GlobalizationGlobalization & Global & Global PoliticsPolitics

Globalization - Globalization - DefinitionsDefinitions Globalization: the Widening, Globalization: the Widening,

Deepening & speeding up of World Deepening & speeding up of World Wide interconnectednessWide interconnectedness

Globalization is a Contentious issue Globalization is a Contentious issue in the study of World Politicsin the study of World Politics

The intensification of worldwide The intensification of worldwide social relations which links distant social relations which links distant localities in such a way that local localities in such a way that local happening are shaped by events happening are shaped by events occurring many miles away & vice occurring many miles away & vice versaversa

‘‘The integration of the World-The integration of the World-economy’ economy’ (Glipin (Glipin 2001: 364)2001: 364)

‘‘De-territorialization – or ….the De-territorialization – or ….the growth of supraterritorial growth of supraterritorial relations between people’relations between people’

(Scholte(Scholte 200: 46) 200: 46)

‘‘Time- space compressionsTime- space compressions' '

(Harvey 1989(Harvey 1989))

Concept of Hyper globalists.Concept of Hyper globalists. Bringing Bringing about the demise of sovereign ‘Nation about the demise of sovereign ‘Nation States’ - as global forces undermine States’ - as global forces undermine the ability of govts to Control their own the ability of govts to Control their own economies & societies economies & societies

Sceptics View pointSceptics View point.. Rejects the idea of Rejects the idea of globalization as so much ‘globaloney’ – globalization as so much ‘globaloney’ – argue that state & Geo – Politics remain argue that state & Geo – Politics remain the Principle forces shaping World the Principle forces shaping World OrderOrder

Transformationalist PerspectiveTransformationalist Perspective. . As As per this thought Hyper globalists & per this thought Hyper globalists & Sceptics alike exaggerate their Sceptics alike exaggerate their arguments & misconstrue the arguments & misconstrue the Contemporary World OrderContemporary World Order

While transformationalist takes While transformationalist takes globalization seriously; they globalization seriously; they believe that, it is leading not so believe that, it is leading not so much to demise of sovereign much to demise of sovereign state, but to a state, but to a globalization of globalization of Politics Politics

It is emergence of conspicuously It is emergence of conspicuously Global politicsGlobal politics in which the in which the traditional distinction between traditional distinction between domestic & international affairs domestic & international affairs is not terribly meaningfulis not terribly meaningful

Making Sense of Making Sense of GlobalizationGlobalization

Over the last three decadesOver the last three decades:: the sheer scale & scope of global the sheer scale & scope of global

interconnectedness has become interconnectedness has become increasingly evident in every increasingly evident in every sphere from the economy to the sphere from the economy to the culturalcultural

World economic integration has World economic integration has intensified with the expansion of intensified with the expansion of global commerce, finance & global commerce, finance & productionsproductions

Globalization links together the Globalization links together the fate of nationsfate of nations

Crises in one region, are felt Crises in one region, are felt anywhere in the world alike;anywhere in the world alike; the collapse of the Argentinean the collapse of the Argentinean

economy in 2002 economy in 2002 East Asian recession- 1997 East Asian recession- 1997 A slowdown in the US economy A slowdown in the US economy Global recession and food crises-2008Global recession and food crises-2008 Effects of all felt everywhere from Effects of all felt everywhere from

Birmingham to Bangkok Birmingham to Bangkok All these acts take their toll on All these acts take their toll on

jobs, production, savings, & jobs, production, savings, & investment many thousands of investment many thousands of miles awaymiles away

Transnational corporations accounts Transnational corporations accounts for 25 to 33% of world output, 70% for 25 to 33% of world output, 70% world trade & 80% intl investmentworld trade & 80% intl investment

Organization & mobilization of like Organization & mobilization of like minded people across the globe minded people across the globe through new modes & infrastructure of through new modes & infrastructure of global communicationglobal communication

Transnational spread of ideas, cultures Transnational spread of ideas, cultures & information& information

As globalization has proceeded so has As globalization has proceeded so has the recognition of transnational the recognition of transnational problems requiring global regulation, problems requiring global regulation, climate change to the proliferation of climate change to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction weapons of mass destruction

Move of the people like migrants or Move of the people like migrants or otherwise legal and illegal for the otherwise legal and illegal for the search of better living brings along search of better living brings along their culture, ideas business etctheir culture, ideas business etc..

