theoretical framework

Th Theoretical Framework

Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge, within the limits of the critical bounding assumptions.

• The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory which explains why the research problem under study exists.

Formulating the Theoretical Framework

Purpose:

• It helps the researcher see clearly the

variables of the study;

• It can provide him with a general framework

for data analysis;

• It is essential in preparing a research proposal

using descriptive and experimental methods.

J199 lecture, R.E.Khan

The theory provides a point of focus for attacking the unknown in a specific area.

If a relationship is found between two or more variables a theory should be formulated to explain why the relationship exists.

A theoretical framework consists of concepts, together with their definitions, and existing theory/theories that are used for your particular study. The theoretical framework must demonstrate an understanding of theories and concepts that are relevant to the topic of your research paper and that will relate it to the broader fields of knowledge in the class you are taking.

Importance of Theory

http://libguides.usc.edu/content.php?pid=83009&sid=618409

The theoretical framework is not something that is found readily available in the literature. You must review course readings and pertinent research literature for theories and analytic models that are relevant to the research problem you are investigating. The selection of a theory should depend on its appropriateness, ease of application, and explanatory power. The theoretical framework strengthens the study in the following ways. An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the reader to evaluate them critically. to act in more informed and effective ways.

Importance of Theory


The theoretical framework strengthens the study in the following ways.

• An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the

reader to evaluate them critically.

• The theoretical framework connects the researcher to existing knowledge. Guided by a relevant theory, you are given a basis for your hypotheses and choice of research methods.

• Articulating the theoretical assumptions of a research study forces you to address questions of why and how. It permits you to move from simply describing a phenomenon observed to generalizing about various aspects of that phenomenon.


The theoretical framework strengthens the study in the following ways.

• Having a theory helps you to identify the limits to those generalizations. A theoretical framework specifies which key variables influence a phenomenon of interest. It alerts you to examine how those key variables might differ and under what circumstances.

• By virtue of its application nature, good theory in the social sciences is of value precisely because it fulfills one primary purpose: to explain the meaning, nature, and challenges of a phenomenon, often experienced but unexplained in the world in which we live, so that we may use that knowledge and understanding


Placement of a theory in quanti research only

General guide:

• Introduce the theory early in the study:

• In the intro, in the review of lit,

• Immediately after the hypotheses or research ?s (as a rationale for the connection among the variables)

• Or as a separate section of the study (ideal so that researcher can clearly identify the theory vis-à-vis the study)

Source: LEONARDO R. ESTACIO JR, MPH,PHD

Quanti Theory Perspectives (Cresswell, 2009:59)

“The theory that I will use is____ (name of theory). It was developed by ____ (identify the origin, source or developer of the theory), and it was used to study ___ (identify the topics where one finds the theory being applied). This theory indicates that ___ (id the propositions of hypotheses in the theory). As applied to my study, this theory holds that I would expect my independent variable/s ___ (state independent variables) to influence or explain the dependent variable/s (state dependent variables) because ___ (provide a rationale based on the logic of the theory)

Source :EONARDO R. ESTACIO JR, MPH,PHD

ADMINISTRATIVE

CAPABILITY AND

PERFORMANCE OF

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

UNITS IN THE

CORDILLERAS

ROGELIO D. MERCADO, DPA

This investigation substantially depended on the capability approach originally developed by Sen (1993). The capability approach, according to Robeyns (2003) is a broad normative framework for the evaluation of individual well-being and social arrangements, the design of policies and proposals about social change in society. She claimed the capability approach is used in a wide range of fields, most prominently in development thinking, welfare economics, social policy and political philosophy. It can be used to evaluate a wide variety of aspects of people’s well-being, such as individual well-being, inequality and poverty. It can also be used as an alternative evaluative tool for social cost-benefit analysis, or to design and evaluate policies, ranging from welfare state design in affluent societies, to development policies by governments and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in developing countries.

ADMINISTRATIVE

CAPABILITY AND

PERFORMANCE OF

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

UNITS IN THE

CORDILLERAS


This inquiry also relied on the

Theory of Organizational Performance

Management. Davis (2013) held that

performance management is a set of

techniques used to measure success

in meeting goals of an organization.

Performance management can be

used to evaluate specific processes

and systems, the performance of

departments or the performance of

individual employees. The theory of

organizational performance

management, known as OPM, applies

this approach to an organization as a

whole, assessing progress toward

goals and identifying and adjusting

factors which hinder progress.

collective theory was first proposed as a solution to the problem of free-riding in collective action by Mancur Olson's seminal work, entitled “The Logic of Collective Action” in 1965. He is credited with initiating a paradigm shift in the study of the challenges facing collective action. Olson argues that group benefits that are difficult or impossible to exclude allow individuals to access these benefits, even though they have not contributed their proportional or appropriate share of the resources needed to supply the benefits

Management Performance of Pangasinan Credit Cooperatives in the Context of Collective Action and Good Governance

Edwin BR. Gbargaye, DPA

The governance theory has a bearing to the

present study. Originally, it was in

Britain when corporate governance entered the

mainstream through the publication of the

Watershed Cadbury Committee Report in 1992. .

The term “governance” is used in a variety of

ways and a variety of meanings (Rhode, 1996 and

Stoker 1997). There is however, a baseline

agreement that the development of governance

styles in which boundaries between and within

government and public sectors have become

blurred. The essence of “governance” is its focus

on governing mechanisms does not rest on option

to the authority and sanctions of the government.

