamber which r e a l i s t i c a l l y c r e a t e s t h e co n d i t i o n sexpected i n th e Mercury capsule dur ing ent ry . The as t r on au tswore p r e s s u r e s u i t s dur ing t h e s e

t e s t s ,which

wereconducted

a t t h e Navy Aircrew Equipment Laboratory, Ph il ad el ph ia , Pa.

had completed b a s i c and t h e o r e t i c a l s t u d i e s i n t h e i r t r a i n i n gprogram and had s t a r t e d p r ac t i ca l eng ineer ing s tu d ie s .involved, f o r example , a t r an s i t i o n from t h e t h eo ry o f p r o-p u l s i o n t o s t u d y o f a c t u a l p r o pu l s i o n sys tems .

Basic Studies Completed -- By December 31, t h e a s t r o n a u t s

This


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Areas i n t he t ra in ing program inc lude such subjec t s a sa s t r o n a u t i c s , e l e c t r o n i c s , t r a j e c t o r i e s , gu id an ce , r o ck e ts ,and s c i e n t i f i c o b se rv a ti on s du ri ng o r b i t a l f l i g h t . As p a r to f t he t r a i n i n g , t h e a s t r on a u t s v i s i t e d i n d u s t r i a l a nd.Government f a c i l i t i e s engaged i n roc ket re se ar ch and develop-ment and oth er space f l i g h t work.

V i s i t Planetarium -- The as tr on au ts v i s i t e d Morehead

Planetar ium i n Chapel H i l l , N. C., where they took a s h o r tc ou rs e i n c e l e s t i a l n a v ig a ti o n and r e c o g ni t i on of s tars .

T h e i r t r a i n i n g also i nc luded exper ience i n the Mul tip leAxi s A t t i t ude Con t ro l Fac i l i t y a t L e w i s Research Center i nC leve land . I n t he f a c i l i t y , which s i mula t e s r o l l , p i t c h andyaw motions simul tane ous ly, t h e men exp dri enc ed more se ve ret umbl i ng acce l e ra t i on and ve l oc i t i e s t han are expec ted i nMercury capsule f l ight .

Capsule egress t r a i n i n g was conducted i n the Gulf ofMexico off Pensacola, Fla. Although 10-fo ot swells were

experienced, no major problems were encountered. The as tr o-n a u t s a l s o t r a i n e d w it h l i f e r a f t s ‘and other survival gear.

Mercury Tracking Network Progress

The mission of the Mercury Tracking and Ground Instru-mentation Network i s t o p rovi de a l l f u n c t i o n s f o r t h e groundco nt ro l and monitoring o f Mercury sub-o rb i t a l and o r b i t a lf l i g h t s from launch t o landing. When codlpleted, it w i l l becapable of pro vidi ng tr ac ki ng , te le me try , command co nt ro land communication coverage of the Mercury capsule on a three-or b i t m is si on .

Network Responsibi l i t ies -- Mercury network responsibil-i t y i s a s fol lows:F l i gh t Cen te r has ove r -a ll r e s pon s i b i l i t y f o r P ro j ec t Mercury;the Ins t rument Reseadh Div i s ion of Langley Research Centerha s t h e NASA re sp on s i b i l i t y f o r p lanning and des igning thenetwork; t h e Department of Defense l en ds th e support o fs e v e r a l o f i t s range ins t rument s t a t ions a s does the WeaponsResearch Establishment of the Australian Government .

Fin a l ope ra t ion a l cont ro l of th e network dur ing miss iono p e r a t i o n s w i l l be under th e d i r ec t io n of a NASA representa-

t i v e . The Western E l e c t r Company, Inc. , ha s t h e primecon t r ac t f o r t he i mp lement at ion of t he ne t .

the Space Task Group of Goddard,Space

The t o t a l co s t o f th e network will be 50 t o $53 m i l -l i on . The network should be op er at io na l by e a r l y 1961.



J



Planning and Design Completed -- Progress through t h i sreport period included completion of network planning anddes ign . All s t a t i o n s i t e surveys have been made and foreigns t a t i o n n e g o ti a t i on h as p ro gr es se d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y .decision between a s h i p o r l a n d s t a t i o n i n t h e West Mexicoarea has been made i n favor o f th e land in s ta l l a t io n a s ar e s u l t s of favo rabl e ne go ti at io ns with t h e Government ofMexico. Constru ction has s t a r t e d a t s e v e r a l s i t e s , i n cl u di n g

th e Bermuda s t a t i on , which has an ea r l y ope ra t i ona l read ines sda te t o accommodate su b- or bi ta l missions .

The

Ground Communications Readied -- Planning and arrangingfor ground communication l inks between stat ions i s a l s oprogress ing . L e t t e r s of In ten t have been issued t o se ver a ldomestic and fo r e i g n commercial communications age nc ie s t obegin carr y ing out t h i s work.

P ro du ct io n o f , e l e c t ro n i c equipment f o r o u t f i t t i n g th es t a t i o n s has be un. Modification of su r l u s SCR-584 r a d a r st o t h e V e rl or t 7Very Long Range TrackingP rada r conf igura t ion

i s proceeding on sche dule . Mock-ups of d i s pl ay and c o nt ro lc on so le s f o r f i n a l e ng i ne e ri n g a pp ro va l p r i o r t o productionhave been completed.

An agreement was reached on March 19 with Spain concern-in g es tab l ishment of a Mercury t ra ck in g s t a t io n i n the CanaryIs l ands and cons t ru c t ion i s scheduled t o begin i n Apri l 1960.T h e a c t i v i t y a t t h i s s t a t i on w i l l be c a r r ied ou t i n col labora -t i o n wi th the In s t i t u t o de Tgcn ica Aeronsu t ica , o f t h eSpanish A i r Minis t ry .

On Feb rua ry 19, 1960, t h e X - 1 5 Research Airplane No, 1was de li ve re d t o NASA by th e c on tr ac to r, North AmericanAvi at ion , Inc., Los Angeles, C a l i f , To t h i s d a t e, a l l t e s tf l i g h t s had been by the con t rac to r t o deve lop and p rove th e .c a p a b i l i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e a i r p l a ne w it h t he i n t e r imengine .*

On March 25, NASA t e s t p i lo t J o s e p h A . Walker flew t h eX - 1 5 No. 1 f o r t h e f i r s t time under NASA-Air Force-Navy aus-pices. The f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n f l i g h t began a planned s e r i e sth a t would even tua l ly b r ing t he X-15 t o i t s maximum speedand a l t i t u d e g o a l s w i th t h e i n t e r i m en gi ne ,

* The X L R - 1 1 in t e r i m engines, t h ic h a r e used, produce8,000 pounds o f th r us t each ; th e f i n a l XLR-99 engine w i l lhave 50,000 pounds of thrust .

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d



X-15 No. 2 Reaches New Peak Alti tude

Meanwhile, on February 11, X - 1 5 No. 2 reached 86,000f e e t , h ig he st a l t i t u d e y e t f o r t h i s ai r pl a n e, also poweredwi th in te r im engines . Sco t t C ross f i e l d , t he con t rac t o r ' st e s t p i l o t , was a t th e co nt ro ls . The followin g week, t h ep i l o t s u bj e ct e d t h e c r a f t t o r o l l maneuvers a t speeds a thigh a s Mach 1.56 , and on March 17 , subjec ted it t o s t i l lmore severe s t resses .

Demonstrat ion Fl ights Continued

Two a d d i t i o n a l c o n t r a c t o r d em on st ra ti on f l i g h t s weremade t o d e t e r m i n e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t he s t a b i l i t y augment at ionsystem. Both f l i g h t s achieved a maximum Mach number of 2.0and a peak a l t i t u d e of 50,000 f e e t . Launching of the No. 2airplane on March 29 , 1960, was preceded by a long c ru i se a t35,000 f e e t t o "co ld soak" t he a i rp l ane (b r i ng i't gradua l l yt o a low temperature and su st ai n it t h e r e f o r t e s t purposes)t o s imulate l a t e r launching from Wendover AFB, Utah. Allsystems operated wel l a Engine-s tar t a f t e r launching wass a t is f a c t o r y . On March 21, 1960, a no th er f l i g h t o f t h eNo. 2 a i rp la ne gave proof of good s t a b i l i t y and cont ro lch ar ac te r i s t i c s . Approach and l anding were a s planned.

XLR-99 Engine Ground Tests

React ion Motors Division of Thioko l Chemical Co., con-t r a c t o r f o r t h e f i n a l XLR-99 e ng in e f o r t h e X-15, r epor t edsuccessful complet ion on February 16 of a s e r i e s of 36 t e s t sa t t h e Arnold Eng inee ring Development Cen te r, Tullahoma,Tenn. Tests i nc lu de d e v a l u a ti o n of s t a r t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,i d l i n g , hea t t r an s f e r and i g n i t i on p rope r t i e s . Numeroustypes of mal func t ion were s imula ted t o t e s t t he engine ' ss a f e t y f ea tu res . D u r i n g f l i g h t , t h e XLR-99 engine can bes topped and re s t a r t e d , and i t s t h r us t can be va r i ed.

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CHAPTER 6

SPACE SCIENCES RESEARCH

NATURE OF ACTIVITIES

Among NASA's b e t t e r known r e se a rc h t o o l s are i t s sound-ing rock e ts , s a t e l l i t e s , and deep space p robes. These arehi gh ly instrument ed d evi ces f o r measuring th e phenomena ofth e e a r th 9 s atmosphere and space environment. Dispatchedon space missions, th ey sens e, reco rd, and tran snti t funda-mental in 'formation on th e s t ru ct ur e and con te nts of theun ive rse .

I n e f fe c t, . t h e sun and p l ane ts and t he space i n whicht h e y e x i s t a re na tu ra l l ab or a t or ie s where exper iments on

matter and energy are cons tan t l y i n p rocess under extremecond i t io ns and o n enormous sc al es . Information accumulatedfrom missions i n t o t h e s e g i g a nt i c l a b o r a t o r i e s i s e s s e n t i a lt o s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n ic a l p ro gre s s and t o add t o manvss t o r e of knowledge.

T h i s chapte r recoun ts p rogress i n some of the moreimportant phases of t h i s NASA endeavor.

PROGRESS

During the re p o r t p e rio d , t h e r e was s u b s t a n t i a l NASAa c t i v i t y o ver a broad range of work r e l a t ed t o the spacesc iences :

1. The sc ien t i f ic s a t e l l i t e Explorer V I 1 and t h e u l t r a -long-dis tance so la r o r b i te r Pioneer V succeeded.d e t a i l s , see Chapter 3 , "Ekperimental Missions,1t pp. 1 3 - 3 7 . )

2 . NASA began t o make a v a i l a b l e t o s c i e n t i s t s through-out the world a de sc ri pt io n of %he tech niqu es needed t orecord the te lemeter ing codes of Explorer V I I .

transmitted by Vanguard I11 -- launched September 18, 1959 --and Explorer V I -- launched August 7 , 1 9 5 9 .

(For

3 . NASA re le a s e d r e s u l t s f rom p a r t i a l a n a ly s e s o f d a t a

4. S t a f f s c i e n t i s t s of NASA p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e F i r s tInternational Space Symposium of the International Committee



Recent NASA f ind ings f rom a d e t a i l e d s t ud y o f t h e o r b i tof Vanguard I -- launched March 17, 1958, and s t i l l t r a n s -m i t t i n g -- show t h a t sun l ig h t i n space exerts enough pres-sure t o s h i f t t h e cours e of t h e s a t e l l i t e by about one m i l eper year. The dis cov ery i s a s important a s it i s unexpected.Although s cie nce ha s long known th a t l i g h t exer ts minutep res su re , no one fo resaw t h a t t he fo rce o f so l a r r ad i a t i onc ou ld a f f e c t t h e o r b i t o f a s a t e l l i t e t o such a n e x t e n t i nsuch a s h o r t t i m e ,

Earth ' s Pear-Shape Confirmed

by study of t he orb i$ of Explorer I . T his c o n f i r m d r e s u l t sobtain ed o r ig in al ly f rom the Vanguard I o r b i t (see NASA's" F i r s t Semiannual Report t o Congress," October 1, 1958 --March 31 , 1 9 5 9 ) ,

T h a t t h e e a r t h i s s l i g h t l y pear -shaped was again shown

Radiat io n Aff ect s Weather

of ra di at io n and abnormal hea t ing of th e atmosphere. Thismay account f o r some of t h e c or re la t i on s of t e r r e s t r i a lwea ther w i t h so l a r su r face ac i t v i t y . There i s a l so ev idenceof a r e l a t i on be t ween t he r ad i a t i on r eg i on and au ro ras .

S i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s seem t o e x i s t between incidence

SPACE RESEARCH PROGRAMS

NASA space sc ie nc e res ea rc h is going forward i n twop r i n c i p a l areas: 1) s a t e l l i t e and sounding rocket programs,and 2 ) lu na r and pl an et ar y programs. The primary aim i s t oin cr ea se man's knowledge by inv es t i ga t i ng the ea rt h ' s atmos-phere and the space beyond by'means of rocke t s and s a t e l l i t e s .A s i nd i ca t ed e a r l i e r , t he ch a r ac t e r i s t i c s o f t he a tmosphereand space are broadly defined by employing a wide var ie ty ofexp lor ato ry inst ruments . Once t h i s i s done, s c i e n t i s t s candesign advanced, ' highly spe c ia l i ze d , and accur a te ins t rumentsf o r more d e t a i l e d i nves t i ga t i on .

S a t e l l i t e s and Sounding Rockets

Geophysics and Astronomy -- S c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n sca r r i ed ou t by s a t e l l i t e s and sounding rockets f a l l i n to twomain/groups: - 1)Geophys ical s tu d i es of the e ar th ' s upperatmosphere, th e immediate space environment o f th e e a r th ,and t he r o l e o f so l a r phenomena i n r e l a t i o n t o t e r r e s t r i a lphenomena, 2 ) Astronomical s tu d ie s. Astronomy i s one oft h e o l d e s t o f s c i e n t i f i c d i s c i p l i n e s , From i t have come age-o l d and i nca l cu l ab l y grea t benef i t s . As examples, from

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anc ien t obse rva t ion of th e heav n ly bod ies we l e a r n e d t omeasure time, t o n a v ig at e t h e seas, and t o dev ise ca lendars ,

Atmospheric Veil Pierced -- Since man f i r s t beganst ud yi ng t he s un, moon, and s ta rs , h i s i n v e s t ig a t io n s h a v ebeen hampered by t h e ab so rb in g ef fec ts and the . d i s t o r t i o n so f t h e e a r t h t s a tm os ph ere. D i s t o r t i o n o f o b j e c t s s e enthrough t h e shimmer of midsummer he a t i s a familiar example,

Sounding rockets and s a t e l l i t e s can c a r ry above the v e i l ofatmosphere many typ es of ins tru men ts t o s tu dy the heavens,

th an th re e ye ar s ol d, sp ec ta cu la r phenomena have al re ad ybeen d i scovered . Because s c i e n t i f i c re sea rch i s the inves -t i g a t i o n of the unknown, it i s im po ss ib le t o p r e d ic t e x a c t lywhat w i l l be le ar ne d i n coming years o r w h a t b e n e f i t s w i l lbe forthcoming, but hi st or y has demonstrated rep hat edl y t ha tno l i n e of r e s e a rc h f a i l s t o a dd u l t im a t el y t o human welfare.

Even though t h e era of a r t i f i c i a l s a t e l l i t e s is less

Moreover, t h e space sc ie nc es may i n time answer philo-

s o p h ic a l q u e s t io n s t h a t have in tr ig ue d the minds of men f o rc e n t u r i e s ,

Is t h e r e l i f e elsewhere than on ear th?

What i s t h e nature of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t he e a r t h t oth e moon, th e p lan ets , t he sun , and th e universe?

What can be f e a rn e d , a b o u t t h e o r i g in o f t h e u n iv e r se ?

Scope of Geophysica l Inves t iga t ions -- Geophysicali n v e s t i g a t i o n s b y s a t e l l i t e s and sounding rockets embrace an

a r r a y of sc i enc es and pen etr a te space extending thousands ofmiles f rom the ea r th .l a r g e l y on s tudyi ng the a tmosphere , ionosphere , e ner get icp a r t i c l e s , and mag ne ti c a nd e l e c t r i c f i e l d s .

NASAts geophysica l program c onc ent ra t es

The Atmosphere

NASA i s i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e properties and phenomena ofth e atmosphere f rom the a l t i t u d e c e i l i ng o f ba l loons (abou t20 m i l e s ) t o regi on s of space beyond the l a s t t r a c e s o fatmosphere. The ob je ct i s t o determine t he composi t ion ofth e c o n s t i t u e n t ases a nd th e s t ru c tu r e (p r e s s u re , d e n s i ty ,

and temperatures7

of th e atmosphere, and t o f i n d how thes eproper t ie s va ry f rom day t o nig ht and f rom season t o seasona t d i f f e r e n t a l t i t u d e s a nd g eo gr ap hi ca l l o c a t i o ns . C lo se l yre la ted work i s going forward on: 1) u per atmosphericw i n d s a n d t h e i r c i r c u l a t i o n p a t t e r n s ; 2P s t u d i e s of s o l a ra c t i v i t i e s t o c o r r e l a t e them wi th g e n e r a l at mo sp he ri cbehavior; and 3 ) s t u d ie s t o l e a rn how t h i s complex of i n t e r -r e l a t i o n s a f f e c t s m e t eo r ol o gi c al p ro ce ss es .

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f



Atm ospheric S t r uc t u r e S a t e l l i t e -- I n s t r u m e n t s f o r t h i s400-lb s a t e l l i t e have been selected, and design and develop-ment are under way a t Goddard Space-Flight Center.p a r t under NASA co nt ra ct s , a re the Consolidated SystemsCorp,, Monrovia, Calif . NRC Equipment Corp,, Newton, Mass.a su bs id ia ry of Na t ional Research Corp. ; and th e Nat ionalResearc h Corp., Cambridge, Mass. The s a t e l l i t e w i l l be

launched by a Delta Vehicle .

r o c k e t s f o r determining upper atmosphere winds were launchedfrom Wallops Station on November 18, 19. and 20 (see Chapter3 , "Experimental Missions," pp. 3 1 - 32).

Taking-

Sounding Rocket A ct iv i t ie s -- Three Nike-Asp sounding

NASA pl an s t o launch about 20 more sounding ro ck et sf o r upper a tmosphere s t ud ies . Half of the launchings w i l lbe fo r determin ing temp era tur es and winds a t a l t i t u d e s o ffrom 20 t o 50 miles. This w i l l be done by exploding specialgrenades high i n th e a tmosphere and t he n measuring th e speedo f th e sound waves t o ca lc ul at e t h e tempe ratures and windsthr ou gh which t h e waves pa ss. The program i s under Goddardd i r ec t i on , wi th pa r t i c i pa t io n by the Unive rs i t y o f Michigan ,t he U n i ve r s i t y o f New Mexico, and the Sc he ll in ge r ResearchI n s t i t u t e o f Texas Western College.

The remaining rockets w i l l be launched for o the r i nves -t i ga t i o n s o f t he upper a tmosphere -- f o r i ns t ance , det ermi -n at io n of wind speeds and di f fu si on by employing sodiumvapor r e l e a s e d h i gh i n t he atmosphere and f o r s t ud i e s bymeans of mass and i on spec t rometers and den s i t y and pre ssuregauges . The sodium vapor expe rim en ts are conducted by theGeophysics Corporation of America under NASA c o n t r a c t s ;

Goddard w i l l perform the other experiments . Some of t h eexperiments w i l l a l s o t e s t i n s t rum e n t a t i on fo r t h b Atmos-p h e r i c S t r u c t u r e S a t e l l i t e .

T he o re t i c a l a nd expe ri me nt al a c t i v i t i e s of NASA arebeing augmented, under co nt ra ct s, by work of th e GeophysicsCorporat ion of America, th e Univ ersi ty of Michigan, and theArmour Research Foundation.

The Ionosphere

N A S A i s i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e o r i g i n and v a r i a t i o n s o f t h e

components of t h e i o no sp he re , t h e r e as o n s f o r t h e i r var ia-t i o n s , a nd t h e i r g r o ss p r o p e rt i e s .

The ionosphere i s a r e g i on of e l e c t r i c a l l y charged( i o n i z e d ) gases, beginning about 35 miles above the surfaceo f t h e e a r t h . Maximum i on i z a t i on oc c u r s a t about 180 miles.The reg ion inc lud es a number of zones of somewhat different

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c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( c a l l ed th e D, E , F , and F2 layers) t ha tv ar y i n a l t i t u d e a n d io n iz a t io n w i t k t h e time of day andthe season.

T h i s i o n i z a t i o n i s be l ieved t o be caused p r i nc i pa l l yby u l t r av io le t ray s , X-rays, and charged p a r t i c l e s s t reamingfrom the sun. Long-range r a d i o communications are p o s s ib l ebecause the e le c t ro ns of t he ionosphere re f l e c t r ad io wavesof low and medium freque ncy back t o e a r t h .

Among in st ru me nt s used t o determine th e numbers andp ro p e r t i e s o f t h e gases, ions , and e lec t ro ns are io n andmass spec tro mete rs, r a di o frequency impedance probes, andLangmuir probes .*( d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s of th e way rad io waves t r a v e l through th eionosphere ) o f d i f f e r en t types are a l s o used. For example,a very low frequency experiment was c a r r i e d i n E xp lo re r V I .Other experiments depend on de ta i l ed an al ys is o f how t h eion os ph ere a f f e c t s s i g n a l s from s a t e l l i t e s o r s pace p ro bes .

Ra.dio-frequency pro pag ati on exp eri men ts

Dir ect Ionospher ic Measurement by Sa t e l l i t e -- Severa ls a t e l l i t e s w i l l be launched with the major objective of'd i r e c t l y s tudying th e ionosphere , which i s of tremendousimportance t o ra di o communications on e ar t h. The program w i l lbe und er t he pr o j e c t management of Goddard. The Ma rs ha llSpace Fl ig ht Center, Huntsv i l le , Ala ., i s r e s p on s i b l e f o rassembling and te s t i n g t he payload .ins t rumenta t ion for the payload has been submit ted for t e s t st o t h e M ar sh al l Ce nter by Goddard Center . Two more payloadsf o r f l i g h t - t e s t in g are being assembled.

A proto type of the

Ionosphere Beacon Satel l i te -- Planned t o fo l low t he

ionospheric measurement experiments i s a s a t e l l i t e which w i l lga t he r info rmation abou t e lec t ron d i s t r ib u t io n and charae te r -i s t i c s of th e ionosphere by s tudying i t s e f f e c t s on r ad i ot ransmiss ion .fo r the s imul taneous t ransmiss ion o f s ix harmonica l ly r e l a t edr a d i o s i g n a l s . Depending on their frequencies, these s i g n a l sw i l l be a f f e c t e d t o v a ry ing d eg ree s du ring t h e i r t r a v e l sth rough the ionospher ic reg ion . Ana lys i s o f the s ig na l s w i l ly ie ld i n fo rm at io n a bo ut t h e s t r u c t u re a nd p ro p e r t i e s o f t h ereg ion . Goddard i s managing the project and Marshall i sdesigning , assembling , and t e s t i n g t h e payload. Other par-t i c i p a n t s inc lude th e Unive rs i ty of Auckland, New Zealand;

t h e U n iv e rs i ty o f I l l i n o i s ; Pennsylvania S t a t e Universi ty;Sta nfor d Univers i ty ; and th e Nat ional Bureau of Standards.

The payload w i l l include electronic equipment

* Instrume nts; not t o be confused wit h space probes.

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v i c i n i t y. velopment i s w e l l under way, a s i st h e s e l e c t i o f o r t h e o p t ic a l- s e ns o r systemt h a t w i l l be in s t a l l ed t o keep ground s t a t i on s informed ont h e s a t e l l i t e q s or i en t a t i on . The p ro jec t i s under Goddardmanagement .

-- Under t h i s program, 10so un e d t o i n v e s t ig a t e n e ut roni n t e n s i t i e s , cosmic r a y s , and s o l a r p a r t i c l e s .

mana d, i s inclEded i n tlfiis group-of studies.The pro jec t invo lves launch ing and recover ing small i n s t r u -mented payloads a f t e r f l i g h t s t o a l t i t u d e s a s high a s 1,300miles i n t o t h e r a d i a t i o n r eg i on . N E R V w i l l measure t h era di a t i on re gi on more comprehensive ly tha n i s p o s s ib l e a tp re s e n t .i n d iamete r and con ta ins s pe c i a l pho tographic emuls ion th a ti s h i gh l y s e n s i t i v e t o n u cl e ar r a d i a t i o n.

the emuls ion w i l l r e v e a l t h e l e v e l s o f e n e r g i e s and ty p e s ofrad ia t ion encoun te red .

(Nuclear Emulsion Recovery Vehicle),

Bell-shaped, t h e payload i s 18 inches long and 19 inches

Tracks l e f t i n

Because th e da ta conta ined i n th e emuls ion t r ac ks can-not be te lemetered , NERV must be re co ve re d. Hence, it i sb u i l t t o w iths t an d s e ve re l a n din g s ho ck s, and t o f l o a t a f t e rit l an ds i n t h

On March 2, NASA completed pre- launch t e s t s o f t h e 75-pound NERV vehicle . The t e s t s included: 1) l a b o ra to rys imul a t ion s o f en t r y in t o - he a tmosphere , and 2 ) drop-recovery t e s t s i n th e f i e l d .

The heat and bu ff e t in g of e n t ry were s im u la te d i n t h eMalta, N . Y., l a b o r a to ry o f t h e c o n t r a c to r , G en eral E l e c t r i cCo. I n t h e r e c o ve r y t e s t s , a n F-104. S t a rf i g ht e r a i r c r a f td ropped the v eh i c le f rom an a l t i t u d e of seven miles over the

. P a c i f i c Missile Range, near San Nichol as Is la nd , C a l i f . A l lelements of the NERV recovery system operated a s planned,in c lu d in g p a ra c hu te s, s e a r c h beacon, f l a s h in g l i g h t , ' r a d a rc h a f f ( c o n f e t t i - l i k e s t r i p s o f aluminum f o i l -- h i g h l y r e f l e c -t i v e t o r a d a r im pulses -- t h a t will be e j e c t e d t o a i d i nt r a c k in g th e v e h ic l e ) , a nd dye marker t o s t a i n th e sea, sot h a t su r fa ce vess e l s may re ad i l y loc a te and recover the NERV

payload.

N e w York University under a NASA re se ar ch gr an t. Theseexperiments w i l l be flown l a t e r t h i s year i n an Aerobee-Hisounding rocket e

Neutron in tens i ty exper iments are being ca r r ie d ou t by

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Phys ics inc lud in Gamma Ray Astrono y; Re la t i v i ty Inv es t i -

see NASAts '@SecondSemiannual Report t o Congress?? Ap ri l 1 --September 30, 1959.)

s a t e l l i t e s , an accompanying sounding rocket program, re la tedth eo re t i ca l and labor a to ry s tud ie s , and ins t rument develop-ment and design.

ga ti on s; and Rad9o Astronomy. (Fo r d e t a i l e d d e s c r ip t io n ,

During t h i s re po r t per iod, work went forward on fo ur

Gamma Ray Astronomy Sate l l i te

Th is s a t e l l i t e i s being developed t o i nv e st i ga te gammar a y s -0 high energy . ra d ia t io n of ex tremely sh or t wavelengtha s s o c i a t e d w i th t h e in t e r a c t i o n o f cosmic r a y s o r o th e re n e r g e ti c p a r t i c l e s w i th matter. The s a t e l l i t e w i l l beequipped with ins t r uments t o d e t ec t and map e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a lgamma r a y s i n space ( t h a t i s , gamma r a d i a t i o n o r i g i n a ti n gfrom unknown sou rce s i n sp ac e) , and t o measure gamma r a yphenomena as so ci at ed wit h the e a r t h t s atmosphere.

Gamma Ray Telescope

The basic design of a " te lescope ," sp ec ia l l y designedt o measure gamma ray s, and t o determine t h e re gi on s of t h esky from which the radiation comes, was completed by theMassachuset ts I n s t i t u t e of Technology. A prototype modelwas de l iv e red t o t he Marshal l Space F l igh t Center f o rassembly with the s a t e l l i t e housing, te le me tr y equipment,and so l ar - ce l l power supply. Heat, e lec t r ica l , and mechan i -c a l t e s t s of t h e prototype payload are scheduled t o begini n June.

The s a t e l l i t e i s under the technical management ofGoddard Space Fl ig ht Center . Plans ca l l f o r use of a Juno I1l aunch veh ic le .

Work i s i n progress on two s o l ar spectroscopy s a t e l l i twhich w i l l measure t h e e l e c t rom a g n e t i c r a d i a t i o n f ro m th esun i n th e u l t r av i o l e t , X-ray, and gamma ra y reg ion s of t h espectrum and w i l l s tu d y time v a r i a t i o n s o f t h e s e e m is s io n s .I n " v i s i b l e l i g h t " s pe ct ro sc op y, l i g h t i s s e pa r at e d i n t o i t sin di vi du al component co lo rs o r wavelengths. This i s c a l l e d

a spectrum. Study of a spectrum provides detai led informa-t i o n abou t the compos it ion and p ro per t ie s o f th e sourcee m i t t i n g t h e l i g h t .

The so la r spectroscopy experiments w i l l be used t o stusome of th e in v is ib le " l i ght " emit t ed by th e sun . The satel-l i t e s w i l l be the f i r s t capable of performing intensive



i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of t h e s e s o l a r r a d i a t i o n s which are absorbedby t h e e a r t h ' s atmosphere and hence cannot be s t u d i e d fromthe ground.

Neutron monitor experiments, prepared by the LawrenceRadiation Laboratory, w i l l also be ca rr ie d ou t , The exp eri -ments w i l l employ de te ct or arrangements capable of countingn e ut ron s i n t h e p re se nc e o f o th e r e n e rg e t i c p a r t i c l e s . Theo b j e c t i v e s are t o de te rm in e w hether p a r t i c l e s i n t h e r a d i a -

t i o n zone o r i g i na te f rom th e decay of neut rons and whetherthese neutrons come f r o m t h e e a r th o r from th e s un o r o th e rsources .

Construc t ion of t h e s a t e l l i t e s t r u c t u r e and t h e f l i g h t -An op erat ing model ofo in t ing con t ro l sys tem i s under way.

t h e p o in t i ng c o n t r o l t h a t w i l l keep the payload ins t rumentst r a in e d o n th e s u n was completed by Ball Brothe rs ResearchCorp., Boulder, Colo., and has met a l l t e s t requirements .Design of the payload e lec t ronics sys tem was completed i nFebruary 1960, when the need for g r ea t e r r e l i a b i l i t y d ic ta te dt h a t two sep ara te da ta-handl ing systems should be in s t a l le d .

If one malfunctions, t h e o t h e r ca n be commanded t o take over.T h e s a t e l l i t e w i l l be launched by a Delta v e h i c l e ,

Or bi t i ng Astronomical Observatory

Objec t ive of t h e f o u r t h s a t e l l i t e under t h e astronomyprogram i s t o s tu dy t h e s ta rs , sun, nebulas, and pl an et s bym e a n s of a telescope mounted on an unmanned s a t e l l i t e t h a tw i l l o r b i t t h e e a r t h well beyond t h e atmosph ere. Above t h ea b so rbin g an d in t e r f e r in g e f f e c t s of t h e - e a r th ' s g a se ou senvelope, t h e o bs er va to ry may hel p so lv e many of t h e myster-i e s of the un ive rse , i t s composi tion and o r ig in , t h a t are

hidden from us today.

Before t h e o rb i t i n g o b s e rva to ry i s f e a s ib l e , many i n t r i -c a t e problems must be so lved.a ss ur ed t o s t a b i l i z e t h e s a t e l l i t e so t h a t t h e t e l e s c o p e c a nbe p o in t ed a c c u ra t e l y to ward th e p l a n e t s i n o u r s o l a r s ys temand toward the s ta r s . To a cc om pl is h t h i s , p r e c i s io n c o n t ro lo f a degree never befor e a t tempted i n a s a t e l l i t e must bea t af ne d.

For example, means must be

Work i n Pr og re ss -- Contracts have been l e t t o s ev e ra lu n iv e r s i t i e s f o r p r e l im in a ry s tu d i e s a nd e xp er im en ts .

A m e s Research Center ha s made engi neer ing s tu di es and workedon s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e s t a b i l i z a t i o n equipment .December 1959, a b r i e f i n g on t h i s p ro j ec t f o r i n t e r e s t e dmembers of industry was he ld a t NASA Headquarters and at tendedby soma 150 persons. Purpose was t o pr ov id e f u r t h e r i n f o r -mation on requ ire men ts and pla nnin g t o companies which haveshown an e a r l i e r i n t e r e s t i n t h e p r oj ec t .

NASA's

I n

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I n February 1960, the detai led technical managementre sp on s i b i l i t y f o r th e Orbi t in g Ast ronomica l Observa tory wasass ign ed t o Goddard.

Work i s cont inuing on t h e s p e c i f ic a t i o ns f o r t h e s t a b i -l i a e d p la t form. I n March 1960, s p e c i f i c a t i o n s were reviewedand d is cu sse d wi th t h e members o f t h e NASA Working Group f o rt h i s p r o j e c t . When t h e s pe ci fi ca t i on s are completed, propos-

a l s f o r eng i nee r i ng des i gn and fab r i ca t i on w i l l be requestedfrom i n d u s t r i a l s o u r c es .

Sounding Rockets W i l l Be Used -- About a dozen soundingr o c ke t s f o r t h e astronomy program a r e scheduled f o r exper i -ments between April and October 1960.by Goddard, t h e paylo ads w i l l i ncl ude exper imen ts f o r s o l a rspec t roscopy and f o r de t ec t ion of areas o f u l t r a v i o l e t emis-s i o n i n space.

Designed and built

Suppor t ing and Rela ted Act iv i t i es

Pa r t i c i pa t i n g i n t he a stronomy p ro j e c t , t he Un i ve rs i t yof Michigan has been st ud yi ng low-frequency, cosmic back-ground radio noise .by t h e Canadian Defence Telecommunications Board i n t h epr ev io us ly noted coo per ativ e Topside Sounder program.

Also closely r e l a t e d i s work being done

Under the R el at iv i t y In ves t ig at io n Pro jec t , NASA con-t r a c t s are i n ef fe ct wi th the Nat ional Bureau of Standardsand Hughes A i r c r a f t Company f o r t he development of v er yaccur a te a tomic c locks o r f requency s t anda rds w i t h very longs t a b i l i t y or accuracy . The Massachuse t ts I n s t i t u t e of Tech-nology i s devel op ing spec i a l i zed e l ec t ro n i c c i r c u i t s and

techniques f o r an experiment t o t e s t Ei ns t e i n ' s t heo ry o fr e l a t i v i t y t hr o ug h use of s a t e l l i t e s . Detai led planning forsuch a s a t e l l i t e t e s t by a s tudy of t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l r e ds h i f t e f f e c t must await the outcome of the ground-basedt e s t s now being conducted by a new technique i n se ve ra llaboratories. However, a s t he accura te f requency s t andardsw i l l have many othe r us es i n space technology, th e clo ckdevelopment phase of t h i s program w i l l be continued..

Support ing th eo re t i ca l , experimental , and inst rumenta-t i o n s t ud ie s f o r the astronomy program are being conducted a tGoddard, and by in du s t r i a l o r ganiza t ions and un iv er s i t i esunder NASA c on tr a ct s ( l i s t e d i n Appendices L and M ) .

Theoretical Work

Research undertaken by the Theoret ical Divis ion ofGoddard includes a program i n c e l e s t i a l mechanics.under t h e program were touched upon e a r l i e r i n t h i s c ha pt er .

Resu l t s

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I n a d di t i on , a sp ec ia l method f o r ra p id de te rmina t ion ofs a t e l l i t e o r b i t s from ra da r d a ta has been developed.

S tu d ie s are being pursued and new theories a re beingdeveloped t o des cri be lun ar pr op er t i es and motion. The worki s a necessary pre lude t o space probe and s a t e l l i t e i n v e s t i -g a t i o n s of t h e moon. Goddard i s developing a t h e o r e t i c a lr e s e a r c h p rogram keyed p a r t i c u l a r l y t o t h e d a t a on u l t r a -

v i o l e t spec t ra expec ted t o be obtained f r o m t h e o r b i t i n gas t ronomica l obse r va to ry.

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SATELLITE APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER 7

SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS MADE

NASA i s b r i n g in g s u b s t a n t i a l e f f o r t t o b ea r on t h e de-velopment of special s a t e l l i t e s t o advance t he t echnologiesof weather forecast ing and teleradio communications. I t i si n p r a c t ic a l f i e l d s such a s t h e s e t h a t the information drawnfrom s c i e n t i f i c space miss ions can now be u t i l i ze d t o great-e s t advantage.

Within th e next decade, s a t e l l i t e s should be i n rou t in ese rv i ce t o f u rn i sh me teo rol ogi cal obse rvat i ons on a g l o b a ls c a l e s o t h a t a l l the interdependent phenomena of weather i n

t h e making can be qui ckly si f te d , analyzed, and understoodon a scope impossible today. A s meteoro logi s t s ga in b e t t e rin s i gh t in to how th e complex f a c t o r s fit t o g e t h e r , v a s t l yimproved and longer-range weather pr ed ic ti on w i l l fol low.

toward developing techniques from which w i l l evolve a world-wide te leradio system. A t t h i s s tage, a c t i v i t i e s a r e cen-t e r e d on f a i r l y simple d e v ic e s t o t e s t equipment and princi-p l e s .

I n th e communications f i e l d , e a r l y NASA work i s d i r e c t e d

Meteorological S a t e l l i t e Programs

In October 1959, Explorer VI1 p la ce d i n e a r t h o r b i tequipment t o measure and transmit much information on thephenomena t h a t make up weather (see Chapter 3 , "ExperimentalMissions," pp. 13 - 2 0 ) . Although the s a t e l l i t e was notdes igned spe c i f i ca l l y f o r such observat ions, Explorer VI1c a r r ie d and experiment t o determine how much he at t he e a r t hr e c e i v e s from t h e sun and how much i s rad ia ted back in tospace. Data a re s t i l l being co l l e c te d and in te rpr e te d .

During t h i s r epor t pe r iod , a l a rge e f f o r t was devotedt o f a b r i c a t i n g and t e s t i n g TIROS I (o r b i t i ng on Apr i l 1) and

t o o rgan i zi ng means f o r acqu i r i ng and i n t e rp re t i ng da t a fromt h e s a t e l l i t e (see Chapter 3 , ttExperimental Missions,"pp. 2 4 - 30) .

As pr ep ar at io ns f o r launch ing TIROS went on, pl an swere maturing for i t s sequel , a fami ly of s a t e l l i t e s c a l l e dNimbus. All Nimbus s a t e l l i t e s w i l l have the same b a s i cs t r u c tu r e and components -- such a s t e l e m e t r y , s t a b i l i z i n g

- 83 -

f



equipment, etc. -- along w i t h p ro vi s io ns f o r i n s t a l l i n g im -proved o r new in st ru me nta tion . Nimbus ill be launched intop o l a r o r b i t and o r i e nt e d t o f a c e t h e e a r t h cat a l l times; itcan thus view t h e e n t i r e globe and provide f a r more weatherinformat ion than i s p o s s ib l e w i t h TIROS.

l a t e i n 1960 and TIROS I Ia d u ri n g t h e first h a l f of 1961,About s ix months l a t e r , Nimbus I w i l l be launched, followed

by Nimbus I1 i n 1962 and+Iirnbus I11 i n 1963. TIROS lamch-i n g s w i l l u s e th e Delta vehicle, and Nimbus the Thor-Agena B o

According t o cu r ren t p lans , TIROS I1 w i l l be launched

Communications S a t e l l i t e

Pro ect Echo - A S A ' s e f f o r t i n t h e communications f i e l dhas been+oncen rated la rg e l y on Proj ec t Echo, an exper imenta lcommunications s a t e l l i t e program, In Pr oj ec t Echo, 100-footdiameter i n f l a t a b l e spheres composed of mic ro-t hin alum iniaedpolymer p l a s t i c t o r e f l e c t e l ec t ro - aa g ne t i c (radio) waves, w i l lbe f i r e d i n t o 1,000-aile a l t i t u d e o rb i t s .munications s a t e l l i t e s w i l l b e i n je c t e d i n t o e q u a t or i a l o r b i t s

a t an a l t i t u d e of 22,300 miles.

with l a r g e s u r f a c e areas p e r u n i t weight; 2) measure reflec-t i v i t y of t h e spheres and t h e manner i n which radiq wavest r a v e l through and ar e af fe c t ed by space; and 3 ) determinet h e f e a s i b i l i t y of using such s a t e l l i t e s as radiowave ref'lec-t o r s i n worldwide communications systems.

