thesis on sewage

8/17/2019 Thesis on sewage

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Characterization of sewage and design of sewage treatment plant

A THESIS SUBMITTEDIN A!TIA"

#U"#I""MENT$# THE!E%UI!EMENT#$!THE

DE&!EE $#

BachelorofTechnology inCi'ilEngineering

B(

FALGUNIK.P.MISHRA,108CE001NILADRIBIHARIMAHANTY,108CE020

Department

ofCi'ilEngineeringNationalInstit)te

ofTechnolog(*!o)r+ela

,-.

,


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Characterizationofsewageanddesignofsewagetreatmentplant

A THESIS SUBMITTEDIN A!TIA"

#U"#I""MENT$#THE!E%UI!EMENT#$!THE

DE&!EE $#

BachelorofTechnology inCi'ilEngineering

B(

FALGUNIK.P.MISHRANILADRIBIHARIMAHANTY

Undersuer!"s"#n#$Pr#$.K%'"K%r%rP

%u'

Department

ofCi'ilEngineeringNationalInstit)te

ofTechnolog(*!o)r+ela

,-.

,


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NationalInstituteofTechnologyR

ourkela

CERTIFICATE

Thisistocertifythatthethesisentitled“Characterizationofsewageanddesigno

fsewagetreatmentplant”submittedbyFalguniKrishnaPrasadMishra,Roll

o!"#$C%##"andiladri&ihariMahanty,Rollo!"#$C%#'#inpartialfulfillm

entofthere(uirementsfortheawardof&achelorofTechnologydegreeinCi)il%

ngineeringattheational*nstituteofTechnology,Rour+elaisanauthenticwor

+carriedoutbythemundermysuper)isionandguidance!

Tothebestofmy+nowledge,thematterembodiedinthethesishasnotbeensubm

ittedtoanyotherni)ersity-*nstitutefortheawardofany.egreeor.iploma!

Date/ 0rof12A2$"I21AU"3


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ACKN()LEDGEMENT

M(heart4)i'erswiththethrillforo5eringgratit)detothoseindi'id)als

whohelpedmeincompletionofthepro6ect1Themostid(llicpointofprese

ntingathesisistheopport)nit(tothan+thosewhoha'econtri7)tedtoit1

Unfort)natel(*thelistofac+nowledgingnomatterhowe8tensi'eisalwa

(sincompleteandinade4)ate1 Indeedthispage ofmention

shallne'er7ea7letoto)chthehorizonofgenero)snessofthosewhoten

deredtheirhelp tome1#irstofall*I wo)ld li+etoe8pressm(

gratit)deando7ligationstorof2a+oli21a)l*forher+indnessinallowin

gmeforintrod)cingthepresenttopicandforherinspiringdirection*cons

tr)cti'e6)dgmentand'al)a7lepropositionsthro)gho)tthispro6ectwor

+1Ne8t*Iwo)ldli+etothan+Mr1N1Chaitan(a2a')ri*ah1D1scholarforhisr

elentlesshelpwitho)tan(complain1

Iamsincerel(than+f)ltohimforhise5ortinimpro'ingm(contents of

thispro6ect1

Iamalsothan+f)ltorof1N1!o(0HeadoftheDepartment3forassigningm

ethisinterestingpro6ectandforhis'al)a7les)ggestionsand7oostsat'a

rio)sstagesofthewor+1Acom7inationofthisnat)reco)ldne'erha'e7e

enattemptedwitho)treferencetoandinspirationfromthewor+sofothe

rswhosedetailsarementionedinreferencesection1Iac+nowledgem(in

de7tednessto allof them1

"ast7)tnotleast*m(sincerethan+stoallm(friendswhoha'epatientl(e

8tendedall sorts ofhelpfor achie'ingthis)nderta+ing1

#A"&UNI2!ISHNA!ASADMISH!ANI"AD!IBIHA!IMAHANT9.-:CE--

.

.-:CE-,-


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Dept1 of

Ci'ilengineeringNationalInsti

t)te ofTechnolog(

!o)r+ela;--:


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CONTENTS PAGE

/istoffiguresandtables i

0bstract ii

1. INTRODUCTION

"! *ntroduction '

"! 1b2ecti)esofthe study 3

"! /iteratureRe)ie 4

2. MONITORINGPROTOCOLS'!" 5tudy 0rea $

'!' 5amplingTechni(ues $

3! ANALYSISTECHNIQUES

3!" Methodologyformeasurementofp7)alue ""

3!' Methodologyformeasurementof0l+alinity "'

3!3 MethodologyformeasurementofTurbidity "4

3!4 Methodologyformeasurementof0cidity "83!8 MethodologyformeasurementofChloride "9

3!: MethodologyformeasurementofResidualChlorine";

3!9 MethodologyformeasurementofTotal5olids ";

3!$ Methodologyformeasurementof.1 '"

3!; Methodologyformeasurementof&1. '"

3!"# Methodologyformeasurementofhardness '3

3!"" Methodologyformeasurementofcarbonatesand bicarbonat

es '83!"' Methodologyformeasurementofmetals ';

4! RESULTSANDDISCUSSION4!" Tabulations 3'


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8! DESIGNOFSEWAGETREATMENTPLANT 3;

:! TIMELINEOFTHEPROJECT 48

9! CONCLUSION 49

$! REFERENCES 4;


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i

LISTOFTABLES PAGE

"!


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ii

ABSTRACT

TheNationalInstit)teofTechnolog(

!o)r+elaisoneofthemostimportanted)cationalinstit)tesinthestateof$rissawithalargen)m7erofpeopleresidinginitscamp)sconsistingof

an)m7erofla7oratoriesof'ario)sdepartments*residential)nits*acad

emic7loc+s andn)m7erof hostels1

Ast)d(ondomesticwastewatercharacterizationhas7eenperformedf

ollowed7(thedesignofsewagetreatmentplant1Thepresentst)d(in'ol

'estheanal(sisofpH'al)e*totalsolids*totals)spendedsolids*hardnes

s*acidit(*al+alinit(*chloride*chlorine*B$D*D$andhea'(metalss)chasIron*Copper* ?inc*

Magnesi)m*Nic+el*Chromi)m*"ead*Calci)m*Al)mini)m*Silicon*

otassi)m1

Asewagetreatmentplantis4)itenecessar(torecei'ethedomesticand

commercialwasteandremo'esthematerialswhichposeharmforgener

alp)7lic1Itso76ecti'eistoprod)ceanen'ironmentall(@

safe)idwastestream0ortreatede)ent3andasolidwaste0ortreatedsl)dge3s)ita7lefor disposal orre)se0)s)all( as farm fertilizer31

Thesamplingsofthedomesticwastefromhostelsha'e7eendoneindi5e

renttimesoftheda(toha'eana'eragedataofthemeas)redparameter

s1Thea'erage'al)esofpH*T)r7idit(*Acidit(*Chloride*!esid)alChlorin

e*Hardness*TotalSolid*B$D*D$*Al+alinit(*TotalIronContent*?incCont

ent*otassi)m*Copper*Magnesi)m*Nic+el*Chromi)m*"ead*Calci)m*

Al)min)mandSilicon are fo)nd o)t1

A sewagetreatment plant has7eendesignedwith thetreatment

)nits*a7arscreenofdimension.1


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.

