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Page 1: Third largest technical manpower in the world
Page 2: Third largest technical manpower in the world
Page 3: Third largest technical manpower in the world

• Third largest technical manpower in the world

• 162 universities awarding 4,000 doctorates and 35,000 postgraduate degrees

• Global share in scientific publications rising at a CAGR of ~12 per cent

• Policies aimed at projecting India as a Science & Technology powerhouse, and promoting

both public and private sector involvement in the Research & Development practice

• Women Scientific programmes to expose women more and more towards research

• With more and more multinational companies setting up their R&D centres in India, the

sector has seen an uptrend in investments in recent years

• With a USD1.7 trillion economy and per capita income of over USD1,200, India presents a

unique opportunity for companies to tap the huge consumer base

• Demand for cheap and durable products that could meet the local requirements drives the

need for innovation

Source: IBEF, Aranca Research

Large consumer base

Huge talent pool

Policy framework

Rising investments

Page 4: Third largest technical manpower in the world
Page 5: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Source: Department of Science & Technology, IBEF, FICCI, Aranca Research

Growing demand

• Expanding middle class and

increasing affordability are

expected to remain key demand

drivers for technologically

advanced products

• Demand for products that meet

the local needs is set to accelerate

Rising investments

• Cheap labour costs and easy

access to talent have been

attracting investments from foreign

companies in recent years

• Multinational companies are

setting up their R&D centres in

India

Policy support

• Government is providing continued

policy support in the form of

Science, Technology & Innovation

Policy 2013 and the Twelfth Five-

Year Plan (2012–17)

• The new government assured

more and more of support to

researchers with lesser

bureaucratic hurdles

Huge talent base

• Third largest technical manpower

in the world

• With government and private

sector funding, academia is

adapting to the changing

requirements of the business

sector

Advantage

India

Page 6: Third largest technical manpower in the world
Page 7: Third largest technical manpower in the world

1958

Source: Department of Science & Technology, Government of India

• Scientific

Policy

Resolution to

promote

science, and

scientific

research in all

its aspects in

India

• Technology

Policy

Resolution to

address the

need to attain

technological

competence

and self-

reliance

• Science &

Technology

Policy to bring

science and

technology

together and

emphasise the

need for

investment into

research and

development to

address national

problems

• Science,

Technology &

Innovation Policy

aims to develop

synergies between

science,

technology and

• Innovation, ethnic

diversity and

varying

demographics has

attracted many

players to invest

1983

2003

2013

Page 8: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Source: Changing Indian STI Landscape Presentation, Department of Science & Technology

Note: STI refers to Science Technology & Innovation

Indian STI system

R&D bodies

Government funding &

development agencies

Academic sector

Socio economic ministries

Industrial R&D systems

R&D by multinational companies

R&D in NGO groups

Page 9: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Source: IBEF, Department of Science & Technology, NSTIMS, Aranca Research

India is among the top-ranking countries in the field of basic research

It has the third largest scientific and technical manpower in the world

162 universities award 4,000 doctorates and 35,000 postgraduate degrees annually

the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research runs 40 research laboratories

India ranks 12th in terms of the number of patents filed

5,400

8,900

0

5,000

10,000

2000 2010

8,412

16,010

11,659 12,754

12,943

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

PhD research outputs in science M.Phil and doctorate degrees awarded in

science & technology discipline

Page 10: Third largest technical manpower in the world

3.4 4.0 4.3

5.4 6.0

6.7

8.1 8.9

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1

1.3 1.9 2.3

3.2 3.1

3.2 4.0 4.6

0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6

0

2

4

6

8

10

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11* 2011-12*

Central Government State Government Private Sector Higher Education Sector

Source: Department of Science & Technology, NSTIMS, Aranca Research

Note: *Estimated Data

National Expenditure on R&D increased threefold from

USD5.4 billion during 2004–05 to USD15.1 billion during

2011–12

During the 12th Five-Year Plan, India‟s R&D/GDP ratio

increased to 0.88 per cent

Per Capita R&D has gone up from USD4.8 during 2004–06

to USD9.5 in 2009

India‟s share in World in Gross Expenditure on Research &

Development (GERD) has increased from 1.9 per cent in

2004–05 to 2.4 per cent in 2009–10

R&D investments have grown in India to around USD40

billion by 2014

USD‟ billion

USD‟ billion

5.4 6.8 7.6

9.8 10.3

11.2 13.6

15.1

0.75%

0.80%

0.85%

0.90%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11*2011-12*

National R&D Expenditure (LHS) R&D Expenditure (%of GDP) (RHS)