Operational com-

Project Echo is designed to:

1) Study t h e e f f e c t s o f s pa ce c on d i t i on s on s a t e l l i t e s

: Over-all management of P r o j e c te F l ig ht Center , Langley Research. The communications experiments

are be ing ca r r ied ou t by t h e J e t Propulsion Laboratory at itsGoldstone, Calif. , s t a t i on and by t h e B e l l Telephone Laborato-ries , Holmdel, N. J. The Naval Research Laboratory w i l l par-t i c i p a t e from i t s Stump Neck, Md., s i te .

The Army, t h e A i r Force, and seven ed uca ti ona l and indus-t r i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s have volunteered t o perform independentexperiments.

In England, t h e J o d r e l l Bank f a c i l i t y o f t h e Univers i tyof Manchester w i l l a t tempt t o re ce i ve t ransmiss ion f romHolmdel, S c ie nt is t s from se ve ra l o th er co un tr ie s have indi-

c a t e d t o NASA t h a t t h e y w i l l make use of Projec t Echo forexperiments.

:i n g s l e t e -- inc luding sphere des ign and fa br ic a t io n ,r e f l e c t i v i t y measurements, in f la t io n and fo ld in g techn iques ,co nt ai ne r design and payload-vehicle compatabil i ty .

Other organ i za t ion s have made i n q u i r i e s .

Payload t e s t i n g and development f o r Echo launch-



t,d.ElI

c,WQ)c,

J



The payload ipolymer pla

t e r and has

The metal c o n t a i n e r f o r t h e fo lded sphere cons i s t s o f two

005-inch thick alurai-he sphere i s 100 fee t i n0,000 cubic feet.

the rsphere before sealing.

models of t h e sphere ave been t e s t na ive ly t o f i n d t h er i a a t i o n rrrethods and techni r a e p a r a t iw t h er and for ejecting and i n f he p la s t i c s p h e re .

Two ereparation and i n i t i a l ( p a r t i a l ) i n f l a t io n t e s t s with af u l l - s i ae l o b f o o t sp he re were 8 ~ 1 8 ~ade i n t h e chamber.

IIAL k l - f o ~ t - d i etsr vaouum c a t Langley, scale

The f i r s t E ho launching wast h e r l au nc hi n s are planned for t h e

Su b o rb i t a l Tests: Along with t h e vacuum-chamber t e s t s ,s u b o r b i t a l t e s t s of t h e Echo payload and of t h e third-stageDelta v e h i c l e were made by Langley technicians a t WallopsSt a t on.

The Echo vehicle, assembled s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t h e t e s t s ,c o n s i s t s of a Sergeant f i r s t -s tage -- assisted by two Recruitro c k e t s a t l i f t o f f -- and an X-248 rocket engine as seconds t a g e ( t h e X-248 comprises t h e t h i r d stage of t h e Delta).During t h e r e p o r t p e r io d , t here were a l s o fo u r s u b o rb i t a l Ec h olawachings.

l i f t ST, October 28, 1959. The vehicleperformed w e l l , but the sphere ruptured when it was ejectedfrom t h e conta iner and inflated. Several fragments Separatedfrom t h e main body and cont inu ed al ong t h e b a l l i s t i c t rajec--t or y, r i s i n g t o an a l t i t u d e of about 250 miles and enter ing

In t h e f i r s t s u b o r b i t a l t e s t ,

* Failed Hay 13.



TE

LUNAR, PLANETA A

Although l e s s than three years have passed s i n u s th e e r aof spacefl ight opened, sa te l l i t es probes of a number oftype8 have been sent f a r i n t o t h e a m i t i e s o f t h e ml a rsys tem t o exp lo re ro u t es which human b e i s may even tua l lyfollow. Soare of these dev ices have c i ra le d the, earth as sa t -e l l i t e s , o the rs have sped t o t h e moon o r be.grQnd, and t;hretespace probes have swept i n t o o r b i t s around th e sun a t plane.t a r y d i s t a n c e s .

F r u i t s of ea r l y space misssions are se rv ing HASA as t h ebasis f o r t h e aecond phase - a ord er l y ev olu t io n of launch-

i n g v e hi c l es , s c i e n t i f i c payloads, and s p a e e o ra f t leading t om a n n e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of t h e Moon, Venus, and Mars i n prepa-r a t i o n f o r maAned expedi tions. For t h e sake of cemple tenis i ,a br ie f s ta tement of programs planned, on most of whicrh pre-l iminary work has begun, i s inc luded in t h i s repor t .

THE PROSPECT

goals t h a t appear e n t i r e l y p r a c t i c a b l e and has assigned themFor th e corning f i v e t o seven years , HASA has s e l e c t e d

c t s ( h i ~ h = r e ~ ~ l K t i ~ ~Fv dur inglus s u rv iv a b le c a p s u le)

bes t o Mars and Venus

o Mars ruld Venuswith mobile vehia le

1965 w i l l be, devoted t of o r m i ss io ns with Saturn.

SGIEEJTIFIC GOALS

Fro n t of sc ience , t h e miss ions p ro jec tedare as B,

s e lve s . i c o b j e c t iv e 8 are:11be t h e drama of t h e f l i g h t s them-

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J



To acquire fundamental physical and chemical

information on the moon and planets; t o i n -ve st ig at e space phenomena and th e i r var ia-t i on s over t he r ange o f l una r and p l ane t a ryd i s t a nc e s ; t o e x p lo r e t h e surface and nearbyenvironment of t h e moon and t o measure andd es cr ib e i n d e t a i l i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , f o rexample, th e su rf ac e composition, r ad io -

a c t i v i t y and s t r u c t u r a l f ea t u r e s , and them ag ne ti c and g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e l d s ; t o i n -ves t i ga t e t he cons t i t uen t s , p rocesses , andc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e i n t e r p l a n e t a r y r e-g i ons s o as t o und er st an d how and why t h e yvary wi th time and l oca t i on w i t h i n t he so l a rsys tem; t o ex tend t hese i nves t i ga t i o ns t ot he de t a i l ed s t udy and exp l o ra t i on of t h epl an e ts ; t o develop improved means and tec h-n i ques fo r t he conduct o f l una r , i n t e rp l ane -t a r y and p l ane t a ry i nv es t i ga t i ons and ex-p l o ra t i ons .

The nearest and most f a m i l i a r body t o u s i n t h e s o l a rsystem i s the moon. Clear, -dry, and a ppa ren t ly changeless ,t h e moon has been an ob jec t of sp ec ula t io n f o r thousands ofyea rs. Devoid of atmosphere i n t h e t e r r e s t r i a l sense , themoon has had no winds, no r a in s , no chemical i n t e r a c t i o n s f o rb i l l i o n s of y e ar s t o a l t e r i t s su r face . I t o f f e r s a chancet o s tu dy t h e v er y e a r l y matter of t h e s o l a r system i n p r a c t i -c a l l y unchanged form.

U n t i l r e c e n t l y , l u n a r s c ie n ce had t o ' r e l y e n t i r e l y onte le sc op ic obs erv at io ns and in d i r ec t measurements. Space

craft now being developed w i l l overcome many of these l i m i -t a t i o n s . By provid ing means f o r o r b i t i ng o r l anding on th emoon inst r uments capable of d i r e c t l y gat her ing and t ra ns-mi t t i ng i n fo rma t ion back t o ea r t h , l una r m i ss i ons w i l l g r e a t l yincrease unders tanding of t he un iverse . It i s c e r t a i n t h a tt hey w i l l answer many in s i s t e n t s c i e n t i f i c ques t ions .

P l a n e ta r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w i l l s t udy s t i l l more inter-e s t in g problems . Associated wi th th e Lunar , Planeta ry, andInterplanetary Programs i s t h e s ea r ch f o r e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a ll i f e forms. Since the exis t enc e { o r non-exis tence) of suchl i f e forms i s unknown a t t h i s time it i s v i t a l l y im po rta nt

t h a t t he b i o l o g i ca l bal ance , such a s it may exis t , of celes-

micro-organisms . Si mi l a r l y , grea t care must be exercised nott o d i s rup t t he eco logy on ea r t h when i n f u t u r e years , extra-t e r r e s t r i a l samples are r e tu r n ed . I n r e c o g n it i o n o f t h i sproblem, NASA i s cu rr en t l y embarking on a program which w i l ll e a d t o a method, procedures, and tech niq ues f o r t h e decon-

d t i a l bod ies not be d is tu rb ed by contamination with t e r r e s t r i a l

' t amina t ion and s t e r i l i z a t i o n of space probes and payloads.

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J u s t a s t he l una r m i s s i ons cons t i t u t e an o rde r l ysequence of tec hno log ical and s c i e n t i f i c development , O dothe y l a y th e groundwork f o r more d i s t a n t and complex m i s -s i o n s o f t h e 1965-70 period.

Schedula Cr i t e r i a

Mission schedules have been developed to:

1) S e l e c t t h e most important goals and pursuethem with determination.

2) Est ab l i sh an evolu t ionar y sequence of m i s -s i on s i n which each s te p paves th e way f o rth e more d i f f i c u l t phase t o fo l low and makesf u l l u se o f i nc reased t echno l og i ca l capa-b i l i t y .

LUNAR MISSIONS

N A S A plans c a l l fo r eventua l ly making co nt ro l l e d l and-ings on the moon -- f i r s t , by s c i e n t i f i c devi ces t o sampler a d i a t i o n and ot h e r phenomena and, l a t e r , by manned sgace-c r a f t .F i r s t Step: Inst rumented Lunar ,Orb i te rs

mented payload i n o r b i t abou t t h e moon. An Atlas-Able launch-i ng veh i c l e w i l l be employed.

NASA w i l l make a t l e a s t two at tempts t o p l ace an i n s t ru -

The l una r o rb i t e r s w i l l u t i l i z e a sp i n - s t ab i l i zed pay -loa d having rudimentary, but ef f e c t i v e , midcourse guidance =-

with out which t h e mi ss ion could no t be accomplished. Thepayloads w i l l con t a i n seve ra l r ad i a t i on de t ec t i on expe r i men t st o tak e measurements i n t he luna r environment . A s t"anchorednspace s t a t i ons , una f fec t ed by t e r r e s t r i a l i n f l u e n c e s , t h epay loads shou ld y i e l d qu an t i t i e s o f i mport an t s c i e n t i f i c i n -formation when the long-term measurements they make are com-pared w i t h r e l a t e d measurements t aken i n t he v i c i n i t y o f t hee a r t h .

Second Step : Co nt ro ll ed Landings on t h e Moon

I n 1961, NASA w i l l begin the next phase of the lunarprogram. Spacecraf t designed f o r cont ro l l ed l andin gs w i l lbe launched by Agena B ve hi cl es . The payloads w i l l bea rspecial sampling and t ransmit t ing equipment rugged enought o su rv i ve t he l and i ngs i n working orde r . The two payloadslaunched i n the f i r s t ha l f o f 1961 w i l l be directed, not

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toward th e moon, but i n t o h ighly ecc ent r i c e a r t h o r b i t s t h a tw i l l r e a c h f a r out toward t he sun, They w i l l be employed t ot e s t v i t a l components of th e s pa ce cr af t and t o make scien-t i f i c experiments.

A nspacecra f t , " a s meant here, i s an advanced vehiclet h a t w i l l n o t o n ly c a r ry a pay load of s c i e n t i f i c in s t rumentsbut w i l l be capable of maneuvering t o main ta in t he co rr ec t

course and or ie nt at io n, through bu il t- in programming equip-ment and by means of r e m o t e command-control from e a r t hs t a t i o n s.

I n e a r l y space-mission experiments , th e payload andtelemetry equipment were packaged i n what were l i t t l e moreth a n cans, s p i n - st a b i li z e d i n f l i g h t o r a llowed t o tumblea t random, Sof t-l andi ng lu na r sp ac ec ra ft of coming yea rsw i l l be f a r more complex. They must descend t o the su r faceof t he moon without t he cushioning, o r ?'brakingtt e f f e c t s ofan atmosphere.braking and w i l l be guided and co nt ro ll ed by on-board el ec -

t ronic sens ing equipment.

They w i l l have t o land by means of rocket-

Lunar- Impact Miss i o n s

Ea r ly i n 1962 th e f i r s t o f t h r e e a t t e m p t s a t completelunar miss ions w i l l be ready f o r launching. The sp ac ec ra ftw i l l be i n two sec t io ns , th e sp ac ecr af t "bus" and the landingcap sul e. The bus w i l l con tai n guidance and co nt rol , t e l e -metry , and propuls ion equipment t o main ta in vehi c le a t t i t ud edur ing th e e n t i r e t r a j e c t o r y a nd t o make i t p o s s i b l e t os t r i k e the moon i n a predetermined area. The payload capsulew i l l be se pa ra t ed from th e bus and slowed by a r e t ro - ro c k e t

from about 8,000 f e e t per second to an impact ve loc i ty ofl e s s t h a n 500 fee t per second.

I n a d d i t i o n t o s c i e n t i f i c i n st rum e nt s f o r measurementsof space between th e e a r t h and th e moon, th e spa cec ra ft w i l lbe equipped with a t e l e v i s i o n camera t h a t , d u rin g th e f i n a lmoments of f l i g h t , t r an sm it s p i c t ur es of the impact area.The camera w i l l be capable of rec ogn iza bl photographingo b j e c t s a s small a s 10 f e e t a c ro s s .

Soft Landings

I n 1963 th e powerful Centaur should be op er ati ona l ,making possible the f i r s t t rue lunar r l so f t " l and ing o f aspac ec ra f t equipped wi th te lev i s io n , a seismograph, a spec-+.rometer , and radiat ion detection devices among other re la -t i v e l y f r a g i l e s c i e n t i f i c i n s t ru me n t s t o obs erve and a na ly zethe surface and subsurface propert ies of the moon. Tele-metry and an el e c t r i c power supply w i l l make up part of the600-pound package e

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T e l ev i si o n i ns p ec t io n o f t h e t e r r a i n o bt ai ne d i n t h epreceding Agena s e r i e s w i l l a i d i n d e si gn in g t h e l an di ngs t r u c t u r e of th e Cen taur spacec r a f t . I t i s l i k e l y t h a t t heCentaur type w i l l be u sed f o r y e a r s i n l u n a r e x p lo ra t io n .

S t i l l l a rge r , so f t - land ing spa cec ra f t , boos ted by t h eSa tu rn 1.~-million-pound-thrust l aunch veh ic le , w i l l ber e qu i re d f o r areas of t h e moon th a t are t o be i n v e s t ig a t e d

i n great d e t a i l , e i t h e r f o r p u re ly s c i e n t i f i c reasons o r i npr ep ar at io n f o r manned landifigs. Planned f o r 1966, with ath ree- to-four-year lead time f o r development, t h e Saturn-launched, unmanned spacecraft w i l l c o n ta in a u n i t t h a t canmove along the moonts surface -- p e rh a p s o n c a t e rp i l l a rt r e a d s o r ba l loon t i r e s . Telev is ion w i l l p la y a k e y ro l ei n t h i s kind o f r e m otely c o n t ro l l e d e x p lo ra t io n .

P lane ta ry and In te rp l ane ta r y Missions

d ee p in to i n t e rp l a n e t a r y s pa ce t o measure ma n e t i c , p a r t i c l e ,

be capable of p la c in g probes i n th e v i c i n i t y of Venus. Forsuch a mission, NASA w i l l employ the Centaur launch vehicle ,and a va r i a t io n of th e spacec r a f t scheduled f o r t h e Atlas-Agena lu na r missi ons. These probes w i l l pass close enought o t h e p l a n e t t o p er mi t c r i t i c a l S c i e n t i f i c measurements t obe made and tra ns mi tt ed back t o ea rt h.spec t rograph ic obse rva t ions a re being considered."near m i s s " f l i g h t s a re d i f f i c u l t t o a c hie ve , however,because of the extreme a c c u r a c i e s r e q u i r e d i n t h e guidancesystem a s w e l l a s p re se nt u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n t h e p o s i t i o n oft h e p l a n e t s .

During 1960, a Delta w i l l be employed t o l aunch a probe

a nd e l e c t ro m a g n et i c r a d i a t i o n f i e ld s . I n 19%2, N A S A should

Televis ion and/orThese

The r e l a t i v e po s i t i on of Ea r th and Venus requi red f o rnear optimum payload weights w i l l occur i n 1964..t h a t y e a r , N A S A w i l l probably at tempt a Venus probe t o t e s ts te l la r -n av i ga t ion equ ipment f o r use aboard the Venus orbit-in g space c ra f t scheduled f o r l aunch ing by the Sa tu rn i n 1965.These spacecraft w i l l weigh s e v e r a l thousand pounds and wille j e c t in st rumented cap su les t o pene t ra te the a tmosphere oft h e two p l a n e t s and g a t h e r s c i e n t i f i c d a t a.

During

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CHAPTER 9

UNTERNATUONAL PROGRAMS

T R A C K I N G NETWORK NEZOTIATIONS

NASA, th ro ug h t h e Department of S t a t e , concluded ag re e-ment s fo r e s t a b l i s h i n g an d op e ra t in g P ro jec t Mercury track-in g s t a t i o n s i n A u s t r a l i a a nd i n Spa in 's Canary I s l a n d s onFebruary 26 and March 198 res pect ive l y . The Austra l ianagreement a l so provided f o r the renewal of Mini t rack andBaker-Nunn s t a t i o n s ar rangements and f or es ta b l is h i ng aDeep Space station.

The ex i s t i n g Min itr ack agreement wit h Ecuador has beenrenewed f o r f i ve years , beginning February 24, 1960. Nego-t i a t i o n s f o r f i v e o t h e r Mercury s t a t i o n s , a n a d d i t i o n a l Deep

Space s ta t ion , and two Min i t rack s ta t ions are con t inu ing( see Chapter 10, "Tracking and Data Acquisi t ion," pp. 99 -106).

COOPERATION I N SPACE RESEARCH

D is c u s s io n s w i th So v ie t Sc i e n t i s t s

e f f o r t s was d i sc u ss e d w i th S o vi e t s c i e n t i s t s a tt e n d i ng t h eAmerican Rocket So ci et y meeting i n Washington, D . C. The

response ind ic a te d p rospec ts o f a nstep-by-step" e f f o r t t odevelop coop erat ion . The f i r s t s t ep would invo lve p a r t i c i -p a t i n g i n a United Nations Space Conference which was o r i g i -n a l l y proposed by the Sovie t U. N. delegat ion . ,

I n November 1959, t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of cooperative space

Tracking Services Offered Soviet Union

On December 78 19598 t he Admin is tra to r, speak ing f o rNASA, of fe re d t r a c k i n g s e r v i c e s -- sub jec t t o t he consent oft h e h o st c o u n t ri e s 0- t o the Soviet Union f o r any mannedspace f l ight program it may develop.prov ide equi.pment o r t o use equipment fur nis he d by Sovie t

s c i e n t i s t s i f s p e c i a l r e c o rd in g o r d at a r ed uc ti on f a c i l i t i e sshould be req uir ed.

Dissemination of Technical Information

Advance t ec hn i ca l informa tion on the Project Echoexper imen t, t o s tudy the p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f communicating bymeans of ultra-h igh-freq uency r ad i o signals r e f l e c t e d from a

NASA a l s o o f f e r e d t o

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s a t e l l i t e , was disseminated t o t h e world scientific commun-i t y . T h i s gave s c i e n t i s t s everywhere an oppor tun i ty t o pre-pa re t h e nec ess ary equipment and ar ra ng e f o r such ground-based experiments a s appeared f eas ib l e . Simi la r ly , NASAn o t i f i e d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c community t h a t t e l e -metry ca l i b ra t i on s f o r Exp lo re r V I 1 would be a v a i l ab l e t othem for d i r e c t r e d u c t i on o f t h e data received from t h es a t e l l i t e ,

Cooperative Space Programs

cussed w i t h seve r a l coun t r i e s du r ing t h e r epor t pe ri od .P o s s i b i l i t i e s o f cooperat ive space programs were d i s -

Aus t ra l i a -- The Australian Academy of Science proposedt he p repa ra t i on of i ns t rumenta t ion t o study very-low-frequency emissions a long l i n e s of magnetic f orc e above t h eionosphere, The in str um en tat ion would be p a r t of some f ut ur eU . S. rocket and/or s a t e l l i t e experiments.s ions regard ing a po ss ib le j o i n t sounding rocket programwere a l s o h e l d .

Informal discus-

United Kingdom and Canada -- Cooper ative programs w i t ht h e United Kingdom and Canada progressed during the reportperiod. The experiments t o be conducted by means of t h ef i r s t U. K , s a t e l l i t e t o be launched by NASA were agreedupon. J oi nt working groups were es ta bl is he d f o r both U. K.and Canadian s a t e l l i t e pro j ec t s . A s a r e s u l t of a n o th e r ar-rangement w i t h t h e Canadians, a p r o j e c t t o st ud y s i g n a l sreceived from e a r t h s a t e l l i t e s i s being conducted a t BqkerLake i n Northwes t T e r r i t o r y , Canada. Funded by NASA, t h ep r o j e c t i s conducted by t h e Uni ve rs i t y o f I l l i n o i s .

Ja an -- Following both informal and diplomatic com-munica+-ons and an in v i t a t i on from N A S A , a team of Japaneses c i e n t i s t s v i s i t e d NASA Headquarters i n mid-February f o rinformal t echnica l d i scuss ions looking toward a coopera t iveprogram. Formal arrangements f o r coo per at iv e space re se ar chprograms a re a n t i c i p a t e d a t some time i n t h e futurte.

Other -- Discussions w i t h s e v e r a l a d d i t i o n a l c o u n t r i e sexpre- in te re s t i n coopera t ive e f f o r t s were i n pre lim-i n a r y stages.

-

First Internat ional Space Science Symposium

NASA re pr es en ta t iv es gave extensive support t o t h eNati ona l Academy of Scie nce s de le ga ti on t o t h e meeting andFirst Internat ional Space Science Symposium of t h e In t e r -n a t i o n a l Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), i n Nice,France, January 8-16, 1960. NASA's o f f e r t o f l y for ei gnexperiments i n American ro ck et s and s a t e l l i t e s was reaf-f i rmed.

J



G r a nt s t o F or ei gn S c i e n t i s t s

Seve ra l g ran t s were made t o fo r e i gn s c i en t i s t s under aNASA-sponsored po st- doc tor al r es id en t re se ar ch as so ci at e-s h i p program, ad min is ter ed by th e Na ti on al Academy ofSciences, These a re f o r ba si c space-connected res ear ch i nt h e Uni ted S t a t e s and a f f o rd r ec i p i e n t s an oppor tun i t y t ota ke p a r t i n and c on t r ib ut e t o NASA's s c i e n t i f i c programs,

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION THROUGH THE UNITED NATIONS

Background

On Fe br ua ry 5 , 1 9 5 9 , t h e Se c re t a r y of S t a t e named NASADeputy Administrator Hugh L, Dryden as a n a l t e r n a t e U. S,Re pr es en tat ive ( t o Henry Cabot Lodge) t o t h e United Nations_.d Hoc Committee on t h e Peaceful Uses o f Outer Space, es-t a b m h e d t h e p r ev io us year.s i o ns e a r l y i n May 1959 and repor t ed t o t h e General As-sembly on July 14 ( i n U. N. Document A-4141),

Permanent U. N. Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Spaceb s t a b l i s h e d

On December 12 , 1 9 5 9 , t h e United Nations General A s -sembly ( b y unanimous Resolution [ 1472 ( X I V ) ] ) - --

T h i s committee began discus-

1) E s t ab l i sh ed a (permanent) Committee on Peace-f u l Uses of Outer Space wi th membership from

AlbaniaArgentina

Aus t ra l i aAus t r i aBelgiumB r a z i lBulgariaCanadaCzechoslovakiaFranc eHungaryInd i aI r a n

I t a l yJapan

LebanonMexicoPolandRomaniaSwedenUnion of Soviet

United Arab RepublicUnited KingdomUni ted States of

So c i a l i s t Republ ic s

America

2 ) Requested t h e committee

a, To review, as appropr i a t e , t he area ofin te rn a t io na l cooperat ion , and s tudypr ac t i ca l and f ea s i b l e means f o r givinge f f e c t t o programs i n t h e p e ac e f ul u s e sof ou te r space which could ap pro pri a te lyb e undertaken under United Nations aus-pices . including:

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(1) A s si s ta n c e f o r t h e cont in ua t ion ona permanent bas i s of t h e research onouter space car r i ed on wi th in t h eframework of t h e Internat ional Geo-phys i ca l Year ;

Organizat ion of t h e mutual exchangeand dis sem ins t ion of inform ation on

ou t e r space r e sea rch ;

(2)

( 3 ) Encouragement of national programsf o r s tudy of o ute r space, and t h erender ing of a l l p o s s i b l e a s s i s t a n c eand he l p i n t h e i r r ea l i z a t i on ; and

b, To s tudy th e na tur e of l e g a l p roblemswhich may a r i s e from th e e xp lor at i on ofouter space.

3 ) Re uested t h e committee t o submit re po rt s ofh i t i e s o subsequent se ssi ons of t h eGeneral Assembly of t h e United Nations.

4 ) Decided, i n view of t h e gre a t p rog ress i n andm n c e f t h i s f i e l d of endeavor, t o con-vene, in 1960 o r 1961, under t h e ausp i ces o ft h e Uni ted Nations, an in t e r na t io na l sc iemt i-f i c confe rence of t h e i n t e re s t ed m e m b wthe Dnited Nations and members of specializedagencies , f o r th e exchange of experience i nt h e peace ful uses of oute r space,

5) R e uested t h e Committee on the Peaceful Uses*Space, e s t ab l i shed by t h e reso l u t i on ,t o work out p roposa l s i n regard t o t h e con-vening of such a conference.

NASA Prepa res fo r Conference Pa rt ic ip at io n

NASA under took t o prepa re f o r t h e Uni ted S t a t es par t i c ipa-t ion in the Conference , To e f f e c t t h i s , NASA e s t a b l i s h e dt h e O ff ic e f o r t h e United Nations Conference on January 29,1960, under t h e Off i ce of t h e Deputy Administrator.John P. Hagen

wasassigned

a si t s d i r e c t o r ,

In agreement wi th t h e d e s i r e of t h e Department of State,

D r .

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CHAPTER 10

T R A C K I N G A N D D A T A A C Q U I S I T I O N

ROLE I N SPACE PROGRAM

Man's ea r l y successes i n space exp lo ra t io n are due i nno small pa r t t o development of i n t r i c a t e ground equipmentt o l o c a t e and t r a c k s a t e l l i t e s , probes, and roc ket s , t or e c e i v e t h e i r s i g n a l s an d r ed uc e them t o i n t e l l i g i b l e f orm,a nd t o c o r r e l a t e t h e i n form a tio n so t ha t i t can be analyzeda nd a p p l i e d t o a mu l t ip l i c i ty o f purposes. These func t ionsare performed f o r NASA by i t s t r a c k in g and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o nnetworks .

GENERAL OBJECTIVES AND DESCRIPTION

Ground tr ac ki ng and dat a ac qu is i t io n networks must becapab le of suppor t ing fou r bas ic types o f opera t iona l m i s -s ions : 1) v e r t i c a l l y f i r e d sounding o r r e s e a r c h ro c ke t s ;2) e a r t h s a t e l l i t e s ; 3 ) manned e a r t h s a t e l l i t e s which w i l lr e q u i r e e xt r em ely r a p id d a t a g a th e r i n g t e c h niq u e s t o p e rm itcon t i nua l moni to r ing o f t he sa fe ty of occupan ts; and 4 ) deepspace probes which require communications over vast reachesof space. Ground in st ru me nt at io n must answer t h e quest ions :Where i s th e spa cec raf t? What i s it doing? What in fo rm at io n

i s it acq uir ing ? What ins t r uc t i on s must be rad io ed t o t h es p a c e c r af t s o t h a t i t can perform i t s mission?

I n a d d i t i o n t o t r a c k in g a nd d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n eq uipm en t,the network must have a communications system that permitsr a p i d data t r a n s m is s io n to a c e n t r a l c o n t r o l p o i n t . A t t h eco nt ro l c en t er t h e r e must be high-speed computing equipmentt o reduce t h e d a t a t o a form u s e fu l t o e x pe r im e n te r s l

M I N I T R A C K NETWORK

Description and Operation

The 10 -s t a t i on Mini t rack ne twork t r ac ks and ga th er sd a t a f ro m e a r th s a t e l l i t e s . During the period o f t h i s r e p o r t ,th e Min i t rack ne twork acqu i red in fo rmat ion t ra nsm i t t ed byVanguard I , Vanguard 111, Explorer V I , and Explorer V I I .

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Contact was s t i l l maintained with Vanguard I and Explorer V I 1a s t he r epor t pe r i od c l osed .

The t e n t h M in it ra ck s t a t i o n , l o c a t ed a t Fo rt Myers, Fla .,became f u l l y o per at io nal e a r l y i n December . Ot her s t a t i onsa re a t Blossom Point , Md.; Antigua, West Ind ies Federa t ion ;San Diego, C a l i f . ; Quito, Ecuador; L i m a , Peru; Antofagastaand Santiago, Chil e; Woomera, Au st ra li a ; and Es se le n Park,

Union of South Afr ica. The s t a t i o n s a re l i n k e d t o a com-municat ions and c ont ro l cen ter a t Goddard Space FlightCent er , Gre enbe lt, Md.

Network Being Extended

To ex te nd h i gh - l a t it ude coverage, NASA i s planning t oe s t a b l i s h s t a t i o n s a t Fairbanks, Alaska; East Grand Forks,Minn.; and wi th the permis sion and coop era tion of the govern-ment s concerned, a t St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada; andWinkfield, England.

Equipment Improvement

N e w Receiver -- NASA has l e t a con t ra c t t o BendixAviat2on Corp. f o r an improved te le me tr y re ce ive r. It w i l le ng bl e p r e s e n t e l e c t r o n i c t r a c k i n g s t a t i o n s t o r e c e i v e andi n t e r p r e t an augmented va r i e t y of ra di o s igna l s from space-craf t , par t icular ly the complex data f rom future meteoro-log ica l and as t ronomica l s a t e l l i t e s .

Automatic Data Read-Out System i n Test -- A prototypeof a new auto mat ic dat a read-o ut system i s being t es t ed a tNASA's Blossom Poin t , Md., s t a t i o n . The system, which pe r-

m i t s t r an s mi s si o n of d i g i t a l t r a c k i n g data d i r e c t l y from at r a c k i n g s t a t i o n t o t h e C on tr ol C en te r, w i l l i n c r e a s e s t a t i o nc a p a b i l i t i e s f o r t r a c k in g and data c o l l e c t i o n by 50 percentwi thout addi t ional personnel . I t w i l l a l s o speed up da taprocess ing , s ince it el im in at es manual readin g a t s t a t i o n s .

Self-Tracking Telemetry Antenna Being Developed -- NGSAhas awarded a c o n t r a c t t o D. S. Kennedy and Co., Cohasset ,Mass., f o r development of a se l f - t rack ing t e l emet ry an tenna .The new antenna w i l l opera te au tomat ica l ly (an tennas a t somes t a t i o ns now requ i re a t t end an t s ) r educ i ng per sonnel r equ i re -ments and i nc reas i ng e f f i c i enc y i n da t a ga t he r i ng.

NASA Conside ring Ph ot oe le c tr ic Equipment -- NASA i sp l ann i ng t o nego t i a t e a co nt ra ct f o r development of photo-e l e c t r i c op t i ca l t r ac ki ng equipment . The equipment w i l lt r ac e o b j ec t s i n space by an e lec t ro n ic sys tem which detectso pt i c a l s i g n 9 t o o f a i n t t o D e recorded by photographicemulsions. NASA w i l l f i r s t apply the technology involved t odevelop a pho t o e l ec t r i c t e l e scope t o check t he accu racy o f

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Minit rack e le c t ro n i c devices more pr ec i se l y than presen ttelescope equipment.t o pr es en t photographic systems because i t i s more sensi t iveand can provide data instantaneously.

Pho t oe l ec t r i c t r ack i ng w i l l be superior

Conversion of Tracking Frequencies

The f i r s t s e t of antennas with the newly assigned 136-mcand 137-mc frequencies have been instal led a t the Blossom

Point s t a t io n. Conversion of the Mini t rack network t o the sefrequencies, which were a l l oca t e ' d t o t he Uni ted S t a t e s bInternatfonal Telecommunications Union Conference, i s s cu l ed f o r complet ion i n December 1960. They w i l l r e p l a c e t h e108-mc f requency o r i g i n a l l y a s s igned fo r The In t e r na t i on a lGeophysical Year .

OPTICAL T R A C K I N G

Descr ip t ion

network of 12 s t a t i o n s . The ch ief equipment a t e a c h s t a t i o ni s a non-mobile camera capa ble of photog raphing a f a i n tob je ct (13th magni tude) agai ns t a s t a r background, Baker-Nunn cameras are pa r t i c u l a r l y va l uab le f o r det ermi ni ng t hei n i t i a l t r a j ec t o r i e s of s a t e l l i t e s and space probes andf o r provid ing pr ec is e informat ion on space vehic les neededf o r a i r - d e n si t y and g e od e ti c s t u d i e s. I l l u s t r a t i v e of t h ec a p a b i l i t i e s of t h e Baker-Nunn system are i t s photographsof Vanguard I a t a n a l t i t u d e o f 2,500 miles and of ExplorerV I a t 12,000 miles. Vanguard I i s 6.4 i nches i n d iameter ,and Explorer V I i s 39 i nches i n d iameter .

Locat ions -- There a r e Baker-Nunn s t a t i o n s a t HobeSound, Fla . Curacao, Netherland West Indicts; Arequipa, Peru;V i l l a Dolores, Argentin a; Ol if an ts fo nt ei n, Union of SouthAf ri ca ; Cadiz, Spain; Sh ir az , I ra n ; Naini-Tal, In di a; Woomera,Au st ra l i a; Mitaka, Japan; Haleakala, Hawaii; and White Sands,N. M.

Baker-Nunn Network -- The system comprises a worldwide

Moonwatch Stations -- Moonwat ch observers a re volunteerteams u s i n g r e l a t i v e l y simple te le sc op ic , equipment.serve i n numerous cap ac i t i es , f o r example, s ig ht in g sa t e l -l i t e s t o h el p aim the b i g Baker-Nunn cameras, and di sc ov er in g

new ob je ct s i n th e s ki es . Moonwatch s t a t i o n s are l o c a t e d a tapproximately 200 s i t e s throughout the Free World.

ing systems are under t ec hn i ca l d i r ec t i on o f t he SmithsonianAst rop hysica l Observatory. The ce nt ra l co nt ro l point i s a tthe Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Center, Cambridge,Mass.

They

Technical Direct ion and Control -- NASA's o p t i c a l t r ac k -

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Operat ions

Help Identify wUnknownw Satellite -- Moonwatch observa-t i o n s i n A u s t r a l i a and South Af r i c a and a Baker-Nunn observa-t i o n i n S outh Af r ic a were i n s t rum e n ta l i n d e t ermining th a tt h e unknown s a t e l l i t e f i r s t repor ted on February 16, 1960was ac tu a l ly th e da ta capsu le f rom Discoverer V , an A i rForce s a t e l l i t e.

Inc rea sin g Equipment Ca pa bi l i t i es -- New equipment,improved methods, and added personnel have made i t poss ib let o inc rea se t he development and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Baker-Nunncamera observations from an average o f 60 t o more th an 4.00per month.greates t value from pre ci si on photographs.Astro physic a l Observatory i s s tudying techniques for improv-ing t i rn ing ' techniques .

Spl i t -second t i m i n g i s n ec es sa ry t o g a in t h eThe Smithsonian

DEEP SPACE NETWORK

Descr ip t ion

NASA's Deep Space t r a c k i n g network c o n s i s t s of onee x i s t i n g s t a t i o n a t Goldstone, Calif., a s t a t i o n under con-s t r u c t i o n a t Woomera, Australia, and a t h i r d planned forSouth Africa.proach those o f t h e t h e o r e t i c a l l y idea l deep space networkwhich would be loca ted on t h e equator a t i n t e r v a l s o f 1200of longi tude .main ta in con tac t with space veh ic l es on lunar and in t e r -p la net ary missions.s e n s i t i v e re ce iv in g equipment, and high-powered tr an sm it te rs .NASA i s s e l e c t i n g v a l l e y s i t e s so t h a t t h e t e r r a i n w i l lob st ru c t man-made e l e c t r i c a l in te r f er en ce t h a t might l i m i ts t a t i o n s e n s i t i v i t y . The c o n t ro l c e n te r f o r t h e Deep Spacenetwork i s a t t h e NASA J e t Pro pul sio n Laboratory, Pasadena,C.al f .

C a p a b i l i t i e s of t hese s t a t i o n s c l o s e l y a p -

Primary o bj ec ti ve of t h e network would be t o

The s t a t i o n s r e q u i r e g i a n t a nt en na s,

Goldst one Tr an sm it te r Completed

I n March 1960, NASA completed t he tr an sm it t i ng s y s t e mf o r th e Golds tone s t a t io n . The t r an sm i t te r and rec e iv e rwere located seven miles a p a r t t o minimize e l e c t r i c a l i n t e r -ferenc e with each o t he r . The s i t e s are l inked by a wide-band (lo-mc) microwave communications system, which transmitspoi n t i ng da ta , computa tions, t ra cki ng data, e t c . , betweens t a t i o n s.Advanced Technical Proprams

t h e J e t Propulsion Laboratory and a t Goldstone i n prepara t ion .Extensive research and development i s i n p ro gr es s a t

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f o r communications s a t e l l i t e s such a s Project Echo and forother advanced communications experiments. The passive com-municat ions s a t e l l i t e concept has been t e s t e d s u c c e s s f u l l yby radio voice communication via the moon between Goldstonea nd t h e Bell Telephone Laboratory station, Holmdel, M. J.S c i e n t i s t s a t JPL and Goldstone a re developing more sensi t ivere ce iv er s and des igning an tennas l a r g e r t han t hose cu r re n t l yused. Such equipment i s a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r f u t u r e l u n a r and

in te rp lane tary explora t ion programs.

M E R C U R Y NETWORK

Objec t ives

The worldwide Mercury network w i l l provide completera di o t rack ing , voice communication, and data acqu is i t ionduring launching, f l i g h t , and recovery of t h e Mercury cap-s u l e . The network w i l l be capable o f more de ta i l ed dat aga t he r i ng and f a s t e r t racking than the Mini t rack network.Emphasis, a s i n t he e n t i r e Mercury program, i s on assuringt h e a s t r o n a ut s ' s a f e t y (see Chapter 5, "Manned F l i g h t i nSpace and Near-Space," pp. 5 1 - 66.)

Progre s

Projected Locat ions -- Mercury s ta t io n s ar e planned a tth e fol lowing loc at i ons : Cape Canaveral; an i s la nd i n th eAt la n ti c Ocean; th e Canary Is la nd s; Southwest and Southe astAfrica; Woomera and Per th , A u s t r al i a ; a n i s l a n d i n t h ePacific; White Sands, N. M .; Point Arguel lo, C a l i f . ; CorpusC h r i s t i , Tex.; Va lp ar ai so, F la .; Guaymas, Mexico; and on twos h i p s

--one i n th e In di an Ocean and t h e o t h e r i n t h e m i d -

At la n ti c Ocean. The Mercury co nt r ol ce nt er w i l l be consol i -da ted w it h t h e M i ni t rack con t ro l cen t e r a t Goddard SpaceFl ight Center .

