thermodynamics chapter 15. part i measuring energy changes
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ThermodynamicsChapter 15
![Page 2: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Part IMeasuring Energy Changes
![Page 3: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Thermodynamic Terms System – Surroundings Thermodynamic State of System – noting
temperature, pressure, composition, and STATE of the system! (aq) (s) (l) (g)
State Function -
![Page 4: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
State Function - Change in energy of the system
![Page 5: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of thermodynamics – The
amount of energy in the universe is constant Law of Conservation of Energy – Energy can
neither be created nor destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes
Our challenge is to predict which reactions will proceed spontaneously or need a push and which reactions will release energy and which will absorb energy
![Page 6: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Enthalpy Changes Heat – form of energy that flows between
samples of matter due to a temperature difference
Enthalpy Change – the quantity of heat (enthalpy) transferred into or out of a system as it undergoes a chemical or physical change at constant pressure
![Page 7: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Enthalpy Changes (H) Enthalpy of a system depends on the KE and PE of
the system (internal energy) Affected by pressure and temperature and volume Heat cannot be measured directly, only enthalpy
changes: H = HFinal - HInitial
H = Hsubstances produced – H Substances Consumed
Exothermic H < 0 Endothermic H > 0
![Page 8: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Calorimetry The system is the reactants and products
(liquids and solids work the best) The surroundings is the calorimeter and the
water Assume pressure is constant, no gaseous
products.
![Page 9: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Calorimetry Energy is neither created
nor destroyed…so it must go somewhere when released.
Heat released from chemical reaction or cooling object is absorbed by water in the cup.
Q = m c T m c T = m c T
![Page 10: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Bomb Calorimetry Calorimetry – observing temperature
change when a system absorbs or releases energy.
Bigger devise with a bomb chamber inside a water reservoir, usually measuring combustion reactions.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohyA9amFfsc
![Page 11: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Calibrating the Calorimeter It is silly to think that no heat is lost to the
environment, and to the calorimeter It is necessary to calculate the specific heat
capacity of the calorimeter by delivering a known quantity of heat and measuring T
(H Rxn) = (H calorimeter) + (H solution)
![Page 12: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Calibrating the Calorimeter (EX1) Determining Heat Capacity of Calorimeter
6.850KJ of heat were added to a calorimeter with 100.g H2O. The temperature rises from 25.00oC to 37.54oC
Find Cp in J/oC
![Page 13: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Calorimetry after Calibration (EX 2) Determining associated H of reaction
25.00mL of 0.500M NaOH and 25.00mL of 0.600M CH3COOH, both substances start at 23.00oC and the reaction ends at a maximum temperature of 25.947oC. How much heat is lost from the reaction? What is the H/mole reaction?
![Page 14: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Part IIThermochemical Equations
Writing Equations and using H to calculate energy
![Page 15: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Thermochemical Equations A balanced chemical equation with a value
for H Interpret coefficients as # of moles, not # of
molecules, so fractional coefficients are ok When stoichiometric amounts react, it is
called one mole of reaction (mol rxn)
![Page 16: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Thermochemical EquationsC2H5OH (l)+ 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l) + 1367KJ
H = -1367KJ/mole rxn. The physical states are important to note
because physical changes involve heat changes.
![Page 17: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Thermochemical Equations (EX 3) H of formation for H2SO4(l) is
-814.0KJ/mole rxn. Write a thermochemical equation for which H rxn is -814.0kJ/mole
![Page 18: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Thermochemical Equations (EX 4) Find Hf/mole for the following reaction at
25oC and 1atm:
P4 (g)+ 6Cl2 (g) 4PCl3 (g)
![Page 19: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Thermochemical Equations (EX 5) Calculate the change in enthalpy (H) for
the reaction of 23.0g of CaO at 25oC and 1atm.
CaO (s) + H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 (s) H =-65.3kJ/mole
![Page 20: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Part IIIUsing Thermochemical Equations for Predicting Unknown Reactions
![Page 21: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hess’s Law The enthalpy change of a reaction is the
same whether it occurs by one step or any series of steps (state function)
Allows for calculation of H for difficult to measure reactions
![Page 22: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hess’s Law – (EX6)From the following enthalpies of reaction,
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g) H = 178.1
CaO(s) + H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 (s) H = -65.3
Ca(OH)2 (s) Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH1- (aq) H = -16.2
Calculate Hrxn for:
Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH1- (aq) + CO2 (g) CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l) H = ?
![Page 23: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Hess’s Law (EX7) Horxn = Ho
f products - Hof reactants
Calculate Horxn using Hof data for:
SF6 (g) + 3H2O(l) 6HF(g) + SO3(g)
![Page 24: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Hess’s Law (EX8) Can be used to calculate the heat of
formation if Horxn is known Calculate the heat of formation of Fe3O4 if
the thermite reaction has a Horxn of -3350kJ/mole
8Al (s) + 3Fe3O4(s) 4Al2O3 (s) + 9Fe(s)
![Page 25: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Hess’s Law – Bond Energies Bond Energy – the energy to break a
chemical bond or separate atoms in the gaseous phase
HCl (g) + 432kJ H (g) + Cl (g)
![Page 26: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Hess’s Law – Bond Energies Greater Bond Energy = Greater Bond
Stength (always + values) Bond energy is an approximation of bond
enthalpy Can use bond energies to estimate
thermodynamic values not readily available, but ONLY FOR GAS PHASE!
