thermo 5th chap07 p184

7-135

7-184 The validity of the Clausius inequality is to be demonstrated using a reversible and an irreversible heat engine operating between the same temperature limits. Analysis Consider two heat engines, one reversible and one irreversible, both operating between a high-temperature reservoir at TH and a low-temperature reservoir at TL. Both heat engines receive the same amount of heat, QH. The reversible heat engine rejects heat in the amount of QL, and the irreversible one in the amount of QL, irrev = QL + Qdiff, where Qdiff is a positive quantity since the irreversible heat engine produces less work. Noting that QH and QL are transferred at constant temperatures of TH and TL, respectively, the cyclic integral of δQ/T for the reversible and irreversible heat engine cycles become

011

rev=−=−=−=

∫∫∫∫∫L

L

H

HL

LH

HL

L

H

H

TQ

TQ

QT

QTT

QTQ

TQ

δδδδδ

since (QH/TH) = (QL/TL) for reversible cycles. Also,

0diffdiffirrev,

irrev<−=−−=−=

∫LLL

L

H

H

L

L

H

H

TQ

TQ

TQ

TQ

TQ

TQ

TQδ

since Qdiff is a positive quantity. Thus, 0≤

∫ T

Qδ .

Rev HE

QL ·

QH

Wnet, rev ·

·

QL, irrev ·

Irrev HE

QH

Wnet, irrev

·

TH

TL

7-185 The inner and outer surfaces of a window glass are maintained at specified temperatures. The amount of heat transfer through the glass and the amount of entropy generation within the glass in 5 h are to be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the glass remain constant at the specified values. 2 Thermal properties of the glass are constant. Analysis The amount of heat transfer over a period of 5 h is

Glass kJ 57,600=×=∆= )s 36005)(kJ/s 3.2(cond tQQ &

We take the glass to be the system, which is a closed system. Under steady conditions, the rate form of the entropy balance for the glass simplifies to

{

W/K0.287=→=+−

=+−

=∆=+−

glassgen,wallgen,

glassgen,outb,

out

inb,

in

entropy of change of Rate

0system

generation entropy of Rate

gen

mass andheat by ansferentropy trnet of Rate

outin

0K 276W 3200

K 283W 3200

0

0

SS

STQ

TQ

SSSS

&&

&&&

43421&&

43421&&

10°C 3°C

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

7-136

7-186 Two rigid tanks that contain water at different states are connected by a valve. The valve is opened and steam flows from tank A to tank B until the pressure in tank A drops to a specified value. Tank B loses heat to the surroundings. The final temperature in each tank and the entropy generated during this process are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Tank A is insulated, and thus heat transfer is negligible. 2 The water that remains in tank A undergoes a reversible adiabatic process. 3 The thermal energy stored in the tanks themselves is negligible. 4 The system is stationary and thus kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 5 There are no work interactions. Analysis (a) The steam in tank A undergoes a reversible, adiabatic process, and thus s2 = s1. From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6),

( )( )( )( )

( )( )

( ) ( )( )( )( )

KkJ/kg 7.7100kJ/kg 2731.4

/kgm 1.1989

C250kPa 200

kJ/kg 2125.9kJ/kg 1982.17895.011.561/kgm 0.47850001073.060582.07895.0001073.0

7895.03200.5

6717.18717.5

mixture sat.