Const ruct ion -- Con str ucti on of r a d i o equipment andsuppor t s t r uc t u re s (bu i l d i ngs , e t c . ) are i n p r o g r e ss a t a l lnew s i t e s ; none of t h e new s t a t i o n s had become f u l l y . opera-t i o n a l by t h e end of t h i s r e p o r t i n g p er io d .

ments f o r Mercury s t a t io n s i t e s abroad were nearly completeon March 31 (s ee Chaper 9 , Vn te r na t i on al Programs," p . 9 5 . )

Negot ia t ions -- Negotiat ions and te 'chnical arrange-

WALLOPS STATION, VA .Complete Lo,cal Tracking and Telemetry System

Is la nd and th e in ac t iv at ed Chincoteague Naval A i r S t a t i o nWal l ops S t a t i on , compr i s rng f ac i l i t i e s o n Wallops

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on the mainland, i s a u niqu e la un ch in g f a c i l i t y -- one witha comple te t rack ing and da ta co l lec t ion sys tem.in s t ru m e n ta t io n e n a b le s t h e g a th e r in g o f data f o r r e se ar c hi n aerodynamics and f o r th e development and pr oof - te s t i ng ofva ri ou s components and techni ques t o be used i n launchingspace vehicles from major ranges such a s t h e A t l a n t i c MissileRange and the Pacif ic Missile Range.

Wallops

Major Pro jec ts

Pr inc ipa l exper imen ts conduc ted dur ing the repor t pe r iodincluded launchings of : 1) " L i t t l e Joet' t o t e s t the Mercuryescape system under hig h dynamic. pr es su re ; 2) he 100-foot

, d ia me te r i n f l a t a b l e s ph er e i n p r e p a r at i o n f o r t h e P r o j e c tEcho experiment; 3 ) six-stage r o c k e t s f o r e n t r y ph ys i css t u d i e s ; 4 ) J a v e l in ro c k e t s t o g a i n i n form a tio n on th e p e r-formance of t h e Delta launch vehicle t h i r d stage'; 5) t h eScout l aunch veh ic l e t o t e s t i t & es t ruc t sys tem; and 6)sounding ro ck et s f o r upper' a tmosphere r es ea rc h (Aerobeero ck et s f o r NASA, Strongarm ro ck et s f o r th e Army Ba l l i s t i c

Research Laboratory and the University of Michigan, andARCAS ro c k e t s f o r t h e Army S ign al Cor ps) .

Add it i ona l Tracking Equipment I n s t a l l e d

Tracking and data c o l le c t io n f a c i l i t i e s i n s t a l l e d d ur i ngt h e re po r t pe rio d in clu ded command de st r uc t equipment; onemobile and one f ix ed te le mete r ing s ta t i on ; and a bu i ld ing ,a tower, and a 60-foot antenna f o r th e S-Band radar ( f o rrange sa f e t y and po s i t i on infor mat io n) on th e mainland. Thel a t t e r device w i l l inc re ase the range o f t r a ck i ng o f anyWal lops veh ic l e by sev era l fo l d .

COOPERATING STATIONS

Supplement Current Capabil i t ies

t i o n s t o supplem ent i t s networks. For example, th e Jo dr el lBank radio te lescope a t Manchester, England, has a k ey r o l ei n t h e P io ne er V probe experiment. I t will main ta in con tac tw i th t h e s o l a r o rb i t i n g prob e lo n g a f t e r it i s out of rangeof o t h e r s t a t i o n s .

NASA u t i l i z e s th e t r a c k i n g f a c i l i t i e s of o t h e r organiza-

Pho to t rack Sta t ions -- Photo t rack Sta t ions , admin is te redb y th e So c ie ty of Photographic Engineers , have o p t i c a l l y

: t ra cke d the 100-foot i nf la ta b l e spher es launched f rom Wallopsc~ S t a t i o n , Va., i n p r e p a ra t io n f o r t h e P ro j e c t Echo ex pe rim en ts

i n communications by rel,ay of ultra -high- freque ncy s igna l sfrom a s a t e l l i t e . NASA has o bta ine d valua ble dat a on spherei n f l a t i o n from t h e socie ty ' s photographs .



Westt h i sV I 1.

Telemetry Stat ions Telemetry st

Germany. and of t h e United St a t e scoun try- have a s s i s t ed i n ga t he r i ng da t a from Explorer

OVER-ALL DEVELOPMENTS

Consolidation of Ground Communications

Data from t h e v a r i o u s s t a t i o n s are t r ansmi t t ed t o cen-t r a l con t ro l po i n t s by a ground communications web c o ns i s t-in g of m i l i t a r y and l eas ed commerc ia l l i ne s . Wherever pos-s i b l e , l i n e s are used i n common.stu dy lookin g toward ev en tu al c on so l id at ion of ground com-municatio ns i n t o one worldwide system.

NASA has begun a long-range

New Frequency Assignments

A number of r ad io frequency bands f o r space s cie nce

u s e s were a l l oca t ed t he Un i t ed S t a t e s a t t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a lTelecommunications Union Conference. The conference washeld between August and December 1959 a t Geneva, Switzerland,wi th NASA rep res ent a t iv es i n a t t endance . NASA has ap pl ie df o r s e v e r a l o f t h e bands t o t h e In te rdepar tmenta l RadioAdvisory Committee, Of fic e of Ci v il Defense Mobili zati on,which i s t he na t i on a l coo rd i na t i ng agency fo r f r equenc i e sused i n space a c t i v i t i e s .loaned by oth er United St a te s agencies .i ng t o a new Minitrack frequency and plans conversion oft h e Deep Space Network t o hi gh er f req uen cy bands.

NASA ha s been usi ng fr eq ue nc ie sI t i s now convert-

Computation and Data Reduction

Consol idat ion of Data Reduction and Computation --Goddard Space Flight Center i s conso l i da t i ng da t a r educ t i onand computation so t ha t i n fo rma t i on f rom s a t e l l i t e s can bei n t e r p r e t e d r a p i d l y and e f f i c i e n t l y .

P repa ra ti ons f o r T rans fe r f rom IBM -- Goddard is pre-par in g programs f o r th e IBM-709 and IBM-7090 computingmachines t o b e i n s t a l l e d a t i t s Greenbelt s i t e . Plans havebeen made t o e f f e c t a s smooth a t r a n s i t i o n a s possible whenc o n t r o l c e n t e r f u n c t i on s are t r an sf er re d t o Goddard from th e

IBM Space Computing Cen ter i n Washington, D . C.

suppor t NASA resea rch ac t i v i t i e s .programs of re se ar ch i n a l l phases of t h eo re t i ca l phys i c sand appl i ed mathemat ics re l ev ant t o space explora t i on .Large-scale computer operat ions were ca r r i ed ou t on a con-t r a c t u a l b as is .the Washington, D. C. , area are employed.

Research Aids -- Goddard a l s o u t i l i z e d computers t oThese are pr i mar i ly broad

I n d u s tr i a l and Governmental machines i n

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CHAPTER 11

PROPULSION AND NUCLEAR ENERGY APPLICATIOMS FOR SPACE

S P A C E P R O P U L S I O N

Demand f o r r oc ke t engines with ever-higher t h r u s t hasin t en si f i ed rese arc h on new and improved fu el s , In N A S A ' s ,res ear ch ce nte rs , th e ques t goes on f o r powerful energysources t o p rope l superson ic a i r c r a f t and coming genera t ionsof spa cec raf t , Chemical. roc ket s cont inue t o re ce iv e s t ronga t t e n t io n s in c e th e y a p pe ar t o o f f e r immediate b e n e f i t s ,Beyond chemical rockets -- whose l i m i t a t i o n s a r e p r e d ic t a b l e-- a r e o th e r s o u rc e s of power f o r ex plorin g t h e reaches ofin te rp la ne ta ry space . Nuclear energy has great promise, asd oe s s o l a r h e a t , c o l l e c t e d i n u mb re ll a- li ke s t r u c t u re s

poin ted a t our primary source of energy, t h e sun.Types of Research F a c i l i t i e s Used

F a c i l i t i e s a t N A S A ' s r e s e a rc h c e n te r s are being usedi n many d i f fe re n t a sp ec t s of p ropuls ion resea rch , S t a t i ct e s t s of rocket engines employ simple s tands on which t h eengines can be fastened down and run under t h e atmosphericpre ssu res and tempera tures encountered near s ea lev el ,advanced t e s t s , more e la bor a te t e s t s tand s suppor t engineswi th as much as 20,OOO pounds of t h ru s t w hi l e t h e y a r e ru nunder o lo se l y con t ro l led cond i t ions i n which p res su res andtemperatures can be v ar ie d t o s im ul at e d i f f e r e n t a l t i t u d e so r t h e near-vauuwn and extreme col d of space, For example,a method fo r a l t i t u d e s imula t ion has been pe r fec ted a t th eL e w i s Research Center that employs t h e exhaust g a s e s o f t h erocrket e ng in e t o d e p le t e t h e a i r i n a capsule surroundingt h e e n g in e i t s e l f , t h u s re du cing pre ss u re ' a t the nozz le exi t ,

Work i s i n progress a t L e w i s t o des ign and bu i ld ane l e c t r i c a l l y heated wind tunnel t h a t w i l l supply a i r a t atemperature of l5,OOOoF, f o r s tudying heat t r a n s f e r i n ve-h i c l e s e n t e r i n g t h e atmosphere. The t u n n e l w i l l a l s o beu s e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e f fe c t s o f magne tic and e l e c t r i cf i e l d s on ionized gases, The c h ie f d i f f i c u l t y l i e s i n t h eemployment of an e l e c t r i c ar c f o r hea ti ng without contami-n a t i n g t h e a i r w i t h material from t h e melt ing e lec t rodes .A small tunne l has been opera ted succes s fu l l y , and a l a r g e roae i s being designed.

For

r

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CHEMICAL ROCKETS

I n eva luat ing performance of a rocke t propel lant , oneg e n e r a l l y a cc ep te d c r i t e r i o n i s ws pe ci f i c impulsew -- t h a ti s , t h e number of second s one pound of p ro pe ll an t mass w i l lproduce one pound of thrust.t h e "miles per gal lon" of a n automobile. ) O f todayts chern-i c a l prope l l an t s , l i qu id hydrogen i s one of the most promis-ing. I t has h igh spec i f i c impulse ,* f a r h i gh e r t ha n t h a t ofkerosene, which is a t p r es e nt t h e b a s i c i n g r e d i en t of ourmost used roc ket f u e l . ' Kerosene, with l i q u i d oxygen (LOX)a s the oxidizer needed for combust ion, has a s p e c i f i cimpulse of between 290 and 310 seconds,. I n comparison, t h a tof l i q u i d hydrogen-LOX i s 400+ 'seconds.impulse i s more impor tan t th an might be i nf er r ed , f o r t h epropulsive energy of a given rocket system when a l l thesef a c t o r s are cons t an t i nc reases with t he squa re o f . t h e s p e c i f i cimpulse . Thus, hydrogents a b i l i t y t o boost a payload i sn e a r l y t w ic e t h a t of kerosene's;

(A simple analogy might be

Thi s h i ghe r spec i f i c

Fuel-Oxidiz er Research

I n t h i s area , a peren nial d i f f i c u l ty has been th e chem-'i c a l r e a c t i v i t y ( i nc o mp a ti b i l i ty ) of many of th e po te n t i a lf u e l s and ox id iz er s when used i n combination. I n theory ,th e bes t chemica l ox id izer i s ozone, a form of oxygen thatcon tain s t h r e e oxygen atoms pe r molecule in st ea d of two asi n t h e co nv en ti on al form of oxygen. But ozone i s extremelyunstable, and i s prone t o explode spontaneously. Fluo rine ,anot her h i gh l y ac t i ve ox i d ize r , a l so p roduces a highers p e c i f i c t h r u s t w i t h hydrogen than does oxygen, but it isv i o l en t l y co r ros i ve t o met a l s and known p l a s t i c s , pa r t i c u l a r -l y a t high temperatures.

S t ud i e s a t Lewis Research Center are directed towardlea rn i ng ways t o handle, conta in , and s to r e fue l -ox id izercombinat ions sa fe ly and re l ia bly . For example, p l a s t ic sand me t a l s a re exposed ' t o f l uo r i ne a t high tempera tures t ode termine th e chemica l rea c t io ns t h a t t ake place, and at-tempts a r e being made t o s y n th e s iz e p l a s t i c s ( c a l l e d ? *f lu or -inated polymers '?) of higher chemical resistance.

The r a t e s a t which l iquid hydrazine, s t i l l another typeof chemical fu e l , ??d iss ocia tes ," o r brea ks down, when ex-posed t o high temp era ture s have been measured, and th e re-s u l t s i n di c at e t h a t t he exp l os i ons t h a t sometimes occur witht h i s prope l l an t p robab l y o r i g i na t e i n gas bubbles t h a t areformed during t h e decomposition process.

-

* In combination w i t h an oxidi zer o r when heated i n anuclear reac tor .



Research i s a l s

handl ing problems f o r rock et use.

Current N A S A research on rocket combustion has tw omajor objec t ives : I ) t o le ar n how and a t what r a t e t h efue l -ox id ize r combina tion re ac t s t o form th e ho t gases t h a tproduce thrus t ; and 2) t o l e a rn how p re s s u re p u l s e s o rsur ges occur and what co nt ro l s t h e i r magnitude. A b e t t e rknowledge of how f u e l s burn i n a rocke t can simplify devel-opment of new engines and help reduce development time andcos t . Knowledge about combustion pressure pulses w i l l g i v et h e key t o con tr o l l i ng uns tab le burning , which would, i nt u r n , l e a d t o f a r more re l iab le opera t ion of rocket engines .

r e l a t in g th e shape and s i z e o f th e chamber

--and other

f a c t o r s s u c h as pressu re , t empera tu re , ve loc i ty , e tc . --t o t h e r a t e a t which pro pel lan t drops evapora te i n it .Work so f a r has shown t h a t t h e mathematical concept appliest o many pr op el la nt systems, A techni que has a ls o been de-v i s ed t o f o l lo w t h e atomiz ing pr oc es s and subsequent evapor-a t i o n i n t h e combustor,

A mathematical method . has been developed a t L e w i s f o r

Resu l t s ob ta ined can presen t be app l ied t o pro-p e l l a n t s t h a t i g n i t e s p o n sly when t h e components a r emixed. However, fu r the r : ch i s being conducted onmixing and reaction f such fu e l s , and it nowappears t h a t a mathet o roc ket combustio be achieved.

a1 model appl yin g more gen er al ly

Pu l s a t in g o r u n s t a b l e c mbustion can destroy a rocke tengine.reduc ing o r e l imi na t in g pu lsa t ions ; however, t h e goa l i s a

N A S A re sea rch has a l ready d i sc losed methods fo r

* Except t h e hydrogen-ozone combina tion mentioned onp. 108.

...



i s t h e r e l a t i v e n ) of t h e e nd .o f t h enozzle , or exishape of man ewhat analogous.t o t h a t of t

Factors be ing consid e f fe c t o f exhaus tp r es s ur e , t h e l o s s e s from ynamic eddies

or c u r r e n t s , f course, i t sshape,len gth sh or t wi thout s a c r i f i c mance. Shor t nozzless impl i fy engine g imbal l ing ( st o change th e d i r ec t i on o f th rus l t ) ; they a l so reduce weigh tand make upper s t a g e s more compact.

The object i s t o keep t h e des ign s imple and t h e

n a f lex ib le mount

An in ve st ig at io n ' of rocket nozzles of very high arear a t i o , f o r upper-s tage rockets and space vehic les , i s beingconducted i n th e L e w i s 10 x 10-foot supe rson ic tunnel . Theprogram has included t e s t s of both co ni cal and bell-shapedn o z z le s j t h e former p r imar i ly f o r re fe rence da ta . The bell

s ha pe s a r e b e l i ev e d t o be more prac t ica l conf i ura t ions f romt he viewpoint of ove r- al l vehi cle performance 7 n whicht h r u s t gai ns must be measured ag ai nst weight i nc re as es ) .General Electric Company i s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n the program ands up plying th e b el l- sh ap ed n o z zl e s i n a r e a r a t i o s of 25 t o 1and 200 t o 1. Resu l t s show a 15 p e rc e nt i n c r e a s e i n t h ru s tfrom an 8-to-1 coni c nozzle t o a 200-to-1 bell-shaped nozzle.

The

Through t h e Gene ral E l e c t r i c Company, as c o n t r a c to r ,NASA has been in ves ti gat in g ' t h e '?plug nozzletf concept forro ck et engines. The work i s going forward a t GETS MaltaTes t St at io n, Schenectady, N, Y. I n t h i s conc ept , t h erocke t exhaust g a s e s, i n s t e a d o f f l a r i n g o u t from a b e l l -shaped vent, push into t h e atmosphere or space from what i salmost a reve rse conf igura t ion . That is , the exhaus tstreams out from combustors t h a t are arranged in segmentsaround a ce nt ra l , inver te d cone , or p lug. The p lug de f l ec t st h e h o t g a s e s i s s u in g f rom t h e combustors and permits theou te r por t i on o r per ime ter of t h e gases t o expand, uncon-f ined . A t a l l a l t i t u d e s below t h e i d e a l d e si gn a l t i t u d e ,such an engine w i l l t h e o r e t i c a l l y perform b e t t e r t h a n a con-ve nt io na l engine. Use of small, segmented chambers, in st ea dof t h e much l a r g e r chambers of convent ional rockets , g ive san add i t iona l advan tage -- t h e indiv idual combustor uni tscan be ar ranged i n su i t ab l e numbers t o produce engines ofv a ri o us s i z e s o r t h r u s t s .

nozzle rocket engine was completed by GE i n January 1960.An i n i t i a l exper imenta l inv es t iga t io n o f t h e plug

- 111 -



Conventional Rocket Nozzle Plug Nozzle

Segmented Combuetion Chamber Two Basic Plug ShapesIeentropic or "LOSSFree'# (Upper)esign for

Plug Nozzles Conical (Lower)

- 112 -1



t o l e a r n howgines cou ld bbine* t o powerof t h e t y p e u sResu l t s have il y h i gh e r t h ant h e b le ed s y s tb ine and the re

and ty p e th a tv e h ic l e s , O f

tems, and tank weights,

In fu r th e r e x p e r im e n ta l i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t u r b i n e s f o rhigh-energy rocket systems, a col d-a ir model (u si ng un-heated a i r f o r t h e t e s t ra the r t ha n t h e a c t u a l f l u i d ) oftwo-stage unit was b u i l t t o t y out t h e "bleed system'? --t h a t i s , employing a small pe centage of t h e p ro p e l l a n t t od r i v e t h e t u r b i n e a nd .t he n exhausting t h e s p e n t p ro p e l l a n tover-board. The major problem i s t o ge t enough power t od r i v e t h e t u rb i n e p ro p e r ly w i tho ut a p p rec i a b ly re du cing t h espec i f ic impulse , The r e s u l t s of t h i s i n ve s t i g a t io n i n di c a te da t o t a l e f fi c ie nc y of approximately 4.6 p e rc e n t f o r t h e t u r -b ine p roper -- re la t ive ly good performance for two s tages .

p a r t o f a gen era l program f o r a turbopump i n an engine w i20,000 pounds of thrust ,

f i c i e n c y o f 53 percent. This u n i t w i l l a l s o b e t e s t ed a thigh tempera tures (about 14000) i n t h e p i l o t t u r b i n e faci3. ia t Plum Brook,

A small three-stage u n i t i s a l s o b e in g in v e s t ig a t e d

A col d-ai r model achieve d an ef-

The conventional bleed system and a m o n o p ro p e l l a ~ td r i v e system f o r u s e i n t h i s p p l i c a t i o n were compared an-a l y t c a l l y , R e s ul t s i n d i c t t h e bleed system re-quired about one- th i rd t h e flow r a t e o f t h e monopropellsystem (u s i ng hydraz ine) ,l i f t i n g a n i n c r e a s e d p a y 1t h e amount of inc rea se va he mission ,

The lower flow r a t e wouldu s t y p e s of m i s s

I n modern chemical roc ket systems, ga s pr es su re i sused t o fo rce t h e l i q u id p ro p e l l a n t i n to t h e pump a ndv i d e s u f f i c i e n t head t o keep t h e f l u i d from c a v i t a t i n g a t

* Somewhat analogous -fashioned overshot 68,



Ma te ri al s and Manufactur ing Techniques

S ev e r a l f ac t o r s co u l d l i m i t t h e use of s o l i d - p r o p e l l an tro ck et s. For example, nozzle mater ia l s must res i s t temper-a t u r e s of more th an 6000°F. (See Chapte r 12, "Materials andSt ruc tu res" , p . 128.) A l s o , if s o l i d r o ck e t s are t o be u t i -l i z e d a s multi-hundred-thousand-pound bo os te rs , new means ofmaking them must be developed.

Corp., Newark, N. J., t o s t ud y t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f s e v e r a lmaterials s u i t a b l e f o r Cobgtruct ing high temperature n o z z l e si s s t i l l i n p ro gr es s . Me l l i c carb id es and o th er subs tancest o be ev a l u a t ed have been d i f f i c u l t t o f ab r i G a t e i n t h e s i zereq ui r ed , and only two t e s t rocke t f i r i n g s have been ca r r i e dout , one o f which was simply t o prove th e equipment andins t rumenta t ion . I n th e second t e s t , a n o zz l e t h r o a t s ec t i o no f h i g h d en s i t y meta l l i c carbide wi thstood exhaust condi t ionscon sid era bly more sever e th an any produced i n even t he mostadvanced of present -day roc ket s . The th eo re t i ca l temperature

of t h e flame was 67000F, and du ri ng t h e 39-second bur ningt ime, t he 3/4- inch-diameter th ro at incre ased only .Ob inch.

The c o n t ra c t i n i t i a t e d i n 1959 with the Arde-Port land

ELECTRIC ROCKETS

El ec t r i c rocke t -propu l sion systems y ie ld ex t r emelyweak th ru st but can ob ta in a lmost unl imi ted j e t v e l o c i t i e switho ut consuming much pr op el la nt . For mis sio ns i n spacewhere g ra v i ty f o rc es are small, t h e y o f f e r a number ofadvan tages , s in ce the y are compact and can generate thrustf o r l on g p e r i o d s o f time.t r i c ro ck et s now under s tu dy by N A S A . These include ionroc ke t s , plasma rocke t s , and e lec t ro - the rmal rock e t s ( d i s -cussed i n more d e t a i l under in di vi du al headings below) .

There are s e v e r a l t y p e s o f e l e c -

Developmen4 of Elec t r i ca l P ropu l s ion Sys tems

t i v e b i d s t o deve lop a 30-kw e lec t ro therm al a r c j e t f o r s a t e l -l i t e propuls ion, a 1-kw a r c j e t f o r s a t e l l i t e s t a b i l i z a t i o n ,and a 30-kw ion rocke t f o r p ropu l s ion of in t e rp lan e ta ryprobes . ,P roposa l s f o r the se p ro je c t s have been r ece ived anda r e now being te ch ni ca l l y evalu ated . Contra cts w i l l beaw arded i n t h e n ea r f u t u r e .

Pro pos als 'have been requ es te d from i nd us tr y on competi-

F u tu r e e l e c t r i c a l p r op u ls i on development ac t i v i t i e sw i l l include fu r t he r suppor t of th es e thre e developmentp r o j e c t s , t o g e t h e r wi t h su pp o rt i ng s t u d i e s d i r e c t ed t ow ar dspecia l problem areas such a s power ge ne ra ti on . (Ford e t a i l s see "SNAP-€? Development," p . 126. )

..119 -



Exper iments i n progress a t L e w i s a r e e v al u at i n g fourion rocke6 engine designs based on widely d i f fe r i ng con-cep ts , and designed f o r miss ions rang ing f rom cor re c t i ngt h e o r b i t s of communications s a t e l l i t e s t o supplying pro-p u ls i on f o r i n t e r p l a n e t a r y f l i g h t . In p r e l im ina ry t e s t s ,f a i r l y good power energ i es have been obtained ( a s high as58 p e rc e n t o f t h e power t h e o r e t i c a l l y p o s s i b l e ) , and w i t h

'knowledge gai ned t o date, it i s expected t h a t t h i s e f f i ci e nc y

can be greatly improved.

are being analyzed in d e t a i l , using t h e experimental enginesand ' auxi l iary apparatus.oped t o pe rmi t a cq u i s i t i on o f b e t t e r and more complete datai n t h e n e a r f u tu r e.

Many of t h e proc es se s t h a t t a k e p l a c e i n i o n e n gi ne s

N e w in s t ruments are being devel-

Plasma Rockets

Plasma propu ls ion makes use of many of t h e same prin-c i p l es and techn iques t h a t are b e in g s tu d ie d in t h e sea rch

f o r con t ro l l ed the rmonuc lear fus ion.ionized gas (p o s i t i v e i o n s and n e g a t iv e e l e c t ro n s ) a t veryhigh temperature.

e j e c t e d i n two s e p a ra t e beams, bu t are intermingled ande j e c t e d t o g e t h e r i n a common beam.a c c e l e r a t e d e l e c t r o s t a t i c a l l y , a plasma beam, electromag-n e t i c a l l y .

A plasma i s a body of

t i n t h a t t h e i o n s and e l e c t ro n s are not separ a ted andA plasma ro c k e t d i f f e r s from an io n

A l s o , an ion beam i s

Exp er im en ta l r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t some plasma dev icespreviously proposed have l i t t l e promise f o r propu ls ion ap-pl i ca t ion s . Consequently, t h e p lasma rocket resea rch pro-

gram has been real ign ed t o pla ce more emphasis on acce ler a-t i o n systems of demon str ated promise. The program a l s o con-t i n u e s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f a few systems f o r which t h e l imi ta-t i o n s h ave n o t as yet been determined even approximately.One system of t h e l a t t e r v a r i e t y i n v ol v es a c c e l e r a t i n g aplasma by means of a m agnetic f i e l d o s c i l l a t i n g a t r a d i of requenc ies (150 o 4.50 kc.). A c r i t i c a l e xp er im en t, us-in g a n a c c e l e r a to r d e sign ed f o r c on tinu ou s o p e ra t ion , i sunder way i n an e f f o r t t o de te rmine t h e p o t e n t i a l of t h i stype of device.

systemp u l s e senergyand as

Other types o f p lasma acce le ra to rs are being evalu-

ated, inc lud ing capac i to r -d i scharge dev ices t h a t producer e pe a te d p ul s es . I n i t i a l e xp er im en ts i n d i c a t e t h a t v e l oc i -t i e s can be a t t a i n e d s u i t a b l e f o r p ro pu ls i on a p pl i c at i o ns ,bu t t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n f o r c e d ro ps r a p i d l y a s t h e plasmaflows away from i t s s t a r t i n g p o in t. This r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e

have a s h o r t "time constant" -- i n o the r words, t h emust be repeated extremely rapid ly , so t h a t t h es t o r e d i n t h e c a p a c i t o r s w i l l be qu ick ly rep lacedquickly again d ischarged .

' - 121 -



Work i s a l s o going forward on s e ve ra l plasma genera-t ion sys tems t h a t would, i n c o nju nc t ion with a plasma ac-celerator , make up a complete engine.

Elec t ro ther mal Rockets

r o c k e t s i n t h a t a p ro p e l l a n t gas i s heated e l e c t r i c a l l y and

permi t ted t o expand through a n o z z le t o form a h ig h v e lo c i tyj e t w it ho ut b ei ng a c ce l e r a t ed by e x t e r n a l e l e c t r i c o r mag-n e t i c f i e l d s .

Elec t ro the rmal roc ke t s d i f f e r f rom ion and plasma

Lewis i s inv es t iga t in g sev era l such dev ices , one o fwhich uses an e l e c t r i c a r c d ischar ge t o produce suddenh e a t in g of t h e p ro p e l l a n t g a s,

Use of Sol ar Radia t i on ' for Propuls ion

NASA i s cont inuing i t s i n v e s t ig a t io n of s o l a r e ne rg yt o heat hydrogen and t h u s produce rock et th ru st . ' The study

so f a r has shown t h a t s p e c i f i c impulses from 900 .to 1500seconds may b e ob ta ined fn eng ines t h a t can . lacce le ra te 0.3f o o t pe r second. Such a system, ap pl i ed t o a'manned Moonmiss ion or Mars mission, might reduce weight ,of the upperstages enough t o p er mi t t h e i r u se with a Saturn launchvehic le .

The chief problem i s t o cu t down th e weight of t h es o l ar c o l l e c t o r t o 1/40 of a .pound per square foo t ,weight requiremGnt app ear s po ss ib le t o achieve.

This

NUCLEAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS FOR SPACE

Power f rom contro l led nuclear f iss ion , a l though f i r s ta ch ie ve d i n p r a c t i c a l m easure d u r in g th e l a s t decade, hasnow grown famil iar and almost commonplace. E l e c t r i c i t y pro-duced by nuclear power reactors has been l i g h t i n g homes andtu rn in g t h e w he el s o f i n d u s t ry i n t h e U ni te d S t a t e s andabroad f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s, But t h e a p p l i c at i o n o f t h i s e n o r -mous, a lmost unl imited source of energy, t o thrust -producingdev ices f o r dr iv ing launch vehic les and spacecraf t on mis=s i on s t h a t are now imposs ib le i s a c h a l l e ng e t o s pa ces c i e n t i s t s and ro c k et e n g ine e rs ,

NASA i s i n e a r l y stages o f developing tw o types o fnuclear sys tems f o r space propulsion:f e r rockets , and 2 ) nuc lea r e le c t r ic genera t ing systems.T h e l a t t e r are in tended t o produce enough e lec t r ic i ty t opower an e lec t r i c rocket engine (see "Electr ic Rocketsn,

1) nuc lea r hea t t r ans -

pp. 119 - 122. )

- 122 -



Nuclear Heat Transfer Rockets

The po t en t i a l of t h e n u c l e a r r o c k et l i e s i n i t s high ape-c i f i o impulrse. Thiar f a r o u t s t r i p s today's most powerful chensi-cal rooketa. The nuc l ea r rocke t w i l l c o n s i s t of t he fo l lowingbaaric components: 1) a prope l l an t tank, conta in ing l i qu idhydrogen a t approximately -43CPF; 2) a pump and i t s assoc ia teddr i ve system, t o fo rc e t h e l i q u i d F ue l t o 3 ) a nuc l ea r r eac t o rwhich heat8 it and transforms it t o ho t gas; and 4) a nozzle

through which t h e gas i s expe l led t o p rovi de t h rus t .and miss ion s tud ies are being conducted which i n d i c a t e t h a tcomparat ively small and simple nuclear rockets would be desir-able fer high energy missions.

t h e Atomic Energy Commission.t e s t program by developing t h e non-nuclear components re qu ir ed ,and supplying the necess ary hydrogen p ro pe ll an ts . Among these~ o ~ ~ o n e n t sre t h e hydrogen pump, tu r b in e , and ro ck et noszle.In proper time phase wi th A E C t s r e a c t o r t e s t program, a f t e rcompletion through a working model engine demonstration, N A S A

w i l l have developed a f l y a b l e e ng in e Bystem i n t e g r t e d i n t o anuclear roake t vehic le .be aa, a t op e t age o f a ahemibal rooket launch veh icl e ; th enuclear rockets would s t a r t t o o pe r at e af te r having beenlaunched by the chemical lower stages i n t o an earth orbi t .

Vehicle

The nuclear rocket program i s a J o i n t e f f o r t of N A S A andN A S A suppor t s AECVs r e a c t o r

Most probable f i r s t ap pl ica t io n would

Mosgle Cooling Problems -- A high&eraperature reactor i sneeded f o r an e f f i c i en t nuc l ea r rocke t - h e hinher t h e tem-pera ture , t h e more thrust i s obtained from t h e hzated hydrogenpropel l an t pass ing through t h e noszle. However, t h e nozzlecool ing problem, a l rea dy d i f f i c u l t i n chemica l systems, i s in-t e n s i f ied. Several research programs are accordingly being

conducted on nozzle cooling a t t h e L e w i s Research Center. Arecent ly comple ted pre l iminary ana lys i s ind ica tes t h a t walltemperatures higher t han those gener 1 l y used i n nozzle d es iw i l l almost undoubtedly have t o be o

Data on heat t r a n s f e r r a tes from hot gas t o n os zl e wallsare being exper imenta lly determined i n s eve ra l chemicalr o c k e ts ; c o r r e l a t i o n s o f these data should a l so be a p p l i c a b l et o nuc l ea r rocke t s. Data on rates of heat t r ans fe r f rom t h enoosle wall are a l s o b ei ng gathered, u s i n g a n e l e c t r i c a l l yheated tube through which t h e hydrogen coolant flows a t rangeso f pressures and temperatures comparable t o those encountered

i n nuclear nozz1 s.Pump and Turbodrive Systems -- Like chemical rockets,la rge nuc l ea r rocke t s w i l l r e q u i r e a pump and turbodrive sys-tem t o move t h e hydrogen f u e l from t h e s t o r a g e ta n k s t o th ereac tor .f o r chemical roake t engines u t i l i z i n g l iqu id hydrogen, except

Cavitat ion problems are similar t o thos e mentioned

- 123 -



t h a t a dd i t i on al d i f f i c u l t i e s are posed by r a d i a t i o n h ea ting .Axial (s t ra ight- through) flow, multi-stage pumps may be usedt o o bt a i n t h e high pres sur es required , and systems of t h i st y p e are under study.

Problems associated with tu rb in e d r iv e s y s t e m s s u i t a b l et o n uc l ea r r o c k e t a p p l i c a t i o n s are be ing inves t iga ted exper i -mentally. The f i r s t system s tu d ie d i s of th e bleed t y p e inwhich a small f r a c t i o n of t h e pump di sc ha rg e by-passea t h ethrust chamber a f t e r some heating, and a f t e r expanding throught h e t u r b i n e i s discharged overbo rd. The turbine, s i a e d i nt h e g e n e ra l r an ge s u i t a b l e f o r n u c l ea r o e k et s of t h e Roverty p e d i s cu s s e d i n p re v io u s r e p o r t s , i s u n i t with eight f u l ls tages . The comple te turb ine i s now being fabricated and ist o b e tes ted i n t h e main t u r b i n e t e s t f a c i l i t y a t Plm Brook-,The f i r s t two stages a r e a lr ea dy ~ d e r g o i n g i n t h e t ur -b in e p i l o t f a c i l i t y ( a s m a l l - - s c a l e f a c i l i t y t i d s the ds-s i gn and cons t ru c t ion of t h e larger one laentiPlum Brookf l u i d s .

s t a g e t u r b i n e s has i n d i c a t e d t h a t there i s p r a c t i c a l 1 no d i f -

usi ng both -hydrogen and ni tr og en(An e labora t ion of these tesrts i n v a r i o u s a in gl e-

fe re nc e i n performance between hydrogen and ni trog en. Idiscueeed . i n the Second

Semipump fe ed system f o r t h e Roversupplying th e hydrogen req ui red i n a1nuc lear rocke t program. Among flow s components involvedi s $he liquid hydrogen pump (and a aix-atage t u rb i ne t o d r i v eit), being developed under contract with t h e Rocketdyne Divi-s i o n of North American Avi atio n, Inc. Cu rr en tl y, t e s t pumpsare being tested under var ied pressures and flow rates.

NASA is also inve s t i ga t ing ways of c o n t r o l l i n g t h e flowsyatems of nuc lea r rock 8. Under a c o n t r a o t i t h t h e Aeroje tGeneral Corp., Amsa, C if. , s t a r t i n g c ha ra et i s t i c s of saeha system are being s t u d d o Experi e n t a l work as been corn-p le t e d ; a n a l y t i c a l work i s continuing.

Arrangements are i n p ro ress t o suppo work a t theNational Bureau of standard^ Cryogenics E in ee r i ng Labort or y , Boulder, Colo., on t h e b a s i c p ro p e r t s of hydrogenreqvired for f low system d8sign.str umen tat ion requ ire d i n hydrogen f low aystems.

Work w i l l also inc lude in-

c a l and experiment al work a te methods of evaluatingr id e ~ u ip 5 e n t rom red i -

a t i o n s emitted by nucl ea r re ac to r powerplants and from radia-t i o n s i n space.s h i e l d i n g w i l l reduce the p r op u ls i on e f f o r t o f get t ing a vehi-c l e i n t o o r b i t ; it i s es t imated t h a t each pound of s h i e l d i n gmay in cr ea se gr os s wei h t of t h e v e h i c l e by ten pounds,

Any p e ~ i s ~ i b l eeduc t ion i n weigh t of t h e

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sevenfold. These r e s u l t s should be of immediate i n t e r e s tt o o r g a n i za t i o ns t h a t f a b r i c a t e e xp er im en ta l s h ap es f romt ungs t en shee t .

Res ear chp i s a l s o be ing conducted wi th t he goa l o f p ro-ducing al lo ys , based on tun gst en but more d uc t i le th an thepure material a t room temperatures and stronger a t hightemperatw e . Tungs ten-t an ta lum and tungs ten-mo 1 bde numa l l o y s have been s uc ce ss fu l ly -mel ted experimental ly , and

a t t empt s t o l e a r n more about t he g ra i n s t ruc t u r e are underway.

A t Langley Rese'arch, Center th e r ef ra ct or y metal molyb-denum, i s b ei ng i n v es t i g a te d f o r s t r u c t u r a l a p p l ic a t i o ns .One of th e c hi ef shortcomings of t h i s mater ia l i s t h a t i ti s d i f f i c u l t t o work and weld i n t o s t r u c t u r a l e n t i t i e s .The s t rength of spot welds and fus ion w e lds i n molybdenums h e e t were determined; t h e compressive st re ng th of "sand-wich" s t r u c t u r e s was measured a t temperatures a s high a s3000°F, and s tud ies were made of the mechanical propertiesof she e t t h a t had been coa ted wi th anothe r material t o pro-

t e c t it aga i n s t ox i da ti on . F i nd i ngs i nd i ca t e t h a t coatedmolybdenum al l o y sh eet can be pr of i t ab ly employed i n en t r yv e h i c l e s t r u c t u r e s .

Refract o ry Ceramics

have even higher mel t in g po in ts th an tungst en, and w i l l un-d ou bte dly f i n 7 use where t h e very highest operat ing temper-a t u r e s are re qu ir ed . Very pure hafnium car bid e (melt i ngpo i n t , ove r 7000OF) i s being prepared, and a dens i t y o fb e t t e r t ha n 96 p er c en t o f t h a t t h e o r e t i c a l l y o b t a in a b le h as

been achieved -- a higher den s i t y than any repor ted before.*Prope r t i e s o f t he mater ia l are ndw be ing ev al ua te d. Thework may eventually yield information much more promisingf o r s t r u c t u r e s t h a t must oper a te a t extrem ely h igh tempera-tu res .

Severa l of t h e re f ra c to ry ceramics under s tudy a t L e w i s

The prop er t i es of ano ther promis ing re f r ac to ry ceramic --t an ta lum carb ide (mel t ing poin t 70000F) are being s tud ied t odetermine th e e f f e c t o f vary ing th e carbon conten t . In fo r -mation gained w i l l a i d i n t a i l o r i n g t he compositi.on of t hecarbide to obtain great ly improved physical and mechanicalp r o p e r t i e s .Improving Heat-Resistant Alloys and Ref rac tor y Metals

ope rat ion s ("compacting,tt o r packing ver y t ig h t l y ; "s i nte r in g,"Aluminum powders can be put through a s e r i e s of chemical

* C o k e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e hafnium ca r b id e , f o r example, hasa dens i t y o f abou t 80 percent .

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o r t u rn i ng i n t o a s o l i d mass without a c t ua l l y me l t ing ; andnex t rud ing,n o r fo rc ing th rough d i es under p res su r e ) t o formmaterials w ith u nu su al s t r e n g th and s t a b i l i t y a t high temper-a tu res , The improved qualities r e su l t from the f a c t t h a t t h et h i n f i l m of stable oxide which forms on the surface ofaluminum by natural process becomes d i s t r i bu te d i n the formof f i n e p a r t i c l e s a l l th rough the material.

If an analogous st ru ct ur e could be produced i n metalsother than aluminum, s t r e n g th and use temperatures could bein cr ea se d, However, o t h e r materials by nature do not oxi-d i z e a t t h e s ur fa ce i n t h e same way o r degree t h a t aluminumdoes; ox ides must be added t o the p roduc ts a r t i f i c i a l l y .The po t e n t i a l of th e method has s t i mu la te d hundreds of exper-iments i n labo ra to r i es throughout t he world , but improve-ments achie ved have been minor i n comparison wit h t he theo-r e t i c a l p o ss i b i l i t i e s .

