the$university$of$the$west$indies$ water$research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$...

35
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES Water Research Ini9a9ves Experiences Achievements Climate Change December, 1 st , 2011. Dr. Pramenath Narinesingh Col. Tecnológico de Monterrey, México. 1

Upload: others

Post on 25-May-2020

4 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  THE  WEST  INDIES  

Water  Research    Ini9a9ves  

Experiences  

Achievements  

Climate  Change  

December,  1st  ,  2011.                                                          Dr.  Pramenath  Narinesingh  

Col.  Tecnológico  de  Monterrey,  México.    1  

Page 2: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Outline  of  Topics  

•  Summary  

•  UWI  Composi9on  (Four  Campuses)  

•  Research  Capability  &  Experience  

–  Inter  Campus    &  Interna9onal  collabora9on  

–  Funding  &  Projects  

•  Climate  Change  

–  Funding  &  Projects  

•  Conclusion  

•  Links  to  Sources  of  Informa9on  

2  

Page 3: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

SUMMARY  

•  The  UWI  has  a  long  and  successful  history  in  Research  and  Collabora9on  with  Interna9onal  partners.  Its  Research  base  is  large  (1,000’s)  and  wide  (many  speciali9es),  and  is  guided  to  success  by  an  experienced  team  of  Administrators,  Academic  and  Professional  Supervisors.  

3  

•  Our  experience  and  success  in  Research  related  to  Water  and  Climate  Change  is  reflected  in  the  variety  of  projects  undertaken,  the  large  sums  of  funding  we  have  a[racted,  and  the  number  of  successfully  completed  programmes.    

Page 4: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

STRUCTURE  OF  THE  UWI  

4  

Page 5: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

(Exclusive)  Campuses  

5  

Page 6: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Open  Campus  

6  

Page 7: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

7  

THE  UWI    

CAVE  HILL  

BARBADOS  

MONA  

JAMAICA  

ST.  AUGUSTINE  

1T  &  T  

OPEN  CAMPUS  

CARIBBEAN  

CAMPUS  

COUNTRIES  

1T  &  T:  Trinidad  and  Tobago  

Page 8: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

8  

 Law,  

   Humani9es  and  Educa9on,  

   Pure  and  Applied  Sciences,  

   Social  Sciences,     and  Medicine    

*Science  &  Agriculture,  Engineering  at  St.  Augus9ne    

Facul9es  at  :  Cave  Hill;  Mona;  St.  Augus9ne  

Page 9: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Student  Popula9on  

Barbados:  Cave  Hill  8,000  

Jamaica:  Mona  15,000  

Trinidad  &  Tobago:  St.  Augus9ne  16,000  

Open  Campus  Caribbean  5,000  

Total  =  44,000  

Student  Programmes  

Undergraduate  307  

Graduate    Taught  207  

Graduate  Research  191  

Online  38  

Total  =  705  9  Grad.  Total  =  398  

Page 10: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

GRADUATE  Research  Structure  

10  

UWI  

RESEARCH  

OFFICE  OF  GRADUATE  STUDIES  AND  

RESEARCH  [UWI]  

SCHOOLS  OF  GRADUATE  STUDIES  

&  RESEARCH  

Graduate  Programmes  

1BUISNESS  DEVELOPMENT  

OFFICE  

Iden9fy  Research  &  Business  

Opportuni9es  

1  St.  Augus9ne  only  

Page 11: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Promotes  research:  •  Aimed  at  current  and  relevant  issues  •  Of  high  quality  and  standards,  •   Ensuring  that  the  UWI  func9on  as  one  cohesive  ins9tu9on.    

11  

•  Provide  funds  for:  •   hos9ng  of  mee9ngs  and  assis9ng  with  research  proposal  prepara9on.    

o  2008/2010  emphasis  was  placed  on  Disaster  Risk  Reduc9on,  Biotechnology,  Biodiversity,  Environmental  Management,  Cultural  Studies  and  Tropical  Medicine.  