kPa 300

KkJ/kg 5.87171191.58.07765.1kJ/kg 2163.39.19488.022.604

/kgm 0.37015001084.046242.08.0001084.0

8.0kPa 400

,1

,1

3,1

1

1

,2,2

3,2,2

,2,2

kPa 300@sat,2

12

1

1,1

1,1

31,1

1

1

⋅===

°==

=+=+==−+=+=

=−

=−

=

°==

==

⋅=+=+==+=+=

=−+=+=

==

B

B

B

fgAfA

fgAfA

fg

fAA

A

fgfA

fgfA

fgfA

su

TP

uxuux

sss

x

TT

ssP

sxssuxuu

x

xP

v

vvv

vvv

:BTank

: ATank

C133.52

600 kJ

×B

m = 3 kg steam

T = 250°C P = 200 kPa

A V = 0.2 m3

steam P = 400 kPa

x = 0.8

The initial and the final masses in tank A are

and

kg 0.4180/kgm 0.47850

m 0.2

kg 0.5403/kgm 0.37015

m 0.2

3

3

,2,2

3

3

,1,1

===

===

A

AA

A

AA

m

m

v

V

v

V

Thus, 0.5403 - 0.4180 = 0.1223 kg of mass flows into tank B. Then, kg 3.12231223.031223.0,1,2 =+=+= BB mm

The final specific volume of steam in tank B is determined from

( ) ( )( )

/kgm 1.1519kg 3.1223

/kgm 1.1989kg 3 33

,2

11

,2,2 ====

B

B

B

BB m

mm

vVv

We take the entire contents of both tanks as the system, which is a closed system. The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as

( ) ( )BA

BA

umumumumQWUUUQ

EEE

11221122out

out

energies etc. potential, kinetic, internal,in Change

system

mass and work,heat,by nsferenergy traNet

outin

0)=PE=KE (since )()(−+−=−

=∆+∆=∆=−

∆=−4342143421


7-137

Substituting,

( )( ) ( )( ){ } ( ) ( )( ){ }

kJ/kg 2522.04.273131223.33.21635403.09.2125418.0600

,2

,2

=−+−=−

B

B

uu

Thus,

KkJ/kg 7.2274kJ/kg 2522.0

/kgm 1.1519

,2

,2

,2

3,2

⋅=°=

=

=

B

B

B

B

sT

u

v C113.2

(b) The total entropy generation during this process is determined by applying the entropy balance on an extended system that includes both tanks and their immediate surroundings so that the boundary temperature of the extended system is the temperature of the surroundings at all times. It gives

{

BAgensurrb,

out

entropyin Change

system

generationEntropy

gen

mass andheat by ansferentropy trNet

outin

SSSTQ

SSSS

∆+∆=+−

∆=+−4342143421

Rearranging and substituting, the total entropy generated during this process is determined to be

( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )( ){ } ( )( ) ( )( ){ } kJ/K 0.916=

+−+−=

+−+−=+∆+∆=

K 273kJ 600

7100.732274.71223.38717.55403.08717.5418.0

surrb,

out11221122

surrb,

outgen T

Qsmsmsmsm

TQ

SSS BABA

7-187 Heat is transferred steadily to boiling water in a pan through its bottom. The rate of entropy generation within the bottom plate is to be determined. Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the pan remain constant at the specified values. Analysis We take the bottom of the pan to be the system, which is a closed system. Under steady conditions, the rate form of the entropy balance for this system can be expressed as

{

W/K0.00351=→=+−

=+−

=∆=+−

systemgen,systemgen,

systemgen,outb,

out

inb,

in


0system


gen


outin

0K 377W 500

K 378W 500

0

0

SS

STQ

TQ

SSSS

&&

&&&

43421&&

43421&&

500 W

104°C

105°C

Discussion Note that there is a small temperature drop across the bottom of the pan, and thus a small amount of entropy generation.


7-138

7-188 An electric resistance heater is immersed in water. The time it will take for the electric heater to raise the water temperature to a specified temperature and the entropy generated during this process are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance with constant specific heats. 2 The energy stored in the container itself and the heater is negligible. 3 Heat loss from the container is negligible. Properties The specific heat of water at room temperature is c = 4.18 kJ/kg·°C (Table A-3). Analysis Taking the water in the container as the system, which is a closed system, the energy balance can be expressed as

water12ine,

waterine,


system


outin

)(

)(

TTmctW

UW

EEE

−=∆

∆=

∆=−

&

4342143421

Heater

Water 40 kg

Substituting, (1200 J/s)∆t = (40 kg)(4180 J/kg·°C)(50 - 20)°C Solving for ∆t gives ∆t = 4180 s = 69.7 min = 1.16 h Again we take the water in the tank to be the system. Noting that no heat or mass crosses the boundaries of this system and the energy and entropy contents of the heater are negligible, the entropy balance for it can be expressed as

