things that make you go hmmm… sex is not a rat race
TRANSCRIPT
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Things That Make You Go Things That Make You Go Hmmm…Hmmm…
Sex is Not
a Rat Race
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Sudden Infant Death SyndromeSudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Could be related to serotonin usage: even though serotonin neurons high the receptors to detect it are low
• Disrupts the oxygen and temperature centers therefore should wake baby up if they are having difficulty.
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EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS
Development of nerve nets Cephalization and nerve cords
•Cephalization – concentration of nervous tissue towards one end of the organism
•Cephalization also developed bilateral symmetry
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CEPHALIZATIONCEPHALIZATION
• Control the animals’ directional movements, and complex behavior• Some internal parasites have gone the reverse direction and lost it!•Mollusks: sessile ones e.g. clams no cephalization, squids and octopus though have more complex movement.
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ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEMORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central and Peripheral Systems
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control the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder
Slows down activities of the body
For flight or fight response
External &Internal Environment
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Prepares body for stressReturns body to normal resting levels afterhaving adjusted to stress
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THE BRAIN
Now close your eyes…….
• How many genes control the development of the CNS?
• What makes human brain so special?
•Is your mind separate from your body? Descartes asked in the 15th century.
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NATURE VS NURTURENATURE VS NURTURE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STn3bpTTU6c
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EXPERIMENTING ON THE BRAINEXPERIMENTING ON THE BRAIN
KBG EXPERIMENTS ON THE BRAIN MODERN USE OF TECHNOLOGY
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DIFFERENT BRAIN DIFFERENT BRAIN DEVELOPMENTSDEVELOPMENTS
Greatest evolutionary changes has occurred with the forebrain.
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CerebrumCerebrumCerebrum divided into 4 lobes:-Frontal lobe-Parietal lobe-Occipital lobe-Temporal lobe
- Lobes are named after the skull bones that lie over them
Folds:Hills: gyriValleys: sulci
White Matter: inside Myelinated axonsGrey: Outside (cerebral cortex)
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• A horizontal slice of the head of an adult man, from the Visible Human project. For this project, a cadaver was frozen and then sliced into thin sections, which were photographed at high resolution. This section shows the cerebral cortex and underlying white matter.
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FRONTAL LOBEFRONTAL LOBE
B. Premotor and C. Motor Areas
• voluntary muscle movement
• Three parts:
a. Prefrontal cortex• reaches maturity in 20s• Cognition• Planning and reasoning• Personality expression• Judgement, impulse control• Memory• motivation• Most dopamine-sensitive neurons
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LOBOTOMIESLOBOTOMIES
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk
• Frontal lobe is associated with diseases such as: Schizophrenia Alzheimers Parkinson’s
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Motor CortexMotor Cortex
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PARIETAL LOBE
• spatial sense and navigation
• Integrating sensory information from various parts of the body
• Knowledge of numbers and their relations
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OCCIPITAL LOBEOCCIPITAL LOBE
• What happens when you see “stars”?
• What role does the occipital lobe have in the blind?
• Are visual prosthetics in our future?
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I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas thought slpeling was ipmorantt.
LEARNING DISABILITIES
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TEMPORAL LOBETEMPORAL LOBE
• Auditory processing
• Speech
• Memory (contains the hippocampus)
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3 functional categories: Can you identify these areas?-Primary sensory area – receiving signals from sensory nerves-Primary motor area – connects to motor neurons in brain stem and spinal cord-Association areas – remainder of cortex
- involved with complex processes: perception, thought
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LEFT VS RIGHT BRAIN? IS LEFT VS RIGHT BRAIN? IS THERE SUCH A THING?THERE SUCH A THING?
NOT REALLY!
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CROSS SECTION OF THE BRAINCROSS SECTION OF THE BRAIN
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• Left hemisphere control right side of body and vice versa
• Relatively symmetrical functions in 2 hemispheres
• Corpus callosum connects 2 hemispheres by functionally related points
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALESMALES AND FEMALES
• male brains 10% larger to accommodate larger muscle mass
• corpus callosum larger in females• females activate both hemispheres when dealing with
language and fine motor skills and matures 6 years earlier than boys
• males math area of the brain matures 4 years earlier than females
• Males have 6.5 times more grey “thinking” matter while females have 9.5 times white matter that connect different parts of the brain.
• frontal and temporal lobe is more organized in women and bigger.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKVwcwXc4DkAnimal planet
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NAVIGATIONNAVIGATION
• Women use cerebral cortex for solving navigational problems, therefore relying on landmarks more
• Men use left hippocampus which automatically codes where you are in space
• practice does influence neural connections and functions
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CerebellumCerebellum• Major role in motor
control and coordination
• Damage can lead to tremors, vertigo, loss of balance, coordination and posture
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BrainstemBrainstem
• Evolutionary older structures are regulate essential automatic and integrative functions
• 3 parts:
a. medulla oblongata
b. pons
c. midbrain (with reticular formation)
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Medulla OblongataMedulla Oblongata
• Joins spinal cord to cerebellum
• Controls involuntary muscle action– Breathing– Heart rate– Blood vessel
diameter
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Pineal Pineal glandgland
• In humans, size of a grain of rice
• Produces melatonin
• Regulates sleep patterns
PonsPons- Relays information
between cerebellum and forebrain
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HypothalamusHypothalamus
• In humans, size of an almond
• Connects nervous system to endocrine system via pituitary gland
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ThalamusThalamus• Receives and relays
sensory signals to cerebral cortex
• Motor control
• Regulate sleep and wakefulness
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u82nzTzL7ToADHD
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AmygdalaAmygdala
• Formation and storage of memories linked to emotional events
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Do you love me or are you IN Do you love me or are you IN love with me?love with me?
• The insula and striatum become activated with love.
• Sexual desire lights up the striatum area that's activated by things that are pleasurable, like sex and food.
• Love activates an area that's involved in the process of conditioning. This is the effect of having feelings paired with reward or pleasure.
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HippocampusHippocampus
• Long-term memory
• Spatial navigation
• First region in brain to suffer in Alzheimer’s patients
What did professor hippocampus say at his retirement party?
Thanks for the memories
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WOW!WOW!
• The cerbral cortex of the human brain contains roughly 15–33 billion neurons, perhaps more, depending on gender and age, linked with up to 10,000 synaptic connections each.
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Test Yourself!Test Yourself!
What parts of the brain are stimulated when:• You visualize an image• Listen to the sounds of the room• Silently tap your finger• Count backwards• Remember a past event• Pinch yourself• Are shown a picture of a loved one