third generation mobile networks

7/27/2019 Third Generation Mobile Networks

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Third Generation Mobile Networks


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Agenda1. ..

2. .

a) .b) .

At the end of the course, the participant should be able to

Explain the evolution of Mobile Technology

Explain the evolution of 3G Network releases

Explain the UMTS architecture

Understand and explain IMS and its functionalities

Apply UMTS principles in Network Operations and Rollout

Course Objective


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UMTS Technology and comparison with GSM 2G and 2.5G

Evolution to UMTS

UMTS Standards & Specifications

Evolution of data services

3G Services and Applications

Circuit Switched Services

Packet Switched Services

Message Services

Network Architecture, Interfaces & Signaling protocols of UMTS

Network Architecture of UMTS

Network elements used within RAN

Main functions of RNC, Core, IN

IMS Concept

Signaling Protocols of UMTS

Agenda Day 1


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UTRAN functionality and working principle

WCDMA Basics

Power, FDD, TDD and Cell Characteristics

Scrambling code and channelization code concept.

Structure of UMTS air interface, Modulation, Transport, Physical and Logical channels

Radio Resource management

HSDPA and HSUPA concepts

Traffic Management in UMTS Databases used in UMTS Network

Subscriber addressing information

Identities related to subscriber in UMTS

Procedures used to maintain mobility management in the Network.

Procedures done when mobile gains access to the network Transport technologies in UMTS

Concepts of PDH

Concepts of SDH

IP and ATM Basics

Agenda Day 2


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UMTS Technology & Evolution


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There are different generations as far as mobile communication is

concerned:

First Generation (1G)

Second Generation (2G)

2.5 Generation (2.5G)

Third Generation (3G)

E3G (4G)

Fifth Generation(5G)

Cellular Generations


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1976+, though really the technology of the 1980s

Analogue modulation Frequency Division Multiple Access

Voice traffic only

No inter-network roaming possible

Insecure air interface

Cellular 1st Generation

The 1st Generation of

Cellular Technology makes

use of analog modulation

techniques such as FM


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1990s

Digital modulation Variety of Multiple Access strategies

Voice and low rate circuit switched data

Same technology roaming

Secure air interface

Cellular 2nd Generation

The 2nd Generation of

Cellular Technology is the

first to use digital modulation


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Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM):

The GSM radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA for

multiple access.

Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS):

The D-AMPS radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA for

multiple access.

Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) / Personal Digital Cellular (PDC):

The PDC radio interface uses FDD for duplex transmission and FDMA/TDMA formultiple access.

Cellular 2nd Generation: Digital Technology


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Digital modulation

Voice and intermediate rate circuit/packet switched data Same technology roaming


Based upon existing dominant standards such as GSM or Cdma One

Cellular 2.5 Generation


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Third Generation (3G)

2002+

The third generation, 3G, is expected to complete the globalization process of the

mobile communication.

The 3G system UMTS is mostly be based on GSM technical solutions due to two

reasons:

GSM as technology dominates the market.

Investments made to GSM should be utilized as much as possible.

Voice and high rate data

Multi technology roaming


UMTS Development:

GSM was to be further evolved in the GSM Phase 2+ in such a manner that its

capabilities progressed toward UMTS.

The GSM network and protocol structures were developed so that they can be used

as a platform not only for high level GSM services, but also for UMTS.

The introduction of dual and multimode terminals is of great importance.

Cellular 3rd Generation and UMTS Development


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3G end-to-end IP Solutions:

The following diagram illustrates the use of IP for the network traffic:

3G UMTS Motivation and Specification Process


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New Radio access method, WCDMA

More suitable for packet data support

Interoperability with GSM:

GSM radio interface modified to broadcast CDMA system information.

Possibility to set 2G MSC/VLR to handle the wideband radio access, UTRAN.

3G Network R99


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Customized applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL):

Possibility to transfer service information between networks.

CS domain elements are able to handle 2G and 3G subscribers

Changes (upgrades) in MSC/VLR and HLR/AC/EIR.

3G Network R99 (Cont...)


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Separation of user data flows and control mechanisms

Media Gateway (MGW) maintains the connection and performs

switching function when required.