{

watergen

entropyin Change

system

generationEntropy

gen


outin

0 SS

SSSS

∆=+

∆=+−4342143421

Therefore, the entropy generated during this process is

( )( ) kJ/K 16.3=⋅==∆=K 293K 323

ln KkJ/kg 4.18kg 40ln1

2watergen T

TmcSS

7-189 A hot water pipe at a specified temperature is losing heat to the surrounding air at a specified rate. The rate of entropy generation in the surrounding air due to this heat transfer are to be determined. Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist. Analysis We take the air in the vicinity of the pipe (excluding the pipe) as our system, which is a closed system.. The system extends from the outer surface of the pipe to a distance at which the temperature drops to the surroundings temperature. In steady operation, the rate form of the entropy balance for this system can be expressed as

{

W/K 1.68=→=+−

=+−

=∆=+−


systemgen,outb,

out

inb,

in


0system


gen


outin

0K 278W 2200

K 353W 2200

0

0

SS

STQ

TQ

SSSS

&&

&&&

43421&&

43421&&

80°C

Q Air, 5°C


7-139

7-190 The feedwater of a steam power plant is preheated using steam extracted from the turbine. The ratio of the mass flow rates of the extracted steam to the feedwater and entropy generation per unit mass of feedwater are to be determined. Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Heat loss from the device to the surroundings is negligible. Properties The properties of steam and feedwater are (Tables A-4 through A-6)

KkJ/kg 2.0417kJ/kg 719.08

C170C10

MPa 2.5

KkJ/kg 0.7038kJ/kg 209.34

C50MPa 2.5

C179.88KkJ/kg 2.1381

kJ/kg 762.51

liquid sat.MPa 1

KkJ/kg 6.6956kJ/kg 2828.3

C200MPa 1

C170@4

C170@4

24

4

C50@3

C50@3

3

3

2

MPa 1@2

MPa 1@22

1

1

1

1

⋅=≅=≅

≅−=

=

⋅=≅=≅

°==

°=⋅==

==

=

⋅==

°==

o

o

o

o

oof

f

f

f

f

f

sshh

TT

P

sshh

TP

Tss

hhP

sh

TP

Analysis (a) We take the heat exchanger as the system, which is a control volume. The mass and energy balances for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as follows:

2.5 MPa

Feedwater

1 MPa 200°C

Steam from turbine

4

3

2

1

sat. liquid

Mass balance (for each fluid stream):

fws mmmmmmmmmmm &&&&&&&&&&& ====→=→=∆=− 4321outin(steady) 0

systemoutin and 0

Energy balance (for the heat exchanger):

0)peke (since

0

44223311

outin

energies etc. potential, kinetic, internal,in change of Rate

(steady) 0system

mass and work,heat,by nsferenergy tranet of Rate

outin

≅∆≅∆==+=+

=

=∆=−

WQhmhmhmhm

EE

EEE

&&&&&&

&&

44 344 21&

43421&&

Combining the two, ( ) ( )4312 hhmhhm fws −=− &&

Dividing by and substituting, &mfw( )( ) 0.247=

−−

=−−

=kJ/kg 762.512828.3kJ/kg 209.34719.08

21

34

hhhh

mm

fw

s

&

&

(b) The total entropy change (or entropy generation) during this process per unit mass of feedwater can be determined from an entropy balance expressed in the rate form as

{

0)()(

0

0

gen4321

gen44332211


0system


gen


outin

=+−+−

=+−+−

=∆=+−

Sssmssm

Ssmsmsmsm

SSSS

fws&&&

&&&&&

43421&&

43421&&

( ) ( ) ( )( ) (

feedwater of kgper

7038.00417.26956.61381.2247.03412gen

kJ/K 213.0=

−+−=−+−= ssssmm

mS

fw

s

fw &

&

&

&)