A t L e w i s Research Center, th e approach has been t o s tudyt h e s t a b i l i t i e s of v a r i o us t y p e s o f o xi de s i n d i f f e r e n t met-a l s , and t o t r y d i f f e r e n t d i s p e r s i o n s and degrees of f i n e n e s s .Re su lt s have improved gr adu al ly , bu t a r e s t i l l a long way froma ch ie vi ng t h e t h e o r e t i c a l W t e n t i a l .

F in e r a nd f i n e r d i s p e r s a l s of o x id es i n metal have beenproduced i n experiments by reducing th e s i z e s of t h e m e t a l l i c \

p a r t i c l e s . Methods have been evolved f o r reducing pa r t i c l es i ze s i n many k inds of meta ls , us ing se ve ra l typ es of gr i nder s .Work i n t h i s f i e l d i s c o nt inu ing , a nd i n t h e fu tu r e w i l l beexpanded t o mater ia l s t h a t a lr ea dy show good st re ng th a t hightemperatures, where it i s f e l t that powder metallurgy methodsdeveloped t o da te can be s t be ca pi ta l i ze d ,

Nozzle Materials f o r Sol id-Propel lan t Rockets

s tand no t on ly h igh tempera tures ( 5000°-60000F and higher)bu t a l so the ex t remely co r ros ive e f fe c t s o f t he rocke t exhaus tgases.

The noz zl es of r oc ke t s powered by s o l i d f u e l s must with-

Developing suitable mater ia l s f o r t h i s a pp l i ca t i on i sa major problem. t .

L e w i s Research Center h a s i n s t a l l e d a nd t e s t - f i r e d asmall, so l id - p rope l lan t rocke t eng ine designed to s im ula tethe composit ion and temperature of exhaust gases o f f u l l - s c a l eengines.

nozzle mater ia l s and t o l e a r n how and why th e y f a i l . Thisinves t iga t ion shou ld p rov ide a b e t t e r s c i e n t i f i c b a s i s onwhich t o s e l e c t and develop promising materials.

The device w i l l be used t o s tu dy the meta l lurgy! of

The f a c i l i t y proved s a t i s f a c t o r y i n t h e i n i t i a l t e s t sI n f u t u r e f i r i n g s , p r o p e ll a n t st temperatures of 48000F.

- w i l l contain powdered aluminum, which burns with a n extrem ely

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f



i n t e n s e h e a t , t o g iv e h ig he r ex ha us t gas tempera tures --f i r s t , 5600°F, then, more than 60000F.

Bear ings for Use a t Cryogenic Temperatures

such a s l i qu id hydrogen, l i q u i d oxygen, and f lu or in e a sr o ck e t p r o p el l a n t s in vo lv es d i f f i c u l t i e s i n l u br i c a t i ng

moving parts of a nature never before encountered.areas inc lude bear ings , seals , gears, and many other mechani- ,

cal components of rocket engine pumps and turbines that makes l i d i n g o r r o l l i n g c o nt a ct s.b e a r in g m a te r i a l s a re a lm os t t o t a l l y u n s u i ta b l e. For example,o rd in a ry g r e a s e w i l l explode i n the presence of l iq ui d oxygen.

The use of cryogenic pr op el la nt s (-200'F and below)

Problem

Convent ional lubr icants and

I n pre se nt desi gn concepts, t o keep turbopump systemsa s l i g h t and simple a s p o s s i b l e , the f l u i d t h a t i s pumpeddoes double duty a s a bearing lu br ic an t . Lewis ResearchCenter has conducted exper iments wi th bea r ings ope ra t ing i nl i q u i d fuels and l i q u id o x id a n t s a t cryogenic temperatures.

Bal l bear ing s have been operated su cces s fu l ly i n l iq u i dhydrogenZt shaf t speeds of up t o 30,000 r e v o l u t i o n s p e rminute.a p p l i c a t i o n w i t h ox idan ts .

S l id i n g b e a r in gs w i l l a l s o be t e s t e d f o r p o s s i bl e

OTHER MATERIALS STUDIES

Effec ts of Nuclear Radia t ion on Metals

In a n o the r p ha se o f t h e e f f o r t t o produce mater ia l scapable of wi ths tanding severe condi t ions , L e w i s i s inves-

t i g a t i n g t h e e f f e c t s of n u c le a r r a d i a t i o n o n metals.

Work i s c o n ce n t r a te d l a rg e l y o n th e s o -c a l l e d "d i f fu s io nprocess ," i n which indi v i du al a toms i n metals and a l loysmove o r mi gra te , producing voids o r weakening gaps i n thea tomic s t ru c t ur e . Most pres ent theo ry i s based on studiesof di f f us io n -caused by i n t e r n a l s t r a i n s produced mechani-c a l l y .grow i n s i l v e r are being measured, and the magnetic proper-t i e s of nickel-pa l lad ium a l loys are being compared beforeand a f t e r mechanical st ress and /o r nuc lea r rad ia t ion . Voidgrowth study i s p ro d u c in g r e s u l t s t h a t a re i n good accord

with e a r l i e r theory .i n t e r n a l s t r a i n s a f f e c t magnetic p r o p e r t i e s a p pr e ci a bl y .Techniques developed s o f a r w i l l be developed and used i nf u r t h e r s t u d i e s.

In e xp er im en ts t o d a t e , t h e r a t e s a t which voids

The ni cke l-p al lad ium work shows t h a t

Stu d ie s o f Fa t igue S t reng th

s t r uc t u r a l components a re s ub je ct ed t o g u s t s o f wind,During the l i f e t i m e of an a i r c r a f t o r miss i le , many

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buf f e t s , no ise of grea t intensity , aerodynamic heating andpressu re , and o th e r loads and s t resses . Cumulat ive ef fec tsma$ keep bu i ld ing un t i& s t ru c t u r es are weakened, and even-t u a l l y f a i l . It i s d i f f i c u l t t o p r ed i ct t h i s kind of"fatigue*' damage by experimental means.

I n p a s t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , s t resses of a p a r t i c u l a r t y p ehave been repeated unt i l t h e t e s t s t r u c t u re f a i l e d . Recent-

l y , however, the Langley Research Center has completed as e r i e s of t e s t s i n which s t ru c t ur es were subjec t ed t o muchmore complicated stresses t o s im ul at e t h e t y p i c a l l o ad s oft r a n s p o r t a i r c r a f t These t e s t s i n d i c at e d t h a t a simplehypo thes is, based on cumulative damage, c a n be employed t omake reasonably accu ra te fo re ca st s of how long a s t r u c t u r ecan r e s i s t f a t i g u e .

Abla t ion Materials

Theore t ica l and exper imenta l s tu d i es of t h e a b l a t i o npr oc es s (d es cr ib ed i n NASA's "Second Semiannual Report t o

Congress") are being carr ied out a t Langley Research Center.I n wind tu nn el s employing e l e c t r i c a r c s t o h ea t t h e airs tream,v a r io u s mater ia l s a re s u b jec t e d t o c o n d it i o n s o f severe hea ts imi la r t o tho se encountered when a v e h i c l e e n t e r s t h e atmos-ph er e. The work i s y ie ld ing in fo rmat ion tha t i s u s e fu l n o ton ly i n determining t he e f fec t iv ene ss o f a wide v a r i e t y ofa b l a t i o n mater ia ls , b ut a l s o i n p ro vi di ng i n s i g h t i n t o t h ena tu re o f th e ab l a t io n p rocess .

Recent analyses show that a water-cooling sys tem i n theveh ic l e s t ruc t u re on the back su r face of a n a b l a t i n g h e a ts h i e l d w i l l give good r e s u l t s and -- more important -- w i l l

permit th e ove r-a l l weight of the veh ic le t o be reduceds i g n i f i c a n t l y.

Materials f o r Winged Ent ry Veh icl es -- Another methodof reducing aerodynamic hea tin g on th e su rf ac es of a v e h ic l eenter ing the a tmosphere i s t o use wings t o re ta rd the descentand thus t o d e c e l e r a t e a t h ig h a l t i t u d e s . The in t e n s i t y o fh e a t in g i s l e s sened , but it l a s t s f o r a longer time, i n com-par i son wi th a wingless vehic le . Also, the lead in g edge --th e pa r t of th e wing th a t meets the a i r f i r s t -- s t i l l under-goes tempera tures of 30000 t o 40000F:mater ia l s but not unreasonable for some refractory materials,

such a s g r a p h i t e .

too h igh f o r most

Langley i s i n v e s t ig a t in g g r a p h i t e t o det erm in e i f it canwi ths tand the grea t heat encountered by le adi ng edges.Graphite i s u nu su al i n t h a t o ve r c e r t a i n r a n ge s of tempera-t u r e i t grows stronger a s temperature increases, and showse x c e l l e n t r e s i s t a n c e t o h ea t s ho ck.

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n e f f e c t i v e , n a t u r a lloyed, may e l imina te

need f o r r e t r o m s on e n te r in g s p a c e c ra f t .

This , i n tu rn , would reduce th e takeof f weight of a spaceveh ic le .A t kmes Research Cente , a cont inuing s tudy o f e n t r y

o r b i t s from lu n ar f l i g h t haof the ear th ' s a tmospheof r e t r o r o c k e t s e This ion i s c a l l e d a n e n t r y c o r r id o r.

Should a r e t u r n i n gh igh t o come wi th in the ed co r r id or , the veh ic le maydepart from the atmospheb e fo re r e tu rn in g a g a in t e v i c i n i t y of th e ea r t h . Ane n t r y t o o low t o f i nd t h o r could well s u b je c t t h espacec ra f t and i t s p a y lo c e l e r a t i o n fo rces i n t o l e r a b l et o human be in gs o r damag he s t r u c t u r e . I d e a l l y , ar e tu r n in g sp ace c r a f t wo i d ed i n t o t h e p r e c i s e c o r r i do rt h a t would permit t he d ra g o r r e t a rd in g e f f e c t of t h e atmos-phere t o s low the vehic le jus t enough t ha t it -would remainins ide the a tmosphere once i t s descent i s begun.

i n g t

i s t o be used f o r dece le r a t ing a space vehic le .c a l method fo r c a l c u l a t i n g s uc h t r a j e c to r i e s has been derivedby Ames sc i en t i s t of mathematica l func t i ons a r ebeing compiled f o one The t a b l e s w i l l permit

hout drawn-out c al cu la ti on s.

iz e en t e r i ng t he a tmosphere

d i s c lo s e d a pa r t ic u l a r segmentt h a t may permit e nt r y without use

c ra f t e n t e r t h e a tm o s p h e re t o o

nd t rave l over a d i s t a n t o r b i t

-- Se le c t io n o f a p r e c i s e r e t u r n-

An a n a l y t i-e c r i t i c a l if atmospheric braking

a n a l y s i s a p p l i e s t o v e h i cl e s

of t h e e a r t h o r o p l a n e t t h a t i s blanketed withgases.

-- Stud ies app ly ing thet h a t t h e s a f e e n t r y c o r r i -

t h e e n t e r in g v e h ic l e i s ab leaerodynamic l i f t . In a typ i -increased from seven miles

l e of a one-to-one l if t- to-r n t r a n s p o r t a i r p l a n e s

c u st o ma r i ly f l y a% l i f t - t o- d r a g r a t i o s of 1 5 o r more.

Before a spacec ra f t can be designed f o r a mission andan opera t iona l schedu le p lanned , th e t ra j ec t o r y and assoc i -a t ed energy requi rem ents must be worked o ut w it h prec is io n.



Research on J e t Exhaust E ff ec ts

The shape of the j e t exhaust emitted from high-speeda i r c r a f t and s p ac e v e h i c l e s i s important i n analyzing th etemperatures and pressures on t h e base and aft erb ody , Usinga mathematical approach9 Lewis s c i e n t i s t s have worked outs imple express ions f o r es t imat ing the shape or contour of aj e t exhaust ing i n to a supersonic air st r eam , and f o r compari-son, i n t o qu i e t a i r ,

The e f fe c t s of j e t "bi l lowing" of th e exhaust gas es a thigh a l t i tu d e on th e s t a b i l i t y of two miss il e-shaped bodieswere invest igated experimental ly a t Lewis, A t a Mach numberof 3.85 r e s u l t s i nd ic a te d t h a t t h e s t a b i l i t y of t h e bodies,which had no wings or t a i l surfaces, was not adversely af-fec ted by t h e in te rf er en ce ef fe cts , On an ai r pla ne, sucha s t h e X-15 for example, t h e in te r fe re n ce was shown t o bedet r imenta l ,

A mathematical formula was a ls o developed t o determinehow much pr es su re th e j e t and t h e sup ersoni c stream aroundit w i l l app ly on t a i l and c on t ro l su r faces of t he veh i c l e ,The formula was tested experimentally by measuring thepressure in f luence of t h e j e t on a f l a t metal pla te .

FLUID MECHANICS

Physics and Chemistry of Gases a t High Temperatures

L e w i s i n a flow tube and in a shock tub e. From t h e s e ex-periments comes information about processes t h a t occur ona molecular scale, such as the exchange of energy betweenmolecules, and th e e f f e c t s of chemical re ac t i on on heatt r a n s f e r .

Heat t r an sf er exper iments a re being car r i e d ou t a t

Recently completed were s t u d i e s of the thermal con-d u c t i v i t y o f a r ea ct in g gas and measurements of hea t t ra ns -f e r where a l ar ge temperature di ff er en ce e x i s t s between ahot gas and an object being heated -- such as a rocke tnozzle. The knowledge gained can be ap pli ed t o problems ofcool ing or of es t imat ing t h e heat ing of rocket engines ,hypersonic veh icl es , and spac ecr af t ent er i ng th e atmosphere ,

High-temperature chemical r ea ct io ns are being st udie dd i r e c t l y i n a sp ec ia l k ind of shock tube, The l a s t s ixmonths have been devoted t o improving i t s performance, anddata a r e now being co l le cte d. T h i s device i s a b l e t o h e a ta mixture of gases t o extreme temperatures i n a very shor t

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time, hold it a t high t empera ture for a known time whilere ac t io n occurs, and then cool th e mixture almost as quickly,th us s topping t h e re ac t i on abrupt ly . React ions among carbondi ox id e, carbon monoxide, water vapor, and oxygen a r e beingstudied. These proce sses a r e important i n t h e flow of gasfrom a chemical rocket thrpugh the exhaust nozzle.

Another fa c e t of high-temperature re ac t io ns i s being

seu died by means of nd et on at io n waves" which c o n s is t of aahemical react ion and a shock wave coupled closely togetherand t r a v e l i n g a t su pe rs on ic speed. The co nd iti on s underwhich t h e waves can exiat are bein g determined, and r e s u l t sare being ana lyzed theore t i ca l ly .

I n t e r a c t i o n s of Ionized Gases

' A f l u i d t h a t is ra i sed t o v ery high temperatures , or i si n t h e presence of s t ron g e l e c t r i c and magneti c f i e l d s , be-ctomes ionized, and aa a r e s u l t conduct s e l ec t r i c i t y . Ionizedf l u i d s ' c a n b e g r e a t l y i n f lu e nc e d by e x t e r n a l e l e c t r i c a nd

magnetic f i e l d s and, a r e important i n connect ion wi th spacepropulsion and thermonuclear devices.problems i n which t he in te ra c t io ns of ionized gases wi th ex-t e r n a l f i e l d s a re be ing i nves t i ga t ed are described below,

Severa l research

El ec t r i c a l l y Conducting F l u i d Flows Around a Body --If a n e l e c t r i c a l l y c on du cti ng f l u i d f l W ~ bout a body, amagnetic f i e l d s e t up by appara tus wi th in t h e body canmodify the flow, This phenomenon i s o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s tbecause a space craf t ente r in g th e a tmosphere encounters suchcondi t ions , t h e a i r possess ing t h e a t t r i b u t e s of a weaklyconduct ing f lu id . A p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i on of t h i s p r i n c i p l e

could re su l t i n changing t h e p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h esu r face o f an en t e r i ng veh i c le , a l t e r i ng both t h e t o t a l d ragand t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e boundary layer.

L e w i s Research Center i s ca r ry i ng ou t a p r o j e c t t o de-t e rmi ne t he changes of p re s su re d i s t r i b u t i o n on s e v e r a lbody shapes, cy l i nd er s and spher es, i n uniform streams,when magnetic f i e l d $ are emanated from t h e body. Tests so'f a r have consis ted of s imple c i r c u l a r o r "dipole" magneticf i e l d s , a n d t h e i r e f f ec t s on drag con t ro l and sur f ace cool-in g (boundary l a y e r co nt ro l) . Work on t h i s p r o j e c t i s con-t inu ing .

Other re l a t e d s t ud ie s inc lude mathematica l ana lyses oft h e way magnetic-field changes i n th e boundary l ayer w i l la f f ec t t h e t o t a l drag of the body and t h e amount of heatt r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e body's surface.been concerned only wi th th e ho t t e s t por t ion , o r "s t agnat ionpoint. '?)develops around t h e body. A l a rge dig i t a l computer i s beingemployed f o r t h e work.

(Prev ious s tu d i es have

These analyses w i l l t r a c e ,how t h e boundary layer



s t r i c t l y comparable t o t he o the r t a rg e t s employed.it i s r ea so na bl e t o a n t i c i p a t e t h a t the cover ing of as p ac e cr a ft b u i l t a s a double hull , w i t h f i b e r g l a s s i n s u l a -t i o n f i l l i n g t h e s pa ce between t h e h u l l s , w i l l weigh onlyabout a t h i r d as much as a s ing le sk in g iv ing equa l p ro tec -t i o n from micrometeoroid impact.

However,

Photochemistry of Upper Atmosphere Gases

Although t h e d e n s i ty of t h e ear th ' s upper atmosphere

T h e d i f f i c u l t y stems ch ie f ly f rom lack

i s being determined from sounding rocket and satel l i te data,t h e na tu re o f i t s composition i s yie ld ing t o measurementmuch more slowly.of knowledge of t h e r a t e a t which oxygen atoms recombine t oform molecules a f t e r b ei ng s p l i t a p a r t by u l t r a v i o l e t r a y sfrom the sun.

'

A m e s Research Center has assembled and operated ap-pa ra tus t o measure t h i s r a t e by means of oxygen atoms andexci ted molecules produced by e l e c t r i c a l d ischarg es i n a

low-pressure tank.*

Ion Beam Experiments

The necess i ty f o r unders tanding t h e environment i nwhich spacecraft w i l l oper a te have c a l led f o r t h new, un-c o nv e nt ion a l r e s e a rc h t o o l s t o a i d t h e l a b o r a t o r y s c i e n t i s t .One such device a t Ames i s t h e Ion Acc el era to r. An atomt h a t lo se s one o r more of i t s e l e c t r o n s i s known as an ion.I t possesses a p o s i t i v e e l e c t r i c a l charge. The A m e s Ionaccelerator , which produces a stream of ions a t very lowdens i ty and h igh ve loc i ty , has y ie ld ed u s e fu l r e s u l t s i n

s tudy ing the e ros ion of metal surfaces under bombardmentby a stream of ion ized (n i t rogen) gas.

-- have been determined under "bombardment" by ion beamshead-on, a t a 4 5 O angle, and a t energies ranging f rom 200t o 8,000 e l e c t ro n v o l t s . The range w i l l be extended down-ward t o a bo ut 10 el ec tr on vo lt s, and oxygen, hydrogen, andhelium w i l l be used i n addi t io n t o n i t rogen. Also p lannedare inve s t i ga t ions o f emiss iv i ty changes , su r face reac t io nr a t e s , c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e e f f e c t s , and a ng ul ar d i s t r i b u t i o n so f r e f l e c t e d a n d emit ted p a r t i c l e s .

Erosion rates for common metals -- f o r example, copper

.b

-P A dev ice t h a t s im u lat e s t h e low d e n s i t i e s of t h e upperatmosphere.



CHAPTER 15

OPERATIONS A N D ENVIRONMENT

The number and s i z e of a i rp l ane s , and th e speeds a twhich they f ly , are s te ad i l y incre as ing . Problems of main-ta in in g f l i g h t sa fe ty under crowded and complex t r a f f i c con-d i t i o n s are i n c r e a s in g e ve n f a s t e r . Research on safe typ ro b le m s , t h e r e fo re , c o n s t i t u t e s a deservedly important par tof NASA's ov er a l l program, and t h i s re sea rch i s n e c e s s a r i l yof a widely va r i ed na tur e . Typica l programs are h ig h l ig h te dbelow:

S t u d i e s of A l t i m e t r y Problems i n Airplane Operations

tu d e , a nd h i s p er fo rm an ce i n s t a y i n g w i th in h i s a s s ign e da l t i t u d e l e v e l s , l a r g e l y d et er mi ne s t h e nominal v e r t i c a lsep ara t io n t ha t must be main ta ined be tween h i s f l i g h t pa than d th o s e of o th e r a i rp l a n e s on th e same airwa-y. To a con-s id e ra b le degree, t h i s a ss igned se par a t i on de te rmines howmuch t r a f f i c th e a i rway can handle.

The degree o f accuracy t o which a p i l o t knows h i s a l t i -

As a i r t r a f f i c has grown heav ier ,and f a s t e r , the needhas become pres s in g t o re-examine t he accuracy of a l t i t u d emeasurements and maintenance o f p re s cr i be d f l i g h t p at h s t o

a vo id c o l l i s i o n s a nd a t t h e same t i m e a s s u r e t h a t airwaysc a p a c i t y i s not unduly l i mi te d. Langley Research Center i sinves t iga t ing these p rob lems .

Nearing completion i s a s tu d y on th e a c cu rac y t h a t a l t i -meters main ta in over long pe r iods of s e rv i c e .c-all f o r a n a l t ime te r t o be c a l i b r a t e d f o r a c c ur ac y o n lyonce.t o check lon g- te rm s t a b i l i t y of c a l ib r a t i o n un de r c on d i t i o n st h a t simulate t h o s e of u s u a l f l i g h t o p er a t io n s .

Regulations

Altimeters of fou r t ype s now i n use are being -bested

Convent io na1 p ressure- ens ing a1 m e t e rs be come l es

accurate a t h ig h a l t i t u d e s . A cc ording ly , p i l o t s o f j e t a i r -c r a f t must ma in ta in grea te r v e r t i c a l s ep a ra t io n a t t h e s ea l t i t u d e s . NASA i s surveying a l l known altimetry systems,and tho se having promise f o r improvement w i l l be s tu d ie df u r t h e r .

- 149 ..



Altimeter accuracy i s a l s o a c r i t i c a l f a c t o r i n i ns tr u-ment landin s w h e n v i s ib i l i t y i s poor. The p i l o t ge ne ra l l y

ground-based radio beam known a s the Instrument LandingSystem (ILS). Obviously, th e accuracy of both t h e al t imeterre ad in gs and t h e ILS gl i d e sl ope determi ne %he minimum con-di t i on s of v i s i b i l i t y and 99ceil ing9t nder which ins t rumentla nd in gs can be made sa f e l y .

Langley i s t e s t i n g t h e a c cu ra cy o f al t imeters a n d t h e ILSt o es t ab l i sh minimum safe v i s i b i l i t y s t an d ar d s. True h ei gh ti s being measured f o r d i f fe re n t typ es o f a i r p la nes i n manyland ings f o r which p i lo t ' s r ead ings o f a l t ime te r and ILSi n d i c a t i o n s are recorded for comparison.

r e l i e s on tae a l t imete r i n conjun ction with guidance from a

Another Langley inves t iga t ion i s determining how closelyp i l o t s o r a u t o p i l o t s m a in ta in a ss ig ne d a l t i t u d e l e v e l s --th e so-ca l l ed "f l ig ht te ch ni ca l e r rors ." Now i n i t s f i r s ts t a g e s , t h e s t u d y c o n s i s t s of a s t a t i s t i c a l a na ly si s ofa l t i t u d e r e co r ds from NASA f l i g h t r ec or de rs i n s t a l l e d i ncommerc ia l t r anspor t and mi l i t a ry a i rp lanes . Ef f e c t s o f

such f a c t o r s a s a i r p l a n e t yp e, c r u i s e a l t i t u d e ( a s high a s4.0,OOO fee t ) , and a tmospher ic tu rbu lence w i l l be assessed.

Dswnwash Effects on VTOL A i r c r a f t

An in h e re n t problem of VTOL ( V e r t i c a l Take-Off. and- anding) a i r c r a f t i s t h e s t r o n g ftdownwash" They produce.i s powerfu l enough t o h ur l loose mat er ia l from t h e g roundi n t o t h e a i r . A c r a f t w i t h l a rge r o t o r s w i l l hur l sand andd u s t . Propellor-driven machines w i l l p ick up g rave l. J e teng ines w i l l throw even he avi er obj ec ts . Effe-cts may rangef rom mi ld ly im pa ir ed v i s i b i l i t y t o s e r io u s damage t o t h e

a i r c r a f t o r i t s engines . The problem could sev ere ly r e s t r i c tVTOL opera t ions , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h m i l i t a ry c r a f t w h o s e use-f u l n e s s w i l l depend t o a large ex ten t on be ing ab le to t akeof f f rom o r land on unprepared t e r ra i n .

I t

Langley i s i n v e s ti g a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of VTOL down-wash flows. By taking pressure measurements and using smokeo r o th e r f l o w v i s u a l i z a t io n t ec h niq ue s , c h a ra c t e r i s t i c down-f lows are being determined; r e s u l t s should permit pr edi c t in gt h e e f f e c t s of t h e downwash and a i d i n develop ing opera t ingte c h n iq u e s t o r ed uc e o r c o u n ter a c t them.

Noise Sources on Supersonic Transports

Although 2,000-mph su per so ni c t r a n s p o r t s , capable ofwhisking passengers from N e w York t o London i n two hours,are s t i l l i n t h e c on ce pt stage, research problems con-nected with such p lanes a re under in te ns iv e s tudy.se r i ou s problem o f n o i s e -- a l r e a d y famil ia r f rom opera t ion

The



From recent research two other procedures have emergedt h a t may he lp cu t down no is e on t h e ground. Superson icc r a f t should de ce l e ra te from c r u is ing speeds t o subsonicspeeds while s t i l l a t a v e ry h ig h a l t i t u d e (pe rh ap s 60,000t o 70,000 f e e t ) , and the y should no t tu rn o r o the r i s e mneu-v e r a t superson ic speeds , because t h i s con cen t ra tes s t r ongpressu re waves f rom the a i r c r a f t on small ground areas.

The strong, eddying a i r c u r r e n t s , or tfwakett o f largea i rp l a n e s s u c h a s t r a n s p o r t s c an s e v e re ly b u f f e t and stresssmaller, l i g h t e r a i r c r a f t c ro ss in g t he f l i g h t p a t h, A theo-r e t i c a l s tudy has been made a t Langley of t he stresses andlo ads produced i n a l i gh t a i rp l ane by th e whi r l ing washesgenerated by a l a rge , f a s t t r a n s p o r t , S t r e s s e s were calcu-l a t e d t o be s o severe t h a t t he e f f o r t s of a l i g h t e r p la nep i l o t t o master th e v io l en t mot ions of h i s a i r c r a f t couldi nc re as e t h e s t r a i n s u n t i l s t r u c t u r a l f a i l u r e s would r e s u l t .I t seems c l e a r t h a t t h e o n ly s o lu t io n i s t o make sure t h a t

l i g h t p l a n e s k e e p well clear of the wakes of l a rge r a i r c r a f t .

Fuel Sloshing Dampers

Liquid f u e l s 8gs loshingt8 n veh ic l e ta nk s can have bade f f e c t s upon f l i g h t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , Ames Research Centerhas inves t iga ted ways of tvdampingtf o r con tr o l l i ng l i qu idmotions.measured f o r d i f fe r en t dep ths of l i qu i d , and f o r d i f f e r en tspeeds and amounts of os c i l l a t i on ,

Ef f e c tiv e n es s o f v a r io u s t y p e s o f b a f f l e s has been

be of types hav ing wings tha t p roduce re la t ive ly low l i f t i ncomparison t o t h e d r ag e n c o ~ n t e r ~ ence, it i s d i f f i -c u l t f o r p i l o t s t o judg h t p at h t o p o si t i on suchc r a f t p r ec i se l y a t the roach , I t i s a l s o d i f f i c u l tt o judge t h e c o r r e c t s p nd a l t i t u d f o r l e v e l i n g o f f fromt h e s t e e p g l i d e a n g l e s t y p i c a l of a i r c r a f t h aving l o w l i f t -d r a g r a t i o s .

An unpowered l and in g te ch n such veh ic les hasbeen developed an new te chn iq ueprovides a n e x p l i t h e p i l o t .The f i r s t p a r t of t h e p a t t e r n i s a constant descent a t highspeed along a s t r a i g h t l i n e aimed a t a ground referencep o in t s h o r t o f t h e b e ~ i n n i n g f t h e r u y e A t ' a s p e c i f i e da l t i t u d e , a n d a t a speed cor re spo ndi ng t h e programmedang le of descen t , th e plane i s p u l l e d o u t a t a cons tan t r a t ei n t o a shal low f l i g h t h i d e t he nd e c e l e r a t e s t o t ou ch do

-152

-



1 F l i g h t t r i a l s of the techn ique were made with a tilt-wing t e s t a i r p la ne . Using two d i f f e r en t conf igura t ions ,both with low l i f t - d r ag r a t i o s (4.0 and 2.8 r e s p e c t i v e l y ) ,the approach pa t te rns a s computed from available l i f t andd ra g d at a f o r t h e t e s t airp lane prosed comple te ly sat i s fac-t o r y .motors were id l i ng . Touchdown po in ts of pl us o r minus 600

f e e t and a i r spe ed accur ac i es of p lu s o r minus 10 miles p e rhour i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e p r ed i ct e d c o nd i ti on s were obta ined .P i lo t o p in ion s of t h e t e ch n iq u e were uniformly favorable .

These s i g n i f i c a n t c h a r a c t er i s t i c s of the land ing tech-nique were demonstrated by o r deduced from t h e f l i g h t tests:

For ty - f ive land ings were made.by s i x p i l o t s while

1) I n d i v i d u a l t a s k s are compatible with the average

2)

3 )

p i l o t ' s f l y i n g e xp er ie nc e.

The technique requires l i t t l e o r no p ra c t i c e .

The technique red uce s t h e number of va ri ab le sreq u i r ing p i l o t judgment, and thus land ingdepends more on aerodynamic limitations of t h eveh ic le and l e s s on p i l o t s k i l l .

4 ) A missed approach i s ev iden t a s s o o n a s t h ep la ne l e v e l s o f f , a t a speed well above tha tf o r touchdown, and th e pi l o t has time t oe j e c t h im se lf i f necessary.

5 ) The pat te rn , s ince it i s composed of straight-l i n e e le me nt s, i s es pe c i a l ly compat ib le wi th

pr ac t i ca l schemes f o r e l ec t r on ic gu idance o rau tomat ic con t ro l.6 ) A t t h e h igh i n i t i a l ap proac h s pe ed s c h a rac t e r -

i s t i c of the techn ique , speed b rakes (h igh-drags t r u c t u r a l s e c t i o n s , extended i n t o t h e ai rs t ream)are an e f fe c t iv e speed con t ro l , r educ ing the needf o r a p r e ci s e i n i t i a l g l i d e an gl e.

7 ) T h e i n i t i a l g l i d e pa th may be e nt er ed a t anya l t i t u d e above t h a t r e q u i r e d t o s t a b i l i z e s p e e d ,the reb y s impl i fy ing th e problem of navigat i ng

t o t h e p o in t a t which the descent pa t te rn i se n t e r ed.Measur ing Physio logica l Condi t ions of Pi lo ts

S c i e n t i s t s of A m e s Research Cen te r , i n co l labora t ionwith a U . S. Navy Flight Surgeon, have developed a small,simple, instrument package t o r e co r d c e r t a i n v i t a l p hysi-o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n s of a p i l o t i n a s imula to r cockp i t o r

- 153 -d



f l y i n g a n a i r c r a f t . I n pr ev io us r es e a rc h on a b i l i t y of ap i l o t t o c o n t r o l a n a i r c r a f t , p h y si o lo g ic a l c on di ti on wasof secondary concern. I n supe r son i c f l i g h t o r space f l i gh t ,however, environmental s t res ses -- such a s high g f o r c e s ,weight lessness , and high temperatures -- cannot %e ig no re d.I t i s now necessary t o monitor ( f or sa fe ty ) and s tudy th ep h y s i o lo g i c a l r e a c t i o n s o f t h e p i l o t a s ' w e l l a s h i s perform-ance of a c o n t r o l t a s k .

The A m e s phy sio logi cal inst rument package contai nsth re e ty pe s of measuring devices . The f i r s t two monitorblood pressure and hear t ac t i on . The t h i r d i nd i ca t e s abrea t h i ng r a t e and t h e amount, of oxygen consumed, g iv ing ameasure of the energy expended by the pilot.

The instrument package, designed t o cause a s l i t t l ediscomfort a s poss ib le , has been demonst ra ted i n f l i g h t .I t w i l l next be app l i ed to :

1) A f l i g h t - t e s t s tu dy o f t he e f f e c t s o f z er o

gra v i t y , o r weightl essness , on a p i l o t ' sa b i l i t y t o so lve a co nt ro l problem, and

2) Safe t y mon it or ing of sub j ec t s i n t he Ames"f ve-degree-of-freedom" f l i g h t sim ula tor .

Measurements of Winds and Wind Shears

moving i n t he same or d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t io n s a t varying speeds)encountered by rocket vehicles can be hazardous to large,f l ex ib le , booste r combinat ions. Such c u r r e n t s can s e t iup

s t ruc t u ra l v i b ra t i ons t ha t can wreck the veh i c l e o r a l t e ri t s f l i g h t pa th . These condi t i ons become c r i t i c a l a t t h eupper l i m i t s of th e tro pos phe re, where th e combination ofthe high dynamic pr es su re s of t he r ock et as it bui lds upspeed and the in ten se wind s hea rs of th e j e t stream* l eadt o s ev er e l o a d s and stresses. (Aircraft are a l s o su b j ec t t ot h es e e f f e c t s . )

Informat ion on the de ta i l ed wind s t ruc ture a long ac tua lrocke t f l i g h t p a t h s t o a l t i t u d e s o f a bout 100,000 f e e t i sbeing obt ai ne d by Langley Research Center, through an al yz in gphotographic records of rocket exhaust or smoke t r a i l s .

St ud i es o f t r a i l s from rockets launched a t Wallops Stat ionhave i nd i ca t e d t ha t wind s t ruc t u r e a l ong t he f l i g h t pa t h isa random dis turban ce, wi th shea r la ye r s 300 o r 4.00 f e e tt h i c k moving i n va r i ous d i r ec t i on s t hrough t h e l arger prs-v a i l in g wind f i e l d s , which have been measured from ba llo on

The winds and wind s he ar s (hi gh a l t i t u d e a i r c u r r e n t s

* A t o r r e n t of a i r t ha t f l ows f rom west t o e a s t a t a l t i t u d e sof between 20,000 and 50,000 f e e t .

- 144 -J



soundings. Wind, tem per atu re, and a i r density measurementsa t a l t i t u d e s of 100,000 t o 250,000 f e e t are a l so b ei ngobta ined by using rad ar t r ack ing s of "chaf f" ( c o n f e t t i - l i k er e f l e c t i n g m a t e r i a l) o r parachute payloads f rom specia lr o c k e t f i r i n g s a t Wallops.o ther rocket - launching ranges i n t h e U ni ted S t a t e s andCanada

This work i s i n cooperat ion wi th

Other Studies

inf la te d-sph ere sof t - la nding techniques , and p i l o t per form-ance -- a l l r e p or t ed i n c on s id er ab le d e t a i l i n NASA's'*Second Semiannual Report t o Congress.*'

NASA i s cont inuing to s tudy spacecraf t landing problems,

3



C H A P T E R 16

THE N AS A O R G A N I Z A T I ~ N

O R G A N I Z A T I O N A L DEVELOPMENT

During t h e re po rt period, NASA ente red upon se ve ra limportant expanded o r new assignme nts, These inc lud edr e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d ev el op in g a l l high -thr ust launch vehi-c l e s fo r th e Nation 's space program; a k e y ro l e i n t h e pro-jected United Nationts conference on peaceful uses of space;and establishment of a l ife-sciences program.

Spacefl ight Functions Reassigned

Launch Vehicle Program Broadened -- On October 21, 1959,

t h e Pre s ide nt announced h i s i n te n ti o n t o t r a n s f e r t h e Devel-opment Operat io ns Di vis ion , Army B a l l i s t i c Missi le Agency( A B M A ) , H u n t s v i l l e , Ala,, t o NASA, u n le s s Congress sh ou lddisapprove with in 60 days as provided i n Sect ion 302 ( c ) oft h e Nat iona l Aeronautics and Space Act o f 1958. ThePres ident ts message was del iv ere d t o Congress on January 14,1960, and took effect on March 14, with NASA g ra d u a l ly assum-ing resp ons i b i l i ty . The ac t ua l o f f i c i a l t r a n s f e r of person-n e l and proper ty w i l l t ak e p lace on Ju ly 1.

N A S A was a l s o a s si gn ed r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r developing ,

a l l h igh- th rus t l aunch veh ic les f o r bo th mi l i t a ry and scien-

t i f i c space programs. Incr ease d NASA emphasis on launchvehicle development was ref lec ted on January 1, 1960, whena new Headquarters Office was e st ab li sh ed t o d i r e c t t h i sprogram, and spac e f l igh t re sp on s i b i l i t i e s were r e a l ig n e d asfollows:

* -- The new Office i sre sp s ion sys tems; ' 2 ) de-s igning and procur ing launch vehic les and associa ted contro ls ;and 3 ) NASA launch ing opera t io ns a t t h e A t l a n ti c MissileRange, Cape Canavera l, Fla. , a t t h e P a c i f i c Miss i le Range,Point Arguello, Cal i f , , and other s i t e s . I t d i r e c t s and

c o o rd in a t e s o p e ra t io n s o f t h e George C , Marshall Space Fl ig htCe nt er and t h e NASA-Atlantic Miss i le Range Operations Office,The Office of Launch Vehicle Programs i s organized witha s s i s t a n t d i r e c t o r s f o r propuls ion , vehic les , and launcho p e ra t io n s ,

4: D ire c to r s o f NASA Offices are listed i n the Organiza t ionChart , p. 161.

i



-- Formerly the Officeof s f i c e i s r e s p o n s ib l e fo r :1) planning s a t e l l i t e and space probe missio ns; 2) payloaddesign and develo ment; 3 ) in - f l i gh t opera t ion o f p robesand s a t e l l i t e s ; 4P t ra ckin g, and securin g information from,s a t e l l i t e s and probes; and 5 ) launching sounding rocketsand acqu i r ing and in te rp re t i ng data from them.d i r e c t s and c o or di na te s t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e Goddard SpaceFl ig h t Cen ter , Greenbe l t, Md. ; t h e J e t Propulsion Laboratory,Pasadena, Calif.; and Wallops Station, Va. It d i r e c t sP r o j e c t Mercury, and i s i n charge of es ta b l is h i ng and main-t a i n i n g t h e worldwide Mi ni tr ac k, Mercury, and Deep Spacet ra ck i ng and da t a ac qu is i t io n networks.reorganized, wi th a s s i s t a n t d i r e c t o r s a ppo in ted f o r : 1)Ap pli cat io ns and Manned F l i h t Programs; 2 ) S a t e l l i t e andSounding Rocket Programs; 3f Lunar and Planetary Programs;4 ) Space F l i g h t Operations; and 5 ) Program Planning andCoordination.

The O ff i c e

The Office was

Off i c e of Aer onau tic al and Space Research Reorganized

The Of f ic e of A er ona ut ic al and Space Research, renamedt h e Of fi ce o f Advanced Researc h Programs on Januar y 1, re-o rg an iz ed i n t e r n a l l y i n or d er t o conduct a more intensivein-house e f f o r t i n res ea rc h and development of m a t e r i a l sr e q u i r e d f u r aerospace programs. A Materials Divis ion t os p e c i a l i z e i n t h i s work was organized under t h e Ass is t an tDir ec t or f o r S tr uc tu re s and Opera t ing Problems.of Advanced Research Programs d i r e c t s and coordinates opera-t i o n s o f Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.; Ames Re-search Center , M offe t t Fie l d , Cali f . ; L e w i s Research Center,Cleveland, 0h io ; ' an d F l i g h t Research Center , Edwards, Cal if .

