thesis presentation template[conflict 1]

Nanomaterials Research Lab. Sumeet.Changla ([email protected])

The University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas, USA

Email: [email protected]

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF QUATERNARY NITRATE/NITRITE MOLTEN SALT AS

ADVANCED HEAT TRANSFER FLUID & ENERGY STORAGE MATERIAL IN CONCENTRATED SOLAR

POWER PLANT

Sumeet Changla

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


• Photovoltaic and Concentrated Solar Power

• Heat Transfer Fluid and Thermal Energy Storage

• Material synthesize Procedure

• Results and Discussion

• Material Characterization

• Conclusion

• Future Work

Table of content

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• Photovoltaic system Electricity is produced by photoelectric effect. Monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium

telluride are some of the material used for photovoltaic to produce electricity

• Advantage of PV system No green house gas emissions Works on direct and diffusive radiation Low cost

• Disadvantage of PV system [1] Intermittency and unpredictable nature of sunlight. Dispatchable power. Electricity produced is DC, is converted to AC using grid tie inverter Battery used to store energy is expensive

Photovoltaic System

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Source : Review and comparison of different solar technology [1]


• Concentrated Solar Power • CSP uses mirrors as reflector to focus sun’s ray to produce electricity• High temperature fluid is heated by sun’s ray which in turn produce steam which runs a heat

engine, a steam turbine and generator

• Following are components of CSP:• Mirrors

Parabolic dish, heliostats, Flat mirrors

• Heat Transfer Fluids Synthetic oil, Molten salt, air, water

• Power conversion module Turbine, Generator

• Thermal energy storage system Sensible heat storage Latent heat storage system Thermochemical energy storage

Components of Concentrated Solar Power

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Source: http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/stuff/contentmgr/files/0/11f0d54e06824e6be32b2954e477613e/image/_resized/80_630_225_how_it_works_630_225.jpg [20]

http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/stuff/contentmgr/files/0/11f0d54e06824e6be32b2954e477613e/image/_resized/80_630_225_how_it_works_630_225.jpg




Concentrated Solar Power Tower

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Source: Summary report for concentrating solar power thermal storage workshop [6]

Source: i.bnet.com/blogs/gemasolar-2011-9b.jpg [2] Source: www.evwind.es/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/csp-AndaSol_Storage_Tank_Foreground_l.jpg [3]

Source: www.abc.net.au/radionational/image/5287988-3x2-700x467.jpg [4]

http://www.evwind.es/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/csp-AndaSol_Storage_Tank_Foreground_l.jpg

http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/image/5287988-3x2-700x467.jpg


CSP and its Advantages

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• Advantage of CSP with storage• Thermal Energy Storage• Power demand mismatch can be solved

Source : Technology roadmap solar thermal electricity _ 2014 edition [6] Source: www.psaila.net/Features/sun/content/bin/images/large/1940084.jpg [5]

http://www.psaila.net/Features/sun/content/bin/images/large/1940084.jpg


• Following are the properties Thermal Energy Storage material [8]

Present Energy Storage Medium

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Properties Solar salt (NaNO3+ KNO3) (TES)

Freezing Point (oC) 220

Upper Limit Temperature 600

Density @ 300oC (kg/m3) 1899

Viscosity @ 300oC ( Centipoise) 3.26

Heat Capacity @ 300oC ( KJ/Kg-oC) 1.49


• Drawback Low energy storage capacity High Freezing Point

• Solution Low freezing point High specific heat capacity by adding nanoparticle

• Drawback of current heat transfer Fluid Chemical Decomposition at higher temperature [19] High Vapor Pressure 10 bar @ 390oC which is undesirable property [19]

Drawback of TES and HTF material

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• Solar salt a NaNO3 and KNO3 has a freezing point of 220oC

• The salt tends to freeze at night when temperature goes down, to prevent this auxiliary equipment are required, which adds up significant cost.

• low specific heat capacity i.e. low energy storage capacity, which required large size of storage tanks to store more salt.

• Quaternary mixture has low melting point

• Base salt embedded with silica has high energy storage capacity

Motivation of the study

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Literature Review

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Author Base material Nanoparticle Enhancement (%)

Dudda and Shin [15] Solar salt NaNO3 – KNO3

SiO2 15 - 25

Shin and Banerjee [16]

Binary CarbonateLi2CO3 – K2CO3

SiO2 19 - 25

Manilla et al. [17] Solar salt NaNO3 – KNO3

TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3 15 – 20

Min Xi Ho, Chin Pan [10] Hitec salt Alumina(Al2O3)

19.9

Patricia Andreu-cabedo et al [11]

Solar salt Silica 25.03

A. Morshed et al [12] Ionic Liquid Al2O3 20

D. Banerjee and B. Jo [13]

Binary CarbonateLi2CO3 – K2CO3

Multi wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)