CHATE!.

INTR(DUCTI(N


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,

.1. Introd)ction/

oll)tionin its7roadestsenseincl)desall

changesthatc)rtailnat)ral)tilit(ande8ertdeleterio)se5ectonlife1Thecrisistriggered7(therapidl(growingpop)lationandind)strialization

withtheres)ltantdegradationoftheen'ironmentca)sesagra'ethreatt

othe4)alit(oife1Degradationofwater4)alit(isthe)nfa'ora7lealterat

ionoftheph(sical*chemicaland7iologicalpropertiesofwaterthatpre'e

ntsdomestic*commercial*ind)strial*agric)lt)ral*recreationalandoth

er7eneFcial)sesofwater1Sewageandsewagee)entsare

thema6orso)rcesofwaterpoll)tion1Sewageismainl(composedofh)m

anfecalmaterial*domesticwastesincl)dingwash@waterandind)strialwastes1

Thegrowingen'ironmentalpoll)tionneedsfordecontaminatingwaste

waterres)lt in

thest)d(ofcharacterizationofwastewater*especiall(domesticsewag

e1Inthepast*domesticwastewatertreatmentwasmainl(conFnedtoor

ganiccar7onremo'al1!ecentl(*increasingpoll)tioninthewastewaterl

eadstode'elopingandimplementingnewtreatmenttechni4)estocontrolnitrogenandother priorit( poll)tants1

SewageTreatmentlantisafacilit(designedtorecei'ethewastefromd

omestic*commercialandind)strialso)rcesandtoremo'ematerialstha

tdamagewater4)alit(andcompromisep)7lichealthandsafet(whendi

schargedintowaterrecei'ings(stems1Itincl)desph(sical*chemical*a

nd7iologicalprocessestoremo'e'ario)scontaminantsdependingonit

sconstit)ents1Usingad'ancedtechnolog(itisnowpossi7letore@)sesewagee)entfordrin+ing water1

Thepresentst)d(comprisesthest)d(on4)alit(ofdomesticwastewate

rthatisdischargedfromtheHBHallofNationalInstit)teofTechnolog(*!o

)r+ela*thro)ghthe+itcheno)tletsand7athroome)ents1Thest)d(inc

l)descharacterizationtestsforpH'al)e*acidit(*al+alinit(*chloride*res

id)alchlorine*t)r7idit( GD$1


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.1, $76ecti'es ofthe st)d(/

Theprincipalo76ecti'eofwastewatertreatmentisgenerall(toallowh)

manandind)striale)entsto7edisposedofwitho)tdangertoh)manh

ealthor)naccepta7ledamagetothenat)ralen'ironment1Anen'ironm

entall(@

safe)idwastestreamisprod)ced1Nodangertoh)manhealthor)nacc

epta7ledamagetothenat)ralen'ironmentise8pected1Sewageincl)d

esho)seholdwasteli4)idfromtoilets*7aths*showers*+itchens*sin+san

dsoforththatisdisposedof'iasewers1Sewagealsoincl)des

li4)idwaste from ind)str(and commerce1

The o76ecti'es of thest)d(are/

.1 h(sical*chemicaland 7iologicalcharacterizationof

thedomesticwaste water from hostels of NIT*!o)r+ela

,1 Comparisonwiththeprescri7ed standard

1 Design of the sewagetreatment plant1

(*ser!%+"#n#$S+ud-astewatersamplesfromthe+itchene)ent

andthe7athroomwasteofHomiBha7haHallof !esidence1

Thepresencest)d(isdesignedtocollectwastewatersamplefromHBH1

Thest)d(incl)desalso MSSHall1

The following ph(sicalcharacteristics were st)died/

i1 $do)r

ii1 Taste

iii1 Colo)r

i'1 #loata7les

'1 T)r7idit(


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The following chemicalcharacteristicswerest)died/

i1 TotalIron

ii1 Copper

iii1 ?inci'1 otassi)m

'1 "ead

'i1 Al)min)m

#ordeterminationofinorganicnon@

metallicconstit)entswedeterminedthe/

i1 Al+alinit(ii1 Acidit(

iii1 Chloride

i'1 !esid)alChlorine

'1 S)lphate

'i1 h1 of thesample

'ii1 Biochemical$8(gen Demand

'iii1 Dissol'ed $8(gen

.1 "iterat)re !e'iew /

Ps"/%'/%r%/+er"s+"/#$%s+e%+er-

(d#ur-Itdependsonthes)7stanceswhicharo)seh)manreceptorcells

oncomingincontactwiththem1)rewaterdoesntprod)ceodo)rortast

esensations1Th)swastewaterwhichcontainsto8ics)7stanceshasp)n

gentsmellwhichma+esiteas(todisting)ish1$do)risrecognizedasa4)alit(factora5ectingaccepta7ilit( of drin+ingwater1

Theorganicandinorganics)7stancecontri7)testotasteorodo)r1The)l

timateodo)rtastingde'iceistheh)mannose1Theodo)rintensit(isdon

e7(thresholdodo)r test


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T%s+e- The senseof tasteres)ltmainl(from

chemicalstim)lationofsensor(ner'eendingsintong)e1#)ndamentals

ensationsoftasteare*7(


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con'entionmorethan7(researche'idence*salt*sweet*7itter*andso)r1

Theratingin'ol'esthefollowingsteps/a3dil)tionseriesincl)dingrando

m7lan+sisprepared73initialtastingofa7o)thalfthesample7(ta+ingwa

terintomo)thandholdingitforse'eralsecondsanddischargingitwitho

)tswallowing1c3#orminganinitial6)dgmentontheratingscaled3aFnalr

atingmadeforthesamplee3rinsingmo)thwithtasteandodo)rfreewate

r f3resting1

C#'#ur-Colo)rinwaterres)ltsfromthepresenceofnat)ralmetallicionss)chas#eorMg*h)m)sandpeatmaterials*plan+tonsandweeds1Itisremo'edtoma+ewaters)ita7leforgeneralandind)strialapplications1Aftert)r7idit(isremo'edtheapparentcolo)randthatd)etos)spendedmatteris fo)nd o)t1