7-140

7-191 EES Problem 7-190 is reconsidered. The effect of the state of the steam at the inlet to the feedwater heater is to be investigated. The entropy of the extraction steam is assumed to be constant at the value for 1 MPa, 200°C, and the extraction steam pressure is to be varied from 1 MPa to 100 kPa. Both the ratio of the mass flow rates of the extracted steam and the feedwater heater and the total entropy change for this process per unit mass of the feedwater are to be plotted as functions of the extraction pressure. Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the results are tabulated and plotted below. "Knowns:" WorkFluid$ = 'Steam_iapws' "P[3] = 1000 [kPa]" "place {} around P[3] and T[3] eqations to solve the table" T[3] = 200 [C] P[4] = P[3] x[4]=0 T[4]=temperature(WorkFluid$,P=P[4],x=x[4]) P[1] = 2500 [kPa] T[1] = 50 [C] P[2] = 2500 [kPa] T[2] = T[4] - 10"[C]" "Since we don't know the mass flow rates and we want to determine the ratio of mass flow rate of the extracted steam and the feedwater, we can assume the mass flow rate of the feedwater is 1 kg/s without loss of generality. We write the conservation of energy." "Conservation of mass for the steam extracted from the turbine: " m_dot_steam[3]= m_dot_steam[4] "Conservation of mass for the condensate flowing through the feedwater heater:" m_dot_fw[1] = 1 m_dot_fw[2]= m_dot_fw[1] "Conservation of Energy - SSSF energy balance for the feedwater heater -- neglecting the change in potential energy, no heat transfer, no work:" h[3]=enthalpy(WorkFluid$,P=P[3],T=T[3]) "To solve the table, place {} around s[3] and remove them from the 2nd and 3rd equations" s[3]=entropy(WorkFluid$,P=P[3],T=T[3]) {s[3] =6.693 [kJ/kg-K] "This s[3] is for the initial T[3], P[3]" T[3]=temperature(WorkFluid$,P=P[3],s=s[3]) "Use this equation for T[3] only when s[3] is given."} h[4]=enthalpy(WorkFluid$,P=P[4],x=x[4]) s[4]=entropy(WorkFluid$,P=P[4],x=x[4]) h[1]=enthalpy(WorkFluid$,P=P[1],T=T[1]) s[1]=entropy(WorkFluid$,P=P[1],T=T[1]) h[2]=enthalpy(WorkFluid$,P=P[2],T=T[2]) s[2]=entropy(WorkFluid$,P=P[2],T=T[2]) "For the feedwater heater:" E_dot_in = E_dot_out E_dot_in = m_dot_steam[3]*h[3] +m_dot_fw[1]*h[1] E_dot_out= m_dot_steam[4]*h[4] + m_dot_fw[2]*h[2] m_ratio = m_dot_steam[3]/ m_dot_fw[1] "Second Law analysis:" S_dot_in - S_dot_out + S_dot_gen = DELTAS_dot_sys DELTAS_dot_sys = 0 "[KW/K]" "steady-flow result" S_dot_in = m_dot_steam[3]*s[3] +m_dot_fw[1]*s[1] S_dot_out= m_dot_steam[4]*s[4] + m_dot_fw[2]*s[2] S_gen_PerUnitMassFWH = S_dot_gen/m_dot_fw[1]"[kJ/kg_fw-K]"


7-141

mratio Sgen,PerUnitMass

[kJ/kg-K] P3

[kPa] 0.2109 0.1811 732 0.2148 0.185 760 0.219 0.189 790 0.223 0.1929 820 0.227 0.1968 850

0.2309 0.2005 880 0.2347 0.2042 910 0.2385 0.2078 940 0.2422 0.2114 970 0.2459 0.2149 1000

0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25

0.18

0.19

0.2

0.21

0.22

mratioSgen,PerUnitMassFWH

[kJ/kgfw

-K]

