theory of planned behaviour and physical activity
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Theory of Planned Behaviour and Physical Activity. EPHE 348. Origins. Attitudes were a major focus in psychology during the 1930s Evidence was often not supportive of attitude-behaviour relations. Problems with earlier research. Aggregate assessment - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Theory of Planned BehaviourTheory of Planned Behaviourand Physical Activityand Physical Activity
EPHE 348EPHE 348
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OriginsOrigins
• Attitudes were a major focus in psychology during the 1930s
• Evidence was often not supportive of attitude-behaviour relations
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Problems with earlier researchProblems with earlier research
• Aggregate assessment
• Specificity (action, context, time-frame, target)
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Theory of Reasoned ActionTheory of Reasoned Action
• Fishbein & Ajzen (1975) postulated a theoretical model for understanding behaviour centered around the attitude construct
• Remains the most influential attitude model 30 years later
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TRATRA
• Attitudes – overall evaluation of a behaviour
• Subjective norm – overall perceived expectation to perform the behaviour from others
• Intention – summary motivation to enact the behavior
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TRA PrinciplesTRA Principles
• Attitude and subjective norm influence behaviour through intention
• Importance of attitude and subjective norm can differ by behavior or target group
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But what makes up an attitude?But what makes up an attitude?
• Attitudes are a function of underlying beliefs about the behavior– Weighted Expectancy x Value
• Norms are a function of normative beliefs (norm x value of referent)
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Theory of Planned BehaviourTheory of Planned Behaviour
• Due to the popularity and demonstrated importance of self-efficacy, the TRA was extended to include a control construct
• Perceived behavioural control – ability of the individual to carry out the behaviour (skills, opportunity, resources)
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Perceived Behavioural ControlPerceived Behavioural Control
• Also an E x V construct:– Belief of capability to overcome an obstacle x
the probability that the obstacle will occur
• Ajzen (1991) argues that PBC influences intention and, to the extent that it represents real control, behaviour directly
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Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985)Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985)
AttitudeAttitude
Subjective NormSubjective Norm IntentionIntention BehaviorBehavior
Perceived Perceived behavioral controlbehavioral control
Figure 14.1
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What causes the beliefs?What causes the beliefs?
• Ajzen and Fishbein leave this open but include personal and observational experience, personality, demographics, environment, culture among others…
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TPB and PATPB and PA
• Over 100 studies with various populations
• Intention related to PA large effect size
• Attitude and PBC are related to PA with a medium to large effect size and related to intention with a large effect size
• Subjective norm related to behaviour and intention with a small effect size
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PA BeliefsPA Beliefs
• Most important behavioural beliefs:– Stress relief, takes too much time, fun thing to do
• Most important behavioural value:– Health, physical appearance/weight control
• Most important normative beliefs and values: – friends, family, spouse/romantic partner
• Most important control beliefs and values– Time– Fatigue
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Multi-Component TPBMulti-Component TPB
• Attitude, subjective norm, and PBC are multi-faceted:
– Attitude = affect, instrumental
– Subjective norm = injunctive, descriptive
– PBC = skills, opportunity, resources
• Rhodes, R.E., Blanchard, C.M. & Matheson, D.H. (2006). A multi-component model of the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 119-137.
• Rhodes, R.E. & Courneya, K.S. (2003). Investigating multiple components of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived control: An examination of the theory of planned behavior in the exercise domain. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 129-146.
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Intention behavior relationsIntention behavior relations
• Intention-behavior asymmetry is from intenders not acting and not from nonintenders acting
• The more one intends to exercise, the more likely one is to fail at achieving one’s intentions (>3 becomes very problematic)
• Rhodes, R.E., Courneya, K.S. & Jones, L.W. (2003). Translating exercise intentions into behaviour: Personality and social cognitive correlates. Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 449-460.
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Temporal Profiles of Exercise Behavior Motivation
ACTION PLANNING ACTION CONTROL
Non -I n ten ders
Un successfu lI n ten ders
Successfu lI n ten ders
AFFECTIVE EVALUATIONS
CONTROL EVALUATIONS
INSTRUMENTAL EVALUATIONS
SOCIAL NORMATIVE EVALUATIONS
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TPB in interventionTPB in intervention
• Few studies have focused on TPB-based intervention
• Basic premise is that behaviour can be changed three ways:– Increase or decrease a belief– Create a belief– Increase or decrease a value
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Belief TestsBelief Tests
• Chatzisarantis & Hagger (2005)
• Study of Adolescents and modal vs non beliefs showed differences in intention via attitude
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Properties of Physical Activity Properties of Physical Activity AttitudeAttitude
Physical Activity
Affective
Instrumental
Boring
Unpleasant
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Attitude TestsAttitude Tests
• Conner & Rhodes (2008)
• Undergraduate samples given either completely affective message or completely instrumental message
• Examined effect on attitudes, intention, and behaviour (2 weeks later)
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0
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Time 1 Time 2
Control
Affective
Cognitive
Effect on Behaviour
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Attitude TestsAttitude Tests
• Parrott et al. (2008)
• Persuasive Messages sent to Undergraduates (3 week follow-up)
• Focused on Instrumental followed by Affective Attitude compared to no message
• RESULTS – Dependent on baseline status.
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Making an Enemy an AllyMaking an Enemy an Ally
• Can the reinforcing and distracting properties of video games be used to facilitate exercise?
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UVIC/UBC Gamebike StudyUVIC/UBC Gamebike Study
• 27 sedentary young men randomly assigned to a stationary bike or video game bike
• Advised to attend 30 min sessions 3xweek
• 6 weeks
• Measured on fitness and psychological variables
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Physiological Effects Physiological Effects (Warburton et al., 2007)(Warburton et al., 2007)
Experimental Condition
TRADITIONAL VIDEO
Ma
xim
al A
ero
bic
Po
we
r (m
L. k
g-1
. min
-1)
0
20
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PREPOST
**
Fitness results were better in the video game condition
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Why? AttendanceWhy? Attendance
Training Week
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Wee
kly
Att
end
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Traditional Video *
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GamebikeFitnessAttendance
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What is going on with Attendance?What is going on with Attendance?
• Participants report lower exertion in the videobike condition than controls despite higher power output (Sarkany et al., 2006)
• Participants report greater affective attitude (i.e., enjoyment) in the videobike condition (Rhodes et al., in press)
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Time 1 Time 2
Aff
ecti
ve A
ttit
ud
e
Videobike
Standard Bike
**
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MechanismMechanism
GamebikeAffectiveAttitude Attendance Fitness