The Office

I n a re po rt ( s e e Appendix K ) submitted on January 25,1960, t o Administrator Glennan, t h e N A S A Bioscience AdvisoryCommittee recommended organization of an Off ice o f L i f eSc ie nc es Programs, Among t h e Committee's o bs er va ti on s:

"Somewhat pa radox ica l ly , NASA, which do es have a c l e a r l ydef ined miss ion t o put and mainta in men i n space , ha se ss en -t i a l l y no e x i s t i n g c a p a b i l i t y f o r s tu dy in g t h e b io lo g ic a l a n dmedical problems involved,"

On March 1, 1960, an Off ice o f L i f e Sciences Programswas es t abl ish ed i n Headquar ters t o p lan , organize , and oper-a t e a program of re se ar ch and development i n t h e biomedicalasp ec t s o f space f l i g h t and spa ce environment and t o s tudyp o s s i b i l i t i e s of l i f e e x i s t i n g e ls ew he re t h a n on ear th .The O ff i c e w i l l d i r e c t r e s e a rc h i n b io te ch no lo gy ( i n t e g r a t i o n

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Saturn on November 18, 1959.ment, which i s e f f e c t i v e u n t i l t h e formal t r a n s f e r ofMarshal l on July 1, 1960, are:

A Saturn Committee, c o n s i s t i n g of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e sof NASA, t h e Advanced Research Pr o je c t Agency ( A R P A ) , t h eArmy B a l l i s t i c Mi s s i l e Agency, and t h e Department of t h eA i r Force, w i l l ass i s t and a dvi se t h e NASA adm ini str ato r .

2 ) The Director of A R P A w i l l con t inue a dmin i s t r a t ionof th e p ro jec t , conduc ting it th rough ex i s t ing ARPA t a s korders .

Other prov i s ions of' th e agree-

1)

3 ) The Director, Defense Research and Engineering,w i l l provide t h e NASA Ad mi ni st rat or a s ta tement of m i l i t a r yi n t e r e s t as a g u id e i n t e ch n i c a l d i r ec t i o n .

4) P u b li c i nf or ma ti on a c t i v i t i e s w i l l be coordinated.

Marsha l l Func t ions a f t e r T ransfe r -- When f o r m a l l y

tr an sf er re d t o NASA, Marshall w i l l have major f i e l d r e s p o n s i -b i l i t y f o r launch ve hi cl e des ign, development, and f i r i i g .Thus, i t s t a s k s w i l l inc lude no t on ly the Sa tu rn p ro jec t ,but also development of the Centaur launch ve hi cl e, adapta -t i o n of t h e A i r Force Thor-Agena B and Atlas-Agena.B boosterst o NASA m i s s i o n s , an d t ech n i ca l d i r ec t i o n of t h e F-1, a 1.5-mi ll io n- pound-t hrus t si ng le - chamber engin e under de ve1 pmen tby Rocketdyne Division o f North American Aviation, I n c , I nadd i t ion , the Cen te r w i l l engage i n advanced r o c k e t engineand p ropu l s ion s tud ies .

A cq u i s i ti o n of t h e Marshall Center has made possiblet h e f o l l o w i n g d i v i s i o n of p ri mary sp ace f l i g h t r e sp o n s i b i l i -t i e s : I

1) Marshal l -- Design and development of launch vehicles,and sup erv isi on of N A S A launch operat ions a t th e A t la n t i c .andPaci f ic Miss i le Ranges ,

2) Goddard -- Pro jec t Mercury and e a r th s a t e l l i t e p ro -grams.

3 ) J P L -- Mission planning and development of payloads-f o r l u n a r and i n t e r p l a n e t a r y ex p l o ra t i o n .

STRUCTURE A N D FUNCTIONS

The organizat ion ofthe accompanying chart.

NASA on Ap r i l 1, 1960, i s shown i nFunct ions of some Headquarters

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JPL a l s o conducted advanced re se ar ch and development i nphysics, gas dynamics, propulsion, materials, an d e l e c t ro n ic s ,I n a d d i t i o n , i t directed development of the Sergeant weaponsystem f o r t h e Army and t e s t e d se ve ra l Army and A i r Forcemissile models i n wind t un ne ls .

NASA RELATIONS W I T H OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

Work performed by NASA i n th e te ch no lo gi es of aero-na ut ic s and space i s i n t e r r e l a t e d w i t h many a c t i v i t i e s t a k i n gpl ac e i n o t h e r Government or ga ni za t io ns wi th which NASAcoopera tes and coordinates i t s programs. For example, t h eSNAP-8 p ro je ct , mentioned elsewhere i n t h i s rep or t , i s aj o i n t ende avor of NASA and th e Atomic Energy Commission;TIROS I , the weather s a t e l l i t e experime nt , in vo lv ed NASAcooperation with the Weather Bureau of the Department ofCommerce and a number of ot he r Government agen cies , m i l i t a r ya n d c i v i l i a n .

Agenc ies and f i e l d s i n which th e re a re coordinated andc o o p e r a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s are l i s t e d i n NASA's "Second Semi-annual Report -- A p r i l 1 - September 30, 1959."



CHAPTER 17

PERSONNEL

COMPOSITION A N D GROWTH OF NASA STAFF

On March 31, 1960, NASA was staffed by 9,691 c i v i l i a nemployees, o f which 27.5 pe rce nt were r e s e a r c h s c i e n t i s t s ;8 p e rc e nt , r e s e a r ch f a c i l i t y en gi ne er s ; 8.6 percen t , d ra f t s -men, designers, and a i d e s ; 38,7 percent , t r ades a n d c r a f t s ;and 17.1 p e rc e nt , p ro fe s s io n a l , a d m in i s t r a t i v e , and c l e r i c a lpersonn el. Gen era l Schedule (GS) employees t o t a l e d 5,733;Wage Board ( W B ) , 3,741; and Excepted and Statutory, 218.NASA employs 18 f o re i g n s c i e n t i s t s ; t h e C i v i l S e rv ic e Com-mission has a u th o r i z e d h i r in g o f 50. The f i g u r e s do n o tin cl ud e 2,667 employees of t h e J e t Propulsion Laboratory( J P L ) , under c on tr ac t t o NASA, o r th e approxi mately 5,500p o s i t i o n s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e George C. Marshall SpaceFl igh t Cen te r ,

NASA employment i s expected t o t o t a l 9 ,988 by June 30,1960, excluding J P L and Marshall . Thi s in cr ea se i s primar-i l y due t o s t a f f i n g of t h e new Goddard Space F l i g h t Center.Dis t r ibut ion of personnel among organiza t ional e lements i sshown i n Table 2.

R E C R U I T I N G , EXAMINING, A N D T R A I N I N G

Recruiting and Examining

Recru i t ing remains a major problem because re la t ive lyfew q u a l i f i e d a p p l i c an t s a re a v a i l a b l e f o r NASA s c i e n t i f i cp o s i t i o n s . NASA seeks qua l i f ied app l ican ts th rough con-t a c t s wi th more than 120 i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h i gh e r l e a rn i ng ;a d v e r t i s e m e n t s i n s c i e n t i f i c j o u r n a l s a n d t r a d e publica-t i o n s ; and d i s t r ib u t i on of pu bl i ca t ion s desc r ib ing employ-ment and t r a in i ng oppor tu n i t i e s .material emanating from headquarters, f i e l d c e n t e r s p r e p a reand d i s t r i b u t e pub l ica t ions i l l u s t r a t i n g employment advan-tages a t t h e i r i n s t a l l a t i o n s .

I n a dd i t io n t o d i s t r i b u t i n g

The advent of space programs has created many newf i e l d s of sc i enc e and engineer ing . To r e c r u i t for t h e s enew f i e l d s , NASA i s i s s u i n g a nationwide examination f o r



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- 168 -

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th e rec ru i tmen t and se l ec t ion of s c i e n t i s t s and e n gi n ee r swhich eva lua tes and s e l ec t s ind iv idu a l s c i e n t i s t s and eng i-n e e r s o n th e b a s i s of t h e i r r e s e a rc h s p e c i a l t y e x p e r i e n c era the r than the academic degrees they hold -- t h e u s u a lmethod of s el ec ti on i n t h e pa st , This a l lows more f l ex i -b i l i t y i n s e l e c t i on and a much b e t t e r a p p ra i s a l o f t h ei n d iv i d u a l ' s q u a l i f i c a t i o n ; i n t erms o f t h e new and d i f f e r e n tf i e l d s of work he w i l l be expected t o perform,

Training Programs

tra in ing programs. It i s planning o thers .N A S A develops employee a b i l i t i e s th rough th ree fo rmal

Graduate Study Training Program -- Approximately 750employees are enrolled i n g r a d ua te c o u r s es a t 10 c o l l e g e sand un iv e r s i t i e s under t h e NASA Graduate Study T ra in in gProgram, Employees are t a k i n g c o u r s e s d i r e c t l y a p p l i c a b l et o t h e i r work o r t o pos i t ion s f o r which the y a r e prepar ing ,Tuit ion and f e e s a r e paid by t h e Government,

College Cooperative System -- Approximately 175 univer-s i t y s t ude nt s a l t e r n a t e work and s tudy each year under NASA'sCollege Cooperative System. When th e- s t ud en ts re ce iv e t h e i rd eg re es , u s u a l l y a f t e r f i v e years, they have also workedappr oxim atel y two y e ar s f o r NASA.but approximately 80 percen t o f t h e s t u d e n t s j o i n NASA a f t e rgraduat ion .

Apprentice Program -- N A S A develops h i g h l y - s k i l l e dcraftsm en through an Apprent ice Tra in in g Program, i n which367 employees are enrolled. A f t e r a minimum of four years

of classwork and on-the-job tr ai ni ng , personne l re ce iv ejourneymen's c e r t i f i c a t e s approved by t h e Uni ted S ta tesDepartment of Labor and ac c red i t e d by t h e s t a t e i n whicht h e t r a i n i n g i s given.

No commitments a r e made,

H I G H SCHOOL LIAISON

Approximately 200,000 copies of four bookle ts on aero-nau t ic s and space, wr i t t e n t o appeal t o high schoo l sc iences tu d e n t s , were di st r i bu te d by NASA duri ng t h e p a s t s i x monthsthrough t h e National Science Teachers Associat ion and t h e

Na ti on al Av ia ti on Educati on Council. I n ad di ti on , NASAf i l l e d numerous ind iv i dua l reque s t s f o r t h e p u b l i c a t io n s andre p l ie d t o many in qu i r ie s concern ing educa t ion a l pre requ i -s i t e s f o r c a r e e r s i n a e r o n a u t i c s and s pac e.

Prov is ion o f t h e booklets t o h igh schools conforms witht h e d i r e c t io n f o r wide disseminat ion of informat ion se t f o r t h

f



i n th e Nati onal Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 and maymotiva te pot en t i a l uni ver s i ty sc i ence s t ude nts t o favor NASAemployment a f t e r co l lege g radua t ion ,

EMPLOYEES HONORED

NASA s t a f f members won t h r e e na ti on al awards f o r Govern-

Hugh L, Dryden, As soc ia te Adminis trator, rece ive d t h e

ment ser v i ce dur ing t h e repor t in g per iod:

P re s id e n t ' s Award f o r D i s ti n gu i sh e d Fe d e ra l C iv i l i a n Se rv i ce ,t h e h ighes t honor bes towed on ca re e r c i v i l se rvan ts . D r ,Dryden was c i t e d f o r " s c i e n t i f i c and a dm i n i s tr a t i v e l e ad e r-sh ip i n planning and organi zin g American space explora tion. ))

Maxime A. Faget, Chief, F li gh t Systems Divisi on, SpaceTask Group, rec eive d t h e Arthur S. Flemming Award o f t h eJunior Chamber of Commerce. Thi s award i s presented annual lyt o t e n o ut st an din g Government personnel 2 1 t o 40 years o fage.

Eugene S, Love, Assistant Chief o f t h e AerophysicsDiv isi on, Langley Research Center, was named by the Na t iona lCivi l Serv ice League a s one o f t h e ten top career employeesi n th e Fe de ra l Government, The League annually gives suchawards on the bas i s of "competence, character, and achieve-ment as r e p r e se n t i n g t h e h i g h es t s t a n da r d s i n t h e c a r e erc i v i l s er vi ce ."

-U 170 -



CHAPTER 18

OTHER ACTIVITIES

NEW A N D C O N T I N U I N G WORK

This chapter gives developments i n a va r i e t y of continu-in g and new NASA a c t i v i t i e s dur ing the rep or t per iod. I n -cluded are d e t a i l s of: 1)NASA procurement and co nt r ac ti ng ;2) the patent program; 3 ) i nven t i ons and con t r i bu t i ons ; 4)new construction and equipment a t NASA ce nt er s and la unchin gs i t e s ; 5 ) f i na nc ia l in format ion ; and 6) a c t i v i t i e s i n thedisseminat ion of publ ic and technical informat ion.

PROCUREWNT A N D CONTRACTING

Realignment i n Organiza t ion

organ i za t i on i s a system of dec ent ral ize d oper at i ons underce nt ra l po l ic y d i r ec t i on and guidance of NASA Headquarters.With some exceptions -- n o ta b ly c o n t r a c t s f o r s p e c i a l pro-grams and pr o j ec t s i n i t i a t e d by the Off i ce of t he Adminis-t r a t o r -- purchases and cont rac t s are made by procurementpersonnel a t t he f i e l d c e n te r s o r f i e l d of f i ce s .

The es s e n t ia l c ha r ac te r i s t i c of the NASA procurement

The Procurement and Supply Division a t NASA Headquar ter shas t he r e spons i b i l i t y fo r deve l op i ng po l i c i e s and p rocedures ,coord inat ing procurement and supply a c t i v i t i e s , and reviewingand approving major con t ra c t s (ge ner a l l y negot i a t ed co nt r ac t si n e xc e ss of $100,000). The Div i s ion a l s o ev a lu a te s the per -formance of a l l f i e l d procurement offices, and provides pro-curement ass i s t an ce t o f i e l d personne l i n such spec i a l i zedareas as t r ans por t a t i on and t r a f f i c management, u t i l i t yse rv i ces , and con t r ac t s w i t h i n s t ru men t a l i t i e s of fo re i gngovernments.

Decent ra l i za t ion Progress -- During t h i s r epo r t pe ri od,

a procurement group was organized a t the Goddard Space FlightCenter and de lega ted au th or i t y t o n ego t i a t e and award con t ra c t si n support of th e Goddard mission. I n ad di t io n, the newlyorganized Western Operat ions Office a t Santa Monica, Calif .,was d el eg at ed a u t h o r i t y t o a d m in i st e r c o n t r a c t s i n t h e areal o c a t e d a t o r west of Denver, inc ludi ng t h e co nt ra ct betweenNASA and the Cal i foPnia I n s t i t u t e of Technology for operat ingt h e J e t Propuls ion Laboratory, pre viou sly adminis tered by th e

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L o s Angeles Ordnance D i s t r i c t . On March 28, 1940, a procure-ment off ice was organized a t the George C . Marshall SpaceFl igh t Cen te r , Hun tsv i l l e , Ala. I t w i l l be respons ib le fo rprocurement and con tr ac t i ng fun ct i ons i n suppor t of th ere se ar ch and development ef fo r t of t h e Marshall Center.Agreement was re ac he d between NASA and th e Army OrdnanceMissile Command f o r c o n t in u a t io n of procurement and su pp lysupport of Marshall through June 30, 1960.

Sma l l Business Program -- I n fu r the rance o f the NASAsmall business program, s p e c i a l i s t s a t ea ch NASA proc ure -ment o f f i ce , working c los e ly wi th rep res en t a t i ves o f t heSmall Business Admin istra tion, sc re en proposed procurementst o determine whether th e work i s s u i t a b l e f o r small bus inesspar t ic ipa t io n . Along wi th NASA cont r ac t in g o f f i ce rs , t heya l s o re vi ew t h e l a r g e r res ear ch and development co nt ra c t s t oa s c e r t a i n s u b c o n t r a c t i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r small bus inessconcerns . During calendar year 1959, NASA awarded c o n t r a c t st o t a l i ng $25,195,000 t o small bus iness f i r m s , about 18 perc e n t of t h e d o l l a r v a lue o f Procurement awarded d i r e c t l y t obus iness firms

.Types of Contrac ts -- NASA u s u a l ly c o n t r a c t s f o r s u p p l i e sand se rv i ces , i ’nc lud ing cons t ruc t ion , by adv er t i s i ng fo rcompeti t ive bids and awarding a f i x e d p ri c e c o n tr a c t t o t h elowes t re spons ib le b idder . Research and development contracts,on the other hand, are us ua l l y awarded by neg ot i a t i on , s in ceit i s seldom p o s s i b l e t o fo rmu la te p r e c i s e s p e c i f i c a t io n supon which pros pect i ve co nt ra c t or s can b id ag ai ns t one another .

NASA se ek s and enc ourages wide compet i t ion fo r re sea rchand development pro Sec ts . I t d i s t r i b u t e s r e q u e st s f o r pro-po s al s on such work t o a l l known competent sources . Thed e t a i l e d t e c h n ic a l a n d c o s t p ro p o s al s s u bm i tt ed are eva lua tedby both technical and procurement s t a f f s to determine theb e s t o v e r - a l l p ro p o s a l . Research and development contractsawarded dur ing th e r ep or t per io d are shown i n Appendix N.

Cooperative Procurement Agreements -- NASA an d t h eDepartment of Defense have a number o f agreements f o r cooper-a t i v e admi n is t r a t ion of con t ra c t s . The mi l i t a ry depar tmen th av in g ju r i s d i c t i o n o ve r a plant working on a NASA c on t ra ctmay provide NASA wit h c on tr ac t ad mi ni st ra t i on , audi t , ando t h e r s e r v i c e s a s requ i red .

Procurement Regulations Promulgated -- D uring t h i sre po rt perio d, NASA is su ed procurement re gu la ti on s on th efo l lowing sub jec t s : p o l i c i e s and pr oc ed ur es r e l a t i n g t oad ve r t is ed and negot ia ted procurement, s i mp l i f i ed methodsof making small purchases, r e v i s i o n s t o e x i s t i n g p r oc ed ur esi n t h e s e l e c t io n o f s o u rc e s fo r r e s e a rc h and developmentc o n t r a c t s i n e xc e s s of $1,000,000, and bonds and insurance.

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Progress was made i n dr af t i ng procurement regu la t i on s f o rfo re ig n purchases, co nt ra c t c l aus es and forms, and Federa l ,S t a t e and l o c a l taxes. Because NASA and t h e Department ofDefense are both governed by the Armed Services ProcurementAct and dea l l a rg e l y wi th the same segment of industry,NASA% p o l i c y i s t o adopt, when pr ac ti ca bl e, procurementr e g u l a t i o n s c o n s i s t e n t w i th p o l i c i e s a nd p r oc ed ur es i n t h eArmed Se r v i c e s Procurement Re gu la ti on s (ASPR).Research Grants and Contracts

Sixty-Eight Awards -- NASA was consider ing 297 researchp ro p o sa l s f ro m u n i v e r s i t i e s , r e s e a rc h in s t i t u t e s , an d ind us -t r i a l l abora to r ie s on Oc tober 1, 1959, and received 354ad di t i on al propos als be tween then and Apr i l 1, 1960. Theagency awarded 68 r e s e a r ch g r a n t s a nd c o n t r a c t s t o e d u c a t i o n a li n s t i t u t i o n s and n on -p ro fi t s c i e n t i f i c o r ga n i za t i on s , t o t a l -i n g $5,135,163, dur ing the repor t pe r iod .

- dec l ined , sev era l s t i mula t ed o r in f luenced subse uen t competi-t i v e c o n t r a c t s .

p roposa ls were under review.

O f 298 proposals

As the re por t pe r iod c losed, 272 r e s e a r c h

Descr ip t ion -- Work sponsored under t h i s program r e l a t e st o space f l i g h t development o r t o advanced ae r ona u t i ca l andspace res ear ch. Although propos als are u s u a l l y u n s o l i c i t e d ,NASA encourages and c ar ef ul ly con sid ers sugges tions from th es c i e n t i f i c community. The program i s administered by theOf fi ce of Research Grants and Co nt ra ct s, NASA Headquarters.NASA s c i e n t i s t s e ngaged i n r e l e v a n t f i e l d s re vi ew th e pro-p o s a l s .pe r iod of t h i s r e p o r t are l i s t e d by s t a t e i n Appendix L.

Contrac ts and grants awarded or approved dur ing the

PATENT PROGRAM

Patent Waiver Regulations

NASA Pa te nt Waiver Reg ula tio ns, f i r s t publ ished i n t h eFedera l Regis ter , March 5, 1959 (24 F.R. 1644-1649) and thesubjec t of publ ic hear ings on March 18, 1959, were publishedOctober 29, 1959, i n t h e Federa l Register (24 F.R. 8777-8790).The Waiver Regulations s e t fo r t h p o l i c y o n g ra n t in g w aive rs ,and t h e procedure by which co nt r ac to r s may re qu es t t h e Admin-i s t r a t o r t o waive r i g h t s i n inven t ions made under NASA con-

t r a c t s .Establishment of Pat ent Counsel f o r Research Cente rs

A pa t en t counsel has been as si gn ed t o NASAts WesternOpera t ions Off ice and w i l l a l s o a dv i se t h e Ames and Fl igh tResearch Centers. The c o un s el p re p a re s p a t e n t a p p l i c a t io n s ,a d v i s e s on matters p e r t a i n i n g t o pa t en t s and inven t ions , anda d m in i s t e r s t h e p a t e n t c l a u s e s i n NASA c o n t r a c t s . Patent

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csunae l w $ r @ preyiQualy wwigned t o t h e Langley and L e w i sRclaaarcla CfanG;ara and to NASA Headquarters.pat~rmtcounsel IPQ naapsnaible t o t h e GeneraL Counsel, Head-g u a r t ~ r a ,%orp r o f b a i i o n a l per fo rwnce , t hey underjuriadfcCion a f lTiabd Onstalbation dirsctarla,

P ro t ec t i on of NASA Lrrven.t;ions

i nven t i ons t o t h e Off ice o f Fatsnr; Counaal . Ti nven t i on d i sc l osu res w w ( f recenivsd from NABAf o r p re p a r a t io n of p a t e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s Fatent applicationswere author ized f a r 39 invent ions! 28 application8 were3 pre-parad; and 21, patonto were islsued t o th e Bove ~nm~nn t .

While a l l f i e l d

. ,-

During t h i s r epor t pe ri od, NASA employees disclosed 60

P a t en t In f r in g q man t

One new administrat ive claim f o r patent infr ingementwas rece ived but was denied by NASA a s being based on ani n v a l i d p a t e n t . A s u i t fo r pa t en t i nf ri ngemen t was f i l e da g a i n s t N A S A and o th er Government a gen cie s i n t h e Court o fClaims. N A S A continutits t o inv es t i ga te one infringementclaim, and set t lement of' another i s pending.

Revtew of Patent Ap&QatiQn$

Act provid es f o r review by th e Administrator of pa t en t app l i -c a t i o ns having s i g n i f i c a n t u t i l i t i n a e r o n a u ti c a l and spacea c t i v i t i e s . Under s e c t i o n s 30>(dI and ( e ) , t i h ~Administratorha s t h e preroga t ive of r e q u e s t i n g t h a t any patent having suchs i gn i f i cance be i s sued t o him on beha l f of t h e United States .In accordance w i t h t hese provi s ions , the Commissioner ofP a t e n ts t r a n s m i tt e d t o NASA 39 copies of p a t e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s .T h i s subs t an t i a l dec rease from t h e 644 a p p l i c a t i o n s t r a n s m it t e dduring t h e l a s t r e p o r t p e r i o d was due t o admini s t r a t ivearrangements with t h e Commissioner of Patents which p e r m i t t e da more a p p r o p r i a t e s e l e c t i o n of a p l i c a t i o n s , batssd on NASAc o n t r a c t a c t i v i t i e s . Review of t ese a p p l i c a t i o n s i n d i c a t e dt h a t none invo lved i nv en ti on s made under NASA con t rac t s . TheAdministrator advised the Commissioner o f P a te n ts t h a t hewould not request that any o f these p a t e n t s be isetued t o him.

Report ing o f Invent ions by Cont rac tors

NASA c o n t r a c t o r s must promptly f u r n i s h t o the Adminis-t r a t o r a f u l l , wr i t t en re po r t o f any invent ions made i n t h eperformance o f work under a c6n t rac t .c o n t r a c t o r s r e p o r t ed 28 i nvent ions . O f these, N A S A assumedt i t l e t o 21. T i t l e s o f f i v e a re being determined, and twoare sub j ec t t o a p p r ~ v a l f p e t i t i o n s f o r w aiv er s of r i g h t sf i l e d by c o n t r a c to r s.

Sect ion 305(c) of the National Aeronautics and Space

During the per iod,

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INVENTIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS/

Funct ions of t h e Invent ions and Contr ibut ions Board

The I nven tio ns and Con tri but ion s Board co nsid ers pet i- 't i o n s from NASA co nt ra ct or s req uest ing waiver of UnitedS t a t e s p at en t r i g h t s f o r i n v en ti on s made under NASA con-

t r a c t s , and recornmends t o th e Admin is t rato r f o r o r aga ins tg r a n t in g them. The Board a l so e v a l ua t e s s c i e n t i f i c andte ch ni ca l co ntr ibu tio ns, and recommends t o th e Administrat orwhether monetary awards should be gran ted .g ran ted by th e Board t o pe t i t i on er s fo r waive r o f pa ten tr i g h t s , and t o a p pl i c an t s f o r awards.

ance with , th e provis i ons of Sec t ion 305(f]I and Section 306of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958.s h i p i s shown i n Appendix H.

Cont r ibu t ionsAwards

S ci en t i f i c and Technical Con t r ibu t ions , a s required bySec t ion 306 of t h e Act, were pub li she d on February 13 i n t heFedera l Reg is te r (25 Fed. Reg. 1312, 1313, 1960).

During t he r ep or t period, th e Board rece ive d 821 pro-posed cont r ib uti ons, determined 624 d i d not have a s i g n i f i -cant value t o warrant recommendation f o r an award, and wassvaluat i r ig 197 a s the pe r iod c losed .

Waiver P e t i t ons Granted

made under a NASA c o nt r a ct was submitted by the Prat t &Whitney Division of United Aircraft Corp, East Hartford, Corn. ,on July 27, 1959.Administrator granted the waiver on August 3 , 1959.

Bell Ai rc ra ft Corp., Buffalo, N. Y ., submitted the secondsuch petition on November 18, 1959.the commercial uses of the invention a t an o ra l hea r ing be fo ret h e Board on March 9, 1960.mended t o th e Ad minist rator t h a t waiver of t i t l e be granted.

from McDonnell A i r c r a f t Corp., S t . Louis, Mo., on February 5 ,1960, was pending a s the repor t pe r iod c losed .

Oral hear ings are

The B o a r d o p e ra t e s un de r t h e a u th o r i t o f , and i n a cc ord-

I t s member-

Permanent Rules and Regulations r e l a t i n g t o Awards f o r

The It'irst p e t i t i o n f o r waiver o f r i g h t s i n a n i nv e nt i on

On t h e recommendation of t he Board, t h e

The co nt ra ct or expl aine d

On March 16, the Board recom-

A ct io n on t h e t h i r d p e t i t i o n f o r waiver of r i g h t s , r e c e i v e d

CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT

a demand f o r new and modernized f a c i l i t i e s . To meet t h i sProgress i n ae ron au t ica l and space techno logy has c re a ted

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requirement N A S A i s cont inuing i t s program of cons t ruc t ion ,la bo ra to ry modernization, and equipment ac qu is itu res dur ing t h e r e p o r t p e r io d have t o t a l e d aboexc lus ive of the Mini t rack and Mercury t racTh i s i n c lu d e s $1,850,000 f o r t h e GeFl igh t Cente r , Hun tsv i l l e , Alafrom th e Army B a l l i s t i c MissileJ u l y 1. Descr ip t ions o f new f a c i l icons t ruc t ion , o r p lanned dur ing the re por t in g pe r iod are

p re ee nt e d below f o r each f i e l d i n s t a l l a t i o n ,

,Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.

Taxi S t r i p -- The center is wit h in th e grounds ofLangley A i r Force Base. When t h e A i r Force recently com-p l e t e d a new runway extension, the center constructed a t ac o s t o f $662,000 a connecting t a x i s t r i p , i n c lu d in g run-upand approach apr ons, from i t s Fl ig ht Research Laboratory i no r de r t o t i e into the runway system.

Centra l Heat ing -- NASA f a c i l i t i e s i n t he East Area had

been heated by seven in di v i du al un i t s .by a ce nt ra l s team gener a t ion and d i s t r i bu t i on sys tem. Nob u i ld in g c o n s t ru c t io n was r e q u i r e d a s NASA u t i l i z e d s pace i nand A i r Force h e a t in g p l a n t f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n o f b o i l e r s .

These were rep laced

Repairs -- Replacements were made f o r c racked sh af ts i nth e fan-dr ive sys tem of t h e 1 6 - f o o t Transonic Wind Tunnel andf o r component p a r t s of e uipment i n the Gas Dynamics Labora-t o r y .the Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel was r e p a i r e d .

-- Cons t ruc t ion on the fo l -

lowin age where t h e f a c i l i t i e s canbe pe ic a t i on s and improvements t ot h e lg - foo t p ress u re tunne l and t o the e igh t - foo t TransonicTunnel; 2) A 20-inch Va ri ab le Mach Number Fa c i l i t y ; 3 ) AnIncreased Power Supply fo:. the St ru c t ur es Research Labora tory ;4 ) A Hypersonic Physics Test Area t o anal yze a b i l i t i e s ofmater ia l s t o withs tand h igh tempera tures and o ther environ-mental f a c t o r s ; and 5) A Data Reduction Center containing .

high-speed e l e c t r o n i c computing equipment t o f a c i l i t a t ea n a l y s i s o f r e s e a rc h d a t a .

The ro to r - o f the 23,333-ho~sepower main d r i v e motor of

A m e s Research C enter , Mo,ffett Fi el d, C a l i f .

-- A 3.5-foot HypersonicWind which i s $11m i l l i o n )i s 93 percen t comple te and ins t rument c a l ib ra t i on i s scheduledf o r June 1, 1960. Des igned p r imar i ly t o s tudy p re ssu re s andtemperatures in s t ea dy l e v e l f l i g h t a t hypersonic speeds, th etunnel c an ge n e ra t e p r e s s u re s t o 3,000 pounds per square

- 176 -f



inch and temperat ures t o 3,000oF.d u p l i c a t i o n s of a i r c r a f t s t r u c t u r a l components w i l l e v a lu a t eaerodynamic e f f e c t s due t o s t r u c t u r a l d i s t o r t i o n s .

Helium Wind Tunnel -- A 12-inch Hypersonic Helium WindTunnel i s 90 percent comple te , wi th ins t rument ca l ib ra t i onscheduled for June 1 5 , 1960.type (which re l eases helium under high pressure t o achieveh ig h v e l o c i t i e s ) w i t h p r o v is i o n

t orecover the he l ium a f t e r

each run. It w i l l simulate speeds from Mach 1210: o Mach 20u p t o fo u r m in utes , f u rn i s h in g d e t a i l e d t e s t data of extendeddura t ion . Aggregate c o s t w i l l be about $1,585,000.

Research Laboratory, which w i l l cost about $990,000, areapproximately 85 percent complete.c o n s t ru c t io n of a th ree-degree-and a five-degree-of-motions imula to r fo r s tudy of human and automatic control problemsi n s pa ce f l i g h t s a nd a tm os ph er ic f l i g h t s .

Experiments with scaled

The tunnel i s of the blow-down

Flight Research Laboratory 0- Exten sion s t o t h e F l ig h t

T h i s p r o j e c t also inc ludes

Hypervelocity Research Laboratory

--Approximately 80

percen t of a Hyperveloci ty Research Laboratory , t o t a l es t i -mated cost $1,145,000, has been constructed.high-temper3ture gases, magneto-hydrodynamic e f f e c t s of f l o wc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of f l u i d s , in terac t ion be tween h igh-veloci typ a r t i c l e s , a n d matter i n s o l i d and l i q u i d s t ak e w i l l bei n v e s ti g a t e d i n t h i s l a b or at or y.

Problems of

Mass Trans fe r Cooling and Aerodynamics Facility --Designs and specif ica t ions a re being drawn,for a Mass-Tra nsfe r Cooling and Aerodynamics Fa c i l i t y , est im ated cos t ofwhich i s $ 4 m i l l i o n . Construc t ion i s scheduled t o begin i nJ u l y 1960. This e l ec t r ic -a rc heated wind tunnel w i l l s imula te

h e a t in g r a t e s (18,000OF) and a i r energy levels encounteredd u r in g e n t ry fo r a s l o n a s 10 minutes , pe rmi t t ing de ta i le dst udy of m ass-tra nsfer 7a b l a t i n g ) c o o l i n g systems.

Data Reduction Center -- Engineering and desi n of aData h e d u c t io n Ce n te r m i ld in g are 50 percent compfe t e .Th i s b u i ld in g t s 43,500 s q ua re f e e t o f f l o o r sp ac e w i l l housea l a rge capaci t y , h igh-speed d i g i t a l computer sys tem f o rreducing rese a rc h da ta and f o r so lv i ng complex th eo re t i ca lproblems. To ta l e s t im a ted c o s t o f t h i s Cen te r, i n c lu din gequipment, i s $2,350,000.

L e w i s Research Cent er, Cle vela nd, Ohio (i nc lu di ng Plum BrookFac i l i t i e s , Sandusky , Oh io )

Research Fa c i l i t y fo r Nuclear Propulsion are 90 percentN u c l e a r F a c i l i t i e s -- Mod ifi cat ions t o t h e Component

f Mach 1 i s the speed of sound, 1,117 f e e t per second a t 59degrees Fahrenhei t .



c om pl et e. T hi s f a c i l i t y , p a r t of t h e Nuclear Test Re a c to rl o ca t ed i n Plum Brook, w i l l be used f o r d e t a i l e d s t u d y o fproblems a s s o c i a t e d with n u c l e a r rocket propuls ion systemsf o r l o n g space Journeys; f o r reactor and s hi e l d i ng problemsa s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e g e n e r a t i n p l a n t f o r e l e c t r i c propulsionand au x i l i a r y power equipment a n d f o r , a l l i e d p rob lems ofn u c l e a r r o c ke t , r a d i a t i o n , a nd f l u i d f l o w .a d d i t i o n t o t h e Materials an d S t r e $68 Building w i l l house a

zero-power r e a c t o r which w i l l be used f o r experiments con-c e r n i n g c r i t i c a l p o i n t s of n u c l e a r propuls ion a c t i v i t i e s ,measurement of b as ic p r o p e r t i e s of n eutron sources and reac-t i v i t y e f f e c t s , and r e s ea r ch i n s el f -s h i el d in g .

Propuls ion Systems Laboratory f o r t e s t i n g high-energy roc keteng ines fo r space p ropu l s ion are es sen t i a l l y co m p l e t e .

Rocket Systems Research Faci l i ty -- About 74 percent ofth e Rocket Sys tems Research Fa c i l i t y lo ca ted a t Plum Brookha s been constru cted. I t w i l l be used f o r s tu d ie s of pro-

p e l l a n t co n tr o l and pumping, mul ti-s tag e hydrogen pumps, andturbopumps; and t e s t s on large-scale models and instrumenta-t i o n f o r r e s e a r c h v i b r a t i o n t e s t s .

An a lmos t -comple te

Propulsion System Laboratory -- M o di fi ca ti on s t o t h e

Supersonic Wind Tunnel -- An a i r h ea t er f o r t h e 10 x' 10f o o t Sup ers oni c Wind Tunnel i s 45 percent complete. I t s j e to f hot compressed a i r , s imula t ing the exhaust b la s t o f arocket engine model, w i l l e l i m i n a t e t h e need f o r h ea t i ng t h et u n n e l f s e n t i r e a i r supply. The he at er makes po ss ib le st u di e so f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of t h e r o c k e t j e t and ex te rn a l f low; andi n c r e a s es t h e t u n n e l f s s im u la te d a l t i t u d e f rom l50,OOO f e e tt o 250,000 f e e t .

Hypersonic Missile P r o p u l s i o n F ac i l i t y -- Si x t y percentof a Hypersonic Missi le P r o p u l s i o n F ac i l i t y i s complete. I t s2-square-foot t e s t sec t i o n , f i l l e d w i t h sup er -h ea ted gas(10,000oF t o 15,000°F), w i l l be used i n aerodynamic res ea rc hand p r e li m i n a ry s t u d i e s of j e t propul sion systems housinge l e c t r i c - a r c o r i on ized- gas streams e

Mater ia l s Research Laboratory -- Modif icat ion of theMaterials Research Labora tory , t o inc lude c reep and t e n s i l et e s t i n g mach ines t o s tudy the-mechan ica l p ropep t i es o fm a t e ri a l s a t cryogenic ( i n t en se ly co ld ) t empera tu res andvacuum-metallizing equipment f o r t h e development and ap pl i-c a t i o n o f c o a t in g s f o r r e f r a c t o r y mater ia ls i s 89 percentcomplete . Tot al co st , inclu ding equipment, i s $2,120,000.

Rocket Engine Research Faci l i t -- The High Energy

s i s t s of three new t e s t cells f o r s tu d ie s of new high-energyrocke t -prop el lant systems. One c e l l , a t L e w i s , con ta ins

Rocket Engine Research F a c i l i t y , +percent complete, con-



\

th re e 5,000-pound t h r u s t capac i ty t e s t s t a n d s f o r h or ia on -t a l ly / f i r i n g e n g in es u t i l i z i n g n on to xic p ro p e l l a n t s . Two,a t Plum Brook, are f o r r e s e a r ch w i t h t o x i c p r o p e l l an t s , s uc ha s f l u o r i n e . Tot a l co s t , inc lud ing equipment , isk&f$5,OQQ.

Contemplated Construction -- -Major p r o j e c t s i n t h e '

d e s ig n s t a g e are :s c a l e r e s e a rc h o n e l e c t r i c p rop u l s io n s yst em s; a Zero-Power

Reactor (See "Nuclear Fac iTi t ie s ," above) , ' t o be in s t a l l edi n th e Component Research F a c i l i t y f o r Nucleay Propulsionf o r p r e li m in ar y t e s t i n g of materials befo re they a re r a d i a t e di n t h e p ow er fu l P l y Brook re ac to r; ,a nd an In -P il e Loop f o rt h e same f a c i l i t y t o observe h e a t t r a n s f e r a nd f l ow o f h e at -r e s i s t a n t mater ia ls under rad ia t ion .

an Ion and Plasma Je t F a c i l i t y f o r large-

F l i g h t Research Center, Edwards, Cal i f .

ana log computing equipment t o o pe ra te the X-15 Flight Guid-ance Simulator i s w e l l under way. The equipment and simu-l a t o r a re scheduled t o be de l iv e red by Ju ly 1960.es t im at ed cost,of t h e computer equipment i s $350,000. At e rm in a l g uida nc e f a c i l i t y , p rov id in g a microwave data l i n kt o t r a n s m i t r a d a r d a t a r e qu i r e d d u r in g X-15 f l i g h t s , i sb ei n g i n s t a l l e d j o i n t l y by t h e A i r Force and NASA.b u i ld in g s w i l l be mo di fi ed t o house t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s .

X - 1 5 Re s e a rc h A i rp l a n e Fa c i l i t i e s -;n s t a l l a t i o n of

Aggregate

Ex i s t i n g

Test Stand f o r F-1 -- A t e s t s tand f o r th e 1 .5 -mil lion -pound-thrust ro ck et engine, con str uct ed f o r NASA by t h e A i rForce a t a n e s t im a te d c o s t o f $15 m i l l i o n , i s approximately60 percent complete.2000-ton l iq uid-ox yg en s to r a g e and t r a n s f e r f a c i l i t y f o r t h etes t -s tan d , and funds i n t he amount of $1,340,220 w i l l bef u rn i sh ed t o t h e A i r Force by NASA.