National R&D expenditure and its

percentage with GDP

National R&D expenditure by sector

Page 11: Third largest technical manpower in the world

18,911

36,261

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

2002 2008

Source: Working Group Report 12th Five Year Plan, Department of Science and Technology

India ranks ninth globally in terms of the number of scientific

publications

During the 10th & 11th Plan period India has registered

an annual growth rate of scientific publications at ~12 per

cent as against the global average of ~ 4 per cent

India‟s share in global research publication increased

from 2.2 per cent in 2000 to 3.5 per cent in 2010

Subject Number of publications 2001-05 Number of publications 2006-10 Global share (%)

Chemistry 25,719 38,920 6.5%

Physics 13,490 20,525 4.6%

Clinical Medicine 10,046 19,273 1.9%

Engineering 9,605 18,596 4.2%

Materials Science 7,987 14,190 6.4%

Plant & Animal Science 8,748 11,591 3.9%

Biology 5,403 9,722 3.8%

Agricultural Science 4,514 7,270 6.2%

Pharmacology 2,518 5,755 6.1%

Geoscience 3,566 5,508 3.2%

India‟s scientific publication record, 2001–10

Total scientific publications in India

Page 12: Third largest technical manpower in the world

28,940

35,218 36,812 34,287 39,400 43,197 43,674

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

Patents Filed Patents Granted

Source: Office of Controller General of Patents, Design, Trade Marks and Geographical Indication, Aranca Research

Patent filings have gone up from 28,940 during 2006–07 to

43,674 during 2012–13, representing an increase of ~51 per

cent

Out of the total number of 43,674 patent applications, the

number of applications filed by Indian applicants was 9,911,

indicating around 11 per cent Y-o-Y growth

Total number of patents granted has dropped marginally in

recent years, primarily due to an increase in the disposal of

applications for which the request of examination was

received

Top 5 Indian applicants for patents from institutes Top 5 Indian applicants for patents from R&D organisations

No of Patents Patenting trends in India

Name of R&D organisations Applications

filed (2012-13)

Council of Scientific & Industrial Research 202

Defence Research & Development Organisation 73

Indian Council of Agricultural Research 68

Hetero Research Foundation 62

Department of Biotechnology, Government of

India 28

Name of Institute/University Applications

filed (2012-13)

Indian Institute of Technology 205

Amity University 140

Indian Institute of Science 31

Tamil Nadu Agriculture University 16

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education &

Research 15

MS Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 13

Page 13: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Source: Department of Science & Technology, Aranca Research

Note: *Numbers for 2010-11 and 2011-12 are forecasted numbers

Industrial sector spending on R&D has increased over the years

– Industrial sector‟s share in Gross Expenditure on Research & Development (GERD) improved to 34.2 per cent in 2009–

10 from 25.3 per cent in 2002–03

Industrial sector R&D units spent 0.61 per cent of their sales turnover on R&D activities in 2009–10, which is expected to

rise in future

India„s R&D globalisation and services market is expected to reach USD38 billion by 2020

77% 76% 75% 72% 70% 67% 65% 63% 65% 66% 65% 64%

23% 24% 25% 28% 30% 33% 35% 38% 36% 34% 35% 36%

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11* 2011-12*

Government Business Sector

Percentage share of government and industrial sector in GERD

Page 14: Third largest technical manpower in the world
Page 15: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Competitive Rivalry

• Competitive rivalry is low; however, there is indirect competition between

contract scientific research centres due to development needs of their

clients that operate in the same market and are in direct competition with

each other

• Many foreign companies tend to set up their in-house research centres

that may operate in competition with contract R&D centres

Threat of New Entrants Substitute Products

Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining Power of Customers

• The threat of new entrants is

low because of the capital

intensive nature of the business

• Contract or academic research

centres do not have any direct

influence on the market, and

have little bargaining power for

the commercialisation of

technologies developed

• There is no direct influence of

consumers on scientific

research; however,

technologies are developed

keeping consumer needs in

mind

• With easy access to talent base

and low operational costs,

companies may look to set up

in-house scientific research

centres

Competitive

Rivalry

(Low)

