THERMODYNAMICSTHERMODYNAMICS

IntroductionIntroduction The word is come from GreekThe word is come from Greek

Thermo – HeatThermo – Heat

Dynamics - powerDynamics - power

Thermodynamics systemsThermodynamics systems

SystemSystem Boundary,Boundary, SurroundingsSurroundings

System,Boundary, SurroundingsSystem,Boundary, Surroundings

SystemSystem -A thermodynamics system is defined a -A thermodynamics system is defined a

definite space or area on which the studydefinite space or area on which the study

of Energy Transfer and Energy conversionsof Energy Transfer and Energy conversions

is madeis made

BoundaryBoundary –The system and surrounding are –The system and surrounding are

separated by boundary. It may be fixedseparated by boundary. It may be fixed

or movable or imaginary.It will notor movable or imaginary.It will not

occupy any volume or mass in space occupy any volume or mass in space

SurroundingsSurroundings - - Anything outside the system whichAnything outside the system which affects the behaviour of the system isaffects the behaviour of the system is known as surroundingsknown as surroundings

Control volumeControl volume – A specified large number thermal – A specified large number thermal device has mass flow in and out ofdevice has mass flow in and out of a system called as control volumea system called as control volume

Control surfaceControl surface – Both mass and Energy can cross – Both mass and Energy can cross the boundary of a control volumethe boundary of a control volume which is called control surfacewhich is called control surface

Open,Closed,Isolated SystemsOpen,Closed,Isolated Systems

Classification of thermodynamics systemsClassification of thermodynamics systems

open, closed, Isolated systemsopen, closed, Isolated systems

Open systemOpen system - One in which Both Energy and - One in which Both Energy and                                                 mass cross the boundaries of themass cross the boundaries of the                                                system. system. Closed systemClosed system - One in which mass does not - One in which mass does not                                                   cross boundaries of the cross boundaries of the                                                   system, though energy may system, though energy may                                                   do so. do so. Isolated systemIsolated system - one in which neither mass nor - one in which neither mass nor                                                      energy crosses the boundariesenergy crosses the boundaries                                                      of the system.of the system.

Thermodynamics propertyThermodynamics propertyPropertyProperty - It is defined as any measurable or observable - It is defined as any measurable or observable                               characteristics of the substance when the system characteristics of the substance when the system                               remains in equilibrium state.(ie) pressure, temp, remains in equilibrium state.(ie) pressure, temp,                               density, volume, Energy, specific volumedensity, volume, Energy, specific volume  Intensive propertyIntensive property - One whose value does not depend on the - One whose value does not depend on the                                                            mass of the system, like mass of the system, like                                                             temperature,pressure,density, temperature,pressure,density,                                                             specific volume, etc.specific volume, etc.                                                                (or)  These properties are Independent on (or)  These properties are Independent on                                                               the mass of the system, these properties the mass of the system, these properties                                                               remain same remain same                                                 Extensive propertyExtensive property - One whose value depends on the mass of - One whose value depends on the mass of                                                              the system, like volume, total Energy, etcthe system, like volume, total Energy, etc

Control volume, control surface, Control volume, control surface, universe,Tempuniverse,Temp

Control volumeControl volume - A specified large number thermal device has - A specified large number thermal device has                                                    mass flow in and out of a system called as mass flow in and out of a system called as                                                   Control volume.Control volume.  Control surfaceControl surface - Both mass and energy can cross the - Both mass and energy can cross the                                                       boundaryboundary of a control volume which is  of a control volume which is                                                       called control surfacecalled control surface  UniverseUniverse – A system and surrounding together comprise a – A system and surrounding together comprise a                                     universeuniverse  TemperatureTemperature - It is defined as a measure of velocity of fluid - It is defined as a measure of velocity of fluid                                             particles. It is A property which is used to particles. It is A property which is used to                                             determine the degree of hotness or coldness ordetermine the degree of hotness or coldness or                                            the level of heat intensity of a bodythe level of heat intensity of a body

TEMPERATURE

Adiabatic systemAdiabatic systemAdiabatic systemAdiabatic system - An adiabatic system is one - An adiabatic system is one which is thermally insulatedwhich is thermally insulated from its surroundings.It can from its surroundings.It can ever,exchange work with itsever,exchange work with its surroundings.If it does not, it surroundings.If it does not, it becomes an isolated systembecomes an isolated system  PhasePhase – A phase is a quantity of matter which is – A phase is a quantity of matter which is homogeneous throughout in chemicalhomogeneous throughout in chemical composition and physical structure.composition and physical structure.

PHASE CHANGES

Homogeneous,Heterogeneous Homogeneous,Heterogeneous systemssystems

Homogeneous systemHomogeneous system - A system which consists of a single - A system which consists of a single                                                                      phase is termed as homogeneousphase is termed as homogeneous                                                                      system (i.e.) mixture of air and watersystem (i.e.) mixture of air and water                                                                      vapour, water plus nitric acid.vapour, water plus nitric acid.    Heterogeneous systemHeterogeneous system - A system which consists of two or - A system which consists of two or                                                                                 more phases is called a  more phases is called a                                                                                  heterogeneous system (ie) heterogeneous system (ie)                                                                                 water plus steam, ice plusewater plus steam, ice pluse                                                                                water,water plus oil.water,water plus oil.

Thermodynamics EquilibriumThermodynamics Equilibrium

Thermal EquilibriumThermal Equilibrium - The temperature of the system does not - The temperature of the system does not                                                                  change with time and has same value at allchange with time and has same value at all                                                                  points of the system.points of the system.  Mechanical EquilibriumMechanical Equilibrium - There are no unbalanced forces within - There are no unbalanced forces within                                                                          the system or between the surroundings.the system or between the surroundings.                                                                          The pressure in the system is same at allThe pressure in the system is same at all                                                                          points and does not change with respectpoints and does not change with respect                                                                          to time.to time.  Chemical EquilibriumChemical Equilibrium - No chemical reaction takes place in the - No chemical reaction takes place in the                                                                    system and the chemical composition system and the chemical composition                                                                   which is same throughout the system doeswhich is same throughout the system does                                                                    not vary with time.not vary with time.

•   The following three types of equilibrium states must be achieved isThe following three types of equilibrium states must be achieved is called thermodynamics equilibrium.called thermodynamics equilibrium.

Zeroth law of Zeroth law of ThermodynamicsThermodynamics

• When a body 'A' is in thermal equilibrium When a body 'A' is in thermal equilibrium with a body 'B' and also separately with a with a body 'B' and also separately with a body 'C' , then B and C will be in thermal body 'C' , then B and C will be in thermal wquilibrium with each other.wquilibrium with each other.

          This is known as the Zeroth law of This is known as the Zeroth law of thermodynamics. It is the basis of thermodynamics. It is the basis of temperature measurement.temperature measurement.

First Law of Thermodynamics

The first The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle to heat and thermodynamic process

SPECIFIC HEAT

INTERNAL ENERGY

Heat Engine Cycle

Pressure-volume workPressure-volume work

Sign conventions in thermodynamicsSign conventions in thermodynamics

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

ABSORPTIONABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMREFRIGERATION SYSTEM

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Bomb CalorimeterBomb Calorimeter