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THERAPY & TREATMENT

Part 1

Goals of therapy

Undertaking diagnosis

Understanding _________ (cause and origins of problem)

Making a prognosis (the course the problem will take with or without treatment)

Devising a treatment—hopefully one based on _________ _________

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Assessing treatment effectiveness

Do therapies work? Research investigates the following: Do therapies lead to improvement beyond _________

_________ ?

Do therapies lead to improvement beyond _________ effects?

There’s nothing wrong with placebo effects

e.g. Effectiveness for depression

Therapies _________ placebo effects

Psychological interventions are doing as well as drug interventions

In fact, _________ therapy and meds can be _________ effective for some disorders (like depression)

Hollon et al. (2002) Meta-analysis

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“What works for whom”: Roth and Fonagy’s (2005) systematic review of Psychotherapy for the British Government Department of Health

Therapy’s effect on the brain

Furmark et al. (2002): Does therapy affect or change brain activity?

PET scans after 9-weeks of _________ treatment or _________ to treat social phobia

Participants gave speeches while being scanned—with an audience of six to eight people surrounding the scanner!

Changes in brain activity are assessed compared to participants in a wait-list control group

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Psychotherapy Drug therapy

Therapy’s effect on the brain

Therapy group did simulated exposures and cognitive restructuring

_________ brain activity in _________ is evident

Psychodynamic therapies

These therapies assume that a patient’s problems have been caused by the psychological tension between _________ impulses and life constraints

Etiology: unconscious _________

Prognosis: symptoms (of some sort) will remain until conflicts are resolved

Treatment: the “_________ _________ ”

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Based on Freudian psychoanalysis

How might one determine the contents of the unconscious?

Free _________ : letting the mind wander freely

One important goal is _________ —a release of emotion and releasing of repressed memories

Resistance: where free association stops _________ _________ : interpreting

manifest and latent content

Psychodynamic therapies

Contemporary features Emphasis on _________ moments, and emotions Focus on interpersonal conflict (in _________ ) and past

experiences

Drawbacks or considerations Psychoanalysis takes a _________ time Requires a verbally fluent and highly motivated client

to remain in therapy It’s typically expensive

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Cognitive therapies

Attempts to change maladaptive behaviors and feelings by changing the way people _________ about significant life experiences

Etiology: problems in what and how people think

Prognosis: symptoms (of some sort) will remain until thought processes are resolved

Treatment: changing _________ _________

Cognitive _________ : people learn to change negative self-statements into constructive coping statements

Cognitive therapy tactics

Challenge _________

Homework used to acquire and evaluate _________ for alternative _________

Reattributing blame to _________ factors

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Humanistic therapies

Etiology: problems occur from not achieving _________ _________

Treatment: work toward self-_________ (remember Maslow’s hierarchy); helping client realize their full potential

Humanistic therapies

Carl Rogers: ______________ therapy; promoting healthy psychological growth

What a humanistic therapist can do: Recognize, _________ , and clarify client’s feelings

Unconditional _________ _________ —nonjudgmental respect for client

Nondirective; doesn’t interpret, instruct, or give answers

http://youtu.be/hV2om9YBADI

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Biomedical therapies

Etiology: problems occur from abnormalities in brain chemistry/ _________

Treatment: therapies (like drugs) aim to restore _________ functioning

e.g., Major depressive disorder has been associated with reduced levels of serotonin and norepinephrine

Biomedical therapies

Antipsychotics reduce _________ activity

Antidepressants increase serotoninand norepinephrine

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Biomedical therapies

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Weak electric current is applied to a patient’s scalp briefly until a convulsion/seizure occurs—typically 45-60 seconds

Treatment is very quick and effective. Typically used for _________ depression that is _________ to all other treatment

There is _________ solid theory of why it works Side effects: temporary disorientation, cognitive deficits,

_________ problems for a week or two

Do therapies work?

_________ But we want research to confirm the efficacy of particular treatments for particular disorders

Clinicians should be using ____________ therapies and treatments