Threat of New

Entrants

(Low)

Substitute

Products

(Medium)

Bargaining

Power of

Customers

(Low)

Bargaining

Power of

Suppliers

(Medium)

Page 16: Third largest technical manpower in the world
Page 17: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Resulting in

Investments from

Multinational

Companies (MNCs) to

cater to the needs of

the local market and

their global client base,

R&D expenditure by 25

Indian pharma

companies has

increased by 20.6 per

cent in 2013-14

Strengthening capacity for basic research

Strengthening institutional capacity for research

Strengthening human capacity for research

Policy support

Page 18: Third largest technical manpower in the world

154,840

192,819

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

2006 2009

Source: NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology

Note: * Includes people offered, Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE)

In recent years, the Indian Government has implemented

several fellowship schemes to nurture human capacity for

advanced research in the country

In 2008, launched Innovation in Science Pursuit for

Inspired Research (INSPIRE) scheme, through

which the Government awarded 2,150 research

fellowships for doctoral research and 270 faculty

awards for post doctoral researchers

Following the Government‟s initiatives, the number of

researchers per million people has gone up from 140 during

2004–06 to 164 in 2009

0.7

1.1

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2006 2010

In millions

663 775 1,127

3,300

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14*

INSPIRE fellowship growth profile

Number of researchers in India

Out-turn of scientific & technical

personnel from universities in India

Page 19: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Source: World Bank, FICCI, Government of India

With a USD1.7 trillion economy and per capita income of

over USD1,200, India presents a unique opportunity for

companies to tap the huge consumer base

An expanding middle class and rise in purchasing power of

rural residents have boosted demand for innovation and

development of cheap and durable products that could meet

the local requirements

Rising per capita income in India to bring boom in R&D

investments in the country with more and more of foreign

players shifting R&D bases to India

676 767

896 1,026

1,125

1,243

-

500

1,000

1,500

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Per capita income (in USD)

Page 20: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Source: FICCI, Department of Science & Technology, Zinnov, Aranca Research

Note: *Figures Converted to USD‟ billion at 2013-14 Exchange rate

Lower development cost, rising technology intensity and

growing local demand for top of the line unique technology

products have attracted R&D investments from foreign

companies in India, making it one of the largest outsourcing

provider in R&D segment

India is a base for 718 MNCs with over 870 research

centres

More than one-third of the top 1,000 global R&D spenders

have centres in India

About 28 per cent companies with headquarters in Japan,

the EU and APAC have a R&D centres in India

47.4

478.3

0

250

500

750

2002-03 2009-10

USD‟ million

191 297

517

699 780

871 1,031

0

250

500

750

1,000

1,250

Before'00

2001-02 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-11 2011-13

Contribution of multinational companies in the

R&D sector*

Total number of MNC R&D centres in India

Page 21: Third largest technical manpower in the world

The key elements of the STI policy are:

• Developing synergies between science, technology and innovation

• Providing a fresh perspective on innovation in an Indian context

• Charting a high-technology path for creating a science, research and innovation system in India

• Promoting proliferation of scientific temper among all sections of the society

• Enhancing skill for applications of science among the young from all social strata

• Making careers in science, research and innovation attractive to the brightest students

• Establishing world class R&D infrastructure for gaining global leadership in some select frontier areas of

science

• Positioning India among the top five global scientific powers by 2020

• Migrating R&D outputs into commercial applications by replicating hitherto successful models as well as

establishing new structures

• Facilitating S&T-based high-risk innovations through new mechanisms

• Triggering changes in the mindset and value systems to recognise, respect and reward performances that

create wealth from S&T derived knowledge

• Increasing R&D spending to 2 per cent of GDP

Science Technology and

Innovation Policy 2013

Source: News articles, Science & Technology Policy 2013

Page 22: Third largest technical manpower in the world

The Government of India has taken various steps to generate interest and promote investments in the Science &