Schools  of  Graduate  Studies  and  Research  

Page 12: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Inter-­‐Campus  Collabora9on  

12  CAVE  HILL    |      MONA    |    ST.  AUGUSTINE    |    OPEN  CAMPUS  

Page 13: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

•  Online  Researcher  Database  (UWORD)  being  

implemented  jointly  by  UWI  Chief  Informa9on  

Officer  and  the  Office  of  Reach,  with  IT  and  

library  staff  on  all  campuses  par9cipa9ng.  

•  A  web  portal  has  been  ini9ated  to  enhance  

communica9on  between  campuses.  13  

Inter-­‐Campus  Communica9ons  

Page 14: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Par9cipa9on  of  the  four  campuses  in:  – Caribbean  Studies  Conference  in  Jamaica,  

– Environmental  Conference  in  Jamaica,  – Ecosystem-­‐based  Management  Conference  in  Barbados  

– Biotechnology  Conference  in  Trinidad  and  Tobago  – Climate  Change  Conferences  in  Cuba.  

14  

Inter-­‐Campus  Workshops  &  Conferences  

Page 15: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Inter-­‐Campus  collabora9on  &  Donor  Agencies  

•  St.  Augus9ne,  Mona  and  Cave  Hill  staff  jointly  prepare  proposals  for  submission  to  donor  agencies:  – EDULINK  programme    

–  the  ACP-­‐EU  Science  and  Technology  Programme  – The  World  Bank  for  a  Hazard  Atlas  Map  for  the  Caribbean.  

15  

Page 16: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Interna9onal  Collabora9on  

•  Collabora9on  with  selected  high-­‐quality  interna9onal  partners  is  cri9cal  for:  

–   developing  graduate  programmes  and  research  

capacity.  

– Maintaining  a  high  interna9onal  standards.    

– Ensuring  its  compe99veness  in  terms  of  acquiring  

research  grants  from  external  donor  agencies.  

16  

Page 17: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Research  Funding  2008/2009  

UWI  ac9ng  as  a  single  ins9tu9onal  applicant  succeeded  in  obtaining  funds  from:  

•  The  EDULINK  programme    [Euro  3.3M]  

•  EU-­‐ACP  Science  and  Technology  Programme  [Euro  2.9M]  

•  EU  FP7  programme    [Euro  8.1M]  

•  DFID  Poverty  Allevia9on  programme  

17  

Page 18: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Interna9onal  Collabora9on  Ins9tu9ons    

•  Duke  University  –  Conserva9on  and  non-­‐exploita9ve  use  of  endangered  marine  fauna    

•  McGill  University  –  Recruitment  dynamics  of  coral  reef  organisms    

•  Newcastle  University  –  Development  of  a  research  programme  for  Iwokrama  in  Guyana  

•  University  of  Puerto  Rico  –  Development  of  a  collabora9ve  research  programme    

•  Flensburg  University,  Germany  –  Development  of  a  collabora9ve  programme  on  Renewable  

Energy    

18  

Page 19: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

19  

La#n  America-­‐Caribbean  Centre  (LACC)    LACC  seeks  to  maximize  opportuni9es  for  ins9tu9onal  collabora9on  and  coopera9on  agreements  and  ac9vi9es  within  the  Caribbean  region.    

UWI  and  La#n-­‐America  

 English  Language  programmes  have  been  successfully  completed  in:  -­‐Venezuela  (agreement  with  Petróleos  de  Venezuela  S.A.  (PDVSA))  

-­‐Colombia  -­‐Chile  (Collabora9on  with  UNESCO/OREALC  )  

 -­‐Provided  innova9ve  educa9onal  experiences  for  students  from  English-­‐speaking    Caribbean  countries.  

-­‐Training  in  the  Methodology  for  teaching    of  Spanish  as  a  second  language  .  

 Puerto  Rico  (University)    -­‐Collabora9on  is  aimed  at  various  Facul9es  (on  Disaster  

Management,  Renewable  Energy,  Agriculture,  Research  Funding  etc.)  

