thiết kế các mô hình đặt tên - có 3 cách ... ·...
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Thit k cc m hnh v t tn
1
chng ny tp trung vo giao thc
Internet ( IP) a ch v t tn
s dng mt m hnh cu trc cho lp mng
v t tn.
s dng cc a ch v tn l rt kh qun l,
nn gn a ch v tn h thng.
Thng tin ny l hu ch khi lp k hoch a ch
v t tn.
t tn theo cc bc ca top-down, trong qu
trnh thit k mng.
Cc a ch v t tn bc i trc la chn
nh tuyn v chuyn i giao thc.
2
u im ca cu trc m hnh & t
tn
Lm cho n d dng hn c bn mng.
Hot ng phn mm qun l mng.
Nhn ra thit b trong giao thc phn tch du vt.
p ng mc tiu cho kh nng s dng b lc thit
k trn tng la v cc thit b nh tuyn .
Thc hin tng kt tuyn ng.
3
Danh sch cung cp mt s quy tc
n gin cho lp mng
Thit k mt m hnh cu trc gii quyt trc khi
gn bt k a ch
li cho s tng trng trong m hnh gii quyt.
Ch nh cc khi a ch mt cch phn cp thc
y kh nng m rng tt v sn c.
Ch nh cc khi a ch da trn mng vt l.
4
Danh sch cung cp mt s quy tc
n gin cho lp mng (tt)
ti a ha tnh linh hot v gim thiu cu hnh
ti a ha an ninh v kh nng thch ng , s dng
a ch ring vi a ch mng (NAT) trong mi trng
IP .
5
S dng mt m hnh cu trc cho
Network Layer
Khi khng c m hnh v a ch c phn cng
mt cch ba bi , cc vn sau y c th xy
ra:
Mng trng lp v a ch my ch
a ch bt hp php m khng th c nh
tuyn trn Internet
Khng a ch trong tng s, hoc theo nhm
Ngi nhn m khng th c s dng, v nh
vy l lng ph
6
a ch qun l bi mt C quan trung
ng
Qu trnh thit k gii quyt cn phi tr li cc cu hi sau y v a ch.
Lm th no nhiu h thng kt thc ch cn truy cp vo
mng ring?
Lm th no nhiu h thng cui cn phi c hin th
cho cc mng cng cng?
Lm th no dch gia cc a ch t nhn v cng cng
s xy ra?
Trng hp trong cu trc lin kt mng s ranh gii
gia a ch t nhn v cng cng tn ti?
7
DHCP gim thiu cng vic cu hnh
cho cc h thng u cui IP.
Nhiu mng s dng mt s kt hp ca tnh v ng
gii quyt.
a ch tnh thng c s dng cho cc my ch.
Thit b nh tuyn, v cc h thng qun l mng.
a ch tnh cng c s dng doanh nghip trong
thng mi in t, VPN / truy cp t xa
8
DHCP Relay
Khch hng DHCP gi tin nhn ca h nh l chng
trnh pht sng
Khng vt qua b nh tuyn v vn a phng n mt subnet
Mi subnet cn mt my ch DHCP
Mt router c th hot ng nh mt tc nhn chuyn tip DHCP
iu ny c ngha rng cc b nh tuyn DHCP pht sng tin nhn t
khch hng n cc my ch DHCP m khng phi l trn cng mt
subnet
Mt a ch tham s cho lnh phi tr n a ch IP ca my ch DHCP
9
DHCP Relay
Bn c th s dng lnh ip helper - a ch trn mi giao
din b nh tuyn ni khch hng c tr gy ra cc b
nh tuyn tr thnh DHCP relay
Ngoi ra, a ch c th l mt a ch qung b cc b
nh tuyn chng trnh pht sng DHCP khm ph
thng ip vo mng quy nh.
Thn trng Khi bn kch hot mt a ch IP helper.
cu hnh cc b nh tuyn c sng sut hn
trong chuyn tip ca n, s dng lnh ip forward-
protocol
10
S dng a ch c nhn trong mt mi
trng IP
a ch IP ring l nhng a ch m mt qun tr mng doanh
nghip giao cho mng ni b v my ch m khng cn c s phi
hp t mt ISP hoc mt trong cc RIR.
IETF bo lu cc s sau y gii quyt cc nt trn ni b
mng ring:
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
Mt li th ca s mng ring l an ninh.
S mng t nhn khng qung co Internet
S mng ring khng c qung co cho Internet bi v h
khng phi l duy nht ton cu
11
12
Hai b phn ca mt a ch IP
Prefix Host
32 Bits
Prefix Length
Prefix Length
Mt a ch IP c i km vi mt du hiu ca chiu
di tin t
Subnet mask
/Length
Examples
192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
192.168.10.1/24
13
Subnet Mask
32 bits, Quy nh c th l mt phn ca mt a ch
IP l lnh vc mng / mng con v l mt phn ca
lnh vc my ch.
Phn mng / subnet mask l tt c 1s trong h nh phn.
Phn host ca mt n l tt c cc s 0 trong h nh phn.
Chuyn i biu thc nh phn tr li k hiu chm thp
phn nhp vo cu hnh.
S dng k hiu gch cho (v d / 24)
14
Thit k mng vi Subnet
Xc nh kch thc subnet
Tnh subnet mask
Tnh ton a ch IP
15
a ch cn trnh khi Subnetting
Mt a ch nt ca tt c nhng ngi (pht sng)
Mt a ch nt ca tt c cc s (mng)
Mt a ch mng con ca tt c nhng ngi thn (tt c
cc mng con)
Mt a ch mng con ca tt c cc s khng (kh hiu)
Cu hnh Cisco IOS cho php mt a ch subnet ca tt
c cc s vi ip subnet-zero
16
Practice
Mng l 172.16.0.0
Bn mun chia mng thnh cc mng con.