MSC server: an element controlling MGW.

Packet switched voice (Voice Over IP)

The CS call is changed to the packet switched call in MGW.

For higher uniformity the CS and PS domain is mediated by IP Multimedia Subsystem. CAMEL will have a connection to the PS domain elements.

3G Network R4


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All traffic from the UTRAN is IP based.

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) for the use of various multimedia

services.

Open Interface between access and core networks.

GERAN

3G Network R5


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WLAN integration

Multimedia broadcast and multicast

Improvements in IMS

HSUPA

3G Network R6


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Fix mobile convergence

DSL access

3G Network R7


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Organization involved in Specification Process for UMTS:

International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T)

European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI)

Alliance of Radio Industries and Business (ARIB)

American National standards institute ( ANSI )

3GPP Member Organizations

Variant Radio access Switching 2G basis

3G (US) WCDMA, EDGE,

CDMA2000

IS-41 IS-95, GSM1900,

TDMA

3G (Europe) WCDMA, GSM,EDGE

Advanced GSM NSSand packet core

GSM900/1800

3G (Japan) WCDMA Advanced GSM NSS

and packet core

PDC


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UMTS compared to GSM

UMTS GSM

Carrier Spacing 5MHz 200kHz

Frequency ReuseFactor

1 1-18

Power ControlFrequency

1500Hz 2Hz or lower

Quality Control Radio ResourceManagement

algorithms

Frequency Planningand NetworkOptimisation

Frequency Diversity 5MHz bandwidth givesmultipath diversity with

rake reciever

Frequency Hopping

Packet Data Load Based Packet

Scheduling

Time Slot based

Scheduling with GPRS

Transmit Diversity Supported to improvedownlink capacity

Not supported bystandard but may be

applied


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Evolution of Data Services


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Data Transmission Evolution:

In Phases 1 and 2, GSM allows data transfers at 0.3 to 9.6 Kbit/s.

In Phase 2+ HSCSD, GPRS, and EDGE are introduced to enhance the data

transmission capabilities.

Evolution of UMTS Technology


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Evolution of Network Architecture

SAE GWGGSN

SGSN

RNC

Node B

(NB)

Direct tunnel

GGSN

SGSN

I-HSPA

MME/SGSN

HSPA R7 HSPA R7 LTE R8

Node B +

RNC

Functionality

Evolved

Node B

(eNB)

GGSN

SGSN

RNC

Node B

(NB)

HSPA

HSPA R6

LTE


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GPRS

For supporting packet switching traffic

in GSM network.

No voice channel reservation.

Support for asymmetric traffic.

Requires new service nodes:

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Gateway GPRS Support Node

(GGSN)

GPRS & EDGE

EDGE

New modulation scheme (8 PSK)

Different coding classes. Maximal

data rate 48 kbps per channel.

EDGE phase 1:

channel coding and modulation

methods to provide up to 384 kbps

data rate.

one GPRS terminal gets 8 time slots.

EDGE phase 2:

Guidelines for achieving high data

speed for circuit switching services.

Data rates achieved almost equal

to the ones provided by UMTS


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UMTS Services

What do users really want?

How can we make money out of this? What are the most adequate design principles for a complex

system?

Do service-related facts in mobile networks differ from those in

fixed networks?


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The service must be simple to use.

The technical implementation of a service must be simple.

The intra-network control functionality for the service must be as simple

and light as possible.

Service functionality as a whole must be easy to understand.

The pricing policy of a service must follow the nature of the service.

What do users really want?

SMS v/s WAP

What are the most adequate design principles for


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Simplicity (both the network and the service). This increases service

usage and generates more revenue. Additionally, network management

should be easier and more effective.

A uniform transport network able to carry all kinds of services (i.e., there

should not be separate equipment and domains for various traffic types).

This increases the effectivity of transmission overall and makes the

whole network more manageable.

Minimised control functions within the network. This decreases network

complexity and increases manageability.

What are the most adequate design principles for

a complex system?