Tristim)l)s* Spectroscopic and latin)m co7alt methodis)sed1

T#+%' s#'"ds- Itrefersto matterss)spended ordissol'edinwater

andwastewater1Solidsa5ectthewaterore)ent4)alit(ad'ersel(inan

)m7erofwa(s1aterwithhighl(dissol'edsolidsarenotpalata7leandm

a(ca)seph(siologicalreaction in transientcons)mer1

Alimitof--mg

dissol'edsolidsJ"isdesira7lefordrin+ingwaters1E'aporationmethodi

s)sedtoseparatetotalsolidsandtheirweightisfo)nd o)t1

F'#%+%*'es-$neimportantcriterionfore'al)atingthepossi7lee5ecto

fwastedisposalintos)rfacewateristheamo)ntofoata7lematerialint

hewaste1Twogeneralt(pes of oating mattersare fo)nd

0i3 artic)latematters li+e Kgrease7allsK

0ii3 "i4)idcomponentcapa7leofspreadingasthin'isi7leFlmo'erlarge

areas1

Itisimportant7eca)seitacc)m)latesonthes)rfaceandma(containpa

thogenic7acteriaand'ir)ses1

Tur*"d"+-Clarit(ofwaterisimportantinprod)cingprod)ctsdestined

forh)mancons)mptionandinman(man)fact)ring)ses1Itis ca)sed7(


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=

s)spendedmatters)chascla(*silt*Fnel(di'idedorganicandinorganic

matter*sol)7lecoloredorganiccompo)nds1T)r7idit(isane8pressionof

theopticalpropert(thatca)seslightto7escatteredanda7sor7edrathe

rthantransmittedinstraight linesthro)gh

thesample1Thestandardmethodfordeterminationoft)r7idit(has7ee

n7asedontheLac+soncandlet)r7idimeter andNephlometer1

Ce"/%'/%r%/+er"s+"/#$%s+e%+er-

Chemicalcharacteristicsofwaterstatethepresenceofmetalstheirtreat

ment*thedeterminationofinorganicnon@

metallicconstit)entsandthedeterminationoforganicconstit)ents1He

regoesa7riefdescriptionofallthee8periments weha'e performed1

B"#'#3"/%'/%r%/+er"s+"/#$%s+e%+er-

ater4)alit(hasa+e(roleindecidingthea7)ndance*speciescomposit

ion*sta7ilit(*prod)cti'it(andph(siologicalconditionofindigeno)spop

)lationsofa4)aticcomm)nities1Theire8istenceisane8pressionofthe4

)alit(ofthewater1Biologicalmethods)sedfore'al)atingwater4)alit(i

ncl)dethecollection*co)ntingandidentiFcationofa4)aticorganisms1

Mostmicroorganisms+nowntomicro7iologistscan7efo)ndindomestic

wastewaterli+eBacteria*rotozoa*ir)ses*andAlgae1

lan+tons*eriph(ton*Macro@ph(ton*Macro@

in'erte7rates*#ish*Amphi7iansandA4)aticreptilesarethe7ioticgro)p

ofinterdependentorganism1astewatercontains'ast4)antitiesof7a

cteriaandotherorganisms1Aero7ic7acteria7rea+downorganicmatteri

nthepresenceofa'aila7leo8(gen1Anaero7ic7acteriadisintegrateorg

anicmatterwhichissh)to5fromfreeo8(gen*s)chasintheinteriorofamassoffecesoradead7od(1Theprod)ctsofanaero7icdecompositionha'

eane8tremel(na)seatingodor1 Matter

inwhichthisconditione8istsissaidto7eseptic1

Am)ltit)deofthe7acteriainwastewaterarecoliform7acteria/thosefo)

ndin thedigesti'etractofnormalh)mans1It

isthesecomparati'el(fewpathogenicorganismsthatposethegreatest

p)7lichealthhazard1astewaterwhichisnotproperl(treatedma(e'en


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t)all(Fnditswa(intoacomm)nit(water

so)rceandspreadwater7ornediseases


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<

CHAPTER2

M(NIT(RINGPR(T(C(LS


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:

,1. St)d(Area/

Achie'ementofasafeandhealthf)lwor+placeistheresponsi7ilit(ofano

rganization*thepeopleresidingintheplaceandthewor+erswhoaregi'e

nthechargetoprotecttheen'ironment1astedisposalandminimizatio

nandpoll)tionpre'entionsho)ld7ethepreferredapproach1Stringentp

enaltiesfor the improper disposal ofwastessho)ld7eadopted1

!o)r+elais one ofthe most signiFcantind)strialh)7sinthe state of

$rissa1IthasgotanintegratedSteellantan)m7erofspongeironind)str

ies*cementman)fact)ring)nit*chemicals*e8plosi'es*ceramicsanddi

stiller()nitsandlarge n)m7erof small andmedi)mind)stries1

NIT!o)r+elaisoneofthemostimportanted)cationalinstit)tesinthesta

te of$rissawhichhas alargen)m7erofpeopleresidinginitscamp)s*

an)m7erofla7oratoriesof'ario)sdepartments*residential)nits*acad

emic7loc+s andn)m7erof hostels forthest)dentsst)d(ing here1

Thefollowingisthelistofwor+placewhichisthemainso)rcesofpoll)tion

generating )nitin the st)d( area/

a3Homi Bha7haHall of !esidence NIT!o)r+ela*

73HallNit !o)r+ela

,1, SamplingTechni4)es/

astewatersamplesha'e7eencollectedincontaminationfreesamplin

g7ottlesof.---ml0T)rsonma+e3fromthe+itchene)entandthe7athroom wasteofHomiBha7haHallof!esidence1


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>

Rourke!

F"#. 2.1M!$o% NITRourke!


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.-

CHAPTER4

ANALYSISTECHNI5UES


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.

.