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Lasfargues M [14] Solar salt NaNO3 – KNO3

Copper Oxide (CuO) 8-13


• Following are the properties of the base eutectic salt mixture as compared to other suggested molten salt [5]

Quaternary Nitrate/Nitrite mixture Properties

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Properties Hitec salt NaNO3+KNO3+NaNO2

Solar Salt NaNO3+KNO3

Quaternary saltLiNO3+ KNO3+NaNO3+LiNO3

Melting Point (oC)

120oC 220oC 100oC

Density (Kg/ m3) @ 500oC

1743 1752 1735

Energy Density(MJ/ m3)

886 756 1141

Specific Heat capacity ( KJ/kg oC)

1.44 1.49 1.43


• Individual salt properties used in quaternary nitrate mixture

Individual Salt Properties of quaternary mixture

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SEMProperties Sodium Nitrate

( NaNO3)Potassium Nitrate

( KNO3)Lithium Nitrate

(LiNO3)Potassium

Nitrite (KNO2)

Molar Mass (gm/ mole) 84.99 101.9 68.95 85.10

Melting Point (oC) 306 400 251 387

Boiling point (oC) 380 334 600 Not Available

Decomposition Temperature (oC)

>400 380 >600 Not available

Flash Point Non-flammable Non-flammable Non-flammable Non-flammable


• Synthesis protocol LiNO3-KNO3-KNO2-NaNO3 were mixed in mass fraction of (9 - 33.6 -

42.3 - 15.1) by weight %. 17.57 mg of LiNO3, 66.56 mg of KNO3, 29.89 mg of KNO2, 83.75 mg of

NaNO3 and 1 mg of SiO2 were mixed in a 25 ml glass vial. the mixture was then sonicated for 240 minutes Evaporated for more than 8 hours Cooled at 60 oC for removing any moisture.

Sample Preparation

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Synthesis Protocol [14 ]


• Following protocol was employed in DSC to measure the enhancement Data Storage off Equilibrate @ 40oC Modulate ± 0.48oC every 60 Seconds Data storage on Ramp 5.00 oC/min to 300.00 oC Isothermal for 5.00 min

Modulated Differential Scanning calorimeter

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Combined Data Graph

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Property Base Fluid 5nm 10nm 30nm 60nm

Specific Heat Capacity (KJ/kg oC) 1.40 1.51 1.76 1.60 1.65

Enhancement (%) - 7.85% 25% 14.28% 17.85%


• What is material characterization Material Characterization refers to technique used to determine

composition and observe internal structure of the material Can be used to get information about internal structure of specimen

Material Characterization: Scanning Electron Microscopy

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Source: science.howstuffworks.com/scanning-electron-microscope2.htm [13]


• Images of pure sample

Pure eutectic salt

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• 30 nm high resolution scanning electron microscopy

30 nm High Scanning Electron Microscopy

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SEM


• EDS is a material characterization technique which helps in obtaining elemental analysis of the specimen under observation.

• It uses X-rays projected on the specimen and generates a graph with peaks indicating presence of different element detected by x-ray.

Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

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Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) Analysis

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SEM

Element Line

Weight %

Weight % Error

Norm. Wt.%

Norm.Wt.% Err

Atom %

Atom % Error

C K 4.23 ± 0.52 4.23 ± 0.52 6.94 ± 0.85

N K 17.32 ± 2.66 17.32 ± 2.66 24.39 ± 3.74

O K 35.91 ± 0.84 35.91 ± 0.84 44.26 ± 1.04

Na K 5.79 ± 0.20 5.79 ± 0.20 4.96 ± 0.17

Si K 4.63 ± 0.15 4.63 ± 0.15 3.25 ± 0.11

K K 32.12 ± 0.50 32.12 ± 0.50 16.20 ± 0.25

Total 100.00

100.00

100.00


Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) Analysis

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Element Line

Weight %

Weight % Error

Norm. Wt.%

Norm.Wt.% Err

Atom %

Atom % Error

C K 4.82 ± 0.47 4.82 ± 0.47 7.06 ± 0.69

N K 18.25 ± 1.46 18.25 ± 1.46 22.91 ± 1.83

O K 48.79 ± 0.61 48.79 ± 0.61 53.62 ± 0.67

Na K 11.20 ± 0.19 11.20 ± 0.19 8.56 ± 0.15

Si K 1.31 ± 0.08 1.31 ± 0.08 0.82 ± 0.05

K K 15.63 ± 0.26 15.63 ± 0.26 7.03 ± 0.11

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00


• Cost of electricity can go down

• Problem of freezing of salt can be mitigated

• Pressure and Temperature range could be increased by using molten salt

• Using HTF and TES as same material could help bring down the cost to $0.05-0.07/Kwh from $0.15/Kwh [18]

• Levelised cost of electricity can go down by 30%. [6]

• Return efficiency can be increased up to 98% from 93% . i.e. energy losses are only 2% [6]

• Cost of the plant can go down by 12% if molten salt is used as HTF [6]

• 3 times less salt is required if molten salt is used as HTF [2]

• Direct storage eliminates need of heat exchanger which reduces thermodynamic losses and exergy efficiency [7]

Importance of this research

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• Advanced nitrate/nitrite based molten salt was synthesized for the purpose of using as heat transfer fluid and energy storage material in concentrated solar power application.