The A i r Force i s a l s o c o ns t r uc t i ng a

J e t Pr opul sio n Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif .

t r a n s m i t t e r was cons t ruc ted a t a cos t o f $1,005,000.f a c i l i t y c o ns is ts o f a 10-kw t r a nsm i t t e r , a n 85- foot antenna ,o the r e lec t ron ic equ ipment , a l a b o ra to ry , a nd a n o f f i c e .Goldstone pr ev io us ly had on ly a re ce iv in g system. TheGolds tone s ta t ion i s t h e f i r s t of NASA's th ree -s ta t ion DeepSpace Network.t ion." pp. 103 - 104.)

Goldstone Transmitter Completed -- The Goldstone, Cal i f .,The

(See Chapter 10, "Tracking and Data Acquisi-

Other Pro jec t s -- Curr en t ly under des ign are:

1 ) A Su bs ta t i on and Transformer Bank f o r use i nt h e sou th area o f J P L t o p rov ide power f o rf a c i l i t i e s a u t ho ri ze d i n FY 1959.

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2 ) An a d d i t i o n t o Guidance Laboratory 161 --46,000 square f e e t of la bo ra to ry and con-fe rence space f o r t he re s ea r ch and develop-ment divisions .

3 ) An a d d i t i o n t o Admin is t ra t ive Serv icesBuilding -- 15,000 square f e e t f o r Purchas -ing, Accounting, IBM and S t o re s A c t iv i t i e s .

Building -- 16,000 square f e e t f o r d r a f t i n groom, o f f i c e s , mechanical and e l e c t r i c a lshops.

4 ) A Pla nt Se rv ic es Engineering and Shop

5 ) A Vehicle Assembly Building and Environmental(Tes t ing) Labora tory -- 37,500 square f e e t o fopen hanger space with labo ra t ory , o ff ic e andworkshop areas .

6 ) A Repor t s and Per iod ica l s Bu i ld ing -- 17,000

square f e e t o f a d m in i s t r a t i v e , workshop andlabora to ry space.s t r u c t i o n a ut h o ri z ed i n FY 1959.

7 ) U t i l i t i e s f o r S outh Area t o accommodate con-

8 ) U t i l i t i e s i n New Area (60 a c r e s ) t o accommodatec o ns t r uc t i on of f a c i l i t i e s f o r S o l i d and L iquidPro p e l la n t D iv i s ion s a u th o r i z e d i n FP 1959.

9 ) Solid-Propellant Hazardous-Material StorageMagazines, Test Cel l and Contr ol Building, and

Processing Laboratory -- twen ty s t ruc tu res ,r a ng ing i n s i z e from 936 square f e e t t o 7,450square f e e t , i n th e new area (60 a c r e s ) .

Liquid Propel lan t Test Cel l and Control Build-i n g -- i n new area (60 a c r e s ) .

10)

Gadda-rd Space Flight Center, Greenbelt , Md.

Personnel of the Goddard Space Flight Center are cur-r e n t ly u t i l i z in g nborrowed" f a c i l i t i e s i n th e D i s t r i c t ofColumbia. A permanent i n s t a l l a t i o n f o r t h e Ce n te r i s being

cons t ruc ted a t Green belt, Md., on la nd ac qui re d from t h eGovernment's Ag ri cu lt ur al Experiment St at io n.and contemplated use of t h e s i x planned Goddard buildingsare described below.

Progress un

Building No. 1 -- This Space Pro je ct s Building, whichi s 70 percent complete , w i l l have computer equipment and thet e c h n i c al l i b r a r y , and w i l l h o u s e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , s c i e n t i f i c ,and techn ica l pe rsonne l .

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Bui ld ing No. 2 -- This Research Pr oj ec ts Laboratory,which- e used by a por t io n of th e Space Sciences andS a t e l l i t e A p p l i ca t io n s Group, i s a l s o 70 percent complete.

-- Const ruct ion i s 20 percent completeon the =xl!Yentra F i g h t Cont rol and Range Operati ons Build ingwhich w i l l house the Mercury and Minitrack control centers .

Building Group No.

--Plans and sp ec i f i c a t io ns have

been drawn f o r the C e n t r h Power Pl an t and Servic e Shops,compr ising the bo i l e r room, ce nt ra l a i r -co ndi t io nin g andre f r ig er a t io n , maintenance shops, and s to rag e .

Bui ld ings No. 5 and 6 -- Designs are being drawn f o rthe Ins t rument Cons t ruc t ion and Ins ta l l a t ion Labora to ry andth e Space Sci enc es Laboratory. The former w i l l be used forinstrument assembly and the l a t t e r by t h e d i v i s i o n s o f t h eSpace Scie nces and S a t e l l i t e Appl icat ions Group.

Wallops Stat ion, Wallops Island, Va .ve hi cl e includi 'ng launch pads, tower, blockhouse, terminalb u i l d i n g s , a f i r e - f i g h t i n g water del uge system and power andcommunication systems are 90 pe rcen t complete. Aerobeesounding rocke t l aunch f a c i l i t i e s have been cons t ru c ted anda l r e a d y u t i l i z e d . Launch instrumentation has been improved.The Scout system i s be in g checked out w it h a dummy v eh i c l e .T o t al c os t of th e se f a c i l i t i e s i s estimated a t $1,923,000.

L au n ch F ac i l i t i e s -- F a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e Scout la un ch

Causeway -- The causeway and bridge between WallopsIsland and the mainland is 80 percent complete and i s i nuse . Sur facing of the roadwayl is i n progress . Cost of th e

causeway i s es t imated a t $1,467,000.

-- The E r o s i o n Cont ro l P ro jec t i s near-ing completion.

Other Pro e c t s -- Modif icat ion of the Admin i s t r a t ionBuildT---aa;L--.g an angar , , and the co n s t r u c t i o n o f a t e l em e t r yb u i l d i n g , a command-destruct bu il di ng , and se ve ra l smalls t r u c t u r e s are 75 perce nt complete. These p ro je ct s aree s ti m at e d t o t o t a l a bo ut $1,500,000.

Radar -- A bu ild in g, , tower, and 60-foot antenna have

been co n s t r u c t ed f o r t h e h i g h p r ec i s i o n t r ack i n g radar ont h e mainland.

Marshal l Space Fl iRht Ce nter , Hunt svi l le , Ala .*

Saturn, the development of a c l u s t e r ed 1 -million-pound-A l l co n s t r u c t i o n a t Marshal l was i n su pp o rt o f P r o j ec t

* T r an s fe r t o NASA e f f e c t i v e J u l y 1, 1960

- 181 -



th ru s t l aunch veh ic l e . The East S t a t i c Test Tower was modi-f i e d a t a t o t a l c os t of $1,020,000 t o t e s t t h e Sa tu rn .Var ious f ab r i ca t i on and checkou t bu i l d in gs were modified.Roadways i n th e Center ' s I nd us tr ia l Area were s t reng thenedand o b s t r u c t i o n s removed t o f a c i l i t a t e i n t r a - a r e a t r a n s p o r to f Sa tu rn ,

and f o r road modif i ca t io n between th e t e s t tower and theloadi ng s i t e were made, and con str uc t ion b i ds in vi te d . Thesef a c i l i t i e s w i l l e n ab le t h e Sa turn v e h ic l e t o be t r a n s p o r t e dby barge between Mar shal l and Cape Canave ral, Fla ., v i a th eTennessee River, Mi ss is si pp i River, Gulf of Mexico, andAt la nt ic Ocean. Other major pr oj ec t s were a n a d d it i o n t oth e St ru ct ur es and Mechanics Laboratory t o house a v i b r a t o rt o t e s t component p a r t s of launch ve hi cl es and $he modifica-t i o n o f the Fue l Test Area which .was 30 percent complete .

The des igns f o r th e load ing s i t e on the Tennessee River

A M R , Cape Canaveral , Fla

The blockhouse f o r the Sat urn t e s t f i r i n g s , e s t i m a t e dcost $1,028,000, i s about 90 percent complete; and thelaunch pad complex, e st im at ed c os t $4,767,000, about 25 per-ce nt complete, Under des ig n are a l l i e d f a c i l i t i e s c o n s i s t -i n g of t h e u nloa ding s i t e an d th e a u x i l i a ry s u p po rt b u i ld in g .Prepara t ion o f a s i t e and by-pass roa d f o r Sa turn i s i nprocess . E s t i m a t e d expendi ture i s $314.,000. Modificationo f Hangar S i n s up po rt o f Pro j ec t Mercury t o p rov ide sp ec ia lshops and la bo ra to r i es , es t im ated t o co s t $123,500, i s about75 percent complete . Construc t ion 0-f t racking and equipments to r a g e b u i ld in g s t o s u pp o rt t h e Delta p r o j e c t are i np ro g re s s .Tracking and Data A c q u i s i t i o n S t a t i o n s

are d e s c r ibe d i n Cha pter 10, pp. 99 - 106.NASA's worldwide t ra ck in g and dat a ac qu is i t io n networks

Mini t rack -- The new F or t Myers, Fl a. , s t a t i o n becameop er at io na l during th e re po rt period. The 136-mc antenn as,which w i l l re p l ac e th e 108-mc antenna ass ig ned t o Mini t rackdur ing I G Y , have been ins ta l led a t the Blossom Point, Md.,s t a t io n . Four new s t a t io ns are being construc ted a tFairbanks , Alaska; Winkfield, England; St. Johns, Newfoundland;

and East Grand Forks, Minn.A l l

are e xp ec te d t o be o p e ra t io n a lby l a t e 1960, Ir

Mercury -- Construc t ion i s i n p r o g r es s a t Cape Canaveral,*Grand Canary I s lan d , and ano the r i s l an d i n the At l an t ic . A

-* F a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e S a tu rn launch v e hi c l e are a l s o b e in g

prepared .- 183 -

x



cons t ruc t i on con t rac t i s b ei ng ne g ot ia te d f o r t he s t a t i o n i nEast Africa. Designs and speci f icat ions are being drawn f o rth e ot he r f a c i l i t i e s . The Mercury network i s scheduled t obecome ope ra t ion a l i n ea r l y 1961.

s t a t i o n ha s been completed. The s i t e se l ec t ed f o r t h e DeepSpace s t a t i o n i n Australia i s I s l a n d Lagoon, near Woomera.

Construction has begun and i s scheduled t o be completed i nt h e f a l l o f 1960. NASA ha s purchased t h e 85-foot antennaand t r ac ki ng equipment f o r t he s t a t i o n from the Departmentof Defense. As t he per iod c losed, neg ot i a t ion s and t echni -c a l di sc us si on s wi th th e Government of t h e Union of SouthA f r i c a f o r a t h i r d Deep Space s ta t io n were under way.

Deep Space -- The transmit t ing system f o r the Goldstone

PUBLIC A N D TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Publ ic Informat ion

Principal Media -- NASA fu rn is he d inf orm atio n on i t sa c t i v i t i e s t hrough a varie ty of media during the reportp er io d. P r i n c ip a l l y , t h i s was done by pr es s rel ea se t o thenews media -- newspapers, newsweeklies, radio, television,and t r ade and p ro f es s i o na l j ou rna l s ; p re s s b r i e f i n gs andconferences such a s those held on Explorer V I 1 on October13 and December 31, and on Pioneer V on March 11 and 18;c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f NASA s c i e n t i s t s t o p r o f e s s i o n a l j o u r n al s ;addresses o f NASA o f f i c i a l s be fore s c i en t i f i c , busi ness ,and c i v i c a s soc i a t i ons bot h i n t h i s count ry and ab road ; andsymposiums.

Lunar Science Symposium -- Typical of the symposiumswas that on lunar science held December 1. Four prominents c i e n t i s t s d i scussed t he impor tance of l una r r e se a rch anddescr ibed p lans for lunar exper iment s . A l l members of NASAfsLunar Science Group, th e sc i e n t i s t s were: Nobel Prizewinner Harold Urey, Sc ri pp s In s t i t u t e of Oceanography;Thomas Gold, Co rn el l Un iv er si ty ; Harr ison Brown, C al if or ni aI n s t i t u t e of Technology; and Robert Jas trow , Chairman o f .NASATs Lunar Science Group (membership i s i n Appendix D ) .

I n q u i r i e s -- NASA f i l l e d a growing demand f o r informa-t i o n from i n d i v i d u a l s and o r g a ni z at i on s , b o th i n t h i s c o un tr y

and abroad. In qu ir ie s came from such di ve rs e sourc es a ss tude nt s , educa tors , publ i shers , and l ea der s of indus t ry .Some of the information was f o r even t ua l u se i n encyl oped iasand pu bl ica t io ns of ot he r Government agencies . I n ad di t io n,a n average of about 100 mail requests per week f o r miscel-laneou s NASA infor mation' was rece ived and f i l l e d duri ng th ep er io d of t h i s r ep o r t .

- 184 -



Other Media -- Information was also d isseminated throughsuch pub l ica t i ons a s t h e "NASA Second Semiannual Repor t t ot h e Congress, Apr i l 1, 1959 -- September 3 0 , 1959"; throughmotion pi ct ur e and t e l e v i s i o n productions; th e NASA inspec-t i o n and open house a t Langley Research Center; and ex hi bi ts .

Film i s Honored -- "Chemistry of Meteor Vaporization,"an animated, l iv e ac t ion , co lo r f i l m , one of severa l produced

by NASA during the r ep or t per iod , rec e ive d se ver a l honors .The Government In ter depa r tmen tal Committee on Visual andAuditory Materials for Distribution Abroad recommended thef i l m f o r p o ss i bl e e n t ry i n t h e 1960 Venice Film Festival .The commit tee a l s o recommended t h e f i l m f o r e x h i b i t i o n b ef or eth e Orga nizi ng Committee of t h e American S cie nce Film Asso-c i a t i o n .

Langley Inspection and Open House -- More than 2,000re pre se nt a t iv es of in dust ry , Government, and t h e pr es sa t t e n d e d t h e NASA in sp ec ti on , a t Langley Research Center,Hampton, Va., October 12 through 16. Among t h e gues t s were

s c i e n t i f i c a t t ac h6 s o f 14. fo r e ig n n a t io n s .v i s i t o r s a t t e n d e d a Langley open house, f i r s t i n t h e C en te r' sforty-year existence, on Saturday, October 17.

More than 15,000

Ex h ib i t s -- NASA designed and con st ru cte d two id e n t i c a lPro jec t Mercury ex h i b i t s and 12 id en t i ca l P ioneer V e x h i d i t st o show i n t h i s country and abroad . The Mercury ex hi b i tco ns i st s of a f u l l - s i z e model of th e Mercury capsule and 32pan els of copy, photographs, and drawings des cr ibi ng th eMercury program. The Pi on ee r V e x h i b i t i n cl u d e s a l i f e - s i z ef i b e r g l a s s model of Pioneer V w it h o p e r at i n g s o l a r c e l l s a nda 20-foot panel of i l l u s t r a t i o n s and models. The Office of

International Trade Fairs (OITF), Department of Commerce,borrowed one Project Mercury exhibit for showing a t a s e r i e sof overse as exp osi ti ons . OITF and t h e United S t a t e Inforrna-tion Agency also borrowed a l l but two of the Pioneer Vex hi b i t s f o r overseas presenta t ion . The Mercury ex hi b i t i sscheduled f o r d i sp lay a t t h e Aerospace Medical Symposium t obe held May 9 t o 11 i n M i a m i , Fla ,

Tec hn i c a l In f orrnat io n

New Ae ron aut ica l D ic ti on ar y -- The "NASA AeronauticalDictionary,'! def in in g 4,000 terms, was published during the

r e p o r t pe ri od . The 200-page volume was prepared i n re sponset o many r e q u e s t s f o r a n up -to-d at e d i c t i o n a ry t o r e p l a c eNASA Report No 474, "Nomenclature f o r Aeronautics," l a s tr e v i s e d i n 1933.purchased for $1.75 from the Superintendent of Documents,United S t a t e s Government P ri nt in g Offic e, Washington, D . C .

The "Aeronautical Dictionary" may be

- 185

i



Announcement I ssuance Now Bi-Weekly -- NASA began bi-weekly issuan ce, on a l t e r n a t e Thursdays, of " N A S A TechnicalPu bl ic at io ns Announcements," l i s t i n g new NAS A p u b l i c a t i o n sf o r which N A S A i s d e p o s i to ry an d d i s t r i b u to r .ments are d i s t r i b u t e d p r i n c i p a l ly t h ro u gh m ai l in g l i s t s .Prev ious ly , they were i s s u e d a t i r r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s

The announce-

Release of Technica l Informat ion -- NASA r e l e a s e d 207

u h c la s s i f i e d a n d 153 new se cu r i ty -c la ss i f ie d te ch ni ca l pub1.i-c a t i o n s f o r d i s t r i b u t io n t o a u th o r i z e d ad dr t3s s8 es D I n ad di -t i o n , i t f i l l e d 13,815 i n d i v i du a l r e q u e s ts f o r s p e c i f i cdocuments and other technical information.

- 186 -



APPENDIX A

c

MENBEFSHIPS OF C0NC;RESSIONA.L COMMITTEES

(October 1, 1959 through March 31, 1960)

Senate Conmdttee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences

r

Lyndon B. Johnson, Tex.,

Richard B. Russell, Ga.Warren G. hgnuson, Wash.Clinton P. Anderson, N. M a .

Robert S. Kerr, OklaStuart Symington, Mo.John Stennis, Niss.Stephen M. Young, OhioThomas J. Dodd, Conn.Howard W. Cannon, Nev.

ChairmanStyles Bridges, N. H.Alexander Wiley, Wis.Margaret Chase Smith, MaineThomas E. Martin, IowaClifford P. Case, N. J.

House Committee on Science and Astronautics

Overton Brooks, La., Chairman

George P o Miller, Calif.

Olin E. Teague, Tex.Victor L. Anfuso, N. Y.

Erwin Ititchell, GaoJames M. Quigley, Pa.

*David M. Hall, N. C.Leonard G. Wolfe, IowaJoseph E. Karth, Minn.Hen Hechler, W. Va.I3niU.o G. Daddario, Conn.Walter H. Moeller, OhioDavid S. King , Utah

J. Edward Raush, Ind.m o m a s G. Morris, N. M.

John W e MCCOmck, Mass.

B e F. Sisk, C a l i f .

med on January 29 , 1960=Assigned February 10, 1960

Joseph W. Martin, Jr., Mass.James G. Mton, Pa .Gordon L. McDonough, C a l i f .

J. Edgar Chenoweth, Colo.Frank C. Osmers, Jr., N. J.W i l l i a m K. Van Pel t , Us.A. D. humhart, Jr., OhioPerkins Bass, N. H.R. Walter Riehlman, N. Y.

- 187 -



APPENDIX B

NMBERSHIP OF THE

N A T IO N A L AERONAUTICS AND SPACE COUNCIL


President M g h t D. Ei.senhaJer, Chairman

Christian A. HerterSecretary of St at e

Thomas S. Gates, Jr.Secretary of D e f e n s e

John A. McCone

Chairman, AtoadcEnergy C d s s i o n

TI Kdth GlennanAdmirbstrator, Nat ional

Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration

D e t l e v W BronkPresident, Na t i o n a l

Academy of Sciences

Alan T. WatermanDirector, National

Science Foundation

John T. Retta l ia taPresident , I l l inois

Chicago; 111..I n s t i t u t e of Technology,

*

Acting Secretary

*F’ranklyn W. Phillips++David2. Beckler

* Mr Beckler replaced Mr. Phillips on February 28, 1960* One vacancy - member from pri va te l i f e ,

- 189 -



APPENDIX C

MENBERSHIP OF THE CIVILIAN-MILITARY LIAISON COMMIT!LEE


W i l l i a m M. Holaday,* Chairman

W i l l i a m J. Underwood, Assistan t t o th e Chairman and Secretary

N A S A MEIMBERS

Hugh L. Dryden, Deputy Administrato rAbe Silverstein, Director of Space Flight ProgramsHomer J. Stewar t , Director of Program Planning and EvaluationIra H. Abbott, Direc tor of Advanced Research Programs

N A S A ALTEEWATES

DeMarquis D. Wyatt, Assis tan t Director, Program manning and

Abraham Hyatt, Deputy Director, Launch Vehicle ProgramsCoordination

D E P A R m T OF DEFENSE (DOD) MEMBERS

M Roy W. Johnson, OSD, Dire ctor, Advanced Research Projects Agency* ohn B. Macauley, Deputy Director of Research and Engineering

Maj . Gen. W. W. Dick, Army, Direc tor of S pecia l Weapons, Of fice

Vice Adm. R. B. Pir ie , Navy, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air)Brig. Gen. Homer A. Boushey, Air Force, Assista nt f o r Advanced

Chief of Research and Development, Dept. of Army

Technology, Deputy Chief of Staf f , Development

DOD ALTERNATES

*John B. Macauley, OSD, Deputy Director of Defense Research and

Engineering

Office, Defense Research and Ehgineering

Chief of Research and Development, Department of the Army

of Naval Operations

Technology, Deputy Chief of Staff, Development

M A . G. Waggoner, Special Assista nt f o r Hssiles and Space Operations,

Col. Charles G. Patte rson, Deputy Direc tor of Special Weapons Office ,

Rear Adm. K. S. Masterson, Di rec tor Guided Missi les , Off ice, Chief

Col. John L. Martin, Jr., Air Force, Deputy Assistan t f o r Advanced

* Resigned April 30, 1960.* U n t i l December 7, 1959.

Assigned December 7, 1959. c -

- 1 9 1 -

a



APPENDIX D

,-

MEMBERSHIP OF LUNAR SCZENCE GROUP


Robert Jastraw, Goddard Space Flight Center, N A S A , Greenbelt, Md.,Zhairman

Harrison Brown, Cal ifornia In s t i t u t e of Technology, Pasadena, C a l i f .

Maurice Mng, Lamont Geological. Laboratory, Palisades, New York

Thomas Gold, Cornell University, Ithaca, N e w York

Am Re Hibbs, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, Pasadena, Cali f.

Joshua Lederberg, Stanford University, Department of Genetics,Stanford, C a l i f .

Gordon MacDonald, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, Md

Bank Press, California In st it u te of Technology, Pasadena, C a l i f .

Bruno Rossi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

Ernst Stuhlinger, Army B al l is t ic Missi le Agency, HuntsVille, Ala.

Harold Urey, Scripps In s t i t u t e of Oceanography, University ofCal i forda , La Jolla, Calif.

- 193 -



APPENDIX E

MEMBERSHIP OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON LIFE SCIENCES


W. Randolph Lovelace 11, ChairmanDi rec tor o f t h e Lovelace Foundation f o r Medical Education and

Research, Albuquerque, N. M.

Brig. Gen. Donald D. Fl i ck i nge r ( MC) , USAF, Vice Chairman

Surgeon and Ass is ta nt Deputy Comander f o r Research Headquar ters,

Air Research and Development Command, Andrews Air Fo rce Base,

Washington, D. C.

Capt. G. D. Smith, Secretary

Nation al Aeronau tics and Space Adm inistra tion

MEMBERS

L t . Commander John H. Ebersole (MC)

Bethesda, Md.U. S. Naval Ho spital (S ta ff ), Nat ion al Naval Medical‘ Center,

Col. Robert H. Holmes (MC)

Chief, Fore nsic and Aviation Pathology Branch, Armed ForcesI n s t i t u t e of Pathology, Washington, D. C.

Wright H. LanghamLos Alamos Sc ie n t i f i c Laboratory , Un ivers i ty of Cal i fo rn ia ,

LOS U ~ ~ O S ,e M e

Robert B. U vi ngs t on

Director of Basic Research i n Mental Health and Neurological

Diseases,’ Nation al In s t i t u t e s of Health, Bethesda, Md.

O r r Reynolds

Directo r of Science, Offic e of t h e Ass is ta nt Secre tary of Defense

f o r Research and Engineering, Washington, D. C.

x

- 195 -



APPENDIX F

MEMBERSHIP OF JOINT (AEC-DOD-NASA)

C Q M M I m ON HAZARDS OF SPACE NUCLEAR S B m


Robert E. English, L0d.s Research Center, NASA, Cleveland, O. ,ad.-

Wright U g h , Los .Alamns Scie ntif ic Laboratory, University ofCalifornia, U s lamos, N. M.

Nathan W. Snyder, Advanced Research Projects Agency, Departmentof Defm e

Spurgeon Keeny, Office of the Special Assistant t o t h e Presidentfor Science and Technology

J

19 7 -

L



APPENDIX G

MEMBERSHIP OF

NASA COMMITTEE ON LONG RANGE STUDIES

(October 1, 1959 hrough March 31, 1960)

John A. Johnson, Gen eral Counsel, Chairman

Arnold W. F r u tk in , M r e c to r of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Programs

Homer J. Stewart , Director of Program Planning and Evdluation

Wesley J. Hjornevik, Deputy M re ct or of Business Administration

Jack C. Oppenheimer, Ekecutiv e Sec re ta ry

a



APPENDIX H

MEMBERSHIP OF

NASA INVENTIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS BOARD


Rbbert E. U t t e l l , Assistant t o the Director of Advanced ResearchPrograms, Chairman

Paul Go D a b l i n g , Assistant General Counsel, Vice-chairman

El l io t t Mitchell, Assistant Mrector f o r Propulsi'on, Office ofLaunch Vehicle Programs, Member

J. Allen Crocker, Chief, Program Coordination, Lunar and PlanetaryPrograms, Office of Space Flight Programs, Member

C. Guy Ferguson, Ass istant Clas sif icati on and Organization Off ice r,Personnel Division, Office of Business Administration, Member

James A . Hootman, Secretary

- 201 -



APPENDIX I

MEMBERSHIP OF THE


NASA-DOD SPACE SCIENCE COMMITTEE

Homer E. Newell, Chairman

NASA Headquarters

John F. Clark

NASA Headquarters

Richard W. Davies

J e t P rop uls ion La bora tory , NASA

Pasadena, Calif.

James Bo EdsonChief Scient is t f o r Miss i les

Office, Assistant Chief ofS t a f f I n t e l l i g en ce, Depart-

ment of t h e Army

Washington, Do C.

Herbert Friedman

Superintendent, Atmosphere andAstrophysics Division

Naval Research Laboratory

Washington, D. C.

John T. Holloway

Chief, Physical Sciences

Off ice of t he Di rec to r o f

Defense, Research aniEngineering

Washington, D. C.

Geoffrey Kel le r

Program Dir ec to r f o r Astronomy

National Science Foundation

Washington, D. C.

Frank C. Hoyt

Advanced Research Projects

D iv is io n, I n s t i t u t e f o r

Defense Analyses

Washington, D e C.

W. J. OfSullivan, Jr.Langley Research Center, N A S AHampton, Virginia

John W e Townsend, Jr,Goddard Space Flight Center, N A S A

Greenbelt, Md,

Stanley M. Greenfield

Sc ie n t i f i c Advise r Di rec to ra teof Research and Development,

Office, Oeputy Chief ofStaff , Development, Departmentof t h e Air Force

Washington, D. C.

Q NK MOT FILMED

- 203 -



APPENDIX J

Name.ASA RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEES

(As of March 31. 1960)

Paga

Committee on Fluid M .........................................Committee on Aircraft A ...................................Committee on Missile and Spacecraft A e r o d ~ c s....................Committee on Control. Guidance. and Navigation

.......................Committee on Chemical Ehergy Processes...............................Committee on Nuclear Energy Processes................................Committee on Mechanical Power Plant SYstems..........................Committee on Electrical Power Plant Systems..........................Committee on Structural Iloads........................................Committee on Structural Design.......................................Committee on Structural Dynamics.....................................Committee on .terials ...............................................Committee on Aircraft Operating .oblems .............................

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

.

. 05 .



Research Advisory Committee-on Fluid Mechanics

William R. Sears, Chairman HeadGraduate School of Aeronautical

EngineeringCornell Univers i tsIthaca, N. Y.

Keith BoyerAssociate J Division LeaderLos Alamos Scientific LaboratoryLos A ~ W O S , N. M.

Antonio FerriProfessor of Aeronautical Fzgineering and

Polytechnic In st it ut e of BrooklynFreeport, N. Y.

Director of Aerodynamics Laboratory

Wayland C. Griff i th

Assistant Director of ResearchMissiles and Space DivisionLockheed Aircraft CorporationSunnyvale, C a l i f

A. HertzbergHead, Aerodynamic Research DepartmentCornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc.Buffalo, N. Y.

Otto LaporteProfessor of PhysicsUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Mich.

Hans W. LiepmannProfessor of AeronauticsCalifor nia I ns ti tu te of TechnologyPasadena,Calif .

Clinton E. Brown, -ley Research CenterRobert T. Jones, Ames Research CenterWolfgang E. Moeckel, L e w i s Research CenterJohn Laufer, Jet Propulsion LaboratoryAlfred Gessow, Headquarters, Secretary

e. c. L i nSchool of MathematicsThe Institute f o r Advanced StudyPrinceton, N. J.

Robert W. PerryChief, Re-&try Simulation LaboratoryRepublic Aviation CorporationFarmingdale, Long Island, No Y.

Harry E. PetschekPrincipal Reaearch ScientistAvco Research LaboratoryAvco Manyfacturing CorporationEtrerett, Mass.

S. A. SchaafChairman for Aeronautical Sciences

College of EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, C a l i f .

Joseph SternbergChief, Exterior Ballistic LaboratoryBa ll is tic Research LaboratoriesAberdeen Proving Ground, Md

H. H. KurzwegAssociate Technical Director for

U. S. Navq Ordnance LaboratoryWhite Oak

Silver Spring, Md.

Aeroballistic Research

C a r l b p l a nChief ScientistA i r Force Office of Scient i f ic

Research, SRRWashington, D. C.

G. B. SchubauerChief, Fluid Mechanics SectionNational Bureau of StandardsWashington, D o C.

- 206 -



Research Advisory Committee f o r Aircr af t Aerodynami c s

R. Richard Heppe, ChairmanChief Preliminary Design EngineerCalifornia DivisionLockheed Aircraft CorporationBurbank, C a l i f .

L. L. DouglasVice President - EngineeringVertol Aircraft CorporationMorton, Pa.

Orville R. D u n nAssistant Chief , Aerodynamics SectionDouglas Aircraft Company, Inc.Santa Monica, C a l i f .

Alexander H. FlaxChief ScientistOffice of the Chief of StaffU. S. A i r ForceWashington, D e C.

Charles W. Frick, Jr.Chief Technical EngineerSan Diego DivisionConvairDivision of General Dynamics Corp.San Diego, Calif.

L. P. GreeneManager,Research and DevelopmentLos Angeles DivisionNorth American Aviation, Inc.International AirportLos Argeles, Calif.

W i l l i a m T. HamiltonChief of Fl ig ht TechnologySea ttle DivisionB eing Airplane CompanySeattle, Wash.

NASA Staf f Representa tives:

John Stack, Langley Research CenterR. Go Robinson, Ames Research CenterCarl F. Schueller, L e w i s Research CenterD. E. Beeler, Flight Research CenterA. J. Evans, Headquarters, Secretary

Frank W. KolkDirector,. Equipment ResearchAmerican Airlines, Ine.LsGuardia Airport StationFlushing, N. Y.

Conrad A. LauChief of Advanced AircraftChance Vought Aircraft, Inc.Dallas, Tex. ,

John G. LeeDirector of ResearchUnited Aircraft CorporationEast Hartford, Conn.

W i l l i a m J. OfDonneU.

DevelopmentChief Ehgineer, Applied Research and

Republic Aviation CorporationFarmingdale, Long Island, N. Y.

W i l l i a m M. ZarkowskyProgram ManagerGrumman Air cr af t W inee r ing Corp.Bethpage, Lon& Island, N. Y.

D. M. ThompsonChiefA i r Research and Development DivisionOffice of t h e Chief of TransportationDepartment of the ArmyWashington, D. C .

G. L. DesmondAirframe Design DivisionOffice of Assi stant Chief f o r Researc

Bureau of Naval WeaponsDepartment of the NavyWashington, D. C .

Development, Test, and Evaluation

Ezra KotcherTechnical DirectorDirectorate of Advanced Systems

Wright A i r DivisionWright-Patterson A i r Force Base, Ohio

Technology

- 207 -



Research Advisory Committee on I&s i l e and Spacecraft Aerodynamic s

H. Guyford Stever, ChairmanAssociate Dean of EngineeringMassachuset ts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Mass.

Mac C. AdmS .Deputy Director

Avco Research LaboratoryAvco Manufacturing CorporationEverett, Mass.

H. W. BellAssistant DirectorAero-Space LaboratoriesMissile DivisionNorth American Aviation, Inc .Downey, Calif.

Seymour M. BogdonoffProfessor of Aeronautical Engineering

and Head of Gas Dynamics LaboratoryPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, N. J .

K. J. BossartAssistant to the Vice President -ConvairDivision of General Dynamics Corp&ationSan Diego, Calif .

Engineering

George S. GraffChief Aeromechanics EngineerMcDonnell Aircraft Corporation

Lambert-St. Louis Municipal Airpor tSt. Louis, Mo

Robert B. HildebrandChief, Advanced Research Systems SectionFlight Technology DepartmentAero Space DivisionBoeing Airplane CompanySeattle, Wash.

Maxwell W. HunterAssistan t Chief Ehgineer, Space SystemsDouglas Aircraft Company, Inc.

Santa Monica, Calif

.NASA Sta ff Representatives:

John Becker, Langley Research CenterH. Julian Allen, Ames Research CenterEugene J. Manganiello, L e w i s Research CenterHubert M. Drake, Flight Research CenterM. Eimer, J e t Propulsion LaboratoryRalph W. May, Headquarters, Secretary

Otto K l i m a , Jr.Manager, Aerodynamics and Space

Missile and Space Vehicle Dept.General Electric CompanyPhiladelphia, Pa.

Direc to r, Systems Dynamics and ControlThe Martin CompanyBaltimore, Md

Mechanics

C. J. Koch

Lester b e eProfessor of AeronGuticsCaliforni a In st it ut e of TechnologyPasadena, C a l i f .

Director, ResearchMissiles and Space DivisonLockheed Aircraft Corporation

Sunnyvale, Calif

.

Ronald Smelt

Ernst D. GeisslerDirector, Aeroballistics LaboratoryDevelopment Operations DivisionArmy Ballistic Missile Agency,

Redstone Arsenal, Ala.O R D A E D A

Captain b i n G. Peters, USNAstronautics Programs OfficerOffice of Assistant Chief for

Program Management

Bureau of Naval WeaponsDepartment of the NavyWashington, D. C.

Colonel J. L. Martin, Jr.Deputy Directo r of Advanced TechnologyOffice of th e Deputy Chief of Sta ff ,

Department of the A i r ForceWashington, D. C.

Development

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Research Advisors CommPittee on Control, Guidance. and Navigation

Allen E. Puckett, ChairmanVice President and Director of Systems

HughesaAircraft CompanyCulver City, C a l i f .

Development Laboratories

Gene L. ArmstrongSenior Project EngineerConvair - Astronautic8Division of General Dynamics Corp.San Diego, C a l i f .

Manager, Systems Development Sect ionBsndix Products DivisionBendix Aviation CorporationSouth e n d , Ind.

Head, Department of Aeronautics andAstronautics

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Mass.General Operations ManagerSpace Technology OperationsAeronutronicDivision of Ford Motor CompanyFord RoadNewport Beach, C a l i f .

Rudolph Bodemuller

C. Stark Draper

D. B e Duncan

Emanuel Fthenakis

Manager, Navigation and Control

Missile and Ordnance Systems DepartmentGeneral Electric CompanyPhiladelphia, Pa.

Engineering

H. R. HegbarManager, Avionics and El ec tr on ic sGoodyear Aircraft CorporationAkron,i Ohio

NASA Staff Representatives:

Leonard Sternfield, Langley Research CenterHoward F. ktthews, Ames Research CenterA. S. Boksenbom, Lewis Research CenterJoseph W e i l , Flight Research CenterC. R. Gates, Jet Propulsion LaboratoryBernard Maggin, Headquarters, Secretary

Wifuam J. JacobiDirector , Advanced Sgstems m i n e e r i n gLitton IndustriesBeverly H i l l s , Calif.

Director of Military AnalysisBell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.

onald Po L i n g

Whip-, N e J.

W i l l i a m T. Russell

LaboratoryDirector, Electromechanical Systems

Space Technology Laboratories, Inc.Ins Angeles, C a l i f .

0. H e SchuckDirector of ResearchMilitary Products Group,

M.Lnneapolis=Honeywell Regulator Co.Minneapolis, Mnn.

Walter HaeussermannDirector, Guidance and ControlDevelopment Operations DivisionArmy Ball is t ic Missile AgencyRedstone Arsenal , Ala.

Technical DirectorNaval Ordnance Test StationChina Lake, C a l i f .

W. B. McLean

F. M e Box, USAFA i r Force Ballistic Missile DivisionHeadquarters ARDCUnited States A i r ForceA i r Force U n i t Post OfficeLos Angeles, Calif.

- 209 -a



Research Advisory C o d t t e e on Chemical Eneras Processes

James A. Reid, ChairmanDirector of ResearchPhillips Petroleum CompamBart lesvi l le , Okla.

David fitananUnited Research Corporation of Menlo Park1944 University ‘AvenuePalo Alto, C a l i f .

A. L. AntonioVice President - Chemical DivisionAero jet-General CorporationAZUSB, C a l i f .

W. H. AverySupervisor, Applied ResearchApplied Physics Laboratory

The Johns Hopkins UniversitySilver Spring, Md.

Farrington DanielsChairman, Department of ChemistryUniversity of WisconsinMadison, W i s e

Allen R. DeschereGeneral ManagerRedstone Arsenal Research DivisionRohm & Haas CompanyHuntsville, Ala.

John A. Drake3610 Valley Meadow RoadSherman Oaks, C a l i f .

Johri P. InngwellHead, Special. Pr oj ect s U n i t

Lhden, N. J.

Re J. ThompsonManager of ResearchRocketdyne DivisionNorth American Aviation, Inc.Canoga Park, C a l i f .

ESBO RsBeWh and & g i n e e r a G O*

C. M. HudsonTechnical AssistantGuided Missile Systems GanchOrdnance Research and Development

Office of the Chief of chdrianceDepartment of the Army

Washington, D. C.

Frank I. TanczosAssistant for Supporting ResearchMissile OfficeOffice of Assistant Chief for

Re seamh, Development, I Test,and Jkaluation

Divi &.on

Bureau of Naval WeaponsDepartment of the NavyWashirigton, D. C.

Marc P. DunnamChief, Fuel and Oil BranchPropulsion LaboratoryWright Ur Development DivisionWright-Patterson Air Force Base,

Ohio

J. E. FroehlichVice President - Special ProjectsAlpha CorporationRichardson, Tex.


W. T. Olson, Lewis Research CenterJohn I. Shaf e r , Jet Propulsion LaboratoryHarold F. Hipsher, Headquarters, Secretary

- 210 -



Research Advisors Committee on Nuclear Fherr?;gProcesses

c

Walter H. Jordan, ChairmanAssistant DirectorOak Ridge National LaboratoryUnion Carbide Nuclear CompanyOak Ridge, Tenn.

Arthur T. BiehlAero je t General Nucleonic8SanRamon, C a l i f .

Edward A. FriemanThe Jaxnes Forrestal Research CenterPrinceton UniversityPrinceton, N. J.

Miles C. LeverettManager, Development LaboratoriesANP DepartmentGeneral Electric CompanyCincinnati, Ohio

P. H. U l e r , Jr .General AtomicDivision of General Dynamics Corp.San Diego, C a l i f .

Richard F. PostRadiation LaboratoryUniversity of CaliforniaLivermore, C a l i f .

R. E. SchreiberN Division Leader

Los Blamos Sc ien tif ic LaboratoryLo6 Alam~s,N. M e

M e A. SchultZEngineering Manager, Testing Reactor ~

Westinghouse Electric CorporationPittsburgh, Pa.

Joseph Wetch

GroupGroup Leader, Compact Power P l a n t

Atomics Tnternational DivisionNorth American Aviation, Inc.Canoga Park, Calif.

Russell D. SheltonSupervisory Nuclear PhysicistResearch Projects LaboratoryArmy Ballistic Missile AgencyRedstone Arsenal, Ala.