The “governance” concept points to a creation of

a structure or an order which cannot be externally

imposed but as a result of the interaction of the

multiplicity of governing and each other

influencing actors (Kooiman and Van Vliet,

1993).

Management Performance of Pangasinan Credit Cooperatives in the Context of Collective Action and Good Governance

Edwin BR. Gbargaye, DPA

The provision of services provided by the members of the Women and Children Protection Desk of the Philippine National Police Cordillera Administrative Region (WCPD, PNP-CAR).

The theory that the researcher

will use in this study organizational

theory, performance theory and

Theory of Service Delivery.

Organizational

theory is being used in

this study to relate

performance of PNP

based on their

organizational structure,

financial resources,

human resources,

equipment; and facilities.

Melyrita A. Davis, DPA

The provision of services provided by the members of the Women and Children Protection Desk of the Philippine National Police Cordillera Administrative Region (WCPD, PNP-CAR)

Another theory which has a bearing

to this study is the theory of performance.

(Chandler: 1962; Donaldson: 1987).

Accordingly, it is assumed that an

organization in misfit fail to make the

adaptive changes that would move them

into fit if they underwent a crisis of low

performance. This is consistent with Simon

(1976) that management decisions are

boundedly rational that organizations do

not maximize their performance but

satisfies. Managerial decision making is

problem solving that is activated when

organizational performance falls below

deemed to be satisfactory (i.e.satisficing).

Thus, low performance of an organization

that whose structure misfits, contingency

variables lead into a change in the

organizational structure to bring it into fit.

In addition high performance feedback can

increase the contingency variables.

Melyrita A. Davis, DPA

The present study anchored on the

theories of Governance and New Public

Management (NPM). The decentralization

of agricultural extension programs from the

Department of Agriculture to the Local

Government Code revealed several issues

associated to policy, program, thrust,

organizational structure, human

resources, operation /implementation and

fiscal resources as a consequence

associated with the transition from

centralized the decentralized system.

Thus, the devolution of agricultural

extension function required local

empowerment for self governance .

The delivery of agricultural extension services by the local Government Units in Pangasinan Rogelio C. Evangelista, DPA

The management of

internal control system of

Millionaire Multi-Purpose

Cooperatives operating in

Region I.

Scientific

Management

Theory. Frederick

Winslow Taylor

(1856-1915), the

Father of Scientific

Management,

assumed that labor

is not the cause of

most problems in

business and it is

only the

management which

can provide

solutions to the

problems of the

business.

Behavioral

Management

Theory. This theory

as stated by Robert

Owen, is that

management must

have concern on the

worker's condition

which affects the

quality and quantity

of his work. Mary

Parker Follett is the

psychologist who

first applied

psychology to

business.

Contingency

Management

Theory. The

contingency theory

focuses on the

following: 1.) legal

aspects; 2.) cultural

considerations; and

3.) emerging field of

public

administration. This

management theory

attempts to explain

the operation of the

system by assessing

the factors in a given

situation

Social

Management

Theory. This theory

considers the

system of

management as a

system of cultural

interrelationship. It is

also a social

interaction dealing

with other people, as

well as, cultural

relationships

Quantitative

Management Theory.

This theory expresses

mathematical models

and measurable data.

This emphasizes the

creation of models,

which state specific

assumptions, purposes

and necessity. The

quantitative

explanations of the

condition of

assumptions, purposes

and problems become

the foundation for

decision-making.

Agustin D. Cortez, Ph.D.

Based on the foregoing example

1. specifies the theory used as basis for the study

2. mentions the proponents of the theory

3. cites the main points emphasized in the theory

4. Supports his exposition of the theory by ideas from other experts;

5. illustrates his theoretical framework by means of a diagram; and,

6. reiterates his theoretical proposition in the study.

J199 lecture, R.E.Khan

Proposed Theories

Hypothesis

The hypothesis stated in the null form were tested at .05 level of significance:

• There is no significant relationship between administrative capability and performance of LGUs in the Cordilleras.

ADMINISTRATIVE

CAPABILITY AND

PERFORMANCE OF

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

UNITS IN THE

CORDILLERAS


“THEORY OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE CAPABILITY”

This inquiry has proven that there is a significant relationship between administrative capability and performance of the LGUs in CAR with an overall value of .843, interpreted as high positive correlation as supported by the “p” value of .000 which is highly significant even at .01 level. In view of this result, a THEORY OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE CAPABILITY is hereby proposed. The proposed theory postulates that as administrative capability of local government units increases, the resulting performance also gets better. This contemplation is also supported by the discovery that as problems in administrative capability become more serious, performance of LGUs declines.

“THEORY OF SOCIAL RESPONSIVENESS”

This investigation also revealed that social responsibility has a significant perfect correlation with performance which suggests that the sense of social responsibility of the LGUs is the most significant dimension of administrative capability that influences their performance while the lowest in significance is organization structure. This finding not only affirmed the inclusion of social responsibility as a dimension of administrative capability but also proved that social responsibility is the most dominant dimension that affects performance. In effect, this supports another contemplation that a “THEORY OF SOCIAL RESPONSIVENESS” should be considered. This theory posits that as long as an organization is fully committed to the prosecution of socially desirable programs and services, no matter how high or flat its structure is, its performance shall be highly regarded by the people. For a government entity, this is the real essence of “Commitment to Public Interest.”

theoretical framework

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