4.1METH(D(L(GYF(RMEASUREMENT(FH6ALUE7ELE

CTR(MERICMETH(DS

Thenegati'elogarithmofconcentrationofh(drogeniongi'esthepHofa

sample1pH'ariesfrom=@

:inwastewatersample*d)etoh(drol(sisofsaltsof7asesandacids1Car7

ondio8ide*H(drogenS)lphideandAmmoniawhicharedissol'eda5ect

pH'al)eofwater1pH'al)ema(7emorethan>inal+alinespringsandthe

pHma(7eore'enlessthanforacidicones1Ind)strialwastesdoa5ectt

hepHasitdependson7)5ercapacit(ofwater1pH'al)eofwatersamplei

nla7changes7eca)seofloss@ora7sorptionofgases*reactionswithsediments*chemicalreactionta+i

ngplacewithinthesample7ottle1ThereforepH'al)esho)ldprefera7l(7

edeterminedat

thetimeofcollectionofsample1pHcan7edeterminedelectrometricall(

orcalorimetricall(1Theelectrometricmethodismoreacc)rate7)tre4)i

resspecialapparat)s1Thecalorimetricmethodissimpleandre4)iresles

se8pensi'eapparat)s*andiss)cientl(acc)rateforgeneralwor+1

PRINCIPLE

ThepH'al)eisfo)nd7(meas)rementoftheelectromoti'eforcegenera

tedinacell1Itismade)pofanindicatorelectrodewhichisreacti'etoh(dr

ogenionss)chasaglasselectrode1henitisimmersedinthetestsol)tio

nthecontact7etweenreferenceelectrode0)s)all(merc)r(Jcalomelel

ectrode3*andthetestsol)tiontheelectromoti'eforceismeas)red1ApH

meter*thatis*ahighimpedance'oltmeterismar+edintermsofpH1arie

tiesofelectrodesha'e7eens)ggestedforthedeterminationofpH1Theh

(drogengaselectrodeistheprimar(standard1&lasselectrodeincoordi

nationwithcalomelelectrodeisgenerall()sedwithreferencepotential

pro'ided7(sat)ratedcalomelelectrode1Theglasselectrodes(stemis7

asedonthetheor(thatachange*of.pH)nitprod)cesanelectricalchang

eof>1.mat,OC1Themem7raneoftheglassformsapartition7etwee

ntwoli4)idsofdi5eringh(drogenionconcentrationth)sapotentialispr


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od)ced7etweenthetwosidesofthemem7ranewhichisproportionaltot

hedi5erence in pH7etweentheli4)ids1

The apparat)s)sedare/


24/62

.

,

• pHmeter@

ithglassandreferenceelectrode0sat)ratedcalomel3*prefera7l

(with temperat)re compensation1

• Thermometer @ ithleast Co)nt of-1OC1

PR(CEDURE-

Theinstr)mentisstandardizedafterre4)iredwarm@

tipperiod1A7)5ersol)tionofpHneartothatofthesampleis)sed1Theele

ctrodeischec+edagainstatleastoneadditional7)5erofdi5erentpH'al

)e1Thetemperat)reofthewaterisfo)ndandiftemperat)recompensati

onisa'aila7leintheinstr)mentsitisad6)sted1Theelectrodesarerinsedandgentl(wipedwithsol)tion1Ifnecessar(*theelectrodesareimmerse

dintothesample7ea+erorsamplestreamandstirredataconstantrateto

pro'idehomogeneit(ands)spensionofsolids1!ateofstirringisminimiz

edandtheairtransferrateattheair@waterinterfaceofthesampleis

noted1 ThesamplepHandtemperat)re is noted1

1, METH(D(L(GYF(RMEASUREMENT(FALKALINITY

Thesampleli4)idforanal(sissho)ld7eeitherfreefromt)r7idit(orsho)l

d7eallowed to settle 7efore anal(zing it1


• pHMeter

• B)rette @ -@ml capacit(1

• Magnetic Stirrer

Assem7l(The

reagents)sedare/

• Distilledater@pHm)st7egreaterthan=1-1IncasethepHfalls7elow=1-*itshall7e7oiledfor.min)tesandcooledtoroomtemperat)re1


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• S)lph)ricAcid@

1=mlofconcentrateds)lph)ricacidisdil)tedwithoneliterwithdis

tilledwater1

• StandardSol)tionof S)lph)ricAcid@ -1-,N1


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.

• henolphthaleinIndicator@

-1gofphenolphthaleinin.--mlismi8ed* ./. 0'J'3 alcohol

water mi8t)reis ta+en1

• Mi8edindicatorSol)tion@Dissol'e-1-,gmeth(lredand-1-.g7romocresolgreenin

.--ml*P* eth(lorisoprop(lalcohol1

PR(CEDURE-

,-mlofsampleispipettedintoa.--@

ml7ea+er1,todropsofphenolphthaleinindicatorisaddedtothesampl

eifthepHofthesampleisa7o'e:11ItisthentitratedwithstandardH,S$

sol)tiontillthepin+coloro7ser'ed7(indicator6)stdisappears0e4)i'ale

nceofpH:131The'ol)meofstandardH,S$sol)tion)sedisrecorded1,t

odropsofmi8edindicatorisp)ttothesol)tioninwhichthephenolphthal

einal+alinit(has7eendetermined1Thesol)tionistitratedwithstandard

acidtolightpin+color0e4)i'alenceofpH@


27/62

.

1 METH(D(L(GY F(R THE DETERMINATI(N(FTURBIDITY-

PRINCIPLE/ Theintensit(oflightscattered7(thesample)nderdeFnedconditionsis

comparedwiththeintensit(oflightscattered7(astandardreferences)

spension)nderthesameconditions*formsthe7asisofdeterminationof

t)r7idit(1

Highertheintensit(ofscatteredlightshigherthe'al)eoft)r7idit(1#orm

azinpol(merisgenerall()sedast)r7idit(standard7eca)seitismorere

prod)ci7lethanothert(pesofstandards)sedpre'io)sl(1Thet)r7idit(

ofapartic)larconcentration of#ormazins)spensionisdeFned as-Lac+sont)r7idit()nits1Thesames)spensionof#ormazinhasat)r7idi

t(ofappro8imatel(

-)nitswhenmeas)redonLac+soncandlet)r7idimeter1Th)st)r7idit()

nits7asedonthe#ormazinpreparationclosel(appro8imatethosederi'

edfromLac+soncandlet)r7idimeter7)titma( not alwa(s7eidentical

tothem1

The apparat)s)sedare/• SampleT)7es-

Thesamplet)7essho)ld7eofclearandcolorlessglass1

• T)r7idimeter

The reagents)sedare-

• T)r7idit(@#ree ater

• He8ameth(lene Tetramine Sol)tion

• H(drazine S)lphateSol)tion• T)r7idit(StandardS)spension I0 #ormazin3

• T)r7idit(StandardS)spensionII

PR(CEDURE- TU!BIDIMETE!CA"IB!ATI$N@

Theman)fact)rersoperatinginstr)ctionsisfollowed1Thestandardson

t)r7idimeterco'eringtherangeofinterestaremeas)red1Iftheinstr)me


28/62

ntisalread(cali7ratedinstandardt)r7idit( )nits* thisproced)re

willchec+the acc)rac( of cali7ration1


29/62

.