Page 20: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Staff  and  Student  Exchanges  Between  UWI  And:-­‐  

•  The  interna9onal  ins9tute  for  Geo-­‐informa9on  Science  and  Earth  Observa9on  in  the  Netherlands,  Algrave    University  in  Portugal,  Lund  University  in  Sweden  and  Bilbao  University  in  Spain.  – Under  the  Erasmus  Mundus  Coopera9on  Programme  

•  The  University  of  Guyana  –  Under  a  Memorandum  of  Understanding    facilitated  by  the  School  for  Graduate  Studies  and  Research  

20  

Page 21: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

A  few  Details  on  Research  

21  

Page 22: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

The  Ins9tute  of  Sustainable  Development  (ISD)  

•  The  UWI  func9ons  as  the  Secretariat  for  the  University  Consor9um  of  Small  Island  States  (UCSIS)  members  that  include:  

– University  of  Malta  – The  University  of  Mauri9us  – The  University  of  South  Pacific  – The  University  College  of  the  Virgin  Islands  

22  

Page 23: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

ACP-EU Cooperation programs in Higher Education (EDULINK)

 UNESCO-­‐IHE;     University  of  West  Indies;   University  of  Guyana;   College  of  Science,  Technology  and  Applied  Arts  Of  Trinidad  and  Tobago  

Capacity Building for Water Programs

in Higher Education in the Caribbean

23  

Page 24: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Short  Cer9ficate  Water  Courses  EDULINK  

•  Water  Supply  and  Waste  Water  •  Modeling  Waste  Water  Treatment  Plants  •  Advanced  Water  Treatment  •  River  Engineering  •  River  Modeling  •  Flood  Control  Measures  •  Hydrology  and  Water  Resources  •  Advanced  Groundwater  Data  Collec9on  and  Analysis  

•  Groundwater  Modeling  

24  

Page 25: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Experimental  Catchment  St.  Augus9ne    

The  St.  Joseph  Valley  Hydrological  Observatory  

•  Typical  steep  and  flashy  Northern  Range  Catchment  

with  mixed  land  use:  developed  and  natural.  

•  The  aim  of  the  research  is  to  improve  the  

understanding  of:  

–   the  hydrological  processes  of  water  balances,  and  mass  fluxes  

in  the  tropical  environment  within  contras9ng  landscapes  of  

land  use,  land  cover,  and  topography.  

25  

Page 26: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

26  

 Ma[hieu  Baccard    MSc.  Thesis.  (2011)  Department  of  Civil  Engineering  and  Applied  Mechanics.    McGill  University,  Montreal    

Experimental  Catchment  

2  

1  

Page 27: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

SALISES  Conferences  and  Workshops  St.  Augus9ne    

•  The  Sustainable  Development  of  Coastal  Communi9es:  Challenges  and  Solu9ons    

•  2010  Turmoil  and  Turbulence  in  Small  Developing  States:  Going  beyond  Survival    

•  2009  Turtle  Conserva9on,  Ecotourism  and  Sustainable  Community  Development  Conference    

•  2007  Crisis,  chaos  and  change:  Caribbean  Development  Challenges  in  the  21st  Century    27  

Page 28: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Farah  Hosein:  Undergraduate  ICURA  student  and  C-­‐Change  Research  Associate  received  recogni9on  from  UWI  for  the  best  senior  research  project  report  submi[ed  in  the  Department  of  Geoma9cs  Engineering  and  Land  Management    

Sherry  Ann  Ganase:    C-­‐Change  students,  successfully  completed  her  M.Sc.  research  project  is  en9tled  "Linking  Vulnerability,  Adapta9on  and  Mi9ga9on  in  Small  Island  Developing  States.  

28  

The  C-­‐Change  project:  Telfer  School  of  Management  of  

the  University  of  O[awa,  Canada,  and  SALISES  of  The  

UWI,  along  with  a  team  of  over  twenty  co-­‐applicants,  

collaborators,  and  community  partners  

Page 29: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Climate  change  

•  The  University  of  the  West  Indies  (UWI)  has  been  

tasked  with  spearheading  research  projects  that  

will  iden9fy  problems  and  offer  solu9ons  related  

to  issues  of  Climate  Change  and  Renewable  

Energy,  as  part  of  the  new  Caribbean  Climate  

Change  Adapta9on  Ini9a9ve.  