P3 = 732 kPa

P3 = 1000 kPa

For P3 < 732 kPa

Sgen < 0


7-142

7-192E A rigid tank initially contains saturated R-134a vapor. The tank is connected to a supply line, and is charged until the tank contains saturated liquid at a specified pressure. The mass of R-134a that entered the tank, the heat transfer with the surroundings at 110°F, and the entropy generated during this process are to be determined. Assumptions 1 This is an unsteady process since the conditions within the device are changing during the process, but it can be analyzed as a uniform-flow process since the state of fluid at the inlet remains constant. 2 Kinetic and potential energies are negligible. 3 There are no work interactions involved. 4 The direction of heat transfer is to the tank (will be verified). Properties The properties of R-134a are (Tables A-11 through A-13)

RBtu/lbm 0.07934Btu/lbm 38.17

F80psia 140


/lbmft 0.01360

liquid sat.psia 120


/lbmft 0.47760

vapor sat.psia 100

F80@

F80@

psia 120@2

psia 120@2

3psia 120@2

2

psia 100@1

psia 100@1

3psia 100@1

1

⋅=≅=≅

°==

⋅======

=

⋅======

=

°

°

fi

fi

i

i

f

f

f

g

g

g

sshh

TP

ssuu

P

ssuu

P

vv

vv

110°F

Q

R-134a

R-134a 3 ft3

140 psia 80°F

Analysis (a) We take the tank as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. Noting that the energies of flowing and nonflowing fluids are represented by enthalpy h and internal energy u, respectively, the mass and energy balances for this uniform-flow system can be expressed as Mass balance: 12systemoutin mmmmmm i −=→∆=−

Energy balance:

)0peke (since 1122in


system


outin

≅≅≅−=+

∆=−

WumumhmQ

EEE

ii

4342143421

The initial and the final masses in the tank are

lbm 220.55/lbmft 0.01360

ft 3 lbm 28.6/lbmft 0.4776

ft 33

3

223

3

11 ======

vV

vV mm

Then from the mass balance, lbm 214.3=−=−= 28.655.22012 mmmi (b) The heat transfer during this process is determined from the energy balance to be

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) Btu 312=−+−=−+−=

Btu/lbm 104.99lbm 6.28Btu/lbm 41.49lbm 220.55Btu/lbm 38.17lbm 214.31122in umumhmQ ii

(c) The entropy generated during this process is determined by applying the entropy balance on an extended system that includes the tank and its immediate surroundings so that the boundary temperature of the extended system is the temperature of the surroundings at all times. The entropy balance for it can be expressed as

{ 1122tankgen

inb,

in

entropyin Change

system

generationEntropy

gen


outin smsmSSsmTQ

SSSS ii −=∆=++→∆=+−4342143421

Therefore, the total entropy generated during this process is

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) Btu/R 0.0169=−−+−=

−−+−=

R 570Btu 312

2198.028.608589.055.22007934.03.214

)(inb,

in1122gen T

QsmsmsmS ii


7-143

7-193 It is to be shown that for thermal energy reservoirs, the entropy change relation ∆ reduces to as .

)/ln( 12 TTmcS =∆S Q T= / T T2 1 →

Analysis Consider a thermal energy reservoir of mass m, specific heat c, and initial temperature T1. Now heat, in the amount of Q, is transferred to this reservoir. The first law and the entropy change relations for this reservoir can be written as

and

( )

( )12

12

1

2

1212

/lnln

TTTT

QTT

mcS

TTQ

mcTTmcQ

−==∆

−=→−=

Thermal energy reservoir

m, c, T

Q

Taking the limit as T2 → T1 by applying the L'Hospital's rule,

∆S QT Q

T= =

11

1

1

/

which is the desired result. 7-194 The inner and outer glasses of a double pane window are at specified temperatures. The rates of entropy transfer through both sides of the window and the rate of entropy generation within the window are to be determined. Assumptions Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the glass remain constant at the specified values. Analysis The entropy flows associated with heat transfer through the left and right glasses are

W/K 0.394

W/K 0.378

===

===

K 279W 110

K 291W 110

right

rightright

left

leftleft

TQ

S

TQ

S

&&

&&

We take the double pane window as the system, which is a closed system. In steady operation, the rate form of the entropy balance for this system can be expressed as