Captain Edward W. Hribar, USNHead, Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion

Office of Assistant Chief f o r Research,


Design Office

Development, Test, and Evaluation

L t . Colonel John H. Anderson, USAFChief of Applications DivisionAssistant Deputy. Commander/Weapon

Systems, Nuclear ProgramsA i r Research and Development

commandAndrews A i r Force BaseWashington, D. C.

MSchael F. ValerinoAssociate DirectorPhysics DepartmentGeneral Nuclear winesring Corp.Dunedin, Fla.

,

NASA Staf f Representatives:

Leroy V. Humble, Lewis Research CenterR. V. Meghreblian, J e t Propulsion LaboratoryDavid Novik, Headquarters, Secretary

Colonel J. L. ArmstrongDeputy Assistant Director

(Aircra ft Reactors)Division of Reactor DevelopmentAtomic Energy CommissionWashington, D. C.



Research Advisory Committee on Mechanical Power Plant Systems

Gordon Banerian, ChairmanVice President - EngineeringAero jet-General - NucleonicsSan Ramon, C a l i f .

D. Cochran

General Manager, Fl ig ht PropulsionLaboratory Department

General Electric CompanyCincinnati , Ohio

Merrell R. FenskeDirectorPetroleum Refining LaboratoryCollege of Chemistry and PhysicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pa.

John R. Foley

Technical and Research P r o j e 3 EngineerPra t t & Whitney AircraftUnited A i r c r a f t CorporationEast Hartford, Conn.

Cecil G. MartinAss is ta nt Manager, Engineer- DepartmentStaff Research and DevelopmentThompson Products DivisionsThompson F&mo Wooldridge Ine.Cleveland, Ohio

John L. MasonChief of Preliminary Design

AiResearch Mmufacturing CompanyThe Garrett CorporationLoa AngeleB, Calif.

Director, Research and DanrelopmrJntAir Product$, I[no

Allentown, Pa.

Clyde McKinley

T. F, NageyDirector of ResearchAllison DivisionGeneral Motors CorporationIndianapolis, Ind.

George P. Townsend, Jr.Chief Design EngineerSundstrand AviationRockford, m.

Paul R. VogtChief EngineerLiquid Propellant EnginesRocke tdyne Divis ionNorth American Aviation, Inc.Canoga Park, Calif.

George F. WislicenusDirectorGarfield Thomas Water Tunaelc/o Ordnance Research Laborat0i.yThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pa.

Hans C. PaulChief, Propulsion and Mechanics

Amny Ballistic Misails AgencyRedstone Arsenal, Ala.

Branch

Robert W o P-8Systems Analysis Division

office Of A88ist&nt Chief f o rResearch, Development, Test, andEvaluation

Bureau of Naval Weapon6Department of the NavyWashington, D. C.

Ernest C. SimpsonChief, TUFbo et and Ramjet mine

Propulsion LaboratoryWright Air Development DryisionWright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

Branch

NASA Staff Representat ives

Bruce T. Lundin, Lewis Research CenterD. R. Barts, Jet Propulsion LaboratoryHerbert D. Rochen, Headquarters, Secretary

- 212_-



Research Advisory Committee on Electrical Power Plant Systems

Krafft A. Ehricke, ChairmanProgram DirectorComrair - AstronauticsDivision of General Dynamics Cow.San Diego, C a l i f .

Bobert H. BodenProgram Engineer

Rocketdyne DivisionNorth American Aviation, Inc.Canoga Park, C a l i f .

W. H e BostickGeorge Wade Bond Professor of PhysicsStevens Institute of TechnologyHoboken, N. J.

Milton U. ClauserVice President and Director, Physical

Space Technology Laboratories, Inc.

Los Angeles, C a l i f .

Research Laboratory

A. John GaleVice President and Director, Applied

High Voltage Engineering CorporationBurlington, Mass.

Physics

Siegfried Hansen

LaboratoriesTechnical Directo r, Space Research

Litton Industrie s, Inc.Beverly H Q l s , Calif.

Aeronautics DepartmentThe RAND CorporationSanta Monica, Calif.

John H. HUth

John S o L U C ~Oak Ridge National LaboratoryUnion Carbide Nuclear CompanyOak Ridge, Tenn.

Paul RappaportPhysicist, Research PhysicsRC A Laboratories, Inc.

Radio Corporation of AmericaPrinceton, N. J.

W F l l i a m ShockleyShockley T ran s3 stor CorporationMountain View, C a l i f .

V. C. WilsonPhysical Electronics SectionResearch LaboratoryGeneral Electric CompanySchenectady, N. Y.

E r n s t StuhlingerDirector of Research ProjectsArmy Ball is t ic Missile AgencyRedstone Arsenal, Ala.

Wayne C. Hall .

Associate Director of Research f o r

Naval Research LaboratoryWashington, D. C.

Nucleonics

Hans J. P. von O h a i nAeronautical Research Laboratory

Wright A i r Development DivisionWright-Patterson A i r Force Fkise,Ohio


Joseph M. Hallissy, Jr., Langley Research CenterJohn C. Eward, L e w i s Research CenterR. C. Hamilton, J e t Propulsion LaboratoryJ-s Lazar, Headquarters, Secretary

- 213 -

J



Research Advisory C o d t t e e on Struct&al Loads

E. 2. Gray, Chairman W e A. StaufferSystems- h i n e e r i n g DirectorBoeing Airplane CompanySeattle, Wash.

Raymond L. BisplinghoffProfessor of. Aeronautical. EngineeringDepartment of Aeronautics and AstronauticsMassachusetts, In st it u te of TechnologyCambridge,Mass.

W i l l i a m M. DukeVice President - Director of ResearchSpace Technology Laboratories, Inc.Los Angeles, Calif.

H. J. HogeSection Head - StructuresNorth American Aviation, Inc?.International AirportLos Angeles, Calif.

Albert J. KullasManager, Flight Vehicle Design Dept.The Martin CompanyBaltimore, Md.

George D. RayChief E;ngineer, Aircraft DivisionBell Aircraft CorporationBuffalo, N. Y.

Alfred I. SibilaManager of Space ScienceVought

-Astronautics

Division of Chance Vought Aircraft, Lnc.Dallas, Tex.

Howard W. Smith

Assistant Chief of Techn’ical StaffTransport DivisionBoeing Airplane CompanyRenton, Wash.

N A S A Staff Representatives:

Phil ip Donely, Langley Research CenterJohn F. Parsons, Ames Research Center

Thomas V. Cooney, Flight Research CenterHerman Bank, Jet Propulsion LaboratoryR. Fabian Goranson, Headquarters, Secretary

Basic Inads Department ManagerLockheed Aircraft CorporationBurbank, C a l i f .

Chief of Strength and Dynamic

Sta bil i ty SectionLong Beach DivisionDouglas Ai rc ra ft Company, a c .Long Beach, Calif.

Melvin Stone

Leo stoolmanManager, Aerodynamics Dept.Systems Development LaboratoriesHughes Aircraft Cornpang:Culver City, Calif.

Chief , Structures BranchArmy Ballistic Missile Agency

Redstone Arsenal, Ala.

Emil A. Hellebrand

Clinton T. NewbyAirframe Design DivisionOffice of Assistant Chief for

Research, Development, Test, andEvaluation

Bureau of Naval. WeaponsDepartment of the NavyWashington, D. C.

Structures Branch

Aircraft LaboratoryWright A i r Development DivisionWright-Patterson Air Force Base,Ohio

Carl E. Reichert

Robert RosenbauuSupervisor, Dynamic LoadsAircraft Engineering DivisionFederal Aviation AgencyWashington, D. C.

- 214 -



Research Advisory Committee on Structural Design

*

E. E. Sechler, ChairmanF’rofessor of AeronauticsCal ifornia In st i tu te of TechnologyPasadena, C a l i f .

L e w i s H. AbrahamChief , Strength SectionMissiles and Space SystemsDouglas Air craft Company, Inc.Santa Monica, C a l i f .

Norris F. DowSpecial ist - Structural SystemsMissile and Space Vehicle DepartmentGeneral Electric CompanyPhiladelphia, a.

Mr. Lester K. FeroProject ManagerAdvanced Design DivisionThe Martin Company

Baltimore, I4i.

Mr. Christian M. FreyUnited Research CorporationMenlo Park, Calif.

Mr. David Lee G r i m e sPresident, Narmco Industries, Inc.San Diego, C a l i f .

D r . Nicholas J. HoffHead, Division of Aeronautical

EngineeringStanford UniversityStanford, Calif.

Mr. W i l l i a m R . MicksHead, St ruct ures and MaterialsAeronautics DepartmentThe RAND CorporationSanta Monica, C a l i f .

NASA Staff Represen tatives

John C. MoiseHead, Preliminary Design Dept.Liquid Rocket P l a n t , Aerojet-

Sacramento, Calif .eneral Corporation

Paul E. SandorffAssociate Professor of Aeronautics

Massachusetts In s t i tu te of Tech-

Cambridge, Mass.

and Astronautics

nology

Robert S. ShoreyStructures Group - EngineeringConvair - AstronauticsDivision of General Dynamics Corp.San Diego, C a l i f .

E. H. SpauldingChief Technical Engineer

California DivisionLockheed Aircraft CorporationBurbank, Calif.

Erich E. GoernerSpecial Assistant to Chief,

Struct ure s BranchArmy Bal l i s t ic Missile AgencyRedstone Arsenal, Ala.

Richard R. Heldenfels, Langley Research Center

Glen Goodwin, Ames &search CenterJack B. Esgar, L e w i s Research CenterJ. D. Burke, J e t Propulsion LaboratoryMelvin G. Rosche, Headquarters, Secretary

Ralph L. CreelAirframe Design DivisionOffice of Assistant Chief for



William B. MillerStruct ure s BranchAircraft LaboratoryWright A i r Development DivisionWright-Patterson A i r Force Base,

Ohio



Research Advisory Committee' on S tr uctu ral Dsnarmcs

Martin Goland, Chairman '

DirectorSouthwest Research InstituteSan Antonio, Tex.

Holt AshleyAssociate Professor, Aeronautics and

Astronautics

Massachusett s Institute of TechnologyCambridge,Mass.

Michael DublinChief of DynamicsConvairDivision of General Dynamics Corp.San Diego, C a l i f .

Walter GerstenbergerChief of DynamicsSikorsky Aircraft DivisionUnited Aircraft Corporation

Stratford, Corn.

Warren T. HunterChief, Guidance and Control SectionMissile and Space Systems Engineering

Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc.Santa Monica, C a l i f .

Department

H. Clay JohnsonConfiguration ManagerThe Martin CompanyOrlando, Fla.

Robert G. LoewyChief Technical EngineerVertol Aircraft CorporationMorton, Pa.

John W. MilesProfessor of EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaLos Angeles, Calif.


I. E. Garrick, Langley Research Center

Albert Erickson, Ames Research CenterJohn C. Sanders, b w i s Research CenterMarshall E, Alper, J e t Propulsion LaboratoryHarvey H. Brown, Headquarters, Secretary

Raymond D. MindlinProfessor of Civil EngineeringColumbia UniversityN e w York, N. Y.

John E. StevensAssistant Chief of StructuresChance Vought Aircraft, Inc.

Dallas, Tex.

M. J. TurnerDynamics Staff EngineerBe ing Airplane CompanySeattle, Wash.

Helmut F. 3auerChief, Vibration and Flutter SectionAeroballistics LaboratoryArmy Ballistic Missile AgencyRedstone Arsenal, Ala.

Douglas MichelAirframe Design DivisionO f f ic e of Assistant Chief f o r


Bureau of Naval WeaponsDepartment of the NavyWashington, D. C,

M. J. MywowAssistant Chief, Dynamics BranchAircraft LaboratoryWright Air Development DivisionWright-Patterson A i r Force Base,

Ohio

* 216 -



Research Advisory C o a t t e e on Materials

R. H. Thielemann, ChairmanChairma,n, Department of Metallurgy

Menlo Park, C a l i f .Research Institute

Richard D. BakerCMB

Division LeaderLos Alamos Scie ntif ic LaboratoriesLos Alamos, N. M.

L. L. GilbertHead, Mater ia ls DepartmentAzusa OperationsAerojet-General CorporationAzusa, Calif.

Nicholas J. G r a n tProfessor of MetallurgyMassachusetts I n s t i tu te of TechnologyCambridge, Mass.

L. R. JacksonCoordination DirectorBattelle Memorial InstituteColumbus, Ohio

Louis P. JahnkeManager, Metallurgical EngineerFlight Propulsion Laboratory Dept.General Electric CompanyCincinnati, Ohio

J. C. McDonald

Missiles and Space DivisionLockheed Aircraft CorporationSunnyvale, C a l i f .

E. ScalaChief, Materia ls SectionResearch and Advanced Development Div.Avco Manufacturing CorporationWilmington, Massachusetts


P a u l K u h n , Langley Research CenterRobert M. Crane, Axnes Research CenterS. S. Manson, L e w i s Research CenterL. D. Jaffe, Jet Propulsion LaboratoryRichard H. Raring, Headquarters, Secretary

E. N. SkinnerManager, Application EngineeringInternational Nickel CompanyNew York, N, Y.

Wolfgang H. Stewer

Chief of Engineering MaterialscomrairDivision of General Dynamics Corp.San Diego, C a l F f .

Head, Ceramics Sect ionCentral Research DepartmentMinnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co.St, Paul, Minn.

Hans T h m u e r

E. J. ZeilbergerSupervisor - Materials EngineeringRocketdyne Division

North Ammican Aviation, Inc.Canoga Park, C a l i f .

Clarence ZenerDirector, Research LaboratoriesWestinghouse Electric Corp.Pittsburgh, Pa.

James L. MartinDirector, Ordnance Materials

Research O f f i ceWatertown ArsenalWatertown, Mass.

Nathan E. PromiselDirector, Materials DivisionOffice of Assistant Chief fo r


Bureau of Naval WeaponsDepartment of the Navy,Washington, D, C.

Colonel J. V. Hearn, Jr., USAFChief, Research DivisionDirectorate of Research and

DevelopmentU. S. A i r ForceWashington, D. C.

- 217 -



Research Advisory Committee on Air cra ft 0perati.w Problems

w i l l i a m Littlewod, chairman Arnold M. S m a l lVice President - Esuipment Remarch

b r i c a n Airlinse, ulla. Assurmce LaboratoryWashington, D. C. Engineer- Laboratories

Chief Project EngineerPan American World Airways a t e mLong Island City, New York

Assistant Vice President F l i g h t

United A i r Lines, b c .

Denver, Colorado Diviaion

Assistant Chief Engineer - Evaluation

Santa Monica Division

Douglas Aircra ft Company, b c .Santa Monica, Calif'ornia

Managing Director A i r Weather SewiceFlig ht Safe ty FoundationNew Yo*, N. Y.

Vice President and Chief ScientistUnited Aircraft CorporationEast Hartford, Connecticut

President U. S. Weather BureauA i r Line Pi lo ts AssociationChicago, I L l h o i s

h g e r , Re liabi l i ty and Qualtt9

Hughes dircraft CompanyJohn G. Borger F U l e r t o n , CEi l b f .

Re L. ThorenChief Flight Test EngineerCalifornia DivisionLockheed AircrsPt Corporation

Director, Airbsme Equipment

Qffice of Assistant Chief for

Carl M. Christenson

Operations Captain John S i n k a n k a s , USN

Warren T. Dickinson Research, Development, Test, and

Bureau of Naval WeaponsDepartment of th e NavyMshinpston, I). C.

Administration

Robert D. FletcherJerome Lederer Director, Sc ienti fi c Services

Scott A ~ P orce Bise, U h o i s

Honorable James T. PglePerry W. Pratt Deputy BdmSnistXatOP

Federal Aviation AgencyWashington, D. C.

Director o f Meteorological Research

Washington, D. C.

Harry Wexler

Clarence N. Sayen

George S. Schairer

DevelopmentVice President - Research and

B eing Airplane CompanySeattle, Washington


H, A. Soule, Langley Research CenterL. A . Clousing, Ames Research CenterI. Irving Pinkel, Lewis Research CenterJoseph A. Walker, Flight Research CenterGeorge P. Bates, Headquarters, Secretary

- 218 9



APPENDIX K

E P O R T OF THE N A S A BIOSCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE

(January 25, 1960)

Membership of the Bioscience Advisory Committee

(October 1, 1959 through January 25, 1960)*

Seymour S. Kety, Direct or of Cl in ical Science Laboratory, N ationalIns t i t u t e s of Health, Bethesda, Md., Chairman

Clark T. Randt, Director of U f e Science Programs, NASA Headquarters,Washington, D. C., Executive Secretary

Wallace 0. Fenn, Professor of Physiology, Un iversity of Rochester,Rochester, L Y.

David R. Goddard, Director of the Division of Biology, Udvers i ty ofPennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

Donald G. Marquis, Pro fessor of Psychology, Massachusetts I n s t i t u t eof Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

Robert S. Morison, Mrector of Natural. and Medical ScfenceEs,Rockefeller Foundation, New York, N. Y.

Cornelius A . Tobias, Professor of Medical Physics, Urdversity ofCalifornia, Berkeley, Calif

Whis ad hoc committee dissolved after submitting i t s report t o theN A S A Administrator.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

and ndationso o o o e a 0 0 0 e 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e 221_ .

I e The Role of Life Sciences in the Nationalspace Effort. 0 0 e o 0 0 0 e e 0 e 0 0 0 0 e 0 e m 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 e e e e e 0 e e e e 0 e e e 0

222I I e Ae Present Status of Life Sciences A c t i ~ i t i e s ~ . ~e m e e e e . 225

B e Advisory Committees f o r Space-Oriented LifeSciences. 0 . e o e e 0 0 0 0 0. . e e e e . . O.OO.e e O O e O e . e e e 226

111. Present Weedseo e o e e 0 e e 0 e 0 e . 0 e e e e e e e o e e e e o e o o. e e o . 227

232V e R e c o ~ ~ ~ t i o n so r a NASA Program i n t h e L i f e Sciences:

b e Orfganizration of the Office of L i f e Sciencesee..e.eeeo.e 232

B e 233

C e E=rct of the NASA Office of Life Sciences. 238

Intmmuml Program of the NASA Office of Life Sciences.

I

D e Relationship of the NASA Office of Life Sciences t oExisting Programs i n the Military Services. e o e e . 239

E. e e e e e 0 e e 0 e e e e 0 e e 0 e m 0 e 0 0 e e 0 0 e e e e e e e e e e e e e 0 e e e o 243

Fe Conammioation and Informatione e e e e e e o e e e o o e. e 243

0. NASA Life i ences Fac i l i t i e s as a Public Trust. e.

.e

244

- 220 -a



Summary and Recommmdations

The ro le of t he l i f e sciences i n the National Aeronautics andSpace Administration Program was evaluated by the Btoscience AdvisoryCommittee a t t h e request of the Administrator.

The objectives of space research i n th e l i f e sciences ar e twofold:(1) nvestiga tion of th e eff ect s of ex tr at er re st ri al environments onliv ing organisms including the search fo r e xt rat err est r ia l l i f e ; (2)sc ie nt if ic and technologfc advances r ela ted t o manned space flight andexploration.

The same reasons which prompted the establishment of NASA and gaveit responsibil i ty f o r a l l space research and developnent devoted t opeaceful purposes require that N A S A assume responsibility for leader-ship, coordination and operation of t h e biomedical. aspects of thenational. space program.

Present and fu tu re needs were considered i n th re e broad categories:

1. &sic biologic effe cts of ex tr at er re st ri al environments, withparticular emphasis on those phenomena associated with weightlessness,ionizing radiat ion, and a l te ra t ions i n l i f e rhythms or periodicity asw e l l as th e id en ti fi ca ti on of complex organic o r othe r molecules i nplanetary atmospheres and surfaces which might be precursors o r evidenceof &rat w r e s tr i a l l i f e .

2. Applied or technologic aspects of medicine and biology as they

r e l a t e t o manned space flight including the effects of weightlessnesson human performance, r ad iat ion hazards, to le ranc e of force stresses,and mahtenance of l i f e-sustaining a r t i f i c i a l environments.

3 . Medical and behavioral scientific problems concerned with moref'undamental inve st igat ion of metabolism, nu tr it ion, blood cir culati on ,respiration, and t h e nervous system control of bodily functions andperformance i n space equivalent s itu ati ons.

The BLoscience Advisory Committee makes the fol lowing recommenda-tions:

1. That N A S A establish an Office of Life Sciences having theresponsibility and authority f o r planning, organizing, and opera ting al i f e sciences program including intramural and extramural research,development, and training.

2. "hat a Director of Life Sciences be appointed who i s direc t lyrespons ible t o t he Administrator of NASA i n th e same manner and a t th esame directional level as the other program directors.

- 221 -



3. That the int ern al or g d s a t i o n of t he Office of Life Sciencesinclude Assistant Directors fo r Basic BLology, Applied Medicine andR i o l o ~ ,Medical and Behavioral Sciences, and the U fe Sciences EKtra-IB l l r a l pragram.

4. That an intramural l i f e sciences program and fa c i l i t y be estab-li sh ed With three sections:

8 . Basic Biologyb. Applied Medicine and BiologyC. Medical and Behavioral Sciences

5 . That the M rector of U fe Sciences recornend advisory committeesmade up of consultants outside of NASA t o be appointed by the Administrator.

6. That mcudmum integration of the personnel and fa c i l i t i e s appli-cable t o th e space-oriented l i f e sciences i n th e Mili tary Serv ices andother a0vwnment agencies be arranged i n t h e most appropriate mannerindicated by t h e nature and extent of the spe ci fic problem a t hand.

That th e Office of Life Sciences assume proper responsibilityf o r education and tr ai ni ng i n th e space-oriented l if- 9 sciences throughpost+-graduate fellowships, train ing grants t o i n ~ t i t u t i o n s , nd short-

term d s i t i n g sc ie nt is t appointments t o be integrated with other N A S A

e f fo r t s i n this area.

7.

8. That t h e NASA U fe Sciencets Program place special emphasis ont h e fre e exchange of sc ie nt if ic findings, information, and criti cis mamong a l l s ci en ti st s.

9. That secu rity regulations be exercised with g reat caution and

l imited t o matters i n which national secu rity is cl ea rl y involved.

10, That t h e NASA life sciences f a c i l i t i e s be considered a publictrust i n implementing national and int ern ati onal cooperative ef fo rt s.

I, The Role of th e Life Sciences i n th eNational Space E f f o r t .

The Congress of the United Sta te s has given t o the NationalAeronautics and Space Administration the responsibility for all spaceresearch and development devoted t o peaceful purposes. N A S A has begun

t h e fulfillment of this responsibil i tywith an emphasis on the physicaland engineering sciences which occupy a fundamental po si tion by vi r tueof t h e i r pertinence t o t he design, launching and cont rol of a l l vehicles,whatever t h e i r ultimate scientific purpose.t o t a l program w e l l under way, at te nti on i s properly being directed t oother di sc ip li ne s which, though dependent on the engineering sciences ,w i l l i n tu rn give sc ien t i f ic meaning t o t h e national effort .ical, medical and behavioral sciences are among thes e disc iplines. TheBLoscience Advisory Committee has been appointed t o a id i n representingthem adequately within the N A S A program.

With this aspect of the

The biolog-

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The reasons wfiich prompted th e Congress t o create N A S A as acivilian space agency and t o give i t responsibility for achieving thepeaceful purpose of th e national ef fo rt i n space argue equally stronglyf o r the c rea t ion i n NASA of a strong division of l i f e sciences.set f o r t h below, tw o major areas represent the r o l e of th e biolo@calsciences i n t h e nationa l space ef fo rt and should form the core of t h eproposed program i n t h e l i f e sciences of N A S A .

mental biological questions re la ti ve t o ex tr at er re st ri al environments

and the scientific and technologic aspects of manned space flight.

A s

These are t h e finda-

It i s altogether f i t t i n g th at thes e matters, both of which involvemants c ur io si ty about himself and his environment i n t h e i r broadest andmost fundamental sense, should be placed i n the hands of an agencybroadly representativ e of s ocie ty as a whole. The military agencieswhich have so soundly l a i d th e groundwork f o r mch of exLsting spacetechnology must properly give primary at te nt io n t o th e development ofweapons systems and the national defense.i n astronautics should not be a r b i t r a r i l y r e s t r i ct e d by narrm defini-ti on s of mi lit ary relevance, th e broader implications of extrate rres-t r i a l exploration demand th e atte nti on of an organization unhampered by

such predetermined objectives.

Although the military effort

Space exploration has captured the imagination of men t h e worldover t o an extent which was not, perhaps, anticipated.have become representative of technologica l su per io d ty among nations.The United States must maintain i t s internation al ro le ‘a s a strong andself-confident but basically peaceful and benevolent power.requires that the first of her citizens who enter space do so as repre-sentatives of the scientif ic aspirat ions of a l l men and not as a symbolof military strength.

These ac t idt ies

This

The basic study of eortraterrestrial environments i s ultimately

l i k e l y t o be most productive i n furth ering an understanding of thefundamental laws of nature.have challenged ments minds a re th e nature a n d , o r i g h of l i f e and th epossibi l i ty of i t s presence elsewhere i n th e universe than on t h e e a r t h

alone.ar e within reach.cerning atmospheric and climat ic conditions on othe r planets, t h e topo-graphical and seasonal var iet y i n color of th e surface of Wrs; t h espectroscopic similarities between scattered sunlight from portions ofthat planet and those demonstrable from algae and lichens on earth havesuggested t h e presence of e xt ra te rr es tr ia l envbonments suit abl e f o rl i f e and perndtted t h e formulation of hypotheses f o r t h e existence th ere

of some forms of l i f e a t present o r i n t h e past. These hypotheses may,within t h e foreseeable future, be tested, a t f i r s t ind i rec t ly by as tro -nomical observations made beyond t h e in te rfer ence of t h e earth?s atmos-phere and by samplings taken mechanically from various c e l e s t i a l bodies,and finally, by direct human exploration.r e s t r i a l l i f e and a description of i t s various forms, knmledge of thepresence and types of complex molecules based on carbon or other elements,or conversely, t h e absence of li vi ng organisms or of t he ir tr ace s i nenvironments conducive t o l i f ewill have important implications towardan ultimate understanding of biological phenomena.

Among the most perplexing questions which

For the f i r s t t ime i n history, p ar t i a l answers t o th ese questionsLimited knawledge acquired over the past century con-

The discovery of extrater-

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These studies w i l l not be complete unt i l th e s cien tis t himself isTh i s i s true, notbl e t o make m&iculous investigations on t h e spot.

only fo r the biological , but , a lso , fo r many othe r phys ical, chemicaland geologilcal problems which are involved.engineering achievements i n automation, sensing, recording, programingand telemetering have been rea llze d and considerable fu tu re de velo pen ti s i n prospect, th e ind isp en sab ili ty of t h e human observer i n much of

space exploration i s well established. Man's v e r s a ti li ty and se lec tiv ity ,his a b i l i t y t o perceive t h e signifi cance of unexpected and unprogramedfindings or t o r eact i nt el l ig en tly t o unanticipated s i tuat ions have notbeen simulated by any combination of physica l devices , however complex,which have been developed or a r e even contemplated. Human inte l l igenceand manual ski l l i n servicing t h e complicated mechadsms of spacevehicles o r repairing breakdowns i n f li gh t a re not readily dispensedwith or replaced. When along with these at tr ib ut es a re considered hiswe i g h t of 70 kg., his total . resting power requirements of 100 watts,his ab i l i ty t o funct ion f o r years without maintenance or breakdown,then even th e most elaborate provisions fo r his sustenance, welfareand safety are amply ju st if ie d s im pl yi n terms of engineering efficiency.A na tio na l program i n space science which does not recognize th e essen-t i a l i t y of t h e human observer and does not plan t o u t i l i z e h i m mosteffectively8mayw a i t ind efin i tel y f or th e automatic devices t o replacehim or be limited t o incomplete and oppo rtunistic observations.

Although significant

Putting a man i n t o space, especially i f he i s t o s t ay for longperiods, i s a task which involves considerable at ten tio n and ef fo rtfrom a wide va ri et y of biological, psychological and medical s pe cia lti es.It w i l l requ ire carefu l planning and extens ive basic and developmentalresearch. Together with th e eff or t i n astrobiology i t should cons t i tutea s ub stan tial par t of t he t o t a l space research and developnent enter-prise.

It comes as no surprise t o fin d tha t th e ea rly stages of spaceresearch have been primarily concerned with engineering matters.many responsible people it seems premature i f not ac tu al ly presumfluoust o think about what man will do i n space u n t i l we a r e sure th a t we canactually put him there. B ut t he va l i d i t y of even the earliest ofengineering decisions mst be continually appraised i n terms of t h e i rcapac ity t o maintain man comfortably and e ff ec ti ve ly i n spa0.e and .

increase his knowledge of i t s properties.and often subtle physiological and psychological needs of %e humanorganism, o r premature decisions t o send man off in to an unknown universecan have disa stro us ef fe ct s not only on t h e individuals concerned, buton th e nation's p o li ti ca l and moral position i n th e eyes of th e world.

The scie nt i f ic objectives of t h e program and especiall y th e determina-t i o n of t h e nature of e r a t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e may be forever renderedimpossible i f veh icle s contain ing complex organic molecules ar e care-l e ss ly allowed t o contaminate c el es ti al bodies before sicence has hada chance t o study th e or ig inal conditions.perhaps remote possibility that infective organisms brought back fromspace to earth may cause human disease or destroy food crops essential

To

Failure t o meet the numerous

Nor can we simply ignore th e

t o human l i fe . H& i s t h ebear i n planning-the space

necessary biolog ical. wisdom t o be brought toe f for t?

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A s pointed aut later i n this repor t, th e nat ionfs best sc ie nt i f icbrains ar e already organized i n t h e form of advi sory committees t o studyand consul t on every d e t a i l of the space problem. However, such outsidebodies, no matte r how soundly const itu ted , cannot have ef fe c ti ve impacton day-to-day deci sions within th e space agency unless th e agency i t s e l fi s provided with a sensit ive and powerful administrative mechanism f o rreceiving the advice and translating i t i n t o th e energy of decision.

To implement this program i n t h e l i f e sc iences , appropr ia te i ns i ze and importance t o i t s responsibi l i t ies , i t i s essential t o havei n NASA a Direc tor of Life Sciences reporting d ire ctl y t o the Admin i s -

t r a t o r of NASA so that the biomedical interests and skills w i l l haveadequate representat ion i n important decisions . The di re ct or of t h el i f e sciences program, therefore, must have broad biological trainingand interests.engineers as w e l l as have the abilityto present biomedical aspects ofcombined problem area s ef fe ct iv el y t o his colleagues so t h a t he canhave appropriate influence on comprehensive policies ami decisions.

He must be able t o understand t h e physicists and

These reasons compel th e c o d t t e e t o emphasize that the N A S A U feSciences Program requires and deserves strong financial support andadequate administrative representation.

11. A. Present Sta tus of Life Sciences Act ivit ies.

The present st at us of ac t iv i t ie s in t h e space-oriented l i f e sciencesmay be considered under the general headings of:and behavioral sciences; and applied medicine and biology.i t i e s are predominantly i n th e th ir d categor y which includes research anddevelopment i n manned space f l i g h t technology f o r f iv e major programst

basic biology; medicalCurrent activ-

a. The NASA-Air Force-Navy X-15 rocket-powered research aircraftproject begun i n 1954 u t i l i z e s a "near space" vehicle expected t o reachaltitudes of about 100 miles.60,000 feet has recently been accompllshed.

The f i r s t powered f l i g h t t o approximately

b. Project Mercury was orgadmd by N A S A i n October 195s t o (1)place a manned space capsule i n orbital f l ight around the earth; (2)invest iga te manfs reactions and capabilities i n this environment; and( 3 ) recover th e capsule and p il o t safely. The N A S A Space Task Groupresponsible f o r Pro ect Mercury includes military medical personneland p i lo t s on temporary duty with NASA a t Langley Research Center.

polar orbiting ear th sa te l l i t e s , one of which contained mice, and l a t e r ,w i l l include monkeys t o t e s t l i f e support systems and the effects ofspace flight on animdls as w e l l as t es ti ng techniques f or recovery of t h ecapsule and occupants.

C. The Air Force Discoverer Project is concerned with recoverable

d. Contracts have been l e t recen tly by t h e Air Force t o implementt h e Dyna-Soar Program f o r developent of a manned maneuverable boostgl id e vehi cle t o explore ,hypersonic performance up t o orbital speedsand t o inv es tiga te t h e accompanying re -e nt ry problems.

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e.and biology i s bd ng ca r r ied out i n existing mi litar y aviatio n medicalf a c i l i t i e s .worthy bi oas tron aut ics cspabil,$ties. The cost of these f a c i l i t i e s i sroughly estimated t o be,about 80 millio n dol lars . The 1960 Departmentof Defense budget f o r l i f e s c i k c e s research and development i s $47million dollars, including approxLmately $10, i l l ion dolla rs f o r bio-astronautics.

l i z i ng f ixed base f l i gh t s imulators and var iable s ta bi l i ty a i r cr af t t ofur ther delineate man's function i n a ir cr af t operating probl'&s.Several dynamic flight simulators capable of reproducing some portionsof space fl ig ht mission profil es are now being developed a t t he Langleyand Ames Research Centers. Biomedical pa rt ic ip at io n i n these projectsi s , a t present, insufficient..in g several aLUfon dollar s i n space fl ig h t technology this year. Thel a t t e r e f fo r t i s mainly concerned with bioengineerixq and technicaldevelopment.

Supporting medical research and development i n appl ied meciicine

Among 40 service biomedical l abora tories, 15 have note-

The NASA Research Centers a r e continuing stu$ibs u t i -

The l a rger aimraft campanies a r e invest-

In addit ion t o t h e con side rable amount of work sp ec if ic al lydesigned t o solve recognized biotechnical problems connected with space

f l igh t , the re i s an even larger amaunt of work whhh although nominallycarried on f o r other purposes contributeiir t o th e f i e l d of space medical.and behavioral science. One may c i t e , f o r example, those st ud ie s nowbeing carrie d out i n unive rsit ies, medical schools, t he NationalIns t i tu t es of Health and under the auspices of the Atomic Energy Com-mission dealing with physical stress, including ionizing radiation;environmentid. physiology# and behavior.

In contrast t o the large amount of work bearing on practicalproblems of space medicine, space-oriented basic bio logica l researchhas received l i t t l e at tent ion t o date. A re la t ive ly small group ofuniversity biochemists and biophysicists have recognized that spaceexploration offe rs a unique oppo rtunity t o study t h e origin of l i f e andth e effects of extraterrestrial environments on living organisms and theyhave t r i e d t o fornailate some def in it e plans fop appropriate research.

Bo Advisory Committees for Space-OrientedLife Sciences.

Senior representatives of t h e Army, Navy, and Ur Force recommendedl a t e i n 1957 tha t t h e National Academy of Sciences provide, through t h eNational Research Council, an advisory camittee in the l i f e sciencescovering all biological and psychological fields of i n t e r e s t i n t h e spaceenvironment.Research Council Committee on Bio-Astronautics under t h e M v i d o n of

Medical Sciences of t h e National Academy of Sciences.w a s appointed chairman. This group includes 180 individuals from ci vil -i a n i n s t i t u t i ons, h e m il it a ry service s, and government agencies.Committee on Bo-Astronautics i s m r e comprehensively represented i n th eman-in-space problem areas although there is conaidarable basic biologicbiologic representation as w e l l .

This led t o th e establishment of the Armed Forces-National

Dr. Otto Schmitt

The

D r . W. Randolph Lovelace 11, was appointed chairman of t h e N A S ASpec ia l Committee on th e Life Sciences by Dr, Glennan i n October 1958.

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I t s rol e has been esse ntia lly th at of an advisory panel for ProjectMercury.

The Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences wasestablished i n 1958.pa rt ic ul ar relevance i n th e biolog ical area, th e Committee on Psycholog-i c a l and Biological Research.Committee which has expressed general in te re s t i n th e man-in-spaceprogram but has found i t s principa l concern i n basic biology, particu-l ar l y the areas re la ted t o problems of ex tr at er re st ri al c'ontaminationand the detection of ext rat err est r ia l l i fe . To focus attention ofbiologists on these problems, D r . Hartline's Comrrdttee joined with thelong-range planning committee of t h e Space Science Board t o set up tw oadditional groups designated EASTEX and WESTEX, chaired by D r . BrunoRossi and D r . Joshua Lederberg, respectively.two committees derive from a committee, (CETEX), est ab li shed by t h eIn te rnat iona l Council of Sci en ti fi c Unions t o explore problems ofextraterrestrial contamination.

Of t he 12 committees of this Board, on ly one has

Dr. H. K. Hartline i s chairman o f t h i s

The names of t he se l a t t e r

The functions of this l a t t e r organiza tion have now been absorbedby th e Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) with in t he In te rn at io nalCouncil of Sc ie nt if ic Unions.

Liaison between these planning and advisory groups has beenestabl ished by appointing a number of i nd iv idua ls as members of t w o o rmore groups. The effectiveness of th es e committees hasbeen l im ited bythe lack of an ov e r d l l operational l i f e sciences program which wouldimplement the suggestions o f the committees t o make the best use of theunprecedented opportunities provided by space exploration.

111. Present Needs.

a. Basic Biolo-

In order t o at ta in over-all objectives i n t h e space-oriented l i f e

This should include t h e further developmentsciences, an imagina tive and long-range program i n th e broad f i e ld ofastrobiology i s required.of hypotheses re la ti ng t o the or ig in of complex organic molecules andof li vi ng matter, fur the r observation, both fro mt he earth and f r oma r t i f i c i a l s a t e l l i t e s , of t h e su5face environments of neighboringce le st ia l bodies, studies on th e adaptive eff ects of simulated e r a -terrestrial. environments on various forms of l i f e i n successive gener-ations, th e study of meteori tes and ttcosm;lc dust?', and, eventually, t heexploration by man of lunar and planetary surfaces for complax molecules,

organic substances, or evidence of forms of l i f e .most important jus tif ica tio ns fo r an extensive effor t i n space explora-t i o n i s the promise which i t offe rs of sub stan tial advance i n our under-standing of these baslc problems i n biology and astrophys ics. ,F rom thi spoint [of v i e w the biomedical and engineering task of achieving humanspace travel i s but a means t o t h a t end.

Indeed, one of t h e

With this i n ndnd, a program should be initiated shortly andprojected i nd efi ni tel y i n t o th e f utur e i n which a significant number

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of payloads would be dedicated primari ly t o biomedical purposes.should be engineered from t h ei r inception with biological purposes i nmind as opposed t o th e presen t op portunistic "space availableft--f*non-interference" provision.specifications.experiment with regard t o specific biological objectives. All worthyexperimental investigations proposed by members of t h e sc ie n ti fi c com-murdty should be given Consideration for available biomedical payloads.

These

The payloads should be engineeredto biologicalThe trajectory should be care full y chosen fo r each

b. Applied Medicine and EKoloay

The present program i n this area appears t o be c a t e r e d on ProjectMercury, the a im of which i s t o put a man s afe ly in t o space fo r seve ralorb i ta l f l i gh ts about t he e a r t h before return and recovery.need t h a t this worthwhile phase of space research and development beadequately supported but also that i t be integrated with proper per-spec tive i n t o a long-range biomedical program with respect to i t sscientif ic objectives, i t s timing and i t s budgeting.have been outlined e ar li er i n this report, t h e Committee believes t h a thuman observe rs, properly tr aine d i n t h e appropriate sc ien t i f ic d i sc i-plines are indispensab le components of space research. Project Mercury,

by marshaling a w ed th of engineering and biomedical ef fo rt on one st eptoward that goal, i s f u l fi l l i n g an important and necessary f i r s t objec-tive. This Project al so has c ert ain values i n terms of technical. andscientific achievement and prestige on a n a t i o n a l and internationd. scale.It i s even more important that th e thought and e ff or t which have beendevoted t o cpestions of human sa fe ty he continued and emphasized, t h a tt h e peaceful sc ie n ti fi c objectiv es'be cl ea rl y delineated, augmented andstressed, t h a t attenti on be given t o increasing the sc ien ti f ic informa-t i o n t o be obtained fro m th e Project, and tha t these data be madewlidely ava ilab le; i n orde r t h a t this great effort be perceived as asober scientific mission rather t han a tour de force.