Quality of Service (QoS) for different Traffic


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Traffic class Conversational Streaming Interactive Background

Fundamental

characteristi

cs

Low Delay

Small delay

variation

Moderate

delay and

variation

Moderate delay

variation

Request response

pattern

End User

application

does not

expect a

response

within a

certain time.

Service

examples

Speech,VoiP,

Video

Conferencing

Streaming

Video,

StreamingAudio

Web Browsing Email and file

downloading

Quality of Service (QoS) for different Traffic

Classes


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Bearer Management


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MPLS is a straightforward

solution for implementation of

QoS in a network

MPLS aims to classify traffic only

over the next router hop

MPLS is not controlled by any

application (i.e., it does not have

an Application Programmable

Interface or API) and does not

have any end-user/host

component. MPLS is only located

in servers.

MPLS is protocol-independent

MPLS Principle


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Services inherited from the GSM.

UMTS SIM Application Toolkit (USAT). Browsing facilities.

Location Services (LCSs).

IMS service mechanisms:

Messaging.

Presence.

Service Subsystems


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GSM inherited CS services

Voice/Speech in GERAN is of same

specification as in R99

Services inherited from the GSM

GSM inherited PS services

Backward compatibility with GPRS

and EDGE through GERAN GPRS usage of IMS ?


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UMTS SIM card (USIM) is similar

to a GSM Subscriber Identity

Module (SIM), but it has moreadvanced features

USIM contains more memory

space, more processing power

and is downloadable

UMTS Sim Application Toolkit


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Mobile Browsing services are based upon these priniples :

The service concept must be simple to understand. A service must be a simple

collection of a number of interactive pages that work together to form the enduserservice.

Addition of new services must be simple. It is indicative of failure when every new

service requires the end-user to install new applications. Instead, new services should

be available through a new address.

Services must use standardised interface elements. Since services vary a lot from

each other, the interface between services should contain constant characteristics thatcan always be located in an expected way (e.g., where to start an application, what

the link looks like, where to close an application, etc.).

Visual richness. Instead of pure voice or text, browsing services should also contain

visual elements. This characteristic is strictly tied to terminal development.

Mobile Browsing Services


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Location information handling

Mobile commerce

Device Management

Service Discover and Installation

New XML content types

Offline browsing

Voice Browsing

Semantic Web

Mobile Browsing Services and Connectivity

Connectivity Diagram


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Cell-coverage-based positioning.

Round Trip Time (RTT)-based positioning.

Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) positioning.

Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD).

Global Positioning System (GPS).

Location Communication Services (LCS)



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Time Of Arrival (TOA) positioning.

Angle Of Arrival (AOA) positioning.

Reference Node Based Positioning (RNBP).

Galileos positioning system.

Location Communication Services (LCS) Cont...



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Positioning Methods Specified for UMTS

Cell-ID-based positioning

Observed Time Difference Of Arrival

(OTDOA) positioning

Assisted GPS positioning

Positioning Methods Specified for GERAN

Cell-ID-based positioning

Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-

OTD) positioning

Assisted GPS positioning

Positioning Services Comparison in UMTS


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Location Services Architecture

Location Services (LCS)

reference model in GERAN

Location Services (LCS)

reference model in UMTS


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Navigation

Finding something close by Transport Management

Games

Network Optimization

Applications of Location services


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There are three forms of IMS messaging:

Immediate messaging

Session-based messaging

Deferred delivery messaging

IMS Services - Messaging

Example of an immediate messaging flow

IMS S i P


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Presence information consists of:

Personal availability.

Terminal availability.

Communication preferences.

Terminal capabilities.

Current activity.

Location.

IMS Services - Presence

IMS presence connectivity in 3GPP R5

S i Pl tf


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Service platforms are entities, which

offer the implementation methods forapplications. A service platform is a

logical entity often containing several

pieces of equipment. Following are

the majority of existing applications till

December 2002 were adopted from

GSM

Voice Mail System (VMS) for Voice

Call Completion.

Service Platforms

Service delivery platform enabling

servers that support different types ofapplications. A typical example is the

Short Message Service Centre

(SMSC) for short message delivery.

Service creation and execution

platform is built upon the principles of

IN and is almost obligatory to provide

the envisioned services.