29  

Page 30: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

CONCLUSIONS  

•  The  UWI  has  the  structure,  experience,  and  facili9es  to  win,  manage,  and  successfully  execute  projects  related  to  Water  and  Climate  Change.    Projects  completed  includes  workshops  on  renewable  energy,  coastal  erosion  and  management,  adap9on  to  Climate  Change;  capacity  building  courses  in  Water  [Groundwater  modeling,  River  Engineering,  Flood  Management];  and  research  in  Water  and  Climate  Change  issues.  

30  

Page 31: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

•  Business  Development  Office  (research  funding)  –  h[p://sta.uwi.edu/bdo/leveragingexper9se.asp  

•  Climate-­‐change  effect  on  the  Buccooreef    –  h[p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRHqWUhtlvY  

•  Coastal  Climate  Adapta9on  Strategies  (SALISES)  –  h[p://www.coastalchange.ca/  

•  EDULINK  Science  and  Technology  Programmes  –  h[p://www.acp-­‐edulink.eu/  

•  Ins9tute  for  Sustainable  Development  –  h[p://www.uwi.edu/isd/default.aspx  

•  Open  Campus  UWI  –  h[p://www.open.uwi.edu/academics/open-­‐campus-­‐country-­‐sites  

•  Research  at  The  UWI  –  h[p://www2.sta.uwi.edu/officeofresearch/researchatuwi.asp  

31  

Links  Sources  of  Informa9on  

Page 32: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

•  Reach  topics  by  Prof.  John  Agard  –  h[p://sta.uwi.edu/fsa/lifesciences/jagard.asp  

•  Secretariat  of  the  African,  Caribbean  and  Pacific  Group  of  States  (ACP)  –  h[p://www.acpsec.org/pr/index_en.htm  

•  Sir  Arthur  Lewis  Ins9tute  of  Social  and  Economic  Studies  (SALISES)  

–  h[p://sta.uwi.edu/salises/workshop/recent/default.html  

•  UWI  Photovoltaic  Technologies  Mona,  Jamica  –  h[p://www.credp-­‐gtz.org/Data/CSEF2/Wednesday/pdf/McNamara-­‐PV_PerformanceUWI.pdf  

•  UWI  to  lead  climate-­‐change,  renewable-­‐energy  research  –  h[p://jamaica-­‐gleaner.com/gleaner/20110624/lead/lead8.html  –  h[p://myspot.mona.uwi.edu/physics/  

32  

Sources  CONT’D  

Page 33: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Thank  You  

33  

Page 34: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

"Although  climate  change  is  affec9ng  every  country  on  Earth,  it  will  have  dispropor9onate  impact  on  small  island  na9ons  like  those  in  the  Caribbean.  

 Storms  are  becoming  more  frequent  and  more  intense.  Coral  reefs  are  dying.  Beaches  are  eroding  into  the  sea."  

34  

Page 35: THE$UNIVERSITY$OF$THE$WEST$INDIES$ Water$Research$$ · 2012-04-15 · 7 the$uwi$ cave$hill$ barbados$ mona$ jamaica$ st.$ augustine$ 1t&t open$ campus$ caribbean$ campus$ countries$

Shrivastava, G. S., 1994, Global Warming: Its Impact on Hydraulic Engineering in

the Caribbean, West Indian Journal of Engineering, 16(2): 42-46

Shrivastava, G. S., 1998, Impact of sea level rise on seawater intrusion into a

coastal aquifer, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, American Society of Civil

Engineers, 3(1): 74-78.

Shrivastava, G. S., 1999, Some aspects of water resources management in

Trinidad, Journal of Water & Maritime Engineering, Institution of Civil Engineers

(UK), 136(4): 185-192.

35