theories of reality presentation for tuesday, january 4, 2011 prof. borrowdale
TRANSCRIPT
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Theories of RealityTheories of Reality
Presentation for
Tuesday, January 4, 2011
Prof. Borrowdale
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Week OneWeek One
Log into Moodle by THURSDAY 11:55pm or you may be dropped
Pick up the text: Theories of Reality, 5th Edition
Edit your profile in MoodleRead the syllabusRead the “What is Truth?” HandoutRead Ch. 1
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Course RequirementsCourse Requirements
First Midterm Exam 30%Second Midterm Exam 35%Final Exam 35%
Multiple choice T/FTaken in testing lab over a week (4 days
for the Final)
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What is Truth?What is Truth?
See Handout in Moodle and Whiteboard Notes
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The History of PhilosophyThe Natural PhilosophersThe History of PhilosophyThe Natural Philosophers
Before Philosophy• Mythos - Religion• Ethnos - CultureNatural Philosophers/Pre-Socratics• First "Scientists”• Sought rational explanations for
the workings of nature
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Mythos(Religious Explanation)
Mythos(Religious Explanation)
Why do the seasons change?
The Myth of Persephone
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Persephone Kidnapped by Hades
Persephone Kidnapped by Hades
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Persephone Kidnapped (Bernini)Persephone Kidnapped (Bernini)
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Persephone KidnappedGreek Vase Painting
Persephone KidnappedGreek Vase Painting
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Persephone Kidnapped by Hades (Greek Relief Sculpture)
Persephone Kidnapped by Hades (Greek Relief Sculpture)
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Hades Makes His GetawayHades Makes His Getaway
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The Persephone MythThe Persephone Myth
• Hades kidnaps Persephone
• Takes her to the underworld
• Makes her his wife
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The Persephone MythThe Persephone Myth
• Demeter, the Earth Mother, searches for her daughter, discovers her fate
• She falls into deep depression
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The Persephone MythThe Persephone Myth
• Demeter neglects her work
• Plants die, nothing grows
• Her tears fill the earth
• Zeus has to intervene
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The Persephone MythThe Persephone Myth
• Zeus decrees Persephone spend part of the year with her mother
• Some versions involve technicality of Demeter eating pomegranate seeds
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AnaximanderAnaximander
Rational Explanation• No stories about gods• Natural, impersonal forces• Cold & Wet vs Hot & Dry forces
seeking equilibrium• Not factually correct but on the
right track• The right KIND of explanation
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AnaximanderAnaximander
Human evolution from more primitive form
Theories based on observation and rational inference
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DemocritusDemocritus
Atomism (atomos = unsplittable)MaterialismMechanistic world viewElement of Probability in Nature
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AnaxagorasAnaxagoras
“The Sun is a rock and the earth a moon.”
Celestial bodies are not divineThey are made of the same stuff as
terrestrial objects
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The Sophists(lit. “wise men”)
The Sophists(lit. “wise men”)
Teachers of argument and rhetoric for a fee
Reputation for trickery, subterfuge, low morals, opportunism
Said to “make the weaker argument defeat the stronger”
Prospered in Athenian lawsuit and politics obsessed culture
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SocratesSocrates
Combined the rational theory-building of natural philosophy with argumentative techniques of the Sophists
Father of Philosophy
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SocratesSocrates
Socrates wanted to understand the world as a whole, not just astronomy, biology, physics, etc.
Especially interested in virtue & knowledge
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SocratesSocrates
Put on Trial as an old man by 3 ambitious young men
Prosecutors self-appointed: Antyus, Meletus, Lycon
The Apology (“Defense)• By Socrates student Plato• Biased account
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SocratesSocrates
Charges against Socrates1. Irreligious Scientist2. Subversive Sophist3. Corrupting the Youth (main
charge)4. Religious Heretic
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Artist Conception of Delphi Complex in Socrates’ Time Artist Conception of Delphi Complex in Socrates’ Time
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Delphi TodayDelphi Today
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Delphi TodayDelphi Today
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The Oracle at DelphiThe Oracle at Delphi
• “Pythian Priestess” of Apollo would speak under his inspiration
• Ancient Fortune-telling
• Visions caused by natural gas seeps
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Message from the OracleMessage from the Oracle
• Socrates friend Chaerephon asks the Oracle if there is anyone wiser than Socrates
• The Oracle answers “No one is wiser.”
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Message from the OracleMessage from the Oracle
Reaction to the Oracle’s messageQuest for a wiser man leads to
“corruption” of the youth and bad reputation
Socrates was on a mission from Apollo, had good intentions
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Heresy ChargeHeresy Charge
Doesn’t answer directlyLittle known about Socrates’ positive
religious viewsSkeptical about traditional religion
as were many intellectualsReductio ad absurdum argumentReveals contradiction in charges
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Socrates Found GuiltySocrates Found Guilty
Old man, prefers death to banishment
Practically dares the jury to give him the death penalty
Refuses to escape when given the chance
• Procedural justice vs. justice of outcome
• Social contract
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The Death of SocratesThe Death of Socrates
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Socrates Sentenced to Death by Poisoning (Hemlock)
Socrates Sentenced to Death by Poisoning (Hemlock)
Death is either• An endless sleep or• A transition to a better lifeNeither is bad, so fear of death is
irrational.False dilemma?Is an endless sleep bad after all?Argument picked up later by
Epicurus
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Socrates’ LegacySocrates’ Legacy
Dialogues of PlatoPlato’s AcademyAristotleThe Examined LifeEpistemic HumilityThe Quest for TruthSocratic MethodBasic Branches of Philosophy
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Branches of PhilosophyBranches of Philosophy
EpistemologyMetaphysicsEthicsPolitical & Social PhilosophyLogicAestheticsHistory of PhilosophyMany subcategories