theunderworld -...
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The Underworld
Annabel Orchard
Ixion in the Underworld, red figure amphora c. 330 BCE. hAp://www.apcon.gr/pelion/images/mythology/centaurs/ixion.jpg
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The Underworld Some literary sources
Greek: Homer, Odyssey 11 Homer, Iliad 20, 23 Plato, Republic: ‘Myth of Er’ Roman: Virgil, Aeneid 6 Virgil, Georgics 4
Annabel Orchard
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The Homeric Underworld
Hades (Ais, Aides, Aidoneus): • brother of Zeus • Division of spheres: Zeus, Poseidon, Hades • Lord of Underworld, Host of the Dead Persephone – consort of Hades
“House of Hades”, “Hades’ (place)” = the Underworld, the geographical location
Annabel Orchard
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The Homeric Underworld
geographical location: Homer, Iliad 20. 61-5: below earth
Homer, Odyssey 10, 11: across Ocean
Annabel Orchard
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The Homeric Afterlife
Odyssey 11: • Final destination for (almost) all, no
differential treatment Exceptions in Odyssey (not in Iliad): • Castor and Polydeuces • Herakles • Menelaus: Elysium, Odyssey 4. 561ff
Annabel Orchard
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The Homeric Afterlife Homer, Iliad • Psyche – “breath”? (Death of Hektor, 22.
361ff) • Eidolon – “image”? • Importance of proper
burial (Ghost of Patroklos, 23. 65ff)
Hypnos, Thanatos, Hermes and the body of Sarpedon. AJc Red Figure calyx krater, signed by Euphronios, ca 515 BCE, Metropolitan Museum, New York, USA , Cat. No.: New York 1972.11.10 hAp://www.theoi.com/Gallery/N12.1.html Annabel Orchard
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The Homeric Afterlife
Odyssey 11: • Bleak view of afterlife • The dead are
senseless, gibbering, insubstantial
Annabel Orchard
Elpenor, Odysseus and Hermes. Athenian red-‐figure clay vase about 475-‐425 BC. Boston (MA) Museum of Fine Arts 34.79 William Amory Gardner Fund. Beazley Archive, Oxford, Photo E3302: hAps://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/dic_onary/Dict/ASP/dic_onarybody.asp?name=Elpenor
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Notorious criminals Odyssey 11 • Tityos • Tantalos • Sisyphos
Other sources: vase paintings, Virgil, Georgics, Aeneid
• Danaids • Ixion
Ixion in the Underworld, red figure amphora c. 330 BCE. hAp://www.apcon.gr/pelion/images/mythology/centaurs/ixion.jpg
Annabel Orchard
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Virgil, Aeneid 6
• Much more complex topography
• Tartarus: for ordinary mortal sinners • Elysium: a special zone for the
enlightened
Annabel Orchard
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Virgil, Aeneid 6
• Moral differentation, reward • Transmigration of souls
Influenced by ideas of Pythagoras, the Orphic writings, Plato: eg Republic, “Myth of Er”
Annabel Orchard
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The hero’s quest to the Underworld
• Ultimate heroic feat • Rite of passage aspect: death and rebirth
Annabel Orchard
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Heroic quests to the Underworld
Heracles Apollodorus,
Library 2.4.12ff
Homer, Odyssey 11. 717ff
Heracles and Cerberus at the gates of the Underworld. AJc Amphora aAributed to the Andokides Painter and Lysippides Painter, ca 520 -‐ 510 BCE: Musée du Louvre, Paris, France, Cat.Nuo.: Louvre F204 hAp://www.theoi.com/Gallery/M12.2.html Annabel Orchard
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Heroic quests to the Underworld
Theseus Apollodorus, Epitome 1.24 Virgil, Aeneid
6. 393ff. Heracles (right) rescues Theseus from the Underworld. AJc red figure lekythos: hAp://www.uncg.edu/cla/slides/heraktheseus.jpg
Annabel Orchard
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Heroic quests to the Underworld
Orpheus Virgil, Georgics 4 Ovid,
Metamorphoses 10
Hermes, Eurydice and Orpheus, Roman copy in Pentelic marble of a c. 420 BCE Greek original, Musee de Louvre: hAp://www.mam.gov.mo/2008041201/photos/large/2008041201093.jpg
Annabel Orchard
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Typical Underworld features
Rivers, water • Pyriphlegethon (flaming fire) • Styx (Hate) • Cocytus (Wailing) • Acheron (Woe) • Lethe (Oblivion) Charon the ferryman
Charon and Hermes. AJc white-‐ground lekythos by the Sabouroff painter, date unknown, Na_onal Museum, Athens: hAp://www.uark.edu/campus-‐resources/dlevine/Charon.jpg Annabel Orchard
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Typical Underworld features
Thrones of Hades and Persephone Judges: • Minos • Rhadymanthus • Aeacus
Annabel Orchard
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Typical Underworld features Cerberus:
guard dog Aeneid 6.
417ff
Heracles and Cerberus at the gates of the Underworld. AJc Amphora aAributed to the Andokides Painter and Lysippides Painter, ca 520 -‐ 510 BCE: Musée du Louvre, Paris, France, Cat.Nuo.: Louvre F204 hAp://www.theoi.com/Gallery/M12.2.html Annabel Orchard
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Orpheus and the Underworld
hAp://wingedsandals.com/arts/wingedsandals/story_me/orpheus.htm
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Odysseus’ Underworld journey
• The significance of storytelling • Oral tradi_on-‐ a world without wri_ng and with
few images • Storytellers in the epic so far-‐ Phemios,
Demodokus, Nestor, Menelaos, Helen • Odysseus tells his own story in his own words:
1st person singular • Who is the audience? Us, Phaiakians • Is there an agenda to Odysseus’ storytelling?
Annabel Orchard
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Women in the Underworld
• Antiklea tells of life on Ithaka • Persephone sends women to talk to
Odysseus: Alkmene, Epikaste, Leda, Ariadne et al: Odysseus’ agenda
Odyssey 11. 387ff • Odysseus pauses: Arete speaks • Alkinoos requests an encore
Annabel Orchard
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Agamemnon on women and homecoming
Agamemnon’s story: 11.395ff • infidelity and treachery in the home • Aigisthos • Klytaimnestra
Agamamnon: “Land your ship… gone forever.”
Homer, Odyssey 11.533-‐5 (Fitzgerald, tr., NY, 1998)
Annabel Orchard
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Achilleus on death and glory
Achilleus: “Let me hear … exhausted dead”.
Homer, Odyssey 11.577-‐81 (Fitzgerald, tr., NY, 1998)
Annabel Orchard
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Aias’ anger
• the compe__on for the armour • No forgiveness: • Odysseus to Aias:
“My lord…your pride”.
Homer, Odyssey 11.669-‐70 (Fitzgerald, tr., NY, 1998)
Annabel Orchard
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Herakles’ salute
• Herakles : the hero who transcends all limita_ons
• Odysseus sees ‘a phantom’, but he himself is with the gods (11.717-‐21)
“The eyes … the sunny world?” Homer, Odyssey 11.732-‐7 (Fitzgerald, tr., NY, 1998)
Annabel Orchard
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Next lecture
Trojan War and Nostos: Odysseus