Technology sector

12th Five-Year Plan

(2012–17)

Key focal points include:

• Creation of major national facilities under partnerships

• Programmes for centre-state technology partnership

• Building educators for science teaching

• Investments into mega science for creation of R&D infrastructure within India and abroad

under partnerships

Source: News articles, Government websites, swissnex India

National knowledge

network

• A state-of-the-art multi-gigabit (multiples of 10 Gbps) pan-India network is planned to link

some 5,000 nodes in India

• It will be the sole vehicle for international connectivity in future

National innovation

council

• 2010–2020 has been declared the Decade of Innovation to stimulate innovations and

produce solutions for societal needs such as healthcare, energy, infrastructure, water and

transportation

Improving academia

• Innovation universities would be set up as public private partnerships to develop new

hubs of education, research and innovation

• Currently, higher education has a share of 60 per cent of market size

Page 23: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Source: swissnex India, NSTMIS

Note: *Centre of Excellence are identified using a threshold of minimum of 200

research papers in the top decile of global research (2012)

Total research citations impact factor has increased from 0.68 in 2006–2010 compared to 0.53 for 1996–2000

In 2010, 21.5 per cent of research papers from India had international collaborators

Top Indian Institutions by citation impact*

Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

Indian Institute Chemical Technology

Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

National Chemical Laboratory

Indian Institute of Technology, Madras

Page 24: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Government funding Academic research Human capital

East Asia

Korea

China

Thailand

Indonesia

Vietnam

Central & Eastern

Europe

Czech Republic

Romania

Poland

Slovakia

Russia

Hungary

Turkey

Latin America Brazil

Mexico

Less competitive than India In competition with India

Source: World Bank data, NSTMIS, Department of Science & Technology, Aranca Research

Page 25: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Source: Press Release, Department of Science & Technology, NSTMIS

Notes: E denotes Estimated, * Data till 2010

Private sector involvement has increased over the past few

years, but remains low compared to that in other developed

and emerging markets

R&D investment registered nearly twofold increase during

the 2005-06 to 2009-10 period and is expected to grow

eightfold in the next 5 years

Engineering R&D market to grow by a CAGR of 14 per cent

to reach USD42 billion by 2020

1.9 2.4

2.9

3.6 3.3 3.9

4.8

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11E 2011-12E

Company R&D Spend (USD‟ million) R&D Spend (% Revenue)

Tata Motors 356 5.2%

Prithvi Information* 246.3 60.5%

Polaris Software 18 4.6%

BHEL 185 2.8%

Mahindra & Mahindra* 157.2 2.5%

Lupin 159 8.6%

Infosys 145.0 2.0%

Reliance Industries* 110.0 0.2%

Core Projects* 96.2 53.4%

Bharat Electronics* 67.2 5.9%

Top 10 companies spending on R&D in India – 2013-14

USD‟ billion

Private sector investments in Research & Development

Page 26: Third largest technical manpower in the world

• Plans to invest ~USD83 million in an R&D unit to extend support for Honda's localisation strategy for its

running models as well as provide designing support for some upcoming India-specific models in the near

term

• Investing ~USD75 million in an R&D unit in Rajasthan to develop models for both domestic and

international markets

• Plans to set up a manufacturing facility for its high-end artistry range of cosmetics and set up an R&D

centre (its second outside the US)

• Plans to double headcount at its Bengaluru R&D facility to make the centre a hub for global engineering

development and cater to the technology needs of the Asia-Pacific region

• Plans to start R&D in rolling stocks for its railway systems to support the growing urban transport needs in

the region

• Opened an R&D centre in India with focus on organic synthesis, advanced process and formulation,

molecular modeling and agro chemicals, innovation campus to start by 2017 in Mumbai

• Plans to establish a global R&D centre in India to develop products and solutions for India as well as the

international market

Source: News articles

Note: Figures converted to USD using INR-USD exchange rate for 2013-14

Page 27: Third largest technical manpower in the world

958.7

483.1

469.6

186.9

171.3

131.4

111.5

45.7

41.7

34.6

Drugs & Pharmaceuticals

Transportation

Information Technology

Agriculture & Agricultural Machinery

Chemicals (other than fertilizers)