![Page 27: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Hess’s Law – Bond Energies (EX9)
Horxn = BE reactants - BE products Use known bond energy values to calculate
the heat of reaction for: CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl See page 610 for posted values
![Page 28: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Changes in internal energy (E) Internal energy is the sum of all the energy
in the system Kinetic energy of the particles + potential
energy of the bonds = total energy Cannot be measured directly, only changes
(just like enthalpy) E = E products – E reactants
![Page 29: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Changes in internal energy (E)E = q + w
W = -PV
PV = nRT
W = - nRT
if n = 0 , work is not done If n = +, work is –,
Work done by the system If n = -, work is +
Work done by the surroundings
![Page 30: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Changes in internal energy (E) CO (g) + H2O (g) H2 (g) + CO2 (g) 2 Moles 2 moles n = 0 Work = 0
![Page 31: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Changes in internal energy (E) Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) H2 (g) + ZnCl2 (aq) 0 Moles 1 moles n = + Work = -, done by system (system
expands)
![Page 32: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Changes in internal energy (E) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) 4 Moles 2 moles n = - Work = +, done by surroundings (system is
compressed by surroundings)
![Page 33: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Changes in internal energy (E) E = q + w
+ q = heat absorbed by system - q = heat released + w = work done on system (compression) - w = work done by system (expansion)
![Page 34: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
H & E H = E + PV H = q + w + PV Useful for physical changes involving
changes in volume w = -PV at constant pressure and temperature
H = q Works for reactions with no change in moles
![Page 35: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
H & E For other reactions where the number of
moles of gas changes, the correction factor cannot be ignored
H = E + PV PV = nRT H = E + nRT Better for chemical processes where there
is a change in moles of a gas
![Page 36: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
H & E In a bomb calorimeter, v is not allowed,
therefore no work can be done so H = E In the standard environment, V cannot be
ignored, work term cannot be ignored
![Page 37: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
H & E (EX10)
Calculate the E and work for the combustion of n-pentane at 25oC. H = -3523kJ/mole rxn.
![Page 38: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Part IVSpontaneity
![Page 39: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Spontaneity Spontaneous – occurs under specified
conditions without any continued outside influence
Implies that the products are thermodynamically more stable than the products
States nothing about the speed of the change
![Page 40: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Spontaneity vs Enthalpy Not all exothermic changes are
spontaneous Not all spontaneous changes are
exothermic EX. The melting of water is spontaneous at
temperatures over 0oC and is endothermic
![Page 41: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
2nd Law of thermodynamics The universe moves toward a state of
greater disorder Spontaneity is favored when heat is released
during a change Spontaneity is favored when the change creates
an increase in disorder
![Page 42: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Spontaneity (S) + S = Spontaneity is favored - S = Spontaneity is not favored (S)universe = (S)system + (S)surroundings
![Page 43: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Entropy Entropy – a measure of the disorder of the
system (S) Third Law of Thermodynamics – the
entropy of a pure crystalline substance is zero as it is perfectly ordered.
S (g) > S (l) > S (s)
![Page 44: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Entropy Calculations (EX11) Sorxn = So products - So reactants Calculate Sorxn at 25C: 2NO2 (g) N2O4 (g)
![Page 45: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Spontaneity
If S is negative, H is likely to be negative if the reaction is spontaneous.
![Page 46: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Part VFree Energy Change (G) and
Spontaneity
![Page 47: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Free Energy G relates heat change and entropy change
and indicates the spontaneity of the process, not the speed.
G (Gibbs Free Energy) – a measure of energy available to be used for work on the surroundings Affected by Temp, Pressure, and concentration
of reactants (specific conditions)
![Page 48: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Free Energy If G < 0, the reaction is spontaneous, the
system would be at a lower energy level after the reaction
If G = 0, the reaction is at equilibrium If G > 0, the reaction is not spontaneous,
the system will be at a higher energy level after the reaction.
![Page 49: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Free Energy Go = ΣnGo
product - ΣnGoreactant
G = H - TS Go = Ho - TSo
![Page 50: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Free Energy (EX12) Is the oxidation of Magnesium spontaneous
at 25oC?
![Page 51: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Free Energy (EX13) Use thermodynamic data to estimate the
normal b.p. of water.
H2O (l) H2O (g)
![Page 52: Thermodynamics Chapter 15. Part I Measuring Energy Changes](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062309/5697bffc1a28abf838cc1ad4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
SummaryH S G
Forward reaction spontaneous at all temperature
- + -
Forward reaction non spontaneous at all temperature
+ - +
Forward reaction spontaneous at low temperature
- - ?
Forward reaction spontaneous at high temperature
+ + ?