theory of solids proposed topics. i) fermi ii) the bands. metals …assaad/tfk_ss… ·  ·...

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Theory of solids I. Proposed Topics. I) Fermi statistics, second quantization and Sommerfeld theory of metals. II) The Lattice. Bands. Metals and insulators. III) ElectronElectron correlations. IV) Magnetism. Itinerant and localized. V) Electronphonon interaction.

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Page 1: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Theory of solids I.  

Proposed Topics.

I)

Fermi statistics, second quantization  and Sommerfeld

theory of metals.

II)

The Lattice.  Bands. Metals and insulators.  

III)

Electron‐Electron correlations.

IV)

Magnetism.  Itinerant and  localized. 

V)

Electron‐phonon  interaction. 

Page 2: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Let

be the Hilbert space of a single particle.

For the electron:    

The    N‐particle Hilbert space is then given by:

Theory of solids I.  Summary sheets.

Spin and statistics.

The wave function of identical fermions (bosons) is totally   antisymmetric

(symmetric). 

Let            be the wave function of N identical bosons or fermions  and        

an operator which interchanges particle i and j.  Then  

with

I) Second quantization.

Slater determinants. (Totally antisymmetric

states for  identical fermions) 

Page 3: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Let               be a basis of          :     

is a basis of            .   That is:

Slater determinant.

P is a permutation of N objects.                 is the sign of the permutation.  

Page 4: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Notes / Comments. 

a)

To uniquely define the phase of a Slater determinant, and ordering  of  single particle 

eigenstates

has to be adopted.  For example: 

(   Important since the state                                   

differs from the state

)

b)

The Slater dets

build a basis of the physical Hilbert space of N identical particles. 

Page 5: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

c)   Real space representation of Slater determinant.    

Note:

Position and spin

Page 6: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

c) Expectation value of operators between Slater determinants.

Let.        One part. Op.  Two part. Op. 

Note that:

Page 7: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Example:

For two particles 

Exchange Interaction. 

Page 8: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

The occupation number space. 

Let                                                define a  physical state  with           particles  in the single

particle state     .  We will again assume an ordering of the single particle states.  (According

to energy for example) 

The states                                            build a basis of the Fock

space.  

For fermions:   For Bosons:  

Page 9: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Fermionic

creation and annihilation operators.

Let          (     )   denote fermionic

creation ( annihilation)  operators.  These operators are 

defined through   the anticommutation

relations. 

The vacuum state           is defined by: 

With the above definitions: 

Properties.

a)  Two fermions cannot be in the same sate since  

Page 10: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

b)

c) The particle number operator. 

d) 

Page 11: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Operators in the  occupation number representation.

The first quantized operators A act on the space of Salter determinants.

The second 

operators        act on the occupation number states.

Let                                    and                      

be two Slater determinants. The second 

quantized form of  the operator A is defined by:    

To  give an explicit form of the second quantized operator  it is convenient to introduce 

field operators:

The field operator creates a particle at position x since:

Page 12: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Let  the first quantized form of a Hamiltonian in real space read:

Then: 

For:

Page 13: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

II) Sommerfeld

theory of Metals.   (Fermi liquid fix‐point.)

One‐particle states: 

Spinor:

Periodic boundary conditions in a box of linear length L yields 

the quantization

and 

Page 14: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Field operators:

Commutation rules:

Hamiltonian in second quantized form:

Page 15: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Ground state wave function. 

The locus of  momenta

with                            defines   the Fermi surface.  

1d:  two points                        2d:  a circle3d:  the surface of a sphere

Ground state energy. 

Density of states:

Page 16: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Particle Number:

Thus:

Hence and as required by thermodynamics                      is a homogeneous function, 

and 

Page 17: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Thermodynamics:

Density matrix in grand canonical ensemble: (Mixed state)  

Partition function. 

Particle number operator. 

Inverse temperature. 

Chemical potential. 

Expectation value of an observable: 

Properties for free electrons:

Fermi‐function. 

Page 18: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Thermal smearing  occurs on the scale  

Chemical potential: 

Electrons at energies             below the  chemical potential are frozen out ! 

The Fermi Function. 

Page 19: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Specific heat.

Using the Sommerfeld

expansion: 

One will show that the specific heat is given by: 

Each electron acquires a thermal energy     

# of particles which  acquire this energy (Fermi  statistics)   is 

Page 20: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Pauli spin susceptibility.

First quantized form of Hamiltonian: 

are the  Pauli spin matrices and:  

Second quantized form: 

Page 21: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Magnetic field in z‐direction: 

Induced magnetization of the electron gas:

With the Sommerfeld

expansion:

Page 22: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects
Page 23: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects
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Page 25: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

II)   The Lattice.

Electrons are subject to a periodic  potential.  Let   

denote the unit cells of   the crystal structure. 

are the lattice vectors. 

For N‐ions per unit cell of net charge         and located at the positions         with respect to 

the ionic potential reads:    

Hence                                                       is invariant under translations 

Crystal momentum conservation and Bloch theorem. 