{

W/K 0.016=→=+−

=+−

=∆=+−


systemgen,outb,

out

inb,

in


0system


gen


outin

0K 279W 110

K 291W 110

0

0

SS

STQ

TQ

SSSS

&&

&&&

43421&&

43421&&

Air

Q ·18°C 6°C


7-144

7-195 A well-insulated room is heated by a steam radiator, and the warm air is distributed by a fan. The average temperature in the room after 30 min, the entropy changes of steam and air, and the entropy generated during this process are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 The air pressure in the room remains constant and thus the air expands as it is heated, and some warm air escapes. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K for air at room temperature (Table A-2). Analysis We first take the radiator as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as

)(0)=PE=KE (since )(

21out

12out


system


outin

uumQWuumUQ

EEE

−==−=∆=−

∆=−4342143421

10°C 4 m × 4 m × 5 m

Steam radiator

Using data from the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6), some properties are determined to be

( )kJ/kg.K 0562.6

kJ/kg 2088.2

,3028.1

,40.417/kgm 1.6941,001043.0

kPa 100

kJ/kg.K 5081.7kJ/kg 2654.6

/kgm 1.0805

C200kPa 200

3

12

2

1

1

31

1

1

=

=

=

===

==

===

°==

fg

fg

f

f

gf

s

u

s

uP

su

TP

vv

vv

v

kg 0.01388/kgm 1.0805

m 0.015

kJ/kg.K 1642.50562.60.63763028.1

kJ/kg 1748.72088.20.6376417.40

6376.0001043.06941.1001043.00805.1

3

3

1

1

22

22

22

===

=×+=+=

=×+=+=

=−−

=−

=

v

V

v

vv

m

sxss

uxuu

x

fgf

fgf

fg

f

Substituting, Qout = (0.01388 kg)( 2654.6 - 1748.7)kJ/kg = 12.6 kJ The volume and the mass of the air in the room are V = 4×4×5 = 80 m³ and

( )

( )kg 98.5

K 283)K/kgmkPa 0.2870()m 80(kPa 100

3

3

1

11air =

⋅⋅==

RTP

mV

The amount of fan work done in 30 min is

kJ216s) 60kJ/s)(30 120.0(infan,infan, =×=∆= tWW &

We now take the air in the room as the system. The energy balance for this closed system is expressed as

)( 12infan,in

outb,infan,in

systemoutin

TTmcHWQUWWQ

EEE

p −≅∆=+

∆=−+

∆=−


7-145

since the boundary work and ∆U combine into ∆H for a constant pressure expansion or compression process. Substituting, (12.6 kJ) + (216 kJ) = (98.5 kg)(1.005 kJ/kg°C)(T2 - 10)°C which yields T2 = 12.3°C Therefore, the air temperature in the room rises from 10°C to 12.3°C in 30 min. (b) The entropy change of the steam is ( ) ( )( ) kJ/K 0.0325−=⋅−=−=∆ KkJ/kg7.50815.1642kg 0.0138812steam ssmS

(c) Noting that air expands at constant pressure, the entropy change of the air in the room is

( )( ) kJ/K 0.8013=⋅=−=∆K 283K 285.3

ln KkJ/kg 1.005kg 98.5lnln0

1

2

1

2air P

PmR

TT

mcS p

(d) We take the air in the room (including the steam radiator) as our system, which is a closed system. Noting that no heat or mass crosses the boundaries of this system, the entropy balance for it can be expressed as

{

airsteamgen

entropyin Change

system

generationEntropy

gen


outin

0 SSS

SSSS

∆+∆=+

∆=+−4342143421

Substituting, the entropy generated during this process is determined to be kJ/K 0.7688=+−=∆+∆= 8013.00325.0airsteamgen SSS


7-146

7-196 The heating of a passive solar house at night is to be assisted by solar heated water. The length of time that the electric heating system would run that night and the amount of entropy generated that night are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance with constant specific heats. 2 The energy stored in the glass containers themselves is negligible relative to the energy stored in water. 3 The house is maintained at 22°C at all times. Properties The density and specific heat of water at room temperature are ρ = 1 kg/L and c = 4.18 kJ/kg·°C (Table A-3). Analysis The total mass of water is ( )( ) kg 1000L 2050kg/L 1 =×== Vρwm