600 millions tourists move each 600 millions tourists move each year year

Movements from South to North and Movements from South to North and East to WestEast to West

Growing awareness of the multiple Growing awareness of the multiple ways in which the Security & ways in which the Security & prosperity of communities in prosperity of communities in different regions of the World is different regions of the World is bound together bound together

In conclusion the Globalization is In conclusion the Globalization is variously defined in the variously defined in the

literature as: literature as: The The intensification of worldwide intensification of worldwide social relations which links social relations which links distant localities in such a distant localities in such a way that local happening way that local happening are shaped by events are shaped by events occurring many miles away occurring many miles away & vice versa & vice versa

Summary Summary Over the last three decades the Over the last three decades the

sheer scale, scope of global sheer scale, scope of global interconnectedness has become interconnectedness has become increasingly evident in every increasingly evident in every sphere from economic to the sphere from economic to the cultural cultural

Skeptics do not regard this as Skeptics do not regard this as evidence of globalization if that evidence of globalization if that term means something more than term means something more than simply international simply international interdependence, i.e. linkages interdependence, i.e. linkages between countries between countries

Conceptualizing GlobalizationConceptualizing Globalization

Taking globalization as the process Taking globalization as the process characterized by:characterized by:

11stlystly, , A stretching A stretching of social, political & of social, political & economic activities across the political economic activities across the political frontiers so that events, decisions, & frontiers so that events, decisions, & activities in one regions of the World activities in one regions of the World come to have significance for individuals come to have significance for individuals & communities in distant regions of the & communities in distant regions of the globe-civil wars & conflicts in poor regions effects globe-civil wars & conflicts in poor regions effects richer areas richer areas

2ndly2ndly, , The intensification or the The intensification or the growing magnitude of growing magnitude of interconnectedness, in almost every interconnectedness, in almost every sphere of social sphere of social existence – intensification of world existence – intensification of world trade to spread of WMD- trade to spread of WMD- SARS virusSARS virus

3rdly3rdly, The accelerating pace of global , The accelerating pace of global interaction & processes as the evaluations interaction & processes as the evaluations of worldwide systems of transport & of worldwide systems of transport & communications increases the rapidity or communications increases the rapidity or velocity with ideas, news, goods, velocity with ideas, news, goods, information, capital & technology move information, capital & technology move around the worldaround the world

4thly, 4thly, The growing extensity, intensity, & The growing extensity, intensity, & velocity of global interactions is velocity of global interactions is associated with a deepening enmeshment associated with a deepening enmeshment of the local & global in so far as local of the local & global in so far as local events may come to have global events may come to have global consequences & global events can have consequences & global events can have serious local consequences of the world as serious local consequences of the world as a shared social space, that is globality or a shared social space, that is globality or globalism globalism

But, this not the end. Indeed, there is But, this not the end. Indeed, there is more to the concept of globalization than more to the concept of globalization than simply interconnectednesssimply interconnectedness

What is that? What is that?

It is: dissolution of the It is: dissolution of the significance of borders & significance of borders & boundaries which separate the boundaries which separate the world into 193 independent world into 193 independent constituent states or national constituent states or national economic & political spaceseconomic & political spaces

Question: would states let that Question: would states let that happen? happen?

Answer : No, but how?Answer : No, but how?

Contrary to sceptics view of Contrary to sceptics view of interdependence & internationalization, interdependence & internationalization, between discrete bounded national between discrete bounded national states, globalization deals with the shift states, globalization deals with the shift in human affairsin human affairs

Globalization is the structural change in Globalization is the structural change in the scale of human, social and political the scale of human, social and political activities which used to be organized at activities which used to be organized at local or national scale are now organized local or national scale are now organized at transnational or global scaleat transnational or global scale

Central to this structural change are Central to this structural change are contemporary informative technologies contemporary informative technologies & infrastructures of communication & & infrastructures of communication & transportations transportations

Although geography & distance still Although geography & distance still matter, it is nevertheless the case that matter, it is nevertheless the case that globalization is synonymous with a globalization is synonymous with a process of time – space compressions –process of time – space compressions –literally a shrinking world – in which literally a shrinking world – in which the source of even very local the source of even very local developments, from unemployment to developments, from unemployment to ethnic conflict, may be traced to ethnic conflict, may be traced to distant conditions or decisions distant conditions or decisions