• T)r7idit(lessthanUnits@ Thesampleissha+entodispersethesolids1Air7)77lesdisappeargrad)all(1Sampleintot)r7idimetert)7eispo)redcaref)ll(andt)r7idit

('al)eisdirectl(readfromtheinstr)mentscale1

• T)r7idit(greaterthan-Units;Ift)r7idit('al)esaremorethan-)nits*thesampleisdil)tedwithcleardistilledwatertocompareand7ringthe'al)eswithinrange1Thereadingsareta+enofthedil)tedsample1Thenthet)r7idit(iscomp)tedoftheoriginalsamplefromthet)r7idit( of the dil)tedsample andthedil)tionfactor1

CALCULATI(N-Calc)latethet)r7idit( of dil)tedsamples*)sing thefollowing

e4)ation/T)r7idit( )nitsQ A80BRC3JC

here*

A Q

t)r7idit()nitsfo)ndindil)tedsample*BQ

'ol)mein ml ofdil)tion water )sed*and

C Q'ol)meof sample in mlta+en fordil)tion1

1 METH(D(L(GY F(R THE DETERMINATI(N(FACIDITY-

PRINCIPLE-Acidit(ofwateristhen)mericall(e8pressi7lecapacit(toreactwithastro

ng7asetoadesignatedpH1Itma(7edeFnedase4)i'alentconcentratio

nofh(drogenionsinmgJl1Thee4)ationinitssimplestformis asfollows/

HRR Na$HQ H,$RNaR


• pHMeter

• B)rette --@ml capacit(1


30/62

• Magnetic

StirringDe'iceThe

!eagents)sedare/


31/62

.

=

• Distilledater

• otassi)mAcid hthalate

• Sodi)mH(dro8ideSol)tion-.N1

S#d"udr#9"des#'u+"#n:

1N=


32/62

.

<

C%'/u'%+"#n:Acidit( in thesample iscalc)latedas

follows/Acidit( at

pH1


33/62

acidtoco)nteractatotalal+alinit( of.-mgasCaC$Jl

totheproper pHina.--ml sample1


34/62

.

:

a3 ,-mgs@diphen(lcar7azone* @$ml1concentrationnitric

acidand-mg8(lenec(anol##in.--ml>percenteth(lalcoholorisopr

op(lalcohol1Thesampleisstoredinadar+7ottleinarefrigerator1Thisrea

gentisnotsta7leindeFnitel(1Deterioration ca)ses a slowend

pointandhigh res)lts1

Standardmerc)ricnitratetitrant@

,1gmerc)ricnitrateHg0N$3,or,1gHg0N$31.,H,$isdissol'edin.

--mldistilledwatercontaining-1,mlconcentratednitricacid1Itisdil)t

edto6)stlessthan.liter1!eplicatesare)sedcontaining1-- ml

standardsodi)mchloridesol)tionand.-mgsodi)m7icar7onate0NaHC$3dil)tedto.--mlwithdistilledwater1Itisad6)stedto-1-..NandaF

nalstandardizationof.1--mlQ--gCl@ismade1It is storedawa(from

light in adar+ 7ottle1

Mi8edindicatorreagent@

-1-gdiphen(lcar7azonepowderand-1-g7romophenol7l)epowderi

sdissol'edinpercenteth(lorisoprop(lalcoholanddil)te

to.--mlwiththesame alcohol1-1..Nstandard merc)ricnitrate is )sedas titrant1

PR(CEDURE-

.--mlsampleista+ens)chthatthechloridecontentislessthan.-mg1.1

-mlindicatoracidiFerreagentsarep)t1pHisconformedtoa7o)t:forhig

hl(al+alineoracidwaters7eforeaddingindicator@acidiFerreagent1

-1..NMerc)ricNitrateistitratedwiththesol)tiontoadeFnitep)rpleen

dpoint1Thesol)tiont)rnsfromgreen7l)eto7l)eafewdrops7eforetheendpoint1

The7lan+isdetermined7(titrating.--mldistilledwatercontaining.-

mgof sodi)m7icar7onate1

her

e*

Chloride* mgJl Q0.;,3 8N 8-


35/62

.

>

.Q 'ol)me in ml ofsil'er nitrate )sed7(the sample*

,Q 'ol)me in ml ofsil'er nitrate )sedin the 7lan+

titration*Q 'ol)me in ml of sampleta+en fortitration

and

NQ normalit( ofsil'er nitrate sol)tion1

1= METH(D(L(GY F(R THE DETERMINATI(N(FRESIDUALCHL(RINE-

Itismeas)redasthechlorineleftinthewaterafterthere4)iredcontactpe

riodwhichwillens)recomplete+illingof7acteriaando8idationoftheorg

anic matter)s)all(

afreechlorineresid)eisconsideredto7es)cient1The

reagents)sedare

• $@ Tol)idine @ drops

PR(CEDURE-$@

Tol)idineisaddedtothesampleandmi8edthoro)ghl(1After.to,-min

)testhecolo)risde'eloped1Thecomparatorwasplacedtomatchthecol

o)rofthesample1The'ol)meofindicator)sedwasnoteddown1&eneral

l(theconcentration of resid)alchlorine m)st 7e.@,mgJl1

1


36/62

• E'aporatingDish

• Steam@Bath


37/62

,

-

• Dr(ing$'en

• Desiccator

• Anal(ticalBalance

PR(CEDURE-

.1 Thecleane'aporatingdishisheatedto.:-OCfor.ho)r1Itiscooled*desic

cated*weighed andstoredin desiccator)ntil itis read(1

,1 The'ol)meofthesampleisselectedwhichhasresid)e7etween,and,

-mg*prefera7l(7etween.>-and,--mg1This'ol)mema(7efo)ndo)

tfrom'al)esofspeciFccond)ctance1Ifameas)ra7leresid)ehasto7eo7taineds)ccessi'eali4)otsof sample can 7eaddedtothesampledish1

1 This'ol)meispipettedtoaweighede'aporatingdishplacedonasteam@

7ath1Adr(ingo'encan7e)sedtoperforme'aporation1Topre'entoiling

andsplatteringofthesamplethetemperat)resho)ld7eloweredtoaro)

nd>:OC1Thedishista+entoano'[email protected]*or.@

.:.OCanddriedtoconstantmass*aftercompletee'aporationofwaterfr

omtheresid)e1Itisdonetillthedi5erenceinthes)ccessi'eweighingislessthan

-1mg1Toeliminatenecessit(ofchec+ingforconstantmassdr(ingforal

ongd)ration0)s)all( . to,ho)rs3 isdone1The

timefordr(ingtoconstantmasswithagi'ent(peofsamplewhenan)m7

erofsamplesofnearl(same t(peare to7eanal(zed can 7e

determined7(trial1

1 Thedishisweighedassoonasithascooled1!esid)eisa'oidedtosta(forlongtimeassomeresid)esareh(groscopicandma(a7sor7waterfromd

esiccant whichma(not7ea7sol)tel(dr(1

CALCULATI(N@

Thetotalresid)eiscalc)lated)singthefollowinge4)ation/

Totalresid)e*mgJlQ .---8MJ


38/62

,

.