Taking the contents of the house, including the water as our system, the energy balance relation can be written as

water12

water

airwateroutine,


system


outin

)()(

)()(

TTmcU

UUUQW

EEE

−=∆=

∆+∆=∆=−

∆=−4342143421

80°C water

50,000 kJ/h

22°C

or,

water12outine, )]([ TTmcQtW −=−∆&

Substituting, (15 kJ/s)∆t - (50,000 kJ/h)(10 h) = (1000 kg)(4.18 kJ/kg·°C)(22 - 80)°C

It gives ∆t = 17,170 s = 4.77 h We take the house as the system, which is a closed system. The entropy generated during this process is determined by applying the entropy balance on an extended system that includes the house and its immediate surroundings so that the boundary temperature of the extended system is the temperature of the surroundings at all times. The entropy balance for the extended system can be expressed as

{

water0

airwatergenoutb,

out

entropyin Change

system

generationEntropy

gen


outin

SSSSTQ

SSSS

∆=∆+∆=+−

∆=+−4342143421

since the state of air in the house remains unchanged. Then the entropy generated during the 10-h period that night is

( )( )

kJ/K 1061=+−=

+⋅=

+

=+∆=

1811750K 276

kJ 500,000K 353K 295

lnKkJ/kg 4.18kg 1000

lnsurr

out

water1

2

outb,

outwatergen T

QTT

mcTQ

SS


7-147

7-197E A steel container that is filled with hot water is allowed to cool to the ambient temperature. The total entropy generated during this process is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Both the water and the steel tank are incompressible substances with constant specific heats at room temperature. 2 The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 3 Specific heat of iron can be used for steel. 4 There are no work interactions involved. Properties The specific heats of water and the iron at room temperature are cp, water = 1.00 Btu/lbm.°F and Cp, iron = 0.107 Btu/lbm.°C. The density of water at room temperature is 62.1 lbm/ft³ (Table A-3E). Analysis The mass of the water is

lbm 931.5)ft 15)(lbm/ft 62.1( 33water === Vm Vρ

We take the steel container and the water in it as the system, which is a closed system. The energy balance on the system can be expressed as

water12container12

watercontainerout


system


outin

)]([)]([ TTmcTTmcUUUQ

EEE

−+−=∆+∆=∆=−

∆=−4342143421

Q 70°F

Steel

WATER 120°F

Substituting, the heat loss to the surrounding air is determined to be

Btu 46,976F)70120)(FBtu/lbm 1.00)(lbm 931.5(F)70120)(FBtu/lbm 0.107)(lbm 75(

)]([)]([ water21container21out

=°−°⋅+°−⋅=

−+−=o

TTmcTTmcQ

We again take the container and the water In it as the system. The entropy generated during this process is determined by applying the entropy balance on an extended system that includes the container and its immediate surroundings so that the boundary temperature of the extended system is the temperature of the surrounding air at all times. The entropy balance for the extended system can be expressed as

{

watercontainergenoutb,

out

entropyin Change

system

generationEntropy

gen


outin

SSSTQ

SSSS

∆+∆=+−

∆=+−4342143421

where

( )( )

( )( ) RBtu 83.98R 580R 530

lnRBtu/lbm 1.00lbm 931.5ln

RBtu 0.72R 580R 530

lnRBtu/lbm 0.107lbm 75ln

1

2avgwater

1

2avgcontainer

/

/

−=⋅==∆

−=⋅==∆

TT

mcS

TT

mcS

Therefore, the total entropy generated during this process is

Btu/R 3.93=+

+−−=+∆+∆=R 46070

Btu 46,97698.8372.0outb,

outwatercontainergen T

QSSS


thermo 5th chap07 p184

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constant specific heats

work interactions involved

total entropy generated

mass flow rates

energy stored

entropy generated