Biotechnology

Electricals & Electronics Equipments

Fuels

Telecommunications

Industrial Machinery

In Industrial R&D investments, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals

occupied the first place with a share of 33 per cent, followed

by Transportation (17 per cent), Information Technology (16

per cent), and Agriculture & Agricultural Machinery (7 per

cent) during 2009–10

Investments in Drugs and Pharmaceuticals increased ~74

per cent since 2005–06 and are expected to grow in future

Indian outsourced ER&D services market expected to reach

USD15 billion by 2020

Source: NSTMIS, Press Releases, Ministry of External Affairs

Note: Figures converted to USD using INR~USD exchange rate for 2009-10

USD‟ million

R&D investments in top 10 sectors (2010)

Page 28: Third largest technical manpower in the world
Page 29: Third largest technical manpower in the world

ICT and wireless

technology

• Cloud computing presents endless opportunities in wireless technologies

• Low power devices and devices with higher duty cycles are needed for the future

Pharmaceuticals

• India needs inexpensive diagnostic kits with antigens and markers that are specific to

Indian conditions

• R&D spending by top Indian pharmaceutical companies increased by 20.6 per cent in

2013-14

Water technologies • R&D efforts should concentrate on developing technologies for treatment, recycling,

recovery, reuse and efficient use of water

Manufacturing

technologies • Automation and environmental sustainability are the key focus areas for manufacturing

companies

Material energy • Multi-disciplinary research to combine emerging concepts in nanotechnology with

fundamental metallurgical chemistry is the way forward

Bio-energy • Bio-energy is emerging as a promising alternative to meet rural energy needs in India

Source: FICCI

Page 30: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Source: News Releases, FICCI

Notes: ICT denotes Information & Communication Technology,

E denotes Estimated

Information & Communication Technology (ICT) spending in

India is expected to increase at a CAGR of 5.3 per cent to

USD95.9 billion in 2016

Telecommunication sector, which accounts for 67 per cent

of the Indian ICT market, is expected to drive growth

Key drivers that would accelerate growth of the

sector include increased access to services due to

launch of newer telecom technologies, better

devices, changing consumer behaviour and

emergence of cloud technologies

With usage of wireless technologies expected to grow in

future, low power devices with higher duty cycles need to be

explored

Network infrastructure also needs to be improved as

elimination of congestion in existing network infrastructure is

the need of the hour

66.4

71.5

78.9

86.2

95.9

40

60

80

100

2012 2013E 2014E 2015E 2016E

USD‟ billion

Investment in ICT in India

Page 31: Third largest technical manpower in the world

12.6

55.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2009 2020E

Source: FICCI, McKinsey Report on Indian Pharma

Note: E denotes Estimated

Indian pharmaceutical market is expected to expand at a

CAGR of ~14.5 per cent until 2020

Key drivers that will fuel the sector‟s growth include

rising income levels, increase in chronic diseases,

better medical infrastructure, wider health insurance

reach and supportive healthcare policies

R&D in the pharmaceutical industry, a high risk and capital

intensive area, is key to growth and is at a nascent stage in

India

Companies need to develop drugs for diseases local to

India and other tropical countries

Competent facilities and workforce needs to be developed

to lead new drug development and pharmaceutical R&D

Overall R&D expense by Indian companies has been

around 5 per cent of sales, and is expected to increase in

coming years

Companies have already developed a strong product

pipeline for future

5.0% 5.4% 5.0% 4.8% 4.9%

4.5%

0%

2%

4%

6%

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10

Indian pharmaceutical market

R&D expenditure as % of sales for

domestic companies

USD‟ billion

Page 32: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Source: Science, Technology & Innovation Policy 2013

• The Government‟s focus is on prioritising critical R&D areas such as agriculture,

telecommunications, energy, water management, health & drug discovery, materials,

environment and climate variability and change

• The Government is establishing funds for innovation and promoting technologies in

strategic sectors with civilian application potential

• Special incentive mechanisms are being developed to stimulate research in universities

and develop young leaders in science and engineering

• The policy framework is being devised to enable school science education reforms, by

improving teaching methods and science curricula

• Government is promoting investments in basic research to improve research quality to

meet global standards and to address national challenges

• Focus is on investing in research & development of technologies that address the needs

of rural India, with two more agricultural research institutes to be opened in Assam and