Globalization is a process of de-Globalization is a process of de-territorialization of social, political & territorialization of social, political & economic activities no longer economic activities no longer organized strictly to the borders organized strictly to the borders

In summary : globalizations is a In summary : globalizations is a process which involves much more process which involves much more than simply growing connections or than simply growing connections or interdependence between statesinterdependence between states

It is rather a historical process It is rather a historical process involving a fundamental shift or involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale transformation in the spatial scale of human social organizations that of human social organizations that links distant communities & links distant communities & expands the reach of power expands the reach of power relations across regions & relations across regions & continents continents

Globalizations is evident in the Globalizations is evident in the growing extensity, intensity, growing extensity, intensity, velocity, & deepening impact of velocity, & deepening impact of worldwide interconnectednessworldwide interconnectedness

Globalizations denotes a shift in Globalizations denotes a shift in a scale of social organizations, a scale of social organizations, the emergence of the world as a the emergence of the world as a shared social space, the relative shared social space, the relative detteritorialization of social, detteritorialization of social, economic & political activity, & economic & political activity, & the relative detteritorialization of the relative detteritorialization of power power

Globalizations can be Globalizations can be conceptualized as fundamental conceptualized as fundamental shift or transformation in the shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social spatial scale of human social organization that links distant organization that links distant communities & expands the reach communities & expands the reach of power relations across regions & of power relations across regions & contentscontents

Globalizations is to be Globalizations is to be distinguished from distinguished from internationalization & internationalization & regionalization regionalization

Contemporary Contemporary GlobalizationGlobalization

‘‘The era of globalizations is over’ (Naim The era of globalizations is over’ (Naim 2002)2002)

States have reasserted their power & States have reasserted their power & borders have been sealed, however borders have been sealed, however imperfectly, in response to the perceived imperfectly, in response to the perceived worldwide terrorist threat worldwide terrorist threat

Skeptics conclude that not only has Skeptics conclude that not only has globalization been highly exaggerated but globalization been highly exaggerated but it is a myth which has concealed the reality it is a myth which has concealed the reality of a world which is less interdependent of a world which is less interdependent

One of the problems of the sceptical One of the problems of the sceptical arguments is that it tends to conflate arguments is that it tends to conflate globalizations solely with economic trends globalizations solely with economic trends

The Skeptical View of The Skeptical View of GlobalizationsGlobalizations

Skeptical accounts of globalizations tend Skeptical accounts of globalizations tend to dismiss its significance for the study of to dismiss its significance for the study of world politics on the ground that:world politics on the ground that: By comparison with the period 1870 to 1914, By comparison with the period 1870 to 1914,

the world is much less globalized the world is much less globalized economically, politically & culturallyeconomically, politically & culturally

Rather than globalization, the contemporary Rather than globalization, the contemporary world is marked by intensifying geopolitics, world is marked by intensifying geopolitics, the regionalization, & internationalizations the regionalization, & internationalizations

The vast bulk of international economic & The vast bulk of international economic & political activity is concentrated within the political activity is concentrated within the group of OECD states group of OECD states

By comparisons with the heyday of By comparisons with the heyday of European global empires, the European global empires, the majority of the world’s populations majority of the world’s populations & countries in the south are now & countries in the south are now much less integrated into the global much less integrated into the global system system

Patterns of Patterns of Contemporary Contemporary GlobalizationGlobalization

Globalization, to varying degree, is evident in all the Globalization, to varying degree, is evident in all the principal sectors of social activity ;principal sectors of social activity ;

Economic:Economic: in the economic sphere, patters of in the economic sphere, patters of worldwide trade, finance, & productions are creating worldwide trade, finance, & productions are creating global markets &, in the process, a single global global markets &, in the process, a single global capitalist economy- what Castells (2000) calls ‘global capitalist economy- what Castells (2000) calls ‘global informational capitalism; multinational corporation informational capitalism; multinational corporation organize productions & marketing on a global basis organize productions & marketing on a global basis while the operation of global financial markets while the operation of global financial markets determines which countries get credit & upon what determines which countries get credit & upon what terms terms