here*

M Q mass in

mgoftotalresid)e*and9

Q'ol)mein mlofthe sample1

1: METH(D(L(GYF(RMEASUREMENT(FD(-


• Inc)7ation7ottles

• D$ meter

• Airinc)7ator

PR(CEDURE-

ateris+eptininc)7atorandamagneticstirrerisp)tinsidethe7ottle1Th

emagneticstirrerisincessantl(rotatedinsidethe7ottle1Thenwiththeh

elpofD$meterreadingsarenoted1TheFrstreadingista+enatthe7otto

m* secondat mid@point and third

attopofthe7ottle1Th)sthea'erageof thereadingswillgi'ethe

dissol'edo8(gen present inthe watersample1

1> METH(D(L(GYF(RMEASUREMENT(FB(D-

PRINCIPLE-

The7iochemicalo8(gendemand0B$D3testis7asedmainl(ontheclassi

Fcationof7iologicalacti'it(ofas)7stance1Aproced)remeas)resthedi

ssol'edo8(gencons)med7(micro@

organismswhilecapa7leofta+ingando8idizingtheorganicmatter)nde

raero7icconditions1Thestandardtestconditionletsininc)7atingthesa

mpleinanairtight7ottle*in dar+ atare4)ired temperat)re for speciFc

time1



39/62

,

,

i3 Inc)7ationBottles/The7ottlehascapacit(of--ml1Ithasnarro

wnec+withe'enmo)thand

hasgro)ndglassstoppers1New7ottlesarecleanedwithNh(dr

ochloricacidors)lph)ricacidandrinsedwithdistilledwater1Inn

ormal)se*7ottlesonce)sedforin+lersproced)resho)ldonl(

7erinsedwithtapwaterfollowed7(distilledwater1D)ringinc)7

ationwaterisaddedtothearedmo)thofthe7ottletimetotime*

toens)repropersealing1

ii3 AirInc)7ator/Airinc)7ationwiththermostaticall(controlled,


40/62

,

1.-METH(D(L(GYF(RTHEDETERMINATI(N(FHAR

DNESS-

Pr"n/"'e-

Thismethodiscontingent)ponthepowerofeth(lenediaminetetraaceti

cacid 0C.-H.$:N,3

oritsdisodi)msalttoformsta7lecomple8eswithcalci)mandmagnesi)

mions1henthed(eeriochrome7lac+T0EBT3isaddedtoasol)tioncont

ainingcalci)mandmagnesi)mionsatpH.-1-awineredcomple8isform

ed1Thissol)tionistitratedwithstandardsol)tionofdisodi)msaltofEDTA

*whiche8tractscalci)mandmagnesi)mfromthed(ecomple8andthed

(eischanged7ac+toitsoriginal7l)ecolo)r1Eriochrome7lac+Tis)sedtoi

ndicatetheend@

pointforthetitrationofcalci)mandmagnesi)mtogether1


41/62

,

The reagents)sedare/

i. B)5er sol)tion0NHCl R NH$H3

ii1 Standardcalci)msol)tion

Eriochrome7lac+ .indicator sol)tion

Inhi7itors

H(dro8(lamine h(drochloridesol)tion

otassi)mferroc(anidecr(stals

Sodi)ms)lphideinhi7itor

Sodi)mc(anidesol)tion

StandardEDTAsol)tion

PR(CEDURE-

,1-mlofstandardcalci)msol)tionispipettedinaporcelain7asi

n1The'ol)meisad6)stedto-mlwithdistilledwater1.ml7)5ers

ol)tionis)sed1.to,dropsofindicatorisp)t1Aftercontin)o)sstirr

ing)ntilthereddishtingedisappears*itisnttitrated1#ewdropsof

sampleattosecond inter'al areadded1 At theend point the

colo)r is s+( 7l)e1

#ordrin+ing*s)rfaceandsalinewaters-

Anali4)otofwatersampleispipetted*inaporcelaindishor.-@

ml7ea+er1The'ol)meist)nedtoappro8imatel(-ml1.mlh(dro

8(lamineh(drochloride0NH$H1HCl3isaddedtothesol)tion1,m

lof7)5ersol)tionismi8edsoastoachie'epHof.-1-to.-1.1,mls

odi)mc(anideorsodi)ms)lphideinhi7itorsol)tionisp)tiftheen

dpointisntsharp1IfC)*?n*7*CoandNiarea7sentandif


42/62

,

thesamplecontainslessthan-1,mgof#eand-1-,mgofMntheadditio

nofNaCNorNa,Sma(7eomitted1,mlofEriochrome7lac+Tindicatorsol

)tionisaddedandtitratedwithstandardEDTAsol)tionstirringrapidl(int

he7eginning1Itisstirredslowl(towardstheendwhenallthetracesofred

andp)rplecolo)rdisappearandsol)tionisclears+(7l)e in colo)r1

#orwastewatersandhighl(poll)tedwaters-

Anali4)otofthesampleisdigestedwithmlofdistilledconc1HN$ina7e

a+eronahotplate1Itise'aporatedtoneardr(nesswhileens)ringthatth

esampledoesnot7oil1Digestionwithnitricacidisrepeatedtillthedigest

ateislightincolo)r1Itise'aporatedtoneardr(nessandcooled1"ittleamo

)ntof./.h(drochloricacid0ml3 isaddedand warmedon a steam@7ath todissol'e theresid)e1