Jharkhand

• Through Science, Technology & Innovation Policy, the Government is promoting the

establishment of large R&D facilities in PPP mode with provisions for benefits sharing

• Promoting multi-stakeholder participation in the Indian R&D system

Focus on critical

technology

development

Human capital

development

Investment in basic

research

Attracting investment

from private sector

Page 33: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Source: Science, Technology & Innovation Policy 2013

• The Government is focussed on setting up inter university research centres to enable

researchers from different disciplines and universities to come together and address the

challenges of Science & Technology and its applications

• Through Science, Technology and Innovation policy, the Government promotes

mechanisms for nurturing technology business incubators and science led

entrepreneurship

• Also promoting incentives for commercialisation of innovations with focus on green

manufacturing

R&D laboratories

collaboration

Promoting innovation

Page 34: Third largest technical manpower in the world
Page 35: Third largest technical manpower in the world

1966 1998 2005 2008 2014

Source: Tata Motor‟s website

Notes: * Excluding Jaguar and Land Rover, LCV - Light Commercial Vehicle

A Combination of

technology and

imagination,

Tata Motors has been

driving the innovation

tend in the

Indian automobile

industry

Production

of first

indigenously

designed

LCV

Establishment

of engineering

research

centre

Launched

India‟s first

indigenously

designed car

The way

forward:

Conducting R&D

for low carbon

vehicle

technologies,

including pure

electric vehicles,

hybrid drive trains

and advanced

fuels, incurred a

cost* of USD354

million in 2013-14

Launched

world‟s

cheapest

car, Tata

Nano

Page 36: Third largest technical manpower in the world
Page 37: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Department of Science & Technology

Technology Bhavan, New Mehrauli Road

New Delhi – 110016, India

Phone: 91 11 26567373, 26962819

Fax: 91 11 26864570, 26862418

E-mail: [email protected]

Indian National Science Academy

Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg,

New Delhi – 110002, India

Phone: 91 11 23221931, 23221950

Fax: 91 11 23235648, 23231095

E-mail: [email protected]

Indian National Academy of Engineering

117 Nalanda House, IIT Campus,

Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India

Phone: 91 11 26582475, 26582635

Fax: 91 11 26856635

E-mail: [email protected]

Page 38: Third largest technical manpower in the world

National Academy of Sciences

5, Lajpatrai Road,New Katra

Allahabad - 211 002, India

Phone: 91 532 2640224

Fax: 91 532 2641183

Indian Science Congress Association

14, Dr Biresh Guha Street

Kolkata – 700017, India

Phone: 91 33 22474530

Fax: 91 33 2402551

E-mail: [email protected]

Indian Academy of Sciences C. V. Raman Avenue, Post Box No 8005

Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560 080, India

Phone: 91 80 23612546, 23614592, 23612943

Fax: 91 80 23616094

E-mail: [email protected]

Page 39: Third largest technical manpower in the world

CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate

FDI: Foreign Direct Investment

FY: Indian Financial Year (April to March)

So FY12 implies April 2011 to March 2012

GOI: Government of India

MNC: Multinational Company

GERD: Gross Expenditure on Research & Development

STI: Science Technology & Innovation

Y-o-Y: Year on Year

INR: Indian Rupee

USD: US Dollar

LCV: Light Commercial Vehicle

PPP: Public Private Partnership

Wherever applicable, numbers have been rounded off to the nearest whole number

Page 40: Third largest technical manpower in the world

Year INR equivalent of one USD

2004-05 44.95

2005-06 44.28

2006-07 45.28

2007-08 40.24

2008-09 45.91

2009-10 47.41

2010-11 45.57

2011-12 47.94

2012-13 54.31

2013-14 60.28

Exchange rates (Fiscal Year)

Year INR equivalent of one USD

2005 45.55

2006 44.34

2007 39.45

2008 49.21

2009 46.76

2010 45.32

2011 45.64

2012 54.69

2013 58.44

Q12014 61.58

Q22014 59.74

Q32014 60.53

Exchange rates (Calendar Year)

Average for the year

Page 41: Third largest technical manpower in the world

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