IP M lti di S b t S i


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Applications Categorization from the Business Area Point of View

The following figure shows the Using a Multitude of Services:

IP Multimedia Subsystem Services


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UMTS Applications

UMTS A li ti


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Potential Application Utilizing the UMTS Circuit Switched Service

The applications that have been planned for the implementation of

GSM/UMTS are as follows:

News and traffic flashes

Public video phoning

Desktop video conferencing

Voice recognition and response

Interactive and virtual school Universal SIM with credit card function

Virtual banking

UMTS Applications

UMTS A li ti


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News and traffic flashes

UMTS Applications

UMTS A li ti


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Public video phoning

Desktop video conferencing

UMTS Applications

UMTS A li ti


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Voice recognition and response

Interactive and virtual school

UMTS Applications

UMTS Applications


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Universal SIM with credit card function

Navigation

UMTS Applications

UMTS Applications - MS and Streaming Audio &


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Multimedia Messaging Service

Streaming Audio and Video in UMTS Network

Video Call and Video Services

Video Telephony & Video Download

The following figure shows the evolution of short message:

pp g

Video

UMTS Applications - MMS and Streaming Audio &


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Example of MMS Flow

The following figure shows the step 1 and step 2 for UE to UE MMS over

WAP:

pp g

Video

UMTS Applications DTV and Music


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UMTS Applications - DTV and Music

UMTS Applications - Electronic Programming


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pp g g

Guide

UMTS Applications Gaming on Demand


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UMTS Applications - Gaming on Demand

UMTS Applications Virtual Home Environment


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Virtual Home Environment (VHE) is a concept for personal service

environment portability across network boundaries and between

terminals. The purpose of VHE is that subscribers should consistently be

presented with the same personalized features in any terminal, any

network, and any location.

User interface customization and services should be provided in a

seamless manner between networks and terminals, within thecapabilities of the terminal and the network.

The supporting mechanisms for the VHE concept are: Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)

Mobile Execution Environment (MExE)

Open Systems Architecture (OSA)

Universal SIM Application Toolkit (USAT)

UMTS Applications - Virtual Home Environment


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UMTS Network Architecture

UMTS Architecture Overview


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PLMN- Public Land Mobile Network:

It is defined in the specification as consisting of

One or more switches with a common numbering plan routing plan

Switches act as an interfaces to external networks

A PLMN can be regarded as an independent

telecommunication entity

The PLMN can be separated into

Core Network

Access Network


Core

Network

Access

Network



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UMTS High Level Architecture

To this definition, the 3GPP standards add and additional architecture block, the User

Equipment


User

Equipment

UMTS

Terrestrial

Radio Access

Network

Core

Network

UE UTRAN CN

Uu Iu



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Major Network Element In UMTS


UMTS SIM

Mobile

Equipment

USIM

ME

Node B

Node B

Node B

Node B

Radio

Network

Controller

Radio

NetworkController

RNC

RNC

IubIur

Gateway

GSN

GGSN

Gateway

MSC

GMSC

Mobile

Switching

Center

MSC/VLR

Serving

GSN

SGSN

HomeLocation

Register

HLR

Iu-cs

Iu-ps

PLMN,

PSTN,

ISDN

Internet,

X.25

PacketNetwork

UE UTRAN CN

Uu Iu

UMTS: User Equipment (UE)


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Functions of UE Display and user interface

To hold the authentication

algorithms and keys

User end termination of the air

interface

Application platform

UMTS: User Equipment (UE)

Elements of UE

Mobile Equipment

The radio terminal used for radio

communication over the Uu interface

UMTS Subscriber Identity Module

The smartcard that holds the

subscriber identity, authentication and

encryption keys etc Additionally one can define a

Terminal Equipment item that sits

with the UE

This carries the application specific

user interface

The interface for the TE may be

provided by Bluetooth for example

User Equipment Architecture


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The UE consists of the Mobile Equipment (ME) and the UICC.

The UICC is the user-dependent part of the ME.

It contains at least one or more USIMs and appropriate application

software.