Note.@#orwaterwith'er(lowhardness0lessthanmgJl3micro7)retteis

)sed1

Note,@

Samplesizema(7eselecteds)chthattheres)ltlies7etween,--to --

mgJlofhardness0asCaC$31

CALCULATI(N/ The hardnessiscalc)lated as follows/

Totalhardness0asCaC$3* mgJl Q.---.J,

here*

.Q ol)me in mlof the EDTAstandardsol)tion)sedin the

titration1,Q ol)me in mlof the sampleta+enforthetest1

1..METH(D(L(GY F(R THE DETERMINATI(N(FCARB(NATESANDBICARB(NATES-

7TITRIMETRICMETH(D


43/62

,=

PRINCIPLE-

otentiometricmethodis)sedtodothetitration1henolphthaleinis)se

dasanindicator1Thetotal$H @*C$@@*andHC$@

contentisFrstfo)ndo)t7(titrationwithstandardacid)singmeth(loran

geJ7romocresolgreenindicator1E4)alportionofthesampleistitrateda

gainstthesameacid)sing

phenolphthaleinJmetacresolp)rpleindicator1


i1 Electrometric Titrator

ii1 Titration essel

iii1 Magnetic Stirreri'1 ipettes*ol)metric

'1 #las+s* ol)metric

'i1 B)rettes*Borosilicate &lass

'ii1 ol(oleFn Bottles

The reagents)sedare/

•

Sodi)mCar7onateSol)tionVAppro8imatel( -1-N• StandardH(drochloric MidV-1.N

• StandardH(drochloricAcid V-1-,N

• Meth(l $rangeJBoromocresol&reen Indicator

• Metacresol)rpleIndicator Sol)tion

• henolphthalein Sol)tion

PR(CEDURE-

S%'eS";e

"argeamo)ntofcar7onateand7icar7onateconcentrationsarefo)ndin

wastewaterthereforeasinglesamplesizeandnormalit(oftitrantisdic

)lttospecif(1Ifal+alinit(islessthan.---mgasCaC$ Jl*,-mlof


44/62

,

<

sampleista+enandtitrated with-1-,NHCl1 Ifal+alinit(

ismorethan.---mg as CaC$Jl*ml of thesampleis titratedwith

-1.Nh(drochloric acid1The endpointma(7edetermined7(an( of the

following/

a3B(colo)r change* and

73otentiometricall(1

P#+en+"#e+r"/T"+r%+"#n

Distilledwateris)sedtorinsetheelectrodesandtitration'essel1Sample

pHismeas)red1Standardh(drochloricacidisaddedingrowthsof-1mlo

rless*sothatachangeoflessthan-1,pH)nitsocc)rperincrement1Magn

eticstirreris)sedtomi8thoro)ghl(andsteadil(1Splashingisa'oidedata

llcost1ThepHisrecordedafterreading7ecomesconstant1Thec)m)lati'

emillilitersoftitrantaddedarerecordedaftermi8t)reistitratedtopH:11

Thetotalamo)ntoftitrant)sedisrecorded1Astheendpoint7orders

onsmalleradditions ofal+aliare done1

CALCULATI(N-

henolphthaleinal+alinit(iscalc)lated7()singthe'ol)meofacid)sedf

orphenolphthaleinendpoint1Itcan7etitratedpotentiometricall(topH

:11Thetotalal+alinit(isfo)ndo)t7()singthe'ol)meofacid)sedfor7r

omocresolgreenendpointor titrated potentiometricall( topH11

her

e*

Al+alinit(0CaC$mgJl3 QA 8N8-Jmlof sample1

AQ ml of

standardacid1NQ

Normalit(ofacid1

Theres)ltso7tainedfromthephenolphthaleinandtotalal+alinit(deter

minationscan7e)sedtocalc)latethecar7onateand7icar7onateconce

ntrationsasCaC$1ThemethodspeciFestheentireal+alinit(to7icar7o

nate*car7onateandh(dro8ide1Itass)mesthea7senceofother0wea+3i

norganicororganicacids*s)chassilicic*phosphoricand7oric


45/62

,

:

acids1Sincethecalc)lationsaremadeonastoichiometric7asis*ionconc

entrations inthestrictestsensearenotrepresentedin the res)lts1

Sothe(ma(di5ersigniFcantl(fromact)alconcentrationsespeciall(at

pHgreater than.-1 According tothiso)tline

a3 Car7onate0C$@@3al+alinit(ispresentwhenphenolphthaleinal+alinit(is

not zero7)t is lessthantotalal+alinit(W

73 H(dro8ide0$H@3al+alinit(ispresentifphenolphthaleinal+alinit(ismore

thanhalf of the totalal+alinit(

c3 Bicar7onate0HC$@3al+alinit(ispresentifphenolphthaleinal+alinit(isl

essthanhalf of thetotalal+alinit(1

Theserelationshipsma(7ecalc)lated7(thefollowingschemewherei

sphenolphthaleinal+alinit(andT istotalal+alinit(1Thesmaller'al)eofor0T;

3ista+enintoacco)nt1Afterthatcar7onateal+alinit(e4)alstwicethes

maller'al)e1Ifthesmaller'al)eis*the7alance0T;

,3is7icar7onates'al)e1henthesmaller'al)eis0T;

3the7alance0,;T3ish(dro8ides'al)e1The res)ltsare

e8pressedasCaC$1


46/62

,

>

1.,METH(D(L(GYF(RTHEDETERMINATI(N(FMETALS-

PRINCIPLE-

TheAtomicA7sorptionSpectrometeris)sedtodeterminethecontentso

fmetalsinthewastewatersample1Theprincipleassociatedhereisalight

7eamisg)idedthro)ghtheameintoamonochromatorandthentoadet

ectorthatmeas)restheamo)ntoighta7sor7ed7(theatomizedeleme

ntintheame1#oreachmetalthereisonedistincta7sorptionwa'elengt

h*soaso)rcelampformedofthatelementis)sed1Thisma+esitfreefroms

pectralinterference1Theamo)ntofenerg(ofthecharacteristicwa'ele

ngtha7sor7edintheameisproportionaltotheconcentrationoftheele

mentinthesample1Theameemissionmethodprod)cesgoodres)lts

fordetermination of metals1

Thee5ectsofmetalsinwaterandwastewaterrangefrom7eneFcialthro

)ghtro)7lesometodangero)sl(to8ic1Someareessential7)tothersad'

ersel(a5ectwatercons)mers*wastewatertreatments(stemsandrece

i'ingwaters1#lameandelectro@

thermalmethodsaregenerall(applica7le at moderateconcentrationle'els1

.1 SamplingandSamplepreser'ation/Beforecollectingsamplefractio

nto7eanal(zedisdecided1Errorsintrod)cedd)ringsamplingandsto

rageista+encareof1The7estsamplingcontainersaremadeof4)artz

andT#E1

,1 Thesampleispreser'edimmediatel(afteracidif(ingwithconcentrat

ednitric acid11 Contaminatedmetalsfromcontainers*distilledwater*ormem7rane

Flters area'oidedintrod)ction1

1 #oranal(sisofmicrogram@per@literconcentrationsofmetals*air7ornecontaminantsintheformof'olatilecompo)nds*d)st*sootandaerosolspresent inla7orator( air7ecomesigniFcant1


47/62

Thepresencesofman(metalsweretested7(atomica7sorptionspectro

meter anal(sis1


48/62

-

The apparat)s)sedis/

AtomicA7sorptionSpectrometer made )pof

• "ightemitting so)rce1

• B)rner ;remi8t(pe*introd)cesspra(intocondensingcham7er1

• !eado)t ;The displa( )nit1

• "amps;HollowCathodet(pe1

• ress)re red)cing'al'es1

• ent1

PR(CEDURE-

Thesamplepreparationdependsonthemetalweneedtomeas)re1The

man)fact)rersoperationman)alisst)diedandtheinstr)ment

isoperated1Ahollowcathodelampforthere4)iredmetalisinstalled1The

slitwidthissetaspertheman)al1Theinstr)mentiswarmed)pto,-min)

testilltheenerg(so)rcesta7ilizes1Airist)rnedonandtheowrateisad6)

stedaspertheman)fact)rersspeciFcation1Theinstr)mentiscali7rate

d1di5erentconcentrationofstandardmetalsol)tionispreparedandth

e7lan+isanal(zed1Theinstr)mentiszeroed1Thestandardsol)tionsareanal(zedanda7sor7anceisrecorded1Acali7ratedc)r'eisprepared7(p

lottingonalineargraphpaper1A7sor7anceofstandard's1theconcentra

tionisplotted1Thenthesampleisanal(zedandtheconcentration of

eachmetal ion 0in microgramper liter3 iscalc)lated1


49/62

.