MilitaryMilitary:: in the military domain the global arms in the military domain the global arms trade; the proliferations of weapons of mass trade; the proliferations of weapons of mass destructions, the growth of transnational terrorism, destructions, the growth of transnational terrorism, the growing significances of traditional military the growing significances of traditional military corporations & the discourse of global insecurity corporations & the discourse of global insecurity point to the existence of a global military order point to the existence of a global military order

LegalLegal: The expansions of transnational : The expansions of transnational & international law from trade to & international law from trade to human rights alongside the creations human rights alongside the creations of new world legal institutions such as of new world legal institutions such as International Criminal Courte is International Criminal Courte is indicative of an emerging global legal indicative of an emerging global legal orderorder

Ecological: Ecological: a shared ecology involves a shared ecology involves shared environmental problems, from shared environmental problems, from global warning to species protections, global warning to species protections, alongside the creations of multilateral alongside the creations of multilateral responses & regimes of global responses & regimes of global environmental governance environmental governance

Culture:Culture: involves a complex mix of involves a complex mix of homogenization & increased heterogeneity homogenization & increased heterogeneity given the global diffusions of popular given the global diffusions of popular culture, global media corporations, culture, global media corporations, communications networks, etc., ethnicity & communications networks, etc., ethnicity & differencedifference

But few culture are heretically sealed off But few culture are heretically sealed off from cultural interactionfrom cultural interaction

Social:Social: shifting patterns of migrations from shifting patterns of migrations from South to North & East to West have turned South to North & East to West have turned migration into a major global issue as migration into a major global issue as movements come close to the record levels movements come close to the record levels of great nineteen- century movements of of great nineteen- century movements of people people

The Engines of The Engines of GlobalizationGlobalization

Globalizations focus on three Globalizations focus on three interrelated factorsinterrelated factors

TechniquesTechniques:: Central to any account of Central to any account of globalization since it is a truism that globalization since it is a truism that without modern communications without modern communications infrastructure, in particular, a global infrastructure, in particular, a global system or worldwide economy would not system or worldwide economy would not be possible be possible

Economics: Economics: CrucialCrucial specially Economic specially Economic Logic Capitalist's insatiable requirement Logic Capitalist's insatiable requirement for new markets & profits lead inevitably for new markets & profits lead inevitably to the globalization of economic activity to the globalization of economic activity

PoliticsPolitics: : - Shorthand here for - Shorthand here for ideas, interests, & power- ideas, interests, & power- constitutes the third logic of constitutes the third logic of globalizations globalizations

If technology provides the If technology provides the physical infrastructure of physical infrastructure of globalization, politics provides its globalization, politics provides its normative infrastructure normative infrastructure

Government, such as those of the Government, such as those of the USA & the UK, have been critical USA & the UK, have been critical actors in nurturing the process of actors in nurturing the process of globalization globalization

Three Waves of Three Waves of GlobalizationGlobalization

In the first wave, the age of discovery In the first wave, the age of discovery (1450- 1850), globalization was decisively (1450- 1850), globalization was decisively shaped by European expansions & shaped by European expansions & conquest conquest

The second wave (1850- 1945), evidenced a The second wave (1850- 1945), evidenced a major expansions in the spread & major expansions in the spread & entrenchment of European empire entrenchment of European empire

Third wave; by compressions, contemporary Third wave; by compressions, contemporary globalizations (1960 on) marks a new epoch in globalizations (1960 on) marks a new epoch in human affairshuman affairs

Just as the industrial revolutions & the Just as the industrial revolutions & the expansion of the West in nineteen century expansion of the West in nineteen century defined a new age in world history -defined a new age in world history -SoSo today today the microchip & the satellite are icons of a the microchip & the satellite are icons of a globalize world order globalize world order

SummarySummary

The contemporary phase of The contemporary phase of globalizations has proved more robust in globalizations has proved more robust in the aftermath of 9/11 than the skeptics the aftermath of 9/11 than the skeptics recognize recognize

Contemporary globalization is a Contemporary globalization is a multidimensional, uneven, & multidimensional, uneven, & asymmetrical asymmetrical

Contemporary globalization is best Contemporary globalization is best described as a thick form of described as a thick form of globalizations or globalism globalizations or globalism