Bn s cho php 600 nt cho mi subnet.
Subnet mask nhng g bn nn s dng?
a ch ca nt u tin trn mng con u tin l g?
17
Thc Hnh
Mng l 172.16.0.0
Bn c tm mng LAN, mi trong s s l mng con
ring ca mnh.
Subnet mask nhng g bn nn s dng?
a ch ca nt u tin trn mng con u tin l g?
a ch g s nt ny s dng gi cho tt c cc thit
b trn mng con ca n?
18
One More
Mng l 192.168.55.0
Bn mun chia mng thnh cc mng con.
Bn s c khong 25 nt cho mi subnet.
Subnet mask nhng g bn nn s dng?
a ch ca nt cui cng trn mng con cui cng l g?
a ch g s nt ny s dng gi cho tt c
cc thit b trn mng con ca n?
19
B phn ca Address Space Classful
20
Class First First Byte Prefix Intent
Few Bits Length
A 0 1-126* 8 Very large networks
B 10 128-191 16 Large networks
C 110 192-223 24 Small networks
D 1110 224-239 NA IP multicast
E 1111 240-255 NA Experimental
a ch bt u vi 127 c dnh ring cho lu lng IP a phng
n mt my ch
21
Class Prefix Number of Addresses
Length per Network
A 8 224-2 = 16,777,214
B 16 216-2 = 65,534
C 24 28-2 = 254
B phn ca Address Space
Classful
Classful IP is Wasteful
Lp A s dng 50% khng gian a ch
Lp B s dng 25% khng gian a ch
Lp C s dng 12,5% khng gian a ch
Lp D v E s dng 12,5% khng gian a ch
22
giai cp biu
Tin t ranh gii / my ch c th c bt c ni no
t lng ph
H tr tng kt tuyn ng
- Cn c gi l:
Tp hp
Supernetting
nh tuyn Classless
Classless nh tuyn lin min (CIDR)
Tin t nh tuyn
23
24
Supernetting
Di chuyn ranh gii tin t bn tri
Qung co vn phng chi nhnh 172.16.0.0/14
172.16.0.0
172.17.0.0
172.18.0.0
172.19.0.0
Branch-Office NetworksEnterprise Core
Network
Branch-Office Router
25
Bn cng nn chuyn i cc con s 16 n 19 nh
phn, nh th hin trong biu sau:
16 00010000
17 00010001
18 00010010
19 00010011
Ch rng 6 bit tn cng bn tri cho cc s t 16 n 19 l ging ht nhau. y
l nhng g lm cho tng kt tuyn ng vi chiu di tin t ca 14 c th
trong v d ny.8 bit cho cc mng l ging ht nhau (tt c cc mng c 172 cho
octet u tin), v 6 bit tip theo cng ging ht nhau.
172.16.0.0/14 Summarization
Vi mt giao thc nh tuyn classful nh RIP phin bn 1
hoc IGRP, Router A trong hnh 6-3 qung co rng n c
th nhn c vo mng 10.0.0.0. Router B b qua qung
co ny bi v n c th nhn c vo mng 10.0.0.0.
N l trc tip gn lin vi mng 10.0.0.0. ngc li cng
ng: Router B qung co rng n c th nhn c vo
mng 10.0.0.0, nhng Router A b qua thng tin ny. iu
ny c ngha rng cc b nh tuyn khng th tip cn
mng con t xa ca mng 10.0.0.0.
Hnh 6-3 cho thy mt mng doanh nghip vi mng con
k.
26
Discontiguous Subnets
27
Discontiguous Subnets
Area 1
Subnets 10.108.16.0 -
10.108.31.0
Area 0
Network
192.168.49.0
Area 2
Subnets 10.108.32.0 -
10.108.47.0
Router A Router B
Hnh 6-3
Mobile Hosts
My ch in thoi di ng nh tuyn khng giai cp v h tr mng con k thit b di ng.
Trong hnh 6-4, v d, my ch 10.108.16.1 chuyn
sang mt mng khc nhau. mc d Router A qung co
rng mng 10.108.16.0/20 l ng sau n, Router B c
th qung co m 10.108.16.1/32 l ng sau n.
Khi a ra quyt nh nh tuyn, giao thc nh tuyn
ph hp vi tin t di nht.
Cc b nh tuyn trong v d c trong bng
10.108.16.0/20 v 10.108.16.1/32.
28
29
A Mobile Host
Subnets 10.108.16.0 -
10.108.31.0
Router A Router B
Host 10.108.16.1
hnh 6-4
Trong hnh 6-4, mt thit k tt hn s c s dng DHCP my ch c th
c di chuyn m khng cn yu cu bt k cu hnh li trn cc my ch
hoc b nh tuyn
H thng phn cp trong IP phin bn 6
a ch
30
3 13 8 24 16 64 bits
FP TLA
ID
RES NLA
ID
SLA
ID
Interface ID
Public topologySite
Topology
nh dng FP Tin t (001)
TLA ID Top-Level Aggregation nh danh
RES Dnh cho s dng trong tng lai
NLA ID Tip Cp tp hp nh danh
SLA ID trang web-Level Aggregation nh danh
Giao din ID giao din nh danh
Nng cp ln IPv6
Dual stack.
ng hm.
Dch.
Dual stack: C IPv4 v IPv6 ngn xp chy trn h thng. H thng c th lin
lc vi c IPv6 v cc thit b IPv4. La chn phin bn IP da trn tra cu tn
v s thch