Page 26: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

The translation Operator.

Def:

Properties. Unitary.

Abelian

group.

For

Transformation of position operator

Transformation of momentum  operator

Symmetry.

Eigenvectors of           can be chosen  to be also  eigenvectors of 

Page 27: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Bloch

Since:                                                          

,

Let  and  

Then:

Reciprocal Lattice.

Bloch, rewritten

The crystal momentum can be restricted to the Brillouin

zone 

(Wigner Seitz cell of the reciprocal lattice.)  

Page 28: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Example of Brillouin

zone: Triangular lattice.

Real space. Brillouin

Zone.

Wigner Seitz cell of the 

reciprocal lattice. 

Construction of the Wigner‐Seitz cell.

Page 29: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Bloch states.

Real space representation.

Extended states.

Field operators.

Second quantized Hamiltonian

Quantization of crystal momentum follows from boundary condition.

Page 30: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Wannier

Functions.

Let          be the number of unit cells  and let us assume periodic boundary  conditions.  Then      

Wannier

state. 

Bloch       DelocalizedWannier Localized. 

Completeness:

Real space representation.

Runs over all unit cells.

Page 31: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Note.  The Wannier states are  not uniquely defined. Let    U  be a unitary transformationwhich rotates the band index. Then,    

equally defines a  Wannier

state. 

Field Operators.

Fermionic

commutation rules. 

Page 32: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Second quantized Hamiltonian (tight binding) 

Hopping matrix element between Wannier

states centered around R and R’

.

Page 33: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Example.

One dimensional chain. 

BZ.  

Direct lattice.

Reciprocal lattice. 

Periodic Boundary. 

For 

Bloch.

Page 34: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

III)  Electron‐electron correlations. 

a)

Coulomb repulsion in second quantization. 

General form. Hubbard model. Gellium. 

a)

Kubo  Linear response.  Zero temperature, Finite temperature.Response to an eternal potential.     

c)

The dielectric constant.Screening, Plasmons, Friedel

oscillations. 

d)

Lifetime of a quasi‐particle

e)

Landau theory of Fermi liquids. 

Page 35: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

III a

Coulomb repulsion in second quantization. 

with

Bloch representation. 

Laue function.

Crystal momentum conservation up to reciprocal lattice vector

Field operators:

Page 36: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Crystal momentum conservation. 

Question: for 

a)  Is the Fermi surface  stable against  correlation effects ?b)  Are aspects of the  Sommerfeld

theory of metals still applicable? 

For example  1D Fermi liquid is unstable  to so called  Luttinger liquid  (Possible theme for  Seminar.).

Page 37: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Simplifications:

a)  Narrow bands:  (i.e. Wannier

wave functions have little overlap) 

Single Band:

Strong screening:

Spin‐s particle number count in Wannier

state centered at R.  

Hubbard model.

Page 38: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

MetalHalf-filling: Insulator. Charge scale U

Charge is localized spin is still active.

••••

t ••••

Hubbard and Heisenberg models (Possible theme for Seminar.)

,,, ,

ˆ ˆ ˆ jii j

cH t c σσσ

+

< >− ∑= , , , ,ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ( 1/ 2)( 1/ 2)i i i i

i

U c c c c+ +↑ ↑ ↓ ↓− −∑+

U

••••

••

UStrong coupling: U/t >>1, Half-filling.

•••• tU

tJ2

~t Magnetic scale:

,i j

i jJH •

< >∑= S S Heisenberg model.

Page 39: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

The Mott Insulator. Half-band filling (2D square lattice)

Charge.

Quasiparticle gap > 0

F.F. Assaad M. Imada JPSJ 95. (Auxiliary field QMC)

1Ns

Spin.

Long-range antiferromagnetic order.Gapless spin excitations: Spin waves.

1Ns

Page 40: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

The Mott Insulator. Half-band filling (2D square lattice)

F.F. Assaad M. Imada JPSJ 95. (Auxiliary field QMC)

Spin.

Long-range antiferromagnetic order.Gapless spin excitations: Spin waves.

1Ns

Spin excitations are present below the charge gap  (1.3 t) 

Page 41: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

μ

Mott insulator/Quantum Magnet

U/W

Bandwidth

controlled

(2D)

The metal insulator transition and correlated states in the vicinity of the Mott insulator.

Metal

Sn/Si(111): A half-filled Hubbard model on a triangular lattice. P1.

2D Organics. (Kagawa et al. Nature 05)

Doping induced (2D) high‐temperature superconductivity. 

Page 42: Theory of solids Proposed Topics. I) Fermi II) The Bands. Metals …assaad/TFK_SS… ·  · 2010-05-26Metals and insulators. III) Electron‐Electron correlations. IV) ... Are aspects

Opposite limit.

Nearly free electrons  Gellium. 

The  lattice of ions is replaced by a homogeneous  background of

charge density   

with

Plane wave representation. Field operators:

and