THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGYEDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

Educational Technology includes

any media that is used for instruction

Anything used to help teach students can be considered

educational technology.

Allyn and Bacon 2005

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

Educational technology is any technology that

is used to support teaching and learning.

Allyn and Bacon 2005

Educational Technology Educational Technology and Instructionand Instruction

Technology are the tools to help create an effective instructional event

• Instructional events = all teaching methods and learning experiences

• Learning environment = physical and non-physical aspects where instruction takes place

LEARNINGLEARNING

LEARNINGLEARNING

is a transfer of knowledge that can be ensured only

when all components of the process have been

incorporated (Lever-Duffy, et al., 2005)

LEARNINGLEARNING

• Variety of theories explain how we learn

• Each theory offers a different perspective or view as to how learning occurs

• Some theories may be contradictory• Teachers must decide on theory for

themselves

Learning TheoriesLearning Theories

Proper planning and effective use of tools and methods are key to successful teaching and learning

Learning TheoriesLearning Theories

Learning as Communication• Knowledge is transferred from

sender to receiver• Receiver returns feedback to sender• Sender receives feedback• Variables may alter intended

meaning.

Learning as Learning as CommunicationCommunication

Learning as Learning as CommunicationCommunication

FactorsAffection

Communication

Learning as Learning as CommunicationCommunication

Environmental Factors• Any factor that may cause a

learner to lose focus• Can block communications• Lighting, movement, temperature

may interfere with communications

Allyn and Bacon 2005

Psychological Factors• Individual differences that define

and impact communicated information

• Emotional state may interfere with message reception

• Learning styles may interfere with transmission

Learning as Learning as CommunicationCommunication

Allyn and Bacon 2005

Personal Filters• Individual’s values, heritage,

and belief system• May include attitudes, cultural

differences, and opinions• Filters are present in both

sender and receiver

Learning as Learning as CommunicationCommunication

Allyn and Bacon 2005

Behaviorist’s Perspective• All behavior is a response to external

stimuli• Students learn in response to rewards

and punishments• Learning is a passive response to the

environment

Learning TheoriesLearning Theories

Allyn and Bacon 2005

Cognitivist’s Perspective• Focus is on learning as a mental

operation• Information enters through senses

Learning is explained by how one thinks• Believe learning is more complex than

behaviorist responses

Learning TheoriesLearning Theories

Allyn and Bacon 2005

Constructivist’s Perspective• Knowledge is constructed as a result of

the learning process • Learning occurs when knowledge is

assimilated or accommodated (Piaget)• Knowledge may be constructed best in

a social context

Learning TheoriesLearning Theories

VIEW OF THE LEARNERVIEW OF THE LEARNER

• Characteristics that might have an impact on learning– Cognitive style– Learning style– Intelligence

Cognitive Styles• Manner in which one thinks and

interprets the environment• Myers-Briggs helps determine cognitive

preferences• Understanding cognitive styles helps

teachers create supportive environments

Learning TheoriesLearning Theories

Learning TheoriesLearning Theories

Myers-BriggsCognitive Types

Learning Styles• Conditions under which one learns best• Relates to individual sensory dominance• Auditory learners learn best by listening• Visual learners learn best by seeing• Kinesthetic/Tactile learners learn best by

doing and touching

Learning TheoriesLearning Theories

The LearnerThe Learner

Intelligence• Inherent capabilities to learn and

understand• Standford-Binet tests emphasize

logical/mathematical and verbal capabilities

• Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences emphasizes multiple capabilities

Allyn and Bacon 2005

• Verbal-Linguistic• Mathematical-

Logical• Visual-Spatial• Bodily-Kinesthetic

• Interpersonal• Intrapersonal• Naturalistic• Existential • Musical

Multiple Intelligences

The LearnerThe Learner

Multiple Intelligences

The Learner

Multiple InteligencesMultiple Inteligences

• Linguistics – verbal skills/talents related to sound, meaning & ryhthms

• Logical-mathematical – conceptual & logical thinking

• Musical – talents/abilities related to sound, rhythm & pitch

• Spatial – skill in thinking in pictures & visioning abstract

Multiple InteligencesMultiple Inteligences

• Bodily-kinesthetic – skill in controlling body movements

• Interpersonal – responsive to others• Intrapersonal – high-degree of self

awareness & insight• Naturalistic – skills in recognizing,

categorizing & interacting with natural world

• Existential – ability to consider & deal with questions of human existence

Let’s try a Let’s try a Learning Style Learning Style Inventory…Inventory…

For Learning Inventory For Learning Inventory AssessmentAssessment

• Teaching = a systematic, planned sequence of events – A process that communicates

ideas/skills– Takes into account individual

and environmental factors– Aware of learning theories &

learner characteristics

Teaching and LearningTeaching and Learning

•Teachers should be aware of: – strengths and weaknesses of

own teaching style– learning theories– learning style of students

Teaching and LearningTeaching and Learning

•Teaching and learning work together

•Holistic planning is the key to effective learning

Teaching and LearningTeaching and Learning

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

•Technology: a component of the teaching/learning process– Educational technology includes

resources that facilitate teaching/learning

– This view of technology has evolved

– It’s consistent with evolution of learning theories

Teaching and LearningTeaching and Learning

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

“The systematic application of scientific or other

organized knowledge to practical tasks.”

Potential Impacts of Potential Impacts of TechnologyTechnology

• Enhance our capabilities – more effective • Increase our speed – more efficient • Impact levels of motivation/attitude/vision • Thornburg (1999), “…we have the

opportunity to use technologies in ways that support modern pedagogical thought devoted to the premise that all students are capable of learning, even if the pathways for each learner are different.” (cited in O’Neil & Perez, pg. xiv)

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

A Historical Overview• Began in the early 1900s with

movies• Slides, radio, sound recordings

were added in the 1920s-1930s • Television drove audio-visuals in

the 1950s

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

A Historical Overview• 1960s: A-V expanded to a broader

systems view • 1970s: educational technology

redefined and expanded further to include all technologies

• 1980s: educational technology entered the Digital Age

Allyn and Bacon 2005

Allyn and Bacon 2005

Today• Holistic view

– All media and systems that support teaching/learning

• Teachers must decide how to best utilize technology

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

Holistic View of Teaching, Holistic View of Teaching, Learning, and TechnologyLearning, and Technology

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

Change in educational philosophy of what constitutes basic skills

• No longer just three R’s• “Learning to learn” skills essential• Lifelong learning

TEA