theoretical genetics. genetic terms: p = parental generation of a cross f1 = the first generation...
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Theoretical Genetics
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Genetic Terms:P = parental generation of a crossF1 = the first generation after the parental
(the results of the first cross)F2 = a cross between F1 individuals yields F2
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Genotype – the alleles of an organism as inherited from the parents
Phenotype – the characteristics of the organism due to the interaction of the genotype and the environment
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Homozygous – having two identical alleles of a gene
Heterozygous – having two different alleles of a gene
AA aa are homozygousAa are heterozygous
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Dominant allele – expressed phenotypically whether it is homozygous or heterozygous
Recessive allele – expressed phenotypically only in the homozygous state
Capital letters are used to represent the dominant allele
Lower case for the recessiveDominant allele always listed first
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Codominant alleles – pairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype when present in the heterozygous state
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Locus – the particular position of a gene on homologous chromosomes
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Carrier – an individual that has one copy of a recessive gene that causes a genetic disease in individuals that are homozygous for the gene
Test cross – checking the genotype of an individual by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive
B? X bbThe percentage phenotype give answer
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Determine genotypes and phenotypes using a punnett square.
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The possible gametes of each individual are determined.
Each gamete will have one of the two alleles of the parent.
Generate a punnett square and write the alleles for parent 1 on the left side of the Punnett square.
Place the alleles for parent 2 above the square
Fill the squares for each parent
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The odds of 2 or more independent events occurring together is the product of each independent event.
In a cross between pea plants that are heterozygous for flower color (Pp), what is the probability that the offspring will be homozygous recessive?
½ x ½ = ¼
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Probability that events that can occur in 2 or more different ways will occur, is the sum of the separate problems.
In a cross between pea plants that are heterozygous for flower color (Pp), what is the probability of the offspring being heterozygous?
¼ + ¼ = ½
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The odds of two different traits occurring together in the same offspring is the product of each independent trait occurring in the offspring.
In which phase of meiosis does this event occur?
What assumption did Mendel make for this law to work?
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Some traits have more than two allelesCoat color in rabbits and catsDrosophila wingsHuman blood types
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Women – homozygous XXMen – heterozygous XY23rd pair chromosomesDimorphic SRY gene on Y determines Presence of male features
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Mothers can only contribute X chromosomeFathers can contribute either X or Y thus
determine gender of child50% chance boy, 50% chance girl foreach fertilization event
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Nile crocodiles sand temperature around the eggs during incubation affects gender - higher temperatures favor males
Turtles and lizards high temperatures favor females
Many fish are hermaphrodites and under certain environmental conditions will switch gender
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http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/posters/chromosome/chooser.shtml
X chromosome much larger than YMany genes found on X that are not present
on Y
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Genes on X with no counterpart on Y are called sex linked genes
Often affect one gender more than anotherColor Blindness and Hemophilia
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Caused by mutant gene recessiveEncodes either clotting factor Vlll = h-AOr clotting factor lX = h-BCarried on X chromosomeHeterozygous will clot normally as their good
copy of gene produces enough clotting factorIf only mutant gene copy present will suffer
from excessive bleeding
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Red-green color blindness carried on XBlue color sensitivity is carried on
chromosome 7 and inherited as any autosomal gene
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4 Sex-Linked Traits: 1. Normal Color Vision: A: 29, B: 45, C: --, D: 26 2. Red-Green Color-Blind: A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: -- 3. Red Color-blind: A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 6 4. Green Color-Blind: A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 2
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Females can be homozygous or heterozygous for sex- linked traits
Females with one or two dominant alleles for a sex linked trait will not exhibit the trait
Females that are heterozygous for sex-linked traits are called carriers
Only females can pass on sex-linked traits to their sons
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• The calico cat is the result of multiple alleles on the X chromosome combines with X inactivation.
• One allele causes orange fur and the other causes black fur.
• The male cat will be either orange or black.• Only a heterozygous female will be calico
with regions that are orange and regions that are black based on the X inactivation
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Predict genotype and phenotype using Punnett Squares for all of the inheritance patterns mentioned above
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Deduce the genotype and phenotype of individuals in a pedigree chart