A World Transformed: A World Transformed: Globalization & Distorted Globalization & Distorted

Global Politics Global Politics

The Westphalian The Westphalian Constitution of world Constitution of world

politicspolitics

Territoriality: Territoriality: humankind is organized humankind is organized principally into exclusive territorial principally into exclusive territorial (political) communities with fixed borders(political) communities with fixed borders

Sovereignty:Sovereignty: within its borders the state within its borders the state or government has an entitlement to or government has an entitlement to supreme, unqualified & exclusive political supreme, unqualified & exclusive political & legal authority & legal authority

AutonomyAutonomy : the principle of self- : the principle of self- determination or self – governance determination or self – governance constructs countries as autonomous constructs countries as autonomous containers of political, social & economic containers of political, social & economic activity in that fixed borders separate the activity in that fixed borders separate the domestic sphere from the world outside domestic sphere from the world outside

From State Centric to From State Centric to GeocentricGeocentric

(Geopolitics to Global (Geopolitics to Global politics)politics)

The Post- Westphalian OrderThe Post- Westphalian Order Territoriality: Territoriality: Borders & territory still remain Borders & territory still remain

important, not least for administrative purposesimportant, not least for administrative purposes Under conditions of globalizations, however, a Under conditions of globalizations, however, a

new geography of political organizations & new geography of political organizations & political power is emerging which transcends political power is emerging which transcends terrorists & borders terrorists & borders

State sovereignty: State sovereignty: The sovereign power & The sovereign power & authority of national government – the authority of national government – the entitlement of states to rule within their own entitlement of states to rule within their own terrorist space- is being transformed but not terrorist space- is being transformed but not necessarily erodednecessarily eroded

Sovereignty today is increasingly understood Sovereignty today is increasingly understood as the shared exercise of public power & as the shared exercise of public power & authority between national, & global authority between national, & global authorities authorities

State autonomy: State autonomy: in more in more interdependent world, simply to achieve interdependent world, simply to achieve domestic objectives national domestic objectives national governments are forced to engage in governments are forced to engage in extensive multilateral collaboration & extensive multilateral collaboration & co – operation co – operation

But in becoming more embedded in But in becoming more embedded in system of global & regional governance system of global & regional governance states confront a real dilemma: in states confront a real dilemma: in return for more effective public policy return for more effective public policy & meeting their citizens’ demands, & meeting their citizens’ demands, whither in relations to the drugs trade whither in relations to the drugs trade or employment, their capacity for self – or employment, their capacity for self – governance – that is state autonomy – governance – that is state autonomy – comprised comprised

SummarySummary Globalizations is transforming but not Globalizations is transforming but not

burying the Westphalian ideal of sovereign burying the Westphalian ideal of sovereign statehood. It is producing the statehood. It is producing the disaggregated statedisaggregated state

Globalization requires a conceptual shift in Globalization requires a conceptual shift in our thinking about world politics from a our thinking about world politics from a primarily geopolitical perspective to the primarily geopolitical perspective to the perspective of geocentric or global politics perspective of geocentric or global politics of worldwide social relations of worldwide social relations

Global politics is more accurately Global politics is more accurately described as distorted global politics, described as distorted global politics, because it is afflicted by significant power because it is afflicted by significant power asymmetries asymmetries

From Distorted Global From Distorted Global Politics to Cosmopolitan Politics to Cosmopolitan

Global Politics Global Politics

Globalization creates a double Globalization creates a double democratic deficit in that it democratic deficit in that it places limits on democracy places limits on democracy within states & new mechanisms within states & new mechanisms of global governance which lack of global governance which lack democratic credentials democratic credentials

Global politics has engendered Global politics has engendered its own global political theory its own global political theory which draws upon cosmopolitan which draws upon cosmopolitan thinking thinking

Cosmopolitanism offers as Cosmopolitanism offers as account of desirability & account of desirability & feasibility of the democratization feasibility of the democratization of global politicsof global politics

Distorted global politics can be Distorted global politics can be interpreted as expressing a interpreted as expressing a contest between the forces of contest between the forces of stateism & cosmopolitanism in stateism & cosmopolitanism in the conduct & management of the conduct & management of world affairs world affairs