User Equipment Architecture

Reference architecture of UE

Functional Entities of UE


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The Tu reference point connects the UTRAN- and the CN-specific parts

together at the terminal end.

Iu connects UTRAN & core network at the network end.

Functional Entities of UE

Functional Entities in User Equipment

Operational modes of UE


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In PS/CS operation mode the

terminal is attached to both the PS

and CS domain and the terminal isable to provide simultaneously both

PS and CS services via both

domains.

In PS operation mode the terminal is

attached only to the PS domain andmay only provide services over the

PS domain.

In CS operation mode the terminal

is attached only to the CS domain

and may only provide services overthe CS domain

Operational modes of UE

Factors affecting UE

UMTS Subscription


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A USIM basically contains five

types of data:

Administrative data Temporary network data

Service-related data

Application data

Personal data

UMTS Subscription

Subscriber Identity Module in GSM and 3G

UMTS: UTRAN


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Functions Of UTRAN

Provision of Radio Coverage

System access control Security and privacy

Handover

Radio resource management and control

Element of UTRAN NodeB

RNC

UMTS: UTRAN

UTRAN: Node B


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Acts as the radio base station

Converts the data flow between the

Iub and Uu interfaces Local cell: It consists of hardware and

software implementation of one sector

on one carrier within the Node.

Local cells are define and configured

during the commissioning of Node B

Macro diversity combining/splitting

inside Node B

UTRAN: Node B

Basic functions of Base Station

are:

Radio signal receiving & transmitting(Tx and Rx)

Filtering & Amplification

Signal modulation & demodulation

Network Interfaces

Basic Structure of Base Station

Base Station Logical Architecture


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Base Station Logical Architecture

UTRAN: RNC


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Radio Network Controller

Comparable to Base Station Controller in GSM

Responsible for Radio Resource Management

Owns and controls radio resources in its domain

Service Access point for all services that UTRAN

provides the CN

UTRAN: RNC

Node B

Node B

Node B

Node B

Radio

Network

Controller

Radio

NetworkController

Iur

UTRAN

Iu

Iub

Basic Architecture of RNC


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The RNC is the switching and controlling element of the UTRAN.

Implementation of the RNC is vendor-dependent, but some generic

points can be highlighted as shown in figure:

Basic Architecture of RNC

Basic Structure of RNC


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Functions of RNC - RRM


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Radio Resource Management functions


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g

PC

HC connectionbased

functions

LC

AC networkbasedfunctions

PS

RM

Packet Scheduler - PS

Resource Manager - RM

Admission Control - AC

Load Control - LC

Code Allocation

Power Control - PC

Handover Control, MacroDiversity

- HC

RRC states


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Idlemode

Connected Mode

Cell DCH

URA PCH

Cell PCH

Cell FACH

Management of channels in RRC


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g

Radio Resource Management AdmissionControl


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In WCDMA, the most important and the most difficult point is to control the

interference occurring in the radio path.

Due to the nature and basic characteristics of WCDMA, every UE accessing the

network generates a signal.

Simultaneously, the signals generated by UE can be interpreted to be

interference from the other UEs point of view.

When the WCDMA network is planned, one of the basic criteria for planning is to

define the acceptable interference level, with which the network is expected to

function correctly.

This planning based value and the actual signals the UE transmit set practical

limits for the Uu interface capacity.

Control

Admission Control


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Radio Access Bearersin Uu Interface

UuInterfa

ceBan

dwidth

SIR - Allowed Range

Admission Control

Interference Margin (dB) and Load Factor

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Load Factor

Interferen

ceMargin

(dB)

FactorLoadLogI _1

1

10

Uplink Admission Control


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TRHO_threshold

Prx_target

Prx_target_BS

UL interference power

Load

Planned load area

Marginal load area

planned uplinkinterferencepower

Defines the limit (the first UL overload threshold) forthe UL interference power, after which the BTS startsits load control actions to prevent overload.

Prx_offset

p

Prx_target defines the optimal operating point of the cell interference power, up to

which the Admission Control of the RNC can operate.

Radio Resource Management - ChannelizationCode Allocation


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The codes used in Uu interface can be handled in a code tree, where branches

are consequently blocked when a certain code on a certain spreading factor

level is taken into use.