CHATE!

RESULTSANDDISCUSSI(NS


50/62

,

1. Ta7)lations/

Ta7le./atercons)mptionof'ario)sresidentialhallsofNI

T!o)r+ela

ame ofthe7all

Capacityoftan+=/itres> Totalwat

ersu lie

5trength

1&&& 1'&& 2&&& (&&&

55

&hatanagar

) 2* ) ) (*&&& 1(&

M

?is)eswaraya

) (2 ) ) +''&& (,(

@. &irla71R ) (- ) ) '-'&& '2,

.hirubhai0mba

ni71R

) +& ) ) ','&& '1+

M5

5waminathan7

) (- ) ) '''&& 2-,

7omi&haba71R ) 1& 1& +''&& '22

C? Raman71R ) 1+ ) ) 2&'&& 2+'

KiranMa2umd

ar71R

) +' ) ) *'&&& +&

?i+ram5arabh

ai71R

) 1* ) ) (&&& '


51/62

Ta7le,/atercons)mption7(residential4)artersofNI T!o)r+ela

Qu!r/erT0$e Nuer o% roo3

A 1,

B 22

C (&

D '

E +&

F 1&-

G 11*

FE /0$e F!/3 1-

B!45eorF!/3 2+

Tr!63"/F!/3 1-

D"re4/or73 1

A'eragewaters)ppliedQ.1 la+h gallonSo* totalwastewater generatedQ :-Pof S)ppliedater

Q -1:8.1la+h gallonQ .1,la+h gallon


52/62

The presenceof non@

metallicconstit)entsandthemetallicconstit)entsfrom the

wastewater samplewasdetermined1

.1 Determination ofacidit( content

S$U!CE C$NCENT!ATI$

NIN M

Bathroomwa

1=

2itchenwastewat

1

Tap water ,1

Distilledwat .

,1 Determination of chloridecontent

S$U!CE C$NCENT!ATI$

NIN M STANDA!

Bathroomwa

- @.--2itchenwa

stewat

..

Tap water 1

1 Determination of h of the sample

S$U!CE H STANDA!D

2itchenwaste


53/62

1 Determination of resid)alchlorine

S"N$ S$U!CE C$NC1 INM STANDA!D

. 2itchenwaste ,

. @, ppm, Bath room waste ,

Tap water .

, Determination of t)r7idit( of sample

S"N$ S$U!CE A"UE INNTU

. Bath room .

, 2itchenwaste ..=

Tap water .-

Ta7lefordetermination of al+alinit(

Here)tilizationofs)lph)ricacidis)sediszero1Th)sitindicatespresence

of 7icar7onate1

S$U!CE C$NC1

INSTANDA!

DC$N

2itchenwas


54/62

=

De+er"n%+"#n #$e+%'s*%+#"/%*s#r+"#nse/+r#e+r

.1 Totalironcontent

S"N$ S$U!CE C$NC1 INM&J"

. 2itchenwaste ,1:=

, Bathroom waste -1-,

Tap water -

,1 ?inccontent


. 2itchenwaste -1..

, Bathroom waste -1-:=

Tap water .1>

1 Copper content


. 2itchenwaste -1-.>

, Bathroom waste -1-

Tap water -1--<

1 otassi)mcontent


. 2itchenwaste ..1

, Bathroom waste >1,:

Tap water ,1>.


55/62

<

T%*u'%+"#n$#rs"/%' %nd/e"/%' /%r%/+er"s+"/s"nd"


56/62

:

T%*u'%+"#n$#rde+er"n%+"#n#$d":? .. PERMISSI

BLE6ALUE

Me+%'s

Ir#n03='

-1-.: ,1:. 1.. -

N"/&e'03='

-1-. -1-.. -1- - -1-,

Cr#"u03='

-1.. -1,., -1,, -1.. -1-

Le%d03='

-1.-. -1->. -1,=. -1-, -1-.

C%'/"u03='

1. .,1. .>1


57/62

>

CHATE!

DESIGN (FSE)AGETREATMENTPLANT


58/62

-

1. Designof SewageTreatment lant/

P'%n+ /%%/"+-

A'eragewaters)ppl(perda( Q,---litQ-1,mldXA'eragesewagegeneratedperda( Q :Pof s)ppliedwater

Q -1:X-1,Q-1=mld

Q=-+ldXX

A'eragesewagegeneratedper

ho)rQ=-J,Q.c)mJhrea+ factorQ

Design owcapacit(0ma8im)m3 Q.8Qc)mJhr

Xmld;Million literper da(XX+ld;2ilo"iter per da(

S";"n3 /%'/u'%+"#n $#r /#''e/+"#n "+-!etention

timere4)iredQhA'eragedesi

gn owQ .mJh

Capacit(of collection s)mpQ 8

.Q=-m

Ass)me li4)id depth QmArea re4)iredforcollectionpits Q=-JQ

.,m,"et itis acirc)lar tan+

rQ .1>m

ol)me of the pit pro'ide QYJ 8 88

Q=,1: m

Th)sAreaof the pit pro'ided Q.,1= m,

S";"n3 /%'/u'%+"#n #$ *%rs/reen-ea+ discharge Q

mJhA'eragedischargeQ

. mJh

A'erage'elocit( Za'erageowisnt allowedtoe8ceed -1:mJsec


59/62

A'eragespacing 7etween7ar

,-mmThe

'elocit(Q-1X=-Q.:mJhJ m,

Crosssectionalarea re4)ired Q owJ'elocit(

Q J.: Q,1 m,


60/62

.

"i4)iddepth re4)iredQ . m

elocit( thro)ghscreen at

thepea+owQ.1=mJsecCleararea Q,1J.1= Q.1

No1of clearspacingQ .1J-1-,Q=

idth of channel Q0= 8,-3R 0=


61/62

Q


62/62

,

ol)me ofsl)dgeQ00

thesis on sewage

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