There i s

For reasons which

Problems relevant t o manned space f l i g h t which re qu ire and a r epresently receiving attention are many i n number.a r e discussed below and a summary of t he va rious problem a reas i nvarious di sci plin es which a re relevant t o space bioscience ar e giveni n Table I (p. 13).

Several major groups

1. WeightlessnessThe effect of weightlessness i s an unusual one i n t h a t i t s

simulation f o r prolonged periods can only be achieved i n sa te l l i t es 'or space ships. A number of consequences a r e possible. Certa inphysical properties of matter i n th e solid, l iqu id and vapor statesmay be signif i cantly affected.

diff usi on may be r ad ic al ly altered.lu lar events could occur i n dif fe re nt time sequence.othe r li v in g forms, which normally grow aga ins t gravi ty, may ta keon peculiar morphological characteristics.va ri ab le s may undergo change, fo r example, neural and cardiacfunction, circulation and metabolism. The sensory basis fo rnormal bodily orientation w i l l be profoundly altered. The effec tsof gravity-free st at es and various low-gravity conditions shouldbe investigated i n a var ie ty of l iv i ng forms i n s a t e U t e s on bothshort and long flights.

The method of heat convection and

It i s possible that intracel-Plants and

Many physiological

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2. Force St ress es

In space flight many mechanical factors and forces occurt h a t are encountered only i n small measure a t ground level.Great fo rce s pin down t h e astronaut during i n i t i a l accelerationand re-entry a s wel l as during emergency escape. Spinrdng,tumbling, vi br at ion and noise present environmental stresseswhich require further study. The Armed Forces Labora todes have

made sig ni fic an t advances i n st udi es of th e physiological ef fe ct sof such forces , but f ur th er information could be provided by newcent ri fuge s and other simulators with more degrees of freedom ofmotion a d combinations of stresses.

3 . Radiation

Radiation i n space presents a great challenge t o physicalas well as biological scientists .fu l ly explored radiatio n b el ts i n t he magnetic f i e l d surround-ing t he earth. In addition, many particles arr ive on the sur-face of the earth from space and from the sun.

have not as yet been fully explored and only part of the radia-t i o n spectrum has been reproduced a t ground l ev el i n accelera-t o r s t o date.streams of t h e nuc lei of l i g h t and heavy atoms which can produceuntoward biological. effects.of radiobiology, will provide more information about livingprocesses. Such stud ies should include addi tio na l physicalmeasurements and bi ologica l assay of t he ra diati on s i n space,th ei r simulation a t ground level , and fi n al ly di rec t experi-ments on li v in g material of all types i n s a t e l l i t e s t o providequantitative empirical information on various biological effectsnot only on immediate metabolism and function but also on sur-

vival, longevity, carcinogenesis and mutations.

There are intense and not

Some of these

Among th e cosrnFc radiations, th er e ar e la rg e

Their study, u ti l i z i ng the tools

4. Closed Environment

If man is t o explore space, he w i l l need t o l i ve i n t h eclosed and isolated environments of the space vehicles andstations. Even a f t e r t h e f i r s t landings on planets, he willprobably have t o be constarkly maintained i n an a r t i f i c i a lenvironment compatible with functional effectiveness as w e l la s survival. Storage and supply of oxygen, water and nutrientsand the disposal of carbon dioxide and wastes are problems t owhich a number of p a rt i al l y sa ti sf ac to ry solu tions have alre ady

been obtained.systems f o r regenerating t he essential r e N r e me n t s of humanmetabolism from i t s products !are presently i n t h e early stages ofdevelopment.is ol at io n, and diminution of sensory input ar e of far-reachingconsequences and th e i r inv esti gati on i s relat ively new.

For long-term missions, biol og ic al o r chemical

Cer tain psychological concomitants of confinement,

Because many of these problems are a lso encountered i npresent military operations most of the recent and currentprogress i n these areas has come fr om the Armed Services.

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5. Changes i n Ambient Time Cycles’

On earth, l i v i n g organisms a r e geared t o a 24-hour cycle.It i s possible t o detect diurnal p eriodic ity i n most biologicalvariables.ent i re l y di f ferent per iods t o which t h e organism will adjust with

varying degrees of success.psychological adaptation a r e broad ones which can be studied i n

t e r r e s t r i a l as well as ext ra te rre s t r ia l laboratories.

Space ships or planetary s tat ions will provide

The problems of physiological arid

6. Toxicity and Contamination

Biologists and medical sc ien tis ts a& ? ntereste d i n con-t d n a t i o n ca r r ied by us in to space, i n /the form of viruses andmicroorganisms, a s radio ac tiv e mat ter Men reactor or nuclearexplosions occur, or i n t h e form of ch&ca% compounds whichmight profoundly modify our cvwn atmosphere t o t h e eurtent thatthey become health hazards. The poloniwn battery and fluorine-containing rocket fuels are examples of g ravely tox ic materials.N A S A should maintain a competent st a f f t o deal with such health

hazards, and future engineering planning should be subject t oc r i t i c a l review and necessary limitations f o r public healthprotection.

I n closed space veh icle s, atmospheric contaminants ordi-na r i l y of negl igi ble importance may achieve to xi c concentr ationsand require special attention.

C. Basic Medical and Behavioral Sciences

Solutions t o immediate, p ra ct ic a l problems such as those exem-plified above depend upon a broad base of information obtained i n morefundamental aspects of medicine and behavioral sciences. Althoughmuch o f t h a t information i s being accumulated i n th e course of th eextensive research i n these f i e lds i n univ ersi t ies and medical i n st i-tu tio ns , t h e needs of space science a r e especial ly dependent upon anumber of specific area;, examples of which may be outlined as follows:

1. Respiratory physiology--including t h e control,mechanics and physical chemistry of maanahan respiration;gaseous di ffu sio n an3 exchange; ef fe ct s of a lt er at io ns i nambient conditions of pressure and temperature.

2. Circu latory physiology-including cir cu la tor yreflexes, th e control of the circulat ion, i t s responset o gravitational. and acc elerativ e stress, t o a l t e ra t ionsi n oxygen and carbon dio xide tensio ns and temperaturechange.

3. Metabolism-including energe tics , nut ri ti on ,hibernation, digestion, excretion.

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J



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4. Neurophysiology-including postu ral and righ ti ngreflexes, physiology of vision, audition, proprioception,and orientatio n; cen tra l control of metabolism, temperature,endocrines, circu lati on and resp irati on; cir cul ati on andmetabolism of brain.

5. Behavioral science--including perception, m o t i v a -tion, and performance under stress, emotional stability,fatigue, soc ial and sensory iso lat io n, psychological assess-ment arrl tr ai ni ng f o r sp eci al missions.

TV. Recommendations f o r a NASA &omami n t h e Life Sciences.

A. Organization of the Office of Life Sciences

This office should-have t h e responsibility and authority forplanning, organizing and opera ting t h e IXfe Sc iences bogram of NASA,including intramural and extramural research, development and tr ai ni ng .T h i s of fi ce would al so advise and consult with t h e other divisions ofNASA and with th e Administrator i n matte rs invo lving biology, medicine,

and psychology. It should have th e resp onsibil i t y fo r s afeea rdin g thewelfare of human subjects and the public health as well as def ini t iveparticipation i n those projects which might jeopardize satisfactoryinvestigation of possible extr a ter r es tr ia l l i fe .

1. The Mrector of Life Sciences would be vestedwith th e responsibil ity and authority of t he offi ce ofU f e Sciences and should be responsible di re ct ly t o t heAdministrator of NASA i n t he same manner and a t th e samedirectional level as the other program directors.ca li b re of t h e incumbent i s obviously of fundamentalimportance.

ure, an able administrator with demonstrated capabilityi n t h e selection and direction of staff .th a t the Mrector dll be found among physicians who havehad considerab le experience i n th e basic medical sci ences,although there are others who a r e not physicians who mighthave t h e requisite baclgground.

The

He should be a man of high sc ie n t i f ic stat-

L t i s probable

2. The Internal Organization of theOffice of Life Sciences

The Committee proposes th a t t he Office be organizedi n four Sections, each with an Assistant Mrector respon-

s i ble t o the Mrector of U f e sciences.

a. Section on Basic Biologyb.

C.

Section on Medical and Behavioral SciencesSection on Applied Medicine and Biology

The substantive nature of the program of each of thesethree sections i s indicated under t h e respective heading i nSection I11 of this report , although considerable latitudei n planning should be given t o each ass is ta nt director.

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d. Section on Ektramural Program

This section should be responsible for the administrationand i n collaboration with the other assis tan t directors, and theMrector of Life Sciences, t h e planning of the extramural program.

3. Advisory Committees

The Mrector of U f e Sciences may de si re an advi sory com-m i t t e e made up of consultants au ts id e the N A S A , recommended byhim and appointed by t h e Administrator. Such a committee wouldnormally report t o t h e Director of Life Sciences or on accasiond i r e c t ly t o t h e .Administrator of t h e NASA

The ass ist ant dire ctor s of the four sections may w e l l needadvisory committees for t h e i r ac t iv i t ie s .up of N A S A personnel plus outside consultants.

These could be made

For a number of cogent reasons, an intramural program i n t hel i f e sciences of signifLCant size, diver sit y, and excellence should bees tabli shed by t he NASA.without delay.

It i s urgent that this program be initiated

1. Objectives

The present research ef fo rt i n this f i e l d w ithin NASAappears t o be concentrated upon a sing le spec if ic .goal, exem-plified by Project Mercury, a t th e possible ap en se of broader,more remote, but fundamental aims. It i s important t h a t the

biomedical aspects of the Project Mercury be placed squarelyunder the jurisdiction of the Office of Life Sciences and t h a t

it be coordinated with other aspects of t he U fe Sciences Pro-gram. The remainder of t h e nationa l space biomedical ef fo rt ,as found i n mil itary , in du st ri al and academic laboratories, i ssporadic and incid enta l t o other primary in te re st s o r respon-s ib i li ti es . These ef fo rt s are, on th e whole, of excellentquality and should be maintained and supported; there i s 'need,however, i n add iti on t o these and coordinated with them, fo r abroad and thoughtfully planned biomedical program of researchextending from t h e most fltndamental aspects t o t h e i r most practi-c a l appl ications . The nucleus of such a n a t i o n a l undertaking

should be the NASA intramural program i n biology, medicine, andp ~ y ~O l O g Y .

The number of competent biological, medical and psychologicalsc ie nt is ts motivated toward space research and sl dl le d i n i t sspecial problems and techniques is , a t present, serio usly limited.It i s necessary t o create a number o f career opportunities i nthese f ie lds on a long-term, full-time ba sis and t o incr ease th enumber of laboratories and faci l i t ies i n which post-graduatetraining for such careers may be accomplished.



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An important i edient of a productive and cre at iv e researcheffor t i s t h e opportunity fo r int eract ion among s ci en ti st s i n a l lt h e relevant disc ipli nes; between those whose in te re st s a re i nt h e fundamental are as and those working i n t he applied aspects ofth e problem, The need f o r interact ion has become esse nt ia l i nrecmt years as the result of th e high degree of sp eci ali zat ionwhich modern science and technology demands and t h e acceleratingrate a t which new knowledge i s accumulating. The olde r formulaf o r c rea t iv i ty which depended upon t h e accumulation by a singlemind of a l l the information necessary t o a new concept i s becomingincreasingly di f f i cul t t o achieve; it may, pa r t i a l l y a t least , bereplaced by the daily contact and collaboration among sc i e n t i s t swithin a single in sti tut e ,

An active and distinguished research program i n th e biological,behavioral and medical sc iences with in N A S A should provide an atmosphereof knowledge and re sp on sib ili ty i n which th e national ef fo rt i n thesef ie lds can best be planned, adminis tered and coordinated, It should berepresented a t the highest administrative l eve ls within N A S A and shouldpar tic ipate in th e p l a d n g and d i rect ion of the entire space program.I ts members should be available for consultation and should be givenappropriate respo nsib ilit y and authority i n all of N A S A ac ti vi t i es whichinvolve biology, medicine o r psychology.

2. Scope of Intramural Life Sciences Facilities

To fulfill hese objectives t h e Committee recommends anintramural research program whose ultimate dimensions may beenvisioned as follows:

a. A broad centra l fa c i l i ty with laboratoriesranging fr om th e most basi c biologic al, behavioral andmedical disc ipli nes through t h e i r highly applied aspects

.A s i t e a t Goddard Space Flight Center a t Greenbelt,firgland, or adjacent to th e National I ns ti tu te s of Healthrecormnena themselves, each fo r somewhat di fferent reasons.The l a t t e r would offer t h e advantages of the unsurpassedf a c i l i t i e s of the National Library of Medicine and ofinterac t ion with basi c and cl in i ca l medical, behavioraland biological scientists a t th e National In st i tu tes ofHealth, t h e adjacent Naval Medical Center, and t h eWalter Reed Army Medical Center and Armed Forces Insti-t u t e of Pathology which a re only a fe w miles away. A l l

of these opportunities w o u l d make the N I H s i t e especiallyadvantageous and attractive t o s c i en t i s ts i n t h e medical,biomedical, and behavioral fields. The Greenbelt si te ,on t h e othe r hand, would o ff er act iv e in te rf ac es bothwith th e space sciences and space technologies and a l s owith th e basic biological sciences represented i n t h elaboratories of t h e Department of Agriculture.s i t e has a further advantage i n t h e pote ntia l f o r expan-sion as a national space center which t h e greater con-gestion and t h e different orientation of the N I H could

This

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inot make possible.should be the re spon sibi lity of t h e Mrecto r of I i f eSciences and his s t a f f who will’make spec if ic recornen-dations t o th e Administrator.

Further plans regarding the facility

b. A limited number of addi tion al f a c i l i t i e ssit uat ed a t some of the present or futyre N A SA i n s t a l -

lat ion s and possibly an in st i t ut e a t one or two univer-s it ie s. Each of th es e accessory groups w o u l d be some-what differently oriented depending on the specialfunctions and the variety of competences representedi n t h e i r environs. Thus, an ins t i tu te located a t auniversity with an important biological tradition shouldbe more heavily weighted toward basic astrobiology,while one situated where astronomy and physics wereemphasized should reflect an orientation toward astro-physics.lati ons, on t h e other hard, should be primarily repre-sentative of t h e technolo&cal and engineering aspects

of biology and medicine. They w o u l d thus be i n a posi-t i on t o u t i l i z e t h e unique fa c u l t i e s of these ins ta l la -ations i n the furtherance of astronautica l research and,conversely, th i s would ensure tha t enginsezd.ng develop-ment of space,vehicles w o u l d be carried out, with dueregard f o r the requirements of future occupants.

The groups to be incor porated .in to N A SA i n s t a l -

The C o a t t e e i s re luc tant to s t ip ula t e t h e dimen-sions which these f ac i l i t i es should at ta in o r t o i nd i-cate more precisely t h e i r scientific complex3.on.would suggest, however, t hat t he dir ec to rs would givep r i o r consideration t o high quality rather than quantity,

realizing t ha t excellence i s not necessarily proportionatet o size.

It

It would emphasizie, however, t h a t a t l e a s t some ofthe peripheral uxiits, as w e l l as each of the three u d t sof the central . facil i ty , be planned i n t e r n of a mini-mum c r i t i c a l mass, defined as an adequate variety ofdisciplines and number of professional personnel andt h e i r necessary supporting staff and physical facil i t iest o const i tu te a se lf-suff ic ient , mutually interactingand sustaining unit.experience of th e Committee members converged on an

estimate of 20 sc ie nt is ts and 30 t o 35 supporting person-nel as constituting such a minimal staff.budget of $800,000, exclus ive of permanent equipment bu tincluding overhead or reimbursement, would probably berequired t o support such a minimum unit , and a f a c i l i t yof 30,000 square fe et , over-all, t o house i t , based uponacceptable standards of biomedical research i n otherf ields.f o r t he c e n tr al f a c i l i t y of t h e order of 2.4 milliondollars and a t o t a l of 90,000 square fee t.

It i s of i n te res t tha t the var ied

An annual

This would in di ca te t her efo re an annual budget



Even where t h e program of a unit were oriented t oone or another aspect of the field as would be the casei n th e accessory laboratories, th e scien tif ic staf fshould be representative of numerous disciplines, basicas w e l l as applied.

3. Develoment of the Intramural ProRram

The rate of growth toward an intramural program of t h e scopeoutlined above w i l l perforce be lim ited by th e t o t a l budget ardt h e competi tive needs of th e parent agency. More important,perhaps, may be t h e limLtation, self-imposed by th e program'sdirec tors i n recognition of t h e paucity of adequately trai nedpersonnel and t h e other national needs for such individuals,including t he needs by the m il it ar y departments f o r nation aldefense and se cu ri ty and the needs of academic and othe r i n s t i -tutions for teaching and research.

The Committee recommends, ther efo re , tha t the development ofthe intramural program be deliberate and gradual with cooperative

u t i l i z a t ion of presently availab le manpower and f a c i l i t i e s whichare outside of NASA and t h e i r judicious duplication or replace-ment by t he intranrural NASA program as those f a c i l i t i e s becomeobsolete or over-utilized and as the t o t a l resource of competentand motivated scientists i s augmented by a tra ining program whichNASA i t s e l f w i l l sub stan tial ly support.

The immediate and most pressing need of t he program i s t h eappointment of a Director of Li fe Sciences and, on his recommenda-tion, th e Assistant Mrectors.It should be the responsibility of the Director and his AssistantMrectors, i n consultation with an Advisory Council, should one

be appointed, t o plan a national program fo r NASA i n th e Lif eSciences, t o determine i t s complexlon, establish i t s philosophy,rec ru i t i t s sen ior personnel, and guide i t s development.

(See Section I V - A. Organization.)

The Committee recommends th a t the Direc to r of I i f e Sciencesand his staff i n t he ir i n i t i a l planning select those segments ofthe national program which are currently being carried' out byexis t ing f ac i l i t i e s i n the mi l i ta ry services, i n u ni ve rs it ie s i dresearch in st it ut es , and by industry, o r which certain of thesef a c i l i t i e s are capable of carrying out i n th e immediate future.By appropriat e contracts, tr an sf er of funds, construct ion gran tsor other mechanisms of support, participation of these existing

f a c i l i t i e s i n a coordinated nat ional program should be invitedand made feasible.

A t a very earl y date, t h e Mrector of Life Sciences and hisstaff should begin t h e planning, construction and organizationof the central and certain of t h e auxiliary fac il i t ie s, concen-t r a t i n g on those areas of basic and applied science not adequatelyprovided f o r i n ex ist ing programs.

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As major physica l f ac i l i t i e s u t i l i se d by the NASA biomedical

program on a cooperat ive ba sis and of primary concern t o t h a tprogram ( i . e. cent ri fuge and cont ro lled env5ronmental chambers)become obsolete o r over-utilized, or ,a8 completely new designsbecome necessary and fea sib le, these m y be constructed by N A S A

within i t s intramural program and maintained as national andin te rna t ional f ac i l i t i e s .t io n of sindlar f a c i l i t i e s by other agencies where necess arxt o

the execution of t h e i r respective responsibil i t ies

.cooperative arrangements are a f i t t i n g precedent fo r the contin-uance of the concept that these expensive facilities should beshared wherever poss ible both i n cos t and usage, but tha t t h ein it ia ti ve and resp onsib il i ty fo r th e construction of any oneof them should l i e with the agency which has the greatest need.

This should not prevent the construc-

Present

C. Ektramural Promam of t h e N A S A

Office of Life Sciences

Investigations i n ex tra ter res tr i al biology and resolution ofproblems re la ted t o manned space f l i g h t provide an area for research

and development necessitating many diversified contributions A noptimum r a t e of achievement w i l l require fu rth er cooperation Hithother government agencies,come from sc ie nt is ts working i n uni vers itie s, research in st it ut es , andind ustry . Thus a strong extramural program i s an essential aspect oft h e a c t iv i t i e s of N A S A i n the Life Sciences:relevant research ta len t; (2) t o obtain ideas, information and part i -c ipa t ion essen t ial t o the ac t i v i t ie s of NASA f rom th e best qualif iedavailable sources; (3 ) t o generate among the scientific and industrialcommunities a n awareness of t h e a c t i v i t i e s of N A S A and t o secure supportof i t s programs.

Important contributions are expected t o

(1) o mobilize the

1. Grants

N A S A should set up a system of research gran ts f o r individ-ual sc ien tis ts or groups of sc ie nt is ts working i n univers it iesor nonprofit research insti tutes based on original researchproposals and with appopriate means f o r their review and approval.. .uch grants should be for t h e support of basic or applied researchi n a re as of i n t e r e s t t o N A S A . These areas of i t s interest shouldbe broadly interpre ted. Proposals from well qua lifi ed in te rd is ci -plinary groups should be encouraged.

2. Contracts

We believe t h a t t h e N A S A should enter into contracts withindustrial corporations and governmental agencies for specificresearch needs, part icu larl y i n t h e f i e l d of technology but a l s oi n fundamental research.favorable f o r t h e solution of short-term problems which might beine f f ic ien t ly s tudied i n an intramural program and which mightrequire t h e hir ing of specialized sc ie nt is ts or the building ofparticular equipment tha t would have no long-term va lue t o t h eagency.

,

Such research contract s ar e pa rti cu la rly

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3. Tyming

The Committee strongly r commends th a t the g rant programand perhaps research contracts si s available t o th eThe in it ia ti o n of tt h e permanent organiza Sciences. The NASA may beable t o borrow an a c p

Public Health ServiceNational Science Fou ogram under way. Al ter-natdly, the NASA couldt h e National Research C of Sciences. Thes o r t of study se ct i ted States PublicHealth Service could serve as an excellent model.

e in i t ia ted so that moneyarliest practicable date.await th e se tt in g up of

Research, or t h e

from the United States

of such grants t o

D.

The e f fo r t t o put living animals a men in to space and t o main-t a i n theanthere f o r considerable periods of time requires the develop-

ment of many new techniques f o r protection from u n f d l i a r s tresses.The nature of these stresses i s reviewed elsStudy of th e physical, chemical, b iological , and psychological st re ss esof space flight requires an extens ta f f of trained sci ent ist s and technicianss Additional fa ci l i t i es andclose l i ais on with t h e physical seivehicle research and development asupport systems and protection fortransportation.

e re i n this report.

y of apparatus and a la rge

i s t s and engineers engagedinssen tial t o provide proper l i f epassengers i n this new form of

The existin$ capabili ty for studies of this character i s found. Ekcept for a f e w a i r c r a f tlmost ent i re ly i n the m il i ta ry s

compades, c i v i l i a n agencies havhigh altitude, high speed flightalmost e nt ir el y on t h e physicallems.

e need t o develop studies onIf has so far concentratedaspec ts of fligh t prob-

The H l i t a r y Medical Se rv ic othe r hand haeve been con-tinuously engaged since the F i r s t World War i n developing facil i t iesand personnel for aeromedical studies. No attempt w i l l be made .heret o d r a w up a l i s t of t h e f a c i l i t i e s now available.t o note tha t taken together, these insta llat ion s provide (9. variety andquantity of controlled environment chambers, centrifuges, accelerationtracks, and othe r relevant apparatus which may not be equalled anywhere

else i n t he world.qua lity of t he personnel availa bltheir enthusiastic dedication t ot h e d s t i n g capabi l i ty i n terms of momacMnes must represent a t l e a s t $8O,Omore.similar in st all ati on s o r t ra i n compara

It i s only necessary

The Committee w a s especial ly impressed with t hefo r work i n the se labo ratories ande job. It i s di f f i cu l t t o measure

and perhaps a good deal

sonnel for use elsewhere.

t t he investment i n men and

d be required t o buildore important is t h e tim e which

It appears that thpresent , not ful ly u t i l icated and recjpire a t l ea s

i n aeromedicine i s , a tthis a r e somewhat compli-I n the f i r s t place manyosition,

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of t h e biomedical problems of conventional high a l t it ude f l i g h t ar e nowreasonably w e l l solved. Furthermore, t h e military requirement for con-ventional aircraft i s increasingly uncertain.planned f o r th e fu tu re and the re appears t o be a declining need f o r t h euse.of d s t i n g aeromedical fa c i l i t i es fo r the t ra ining and indoctr tna-t ion of conventional pilots.of unmanned ballistic missiles.elements a t various points i n t h e military establishment foresee at a c t i c a l need fo r manned vehicles i n space, such weapons s y s t h s do notfo rm a major part of current operational plans. The military budgetsf o r aeromedical;research a r e not there for e defended a t present on thebas is of a c lea rly defined ex isti ng mi li ta ry objective or requirement.They depend f o r the most part on the declining momgntum of t h e conven-ti on al a ir c ra ft program, and th e existence of a few experimentalprojects of which t h e X-15 and DynaSoar vehicle series are exampleseFor completeness, i t may be noted a l s o , t h a t understanding of aerospacemedicine be ne fit s i nd i re ct ly by research funded fo r other reasons. Forexample, work on hot, hoisy environments desired by t h e tank corps mayhelp i n understanding some of th e bio log ical problems involved i n s at el -l i t e launchings; closed ecological systems under do velopen t fo r usei n submarines may be adapted t o space veh icles ; and so on.

Fewer such vehicles are

Current military plans ermphasim th e useAlthough cd rt ain forward-looldng

Somewhat paradoxically, NASA, which does have a clearly definedmission t o put and maintain men i n space, has es se nt ia ll y no e xi sti ngcapabili ty f o r studying the biological and medical problams'involved.Faced w i th t he necessity fo r selecting a group of astronauts forProject Mercury and providing f o r th e i r safe ty during this series ofmissions, the Agency turned f o r assistance t o th e mili tary services.The services, i n tu rn, have$ responded d t h enthusiasm and good willt o this new challenge.ment, t h e fa c t remains t h a t authority for ensuring the hea l th , safety,and effective functioning of t h e astronauts j,s not firmly i n t h e handsof the agency responsible f o r the success of t h e project as a whole.The medical personnel were not selected by t h e NASA but by representa-tives of the military services which provided them on a loan basis f o rth i s particula r task. Their continued presence i n t h e project i s asmuch a matter of continuing good w i l l as i t i s a clear contractualagreement, and t h e individuals themselves must of necessity feel aprimary lo ya lt y t o t h e services i n which they have elected t o developt h e i r entire careers.

In s p i t e of th e apparent success of th e arrange-

The establishment of an Office of U fe Sciences i n NASA w i l l .

gr ea tl y improve i t s capability for discharging i t s biomedical respon-s ibi l i t i es . Even though the Agency w i l l probably wish t o continue t od r a w on many other sources for help i n solving i t s biological problems,the presence of a t l e a s t a small staff of highly qualified biologis tsand medical men i s essential. for t h e formulation of over-all pol icy,th e dire cti on of research and operations within t h e NASA, and thenegotiation of sat isf act or y working agrements with other governmentagencies and t h e military services.

For th e n& few years, and possibly ind efi ni tel y, t h e NASAw i l l need t o re ly heavi ly on the mil i ta ry services fo r he lp i n t h e

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technology or applied aspects of aeromedicine.above, th e mi lit ary se rvices present ly appear t o possess a cap abil ityi n Bxoess of t h e i r own need and a r e arudous t o cooperate i n every pos-s i b l e way.has arranged cooperative research between individual and small groupsof workers i n t h e milita ry laboratories.may be le n t from one agency t o another, apparatus may be transferredor time made available a t military ins ta l la t ions with a m i n i m of

administrative diff iculty so long as the scale of the operation i s keptreasonably small.. A l l those who provided information f o r the Committeewere un&ous on th is point.

For reasons outlined

The Committee w as impressed by the ease with which N A S A

It i s apparent that personnel

The s i tua t ion i s f a r more dubious with respect t o l ar ge or long-

Complex contracts of this character would doub tless have t ocontinued programs involving extensive transfer of personnel, facilities,or funds.be channeled t o ra th er high l ev els i n t he Department of Defense withconcomitant delays and uncertainties.th e o v e r a l l government policy i n rela tio n t o t he budget.d e n t will o r should t h e Bureau of t h e Budget o r the Congress permitthe t ransfer o f segments of t h e NASA budget t o other agencies for the

execution of N A S A directed and supervised objectives?question anothe r way, how fa r can the mili tary services go i n justifyingth e sal ar ie s and allowance of mil it ar y personnel a su bs ta nti al part ofwhose time i s spent on ci v i l ia n missions?

A more serious question involvesTo what

To put the

Another d if fi cu lt y ar ise s from th e f ac t t ha t t he apparent excessof space medical c apab il ity now ava il ab le i n mil it ar y establishmentsmay be temporary.military personnel i s dependent on this temporary excess i s d i f f i c u l tt o determine, but t he po ss ib il it y cannot be ignored.s i tua t ion i s a t best an unstable one.The military decision t o rely heavily on unmanned ballistic o r guided

vehicles may become more firmly established.fur th er decline i n mi lit ary requirements f o r aeromedicine with con-comitant budget cu ts f o r th e support of aeromedical installations.Conversely, and i n th e opinion of th e C o d t t e e more probable, presentskepticism i n regard t o th e u t i l i t y of manned mi lita ry vehicles w i l lgradually disappear and the services w i l l be provided w i th increasedfunds f o r research i n space medicine.mi lita ry cap abil ity now availab le t o N A S A i s l i k e l y t o decline i f notcomplet e ly disappear.

H o w fa r th e present cordial cooperativeness of

The presentEither of two things may happen.

This d11 oad t o a

In either case, the excess

Faced by these considerations the Committee makes the followingrecommendations:

1. The Applied Medicine and Eliology Section of the proposedOffice of th e Life Sciences should, i n th e immediate futu re, maket h e flrllest possible use of t he excellent fa c i l i t i e s and personnelfo r biomedical research now avai lab le i n th e mi lit ary services.The exact mechanisms f o r this cooperation must be worked ou t i nlar ge part by th e Administrator, th e Director of t h e U f e Sciences,and his staff together with t h e proposed section on ExtramuralResearch. I n maw cases, the necessary arrangements can be based

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on informal agreements t o assign personnel o r make f a c i l i t i e savailable. In others, formal contracts guaranteeing definitesums of money over stated periods of time w i l l be necessary.I n order t o f a c i l i t a t e th e negotiating of such arrangements, addi-tional liaison machinery should be set up between the Departmentof Defense and NASA i n the Life Sciences.committee composed of the directors of bioastronautics of t h eAir Force and Navy, the Direc tor of th e Office of U f e Sciences,

and t h e Assistant Director f o r t h e Applied Medicine and BiologyPrograms of NASA This committee should be empowered by generaldirectives f r om t h e Department of Defense and N A S A t o work outcontractual and other arrangements f o r the conduct of researchand development i n aerospace medicine.

T h i s might well be a

A Civilian-Military Liaison Comnrittee i s i n existence t oarrange for cooperative interagency undertakings.however, t h a t astro-medical matters involve @ te di ffe ren t con-siderations from those regularly dealt w i th by the CivilianMilitary Maison Committee.m c h smaller and other fac tors i n si tu ati on are such a s t o make

i t unlikely that the human problems of space flight will get the

It i s f e l t,

The amounts of money involved a re

at ten ti on t h e i r importance merits unless theya sgecially constituted group.

2. A s soon as possible the N A S A AppliedSec tion should develop an in-house ca pa bi li tydevelopment a s pa rt of t he in tramural programSection I V - B.

are dealt with by

Medicine and Biologyfor research andrecomended i n

The exact extent of in-house ca pa bi li ty cannot be foreseena t t h i s time.f a c i l i t i e s i n which much of t he immediate research program must

be developed, i t seems wise t o recommend t h a t t he long-term programinc lude f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e study of every aspect of bioastronauticsexcept those which involve heavy expenditures for special itemsof equipment.

I n v i e w of the uncertain av aila bil i ty of m ili tary

3 . The provision of adequate access t o la rg e and expensiveapparatus raises speciaLproblems. A t t h e present time, t he most ,

notable example i s t h e human cen tri fug e f o r s imulat ing spacefl i g h t problems a t John sville. In most instances, one such instal.-lation should be enough t o serve the nat ional i n t e r e s t , if properarrangements a re made i n advance f o r i t s construction and utili-zation.

services develops a given installation t o meet i t s own needs andthen invites o r allows t h e other services t o use i t on t h e basisof ad hoc agreements. The Committee wishes t o recommend tha t i nth e fut ur e such fa c i l i t i e s be planned and operated on an ex pl ici tNASA-interservice basis. Various administr ative pa tt er ns may bethought of t o achieve this end. In some cases th e f a c i l i t y mightbe se t up as an independent au thori ty with i t s own budget t oprovide research service t o other government agencies mch asthe Bureau of Standards does now.could be held and operated by a NASA-interservice committee with

The present practice i s that one o r another of the

In other ins tances the fac i l i ty

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a budget provided by one or more of th es e se rvi ces represen tedon th e committee.Forces In s t it u t e of Pathology.

This pat tern has worked w e l l f o r t h e Armed

E. Training:

In common with every agency of government and industry whichu t i l i z e s and depends upon sc ie nt if ic and technic al sp eci ali st s, N A S A

has a stake and resp onsibi lity i n t h e education and tra in in g of such

men arid i n t h e continued supply of s c i e n t i f ic manpower generally.agency which attempts completely t o fulfill i t s responsibi l i t ies int h i s area may recognize a dual nature i n these responsibil i t ies.of course, necessary t o cre at e and maintain a cadre of s ci en ti st s prop-e r l y equipped with t h e specialized knowledge, skil ls , motivation, andphilosophy which ar e required f o r t h e par tic ul ar mission, but i t i salso important that this be done without depletion of other importantac t i v i ti e s which include: nat ion al defense, health, aviation medicine,and the basi c bio log ical , medical, and behavio ral dis cipl in es upon whichthese areas depend.

An

It i s ,

The Committee recommends t ha t N A S A take immediate steps t o i n i t i a t e

a diversified program of training and t h e support of training administeredby t h e Office of Lif e Sciences through th e Section on Extramural Activ-i t i e s and th a t i n the planning of such a program att en ti on be given t oth e following types of a ct iv it ie s:

1. Post-graduate fellowships or trainee ships a t N A S A i n s t a l -la t ions , a t space biology inst i tu t es , or i n cer ta in labora tor iesof t h e Armed Forces, t he United Sta te s Public Health Service andoth er governmerrtal oper ations, or a t approp riate departments i nun iv er si ti es here and abroad f o r individuals, including membersof NASA s ta f f , fore ign s c i e n t i s t s and other s, who have chosen acare er i n ast robiology, space medicine, or immediately re la te d

f ie lds .

2. Training grants t o appropriate in st i t ut es or universitydepartments to support d s t i n g teach ing ac t iv i t ie s o r in i t ia tenew ones i n areas of general or special relevance t o the N A S A

Life Sciences Division.

3 . Short-term visiting scientist appointments (from twomonths t o two yea rs ) t o p e d t qual i fied sc ien t i s t s f r o m thiscountry and abroad t o uti l iB e certa in of t he sp ecial fa c i l i t i e sof NASA o r t he Armed Forces i n research of relevance t o t h e Lif eSciences Program.

F. Communication and Information

The Committee, i n common with s c i e n t i s t s genera lly , bel ieve s th a tthe primary purpose of science, which is t o in crea se man's understandingof the universe, i s best fu lf il le d by fr ee exchange of sc ie nt if ic find-ings, information, and cr it ic is m among all sc ient is ts .i n es tablishing this agency, declared "that i t i s th e policy of t he

The Congress,

- 243 -4



United Stat es th at ac ti vi ti es i n space should be devoted t o peacefulpurposes fo r th e benefit of a l l mankind."recommends t h a t NASA give se rious thought t o those mechanisms andguarantees which w i l l fa c i l i ta te f r ee s c ien t i f ic in terchange withrespect t o t h e Li fe Sciences Program.has considered and which i t supports are th e following:

To this end, the Committee

Among those which th e Committee

1. Judfcious use of t ravel fin ds t o permit t h e exchangeof information between individual sc ien t i s t s , o r among scien-

t i s t s a t nat ion al o r int er na ti on al meetings and symposia with-out ar bi tr ar y res tri cti on s but guided by th e value of suchinterchange t o th e advancement of knowledge.

2. The sponsorship by NASA of bull et in s, jou rna ls, ando f conferences, meetings and symposia on topi cs o r i n fi e l d swhere such media or opportun ities f o r exchange of informationwould be of value.

3 . The establishment of a policy of th e f ree report ingof a l l s cie nt if i c information obtained i n t h e Life Sciencesthrough the extramrural o r intramural operations of NASA i n t h e

open scientif ic l i terature. . Security regulations with respectt o personnel o r publications and i n t h e areas of grants, con-tracts and fellowships must be exercised with great cautionand limit ed t o those s pecif ic projects where a dire ct relation-ship t o national secu rity can be cle arl y daonstra-ted.

G. NASA Lif e Sciences F ac i l i t i e sa s a Public Trust

Although much ba sic research re lat ed t o problems of space can beconducted i n appropriate fa ci li ti es on earth, i t i s apparent that many

observations must be made i n space vehicle s.

of weightlessness i s an obvious example; spectrographic an al ys is ofth e su rface of t h e planets from platforms high above th e dis turbinginf luenc es of th e earth 's atmosphere fs another.t h e space available f or scie ntif ic instruments i n space vehicle s i sl i k e ly t o be s t r i c t l y limite d. A t the present t i m e almost all suchspace and bandwidths 'avai labl e f o r telemetry a re being absorbed by t heequipment necessary t o monitor th'e funct ion of t h e vehicle i t s e l f o r

t o make limi ted physical Qbservations of i t s immediate environment.Prospective improvement of propulsion systems w i l l soon provide mrecomodious vehicles, but fo r years t o come th e supply of f a c i l i t i e s i sl i k e l y t o be fa r less than2the demand. Proper al lo ca ti on of such spacef a c i l i t i e s will be very d i f f i c u l t t o arrange and certainly cannot much

longer be l e f t solely t o the good will of those responsible f or th edesign and operation of launching equipment, or t o random excitement ast o who can inje c t the la rgest manrmal in to orbi t.

The study of the effect

For some time t o come,

Attention may be drawn to t h e f ac t t ha t a t present tw o greatpowers between them enjoy a monopoly on opera tions i n space. Althoughthis l i s t may be expanded somewhat i n years t o come, t h e extensiveresources needed t o support such missions make it l ik e ly tha t they canbe carried out only by the very largest nations. It i s a t r ad i t ion

- 244 -

3



of long standing i n th e United S ta te s th a t a monopoly position ca rr ie swith i t th e obligation t o conduct a ff ai rs w i t h due regard t o the publicin te res t .wide, since i t includes t h e control not only of the vehicles themselvesbut of t h e most su it ab le launching s i t e s throughout t h e world.follows t ha t these f a c i l i t i e s should be administered so f ar as i t i spossible i n the public in tere s t of th e world a t large.i s heartened by the provisions which the N A S A has made towards greaterinternational cooperation. As man stands before the moment when a tlas t he may break t h e bonds which have chained him t o a single planet,i t seems f i t t ing and proper t o ensure t h a t all mankind, and not tw onations alone, should have t h e opp ortu nity to meet th is momentouschallenge.

I n the present instance the monopoly i s ess ent ial ly world-

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APPENDIX

TABU 4

A ~ r o p r i a t i ~ snd Transfers for tho Fiscal Years 1959 and 1960

Appropria’kdoaaa t o National Advisory Ccst Independent Offlcere

bpproprfations t o National Aeronautics andAppropriation Act, 1959; Public Law 85-844

Space AM nist ra tion : Supplsmsntal Appro-

Second Supplemental Appropriation Act,

Transfers from the Department of Defense

priation Act, 1959; Public Law 85-766.. ...1959; Public Law 86-30,. 0 e

(72 Stat. 433). e e e e e e e e e e e e e t e e e 0

e e e e o e e e e o e

t 0 0 e e e

:

Appropriations t o Natlonal Aeronautics and

Transfer from research and developent to

Space Administration: Supplemental Appro-priation Act, 1960; Public Law 86-213.. e. .construction and e ~ ~ e n t...............

Status of 1959 Funds as of March 31, 1960

Salaries and $86,286,300 $85 838,156



Status of 1960 Funds 8s of March 31. 1960

salaries snd expenses......................Research and develgwmt:

Allotments Obligations Expenditures

$65. 585. 60 860.202. 758