When having plenty of simultaneous connections, with multiple radio links,

multiple channels, and multiple codes, the code tree may easily become

fragmented.

The channelization code used has the same length as the base band data.

As a part of the spreading operation, the base band data and the code are

combined and spread.

The result is a fixed length code that is then scrambled.

Code Allocation


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Radio Resource Management - Handover Control


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UMTS handovers can be intra-system, (inside the WCDMA radio network) or

inter-system (from WCDMA to GSM 900/1800).

The Inter-System Handovers (ISHO) are of the traditional type, which are also

used in GSM.

The ISHO are also known as a hard handover.

Handover control


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Measurement

Reports

Handover

Algorithm:

Criteria fulfilled?

- Activate new BTS

- Update Active Set

Measurement Phase

Decision Phase

Execution Phase

- Signal Strength

- Quality

- Interference

YES

NO

Created & collected

by the UE and the BTS

Investigated by the RNC

Commanded by the RNC,

performed by the UE

Procedure: Functional Split:

Handover Types


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Intra-system handovers

Intra-frequency handovers

MS handover within one cell between different sectors: Softer

MS handover between different BS

Soft

Inter-frequency handovers

Hard

Inter-system handovers

Handover between WCDMA GSM (Hard)

Handover between WCDMA/FDD TDD (Hard)

Handover types


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Micro Diversity control


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Micro diversity functionality at the BS level combines the different signal

paths received from one cell.

In the case of a BS with many sectors, the outcome from differentsectors is also referred to as a softer handover.

Micro Diversity

Macro Diversity in the RNC


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Macro diversity is a kind of space diversity.

It implies that the antennas are typically situated in different base station

sites or access points.

Macro Diversity

Radio Resource Management - CodeManagement


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The channelization codes and scrambling codes used in Uu interface

connections are managed by the RNC.

Management

Scrambling & Channelization Code

Radio Resource Management Power Control


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Two types of power controls :

Open loop power control

Closed loop power control Inner looop power control

Outer loop power control

...to achieve power control many

algorithms are developed since theadvent of CDMA ...

Distributed

Centralised

Synchronous

Asynchronous

Iterative

Non iterative


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UMTS Core Network

UMTS Core Network


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Functions Of Core Network

Switching

Service Provision Transmission of user traffic between UTRAN(s) and/or fixed network

Mobility Management

Operations, Administration and Maintenance

UMTS Core Network Architecture


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Circuit Switched Domain (CS)

Packet Switched Doman (PS)

IMS

Broadcast Domain

Core network Entities - HSS


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HLR & AuC are considered as

HSS subsets.

Functions of HSS :

Mobility Management (MM)

User security informationgeneration, user security support

and access authorization

Service-provisioning support

Call/session establishment

support

Identification handling

Service authorisation support

Access Authorization

Application Services Support CAMEL Services Support

HLR & AuC


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Visitor Location Register - VLR


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Equipment Identity Register


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Storing IMEIs(counterpart: ME)

on White / Gray / Black List

Performing IMEI Checkon VLR / SGSN request

optional network functionMSC /VLR

SGSN

EIR

CS Domain

PS Domain

F

Gf

International Mobile station

Equipment Identity (IMEI)

SMS-GMSC & SMS-IWMSC


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Core Network Management Tasks


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Mobility Management (MM)

Location

Position Identities and Addressing of Users and

their Terminals

Unique identity

Service separation

Routing purposes

Security IMSI

MSISDN and PDP Context

MSRN and HON

TMSI and P-TMSI

IMEI and IMEISV

IMS Home Domain Name IMS Private User identity

IMS Public User Identity


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Exercise - Name the interface of UMTS

network marked as ?

Exercise - Name the interface of UMTS networkmarked as ?


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?

?

?

?

?

??

?

? ? ?

?

?

?

?

CN Location Structures and Their Identities


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The UMTS basically contains four logical definitions:

Location Area

Routing Area UTRAN Registration Area

Cell

UMTS Charging


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Charging, Billing and Accounting

Charging is a collection of procedures generating charging data. These procedures

are located in CN elements. Charging (i.e., the identification of collected data) is

specified on a common level in UMTS specifications.

