theories of motivation: topic 5 - york university...theories of motivation: topic 5 def’n: factors...
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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION: Topic 5 def’n: factors that arouse or activate an organism and direct it toward some specific goal Classes of Theories: Examples of each Class: 1) Instinct Theory
genetically predetermined
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e.g., “fixed action patterns (behavior)”
threatening stimuli…. (releases)…. aggressive beh.
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2) Drive Theory
2 conflicting attitudes/beliefs
Cognitive dissonance due to discrepant beliefs produces change
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3) Arousal Theory rather than attempting to reduce arousal -sometimes - - (see illustration)
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4) Incentive Theory -rather than focusing on internal states (i.e., push),
focuses - e.g., e.g.,
PROBLEM??? Undermining Intrinsic Interest
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rewards
rewards (maybe) because undermine intrinsic interest
hmmm, I will read if you give me a sticker, but that’s the reason I read
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but…. the sticker gets you to read…… Harlow (1950)
Overjustification Hypothesis “ a person’s intrinsic (self-generated) interest in an
activity may be decreased by inducing him/her to engage in that activity as an explicit means to some goal (reward)”
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Lepper, Greene & Nisbett (1973) overjustification hypothesis vs.
reinforcement theory -activity – drawing (pre-test)
-participants – Independent Variable:
expect (GOOD PLAYER AWARD) no award unexpected award
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Dependent Variable: in class on another day, how much time spend
drawing in “free time” period (kids can choose)
RESULTS EXPECT NO EXPECT UNEXPECTED
< Ross – the effects of “salience”
INDEP: no reward (control) salient (under box) non-salient(afterfinished)
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DEP : next day, 5 min play period, amount play with toy
Salient Non-salient Control
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SOCIAL MOTIVES Freud (1917)
-id – behavior has its roots in EROS (pleasure) -constraints – reality (EGO) morals (superego)
Thanatos aggression
Murray (1938) -21 needs -needs drives behavior -needs include achievement, affiliation
motivation
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Need For Achievement Measure – example T.A.T.
(see illustration)
Basis – Emotional roots – parents
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Cognitive roots – learning to “attribute” causes to own
abilities and effort Attribution – understanding causality to:
a) internal or external factors
(self or situation)
b) stable or unstable factors
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e.g. test performance if you do well…….
Stable Unstable
Internal
External
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Achievement Motivation: Individual Differences
Depressives
success
failure
(this pattern leads to withdrawal from the social environment)
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Achievement Motivation: Birth Order Effects Imagine:
a) highly motivated, achiever b) lazy, underachiever
research: ? -greater attention, more resources laters: - - -
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NEEDS HIERARCHY Not all needs are created equal Maslow(1954)
smaller number organized as a hierarchy satisfy basic, or can’t get to upper (see illustration)
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Affiliation Motivation High Need Affil –
should do well in situations with potential for gaining approval
person X situation fit (which kind of person does well in what kind of
situation?)
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Sorrentino & Shepard Experiment Participants – swim team members U of T, Western, McMaster Inter-team meet, 200 yd freestyle (TAT’s given 3 weeks before meet) 2 types of competition (indep variable)
individual group (random mixture of members from
each school)
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series of groups established group ranking depends on average
group time group competition is situation that
allows for approval from team, individual does not
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Results: dependent – swim time
Time High Need Affliliation
Low Need individual group
competition competition
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Interpretation
overall, each type swims as well as the other but under different conditions