• SiO2 nanoparticle were embedded in 1% by mass fraction in base eutectic salt

• Enhancement in specific heat capacity was observed of the mixed salt

• Material Characterization was performed to understand the mechanism behind the enhancement.

• It was observed that fractal or needle like structure were induced, which according to previous research reported, are assumed to be responsible for enhancement in specific heat capacity

Conclusion

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• Thermal stability of the salt needs to be tested

• Effect of changing the concentration of nanoparticle can be tested

• Different types of nanoparticle like Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), Magnesium oxide (MgO), Titanium Oxide (TiO2) can also be tested

• Numerical simulation such as Molecular dynamic simulation can be done using software such LAMMPS.

• Rheological test can be performed to check the effect on viscosity by addition of nanoparticle

Future Work

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1. Review and comparison of different solar technology. Pdf2. i.bnet.com/blogs/gemasolar-2011-9b.jpg3. www.evwind.es/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/csp-AndaSol_Storage_Tank_Foreground_l.jpg 4. www.abc.net.au/radionational/image/5287988-3x2-700x467.jpg5. www.psaila.net/Features/sun/content/bin/images/large/1940084.jpg6. Technology roadmap for solar thermal electricity _ 2014 edition7. Glatzmaier, G. (2011). Summary Report for Concentrating Solar Power Thermal Storage Workshop. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, Report No. NREL/TP-

5500-52134.8. Overview on use of molten salt HTF in parabolic trough field. Pdf9. Ho, M. X., & Pan, C. (2014). Optimal concentration of alumina nanoparticles in molten Hitec salt to maximize its specific heat capacity. International Journal of Heat and Mass

Transfer, 70, 174-184.10. Andreu-Cabedo, P., Mondragon, R., Hernandez, L., Martinez-Cuenca, R., Cabedo, L., & Julia, J. E. (2014). Increment of specific heat capacity of solar salt with SiO2

nanoparticles. Nanoscale research letters, 9(1), 1-11.11. Paul, T. C., Morshed, A. K. M. M., Fox, E. B., Visser, A. E., Bridges, N. J., & Khan, J. A. (2013, July). Enhanced Thermal Performance of Ionic Liquid-Al2O3 Nanofluid as Heat

Transfer Fluid for Solar Collector. In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology (pp. V001T05A002-V001T05A002). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

12. Jo, B., & Banerjee, D. (2015). Effect of Dispersion Homogeneity on Specific Heat Capacity Enhancement of Molten Salt Nanomaterials Using Carbon Nanotubes. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 137(1), 011011.

13. Lasfargues, M. (2014). Nitrate based high temperature nano-heat-transfer-fluids: formulation & characterisation (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds).14. Shin, D., & Banerjee, D. (2011). Enhancement of specific heat capacity of high-temperature silica-nanofluids synthesized in alkali chloride salt eutectics for solar thermal-energy

storage applications. International journal of heat and mass transfer, 54(5), 1064-1070.15. Dudda, B., & Shin, D. (2013). Effect of nanoparticle dispersion on specific heat capacity of a binary nitrate salt eutectic for concentrated solar power applications. International

Journal of Thermal Sciences, 69, 37-42.16. Chieruzzi, M., Cerritelli, G. F., Miliozzi, A., & Kenny, J. M. (2012). Effect of nanoparticles on heat capacity of nanofluids based on molten salts as PCM for thermal energy

storage. Nanoscale research letters, 8(1), 448-448.17. http://science.howstuffworks.com/scanning-electron-microscope2.htm18. http://www.renewableenergyfocususa.com/19. Raade, J. W., & Padowitz, D. (2011). Development of molten salt heat transfer fluid with low melting point and high thermal stability. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 133(3),

031013.20. http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/stuff/contentmgr/files/0/11f0d54e06824e6be32b2954e477613e/image/_resized/80_630_225_how_it_works_630_225.jpg

.

References

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http://www.evwind.es/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/csp-AndaSol_Storage_Tank_Foreground_l.jpg

http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/image/5287988-3x2-700x467.jpg


Thank You

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Questions?

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