Billing is a procedure that post-processes charging data and, as a result, produces a

bill for the end-user. Billing as such is beyond the scope of the UMTS specification.

Instead of specifications, local laws and marketing practices regulate billing.

Accounting is a common name for charging data collected over a predefined time

period. The difference between billing and charging is that in the former accounting

information is collected from the connections between operators or various

commercial bodies.

Charging and Accounting

Time-based

Quantity-based

Quality-based

Charging Requirements


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Charging must be able to be

applied separately for each

medium type (voice, video, data)within a session and also for each

used service (call, streaming

video, file download, etc.)

Charging must be able to be

applied separately for the variousQoS levels allocated for the

medium or services within a

session.

It must be possible to charge

each leg of a session or a callseparately.

It must be possible to charge

using pre-pay, post-pay, advice of

charge and thirdparty charging

techniques.

Charging Requirements


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Charging can be based on the

access method used

It must be possible for the homenetwork to charge its customers

while roaming in the same way as

when they are at home.

It must be possible for operators

to have the option of applyingcharging mechanisms that are

used in the GSM/GPRS, such as

duration of a voice call, the

amount of data transmitted

Charging to be applied based onlocation, presence, push

services, etc.


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IP Multimedia Subsystem

IP Multimedia Subsystem Fundamentals


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The following ten issues form the

baseline for the IMS architecture:

IP connectivity. Access independence.

Layered design.

Quality of Service (QoS).

IP policy control.

Secure communication.

Charging.

Possibility to roam.

Interworking with other networks.

Service development and service

control for IP-based applications.

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

connectivity options in roaming

IMS Layering Architecture


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IP policy control means the capability to authorize and control the usage

of bearer traffic intended for IMS media.

The policy control element controls when media traffic between the endpoints of a SIP session can start or stop.

The policy control element is able to receive notifications from the GPRS

network about modification, suspension or deactivation of the PDP

context(s) of a user associated with a SIP session.

IMS Layering Architecture

IMS Entities


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Session management and routing family (CSCFs)

Databases (HSS, SLF)

Inter-working functions (BGCF, MGCF, IMS-MGW, SGW). Services (AS, MRFC, MRFP).

Support functions (THIG, SEG, PDF).

Charging.

Call Session Control Functions (CSCFs)


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CSCF has 3 sub-entities

Proxy-Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF)

Interrogating-Call Session Control Function (I-CSCF) Serving Call Session Control Function

Interworking Functions


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IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and Circuit Switched (CS) inter-working

Services


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IMS related functions are of 3 types

Multimedia Resource Function Controller (MRFC)

Multimedia Resource Function Processor (MRFP) Application Server (AS)

Relationship between different Application Server (AS) types

IMS Session SetUp


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Identify the entities in the vacant boxes of the IMSLayered Architecture


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UMTS Signaling Protocols

Introduction to UMTS Signaling


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The following figure shows the Release 99 of the UMTS architecture

with the different interfaces:

Introduction to UMTS Signaling


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Understanding the Bearer and the Need for Signaling

The following figure illustrates the creation of bearer through the network

elements:

UMTS Network Stratums


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UMTS network Structure is broadly divided into two stratums:

Access Stratums or AS (Radio Access Functions)

Non-Access Stratums or NAS (Core Network Functions)

Control plane layering

UMTS Network Stratums


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WCDMA specific processing occurs at the Access Stratum.

Three lower layers are similar in both the planes.

RNC is critical node in UTRAN & responsible for link supervision (RLC)and any multiplexing/assembly for the channels

User plane layering

Layers


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Three layers:

L1 (Radio Physical Layer)

L2 (Radio Link Layer) L3 (Radio network Layer)

Physical Layer


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Layer 1 (Physical Layer)

Forms the Layer 1 of the OSI protocolstack

Carry traffic & signaling across the air

interface (Uu)

Provides its services as a set ofWCDMA transport channels

Maps the flow from the transport

channels to physical channels & vice

versa

Physical channels are mapped with

physical layer

L 2 (M di A C l)

MAC


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Layer 2 (Medium Access Control)

The MAC layer forms the lower partof layer 2

Permits multiple information flows to

be sent over a single physical

channel

Controls the use of transport block

capacity at both ends of the radio

interface

Responsible for multiplexing and

channel mapping to the physical layer

R di Li k C t l

RLC


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Radio Link Control

The RLC layer forms the upper partof layer 2

Responsible for logical link control

Responsible for acknowledged and

unacknowledged data transfer

R di R C t l

RRC


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Radio Resource Control

The RRC layer forms the lower partof OSI layer 3

RRC controls protocol (signaling)

purposes

Responsible for: Bearer Control

Monitoring

Power Control

Measurement Reporting

Paging

Broadcast Control

UMTS t l it i di id d i t th t l i t ki l

UMTS Protocol Interworking Architecture


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UMTS protocol suite is divided into three protocol interworking layers:

Transport network layer

Radio network layer

System network layer

Transport Network Protocol Architecture

Th t t t k i t f th l t l f th UMTS


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The transport network consists of the lowest layers of the UMTS

protocol architecture.

Control-Plane protocols in the transport network

Transport Network Protocol Architecture

T t t k f ilit t t t t d t b th t l d


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Transport network facilitates to transport and route both control and user

traffic across all UMTS network interfaces.

User-plane protocols in the transport network

Implementation of the Transport Layers

Transport Plane: Access Stratum


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Implementation of the Transport Layers

Air (Uu) Interface

Iub, Iur, and Iu Interfaces

Iub, Iur, Iu-CS transport planes


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Iu-PS, Iu-CS, Iur, & Iub: Transport Plane

t l d t


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Physical Layer

ATM

AAL2

Service: Variable bit rate Source & destination

synchronised connection orientated

AAL5

Service: Variable bit rate Source & destination

not synchronised connection orientated

control data

Iu-CS, Iu-PS, Iur, Iub

user data

Iu-PS

user data

Iu-CS, Iur, Iub

Transparent for the transport plane

Radio Network Layer Protocols (Serving Stratum)


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Transparent for the transport plane

Main protocols:

NBAP Node B Application Part - Iub interface

RNSAP/Radio Network Subsystem Application Part Iur interface

RANAP/Radio Access Network Application Part

Iu interfaces (CS and PS)

Common NBAP procedures:

Iub interface (NBAP)


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Common NBAP procedures:

Create UE contexts (needed before dedicated signalling procedures can

take place). Control BCCH information

Dedicated NBAP procedures:

Related to specific UE context, examples:

Radio link addition, reconfiguration, deletion

Downlink power control

Dedicated measurement signalling

Iur Interface Control Plane: Radio Network Subsystem Application Part

RNSAP


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Iur Interface Control Plane: Radio Network Subsystem Application Part

The following figure describes some convergence protocols are required

to make RNSAP suitable over the ATM:

RNSAP protocol functions

Some examples:Radio link management and supervision

Physical channel reconfiguration

Measurements, dedicated resources

Iu Interface Control Plane: Radio Access Network Application Part

RANAP


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Iu Interface Control Plane: Radio Access Network Application Part

The following figure some convergence protocols are required to use

RANAP over the ATM:

RANAP protocol functions

RAB managementControlling overload in Iu

Controlling security in UTRAN

Location reporting/control

RANAP Radio Access Network Application Protocol

RANAP


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RANAP Radio Access Network Application Protocol

The Iu interface connects the UMTS Radio Access Network (RAN) andthe CN.

RANAP: control-plane protocols in the radio network

RANAP is a single signaling protocol between the UTRAN and CN

RANAP


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RANAP is a single signaling protocol between the UTRAN and CN

RANAP controls resources in the Iu Interface.

Both CS and PS domains use RANAP to access services provided bythe UTRAN.

RANAP: user-plane protocols in the radio network

System Protocols (Non-Access Stratum)

Non access stratum protocols controls communication between UE & CN


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UMTS non-access stratum protocols

Non-access stratum protocols controls communication between UE & CN


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Thank YouCognitel Training Services (P) Ltd.

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