theodore metochites 1981 greek orthodox theological review

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IHOR SEVCENKO AND JEFFREY FEATHERSTONE

TWO POEMS BY THEODORE METOCHITES

On the pages that follow we are offering the text and translation oftwo hitherto unpublished poems by Theodore Metochites (1270-1332)statesman scholar and man of letters of the early Palaeologan periodThese two pieces Poems 3 and 4 have been drawn from the collection ofMetochites twenty poems1 of which only the two first have appeared in

printThe Greek text of the Poems has been established on the basis of Parisinus Graecus 1776 fols 51v-69r a manuscript revised and amplycorrected we now believe by Metochites himself We hope to justify thisbelief and to list and discuss the corrections in the manuscript in a laterissue of the Review At this point we present only the core of our study

1 The titles of the Poems are as follows 1 Doxology About Himself and On the Chora

Monastery 2 To the Virgin and Again On the Chora Monastery 3 To Gregory the

Former Archbishop of All Bulgaria 4 Counsels to the Wise Nikephoros Gregoras andConcerning His Own Compositions 5 On the Great Athanasios 6 On the Three Hier-

archs Basil the Great Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom 7 Funerary Address

On Irene the Spouse of the Most Divine Emperor Andronikos Palaiologos 8 Funerary

Address On the Young Ruler Michael Son of the Most Divine Emperor Andronikos

Palaiologos 9 Funerary Address On His Son-in-law the Caesar John Palaiologos 10 On

the Mathematical Branch of Philosophy and Especially on the Harmonic One 11 To the

Wise Theodore Xanthopoulos and on His Own Vexations 12 To the Wise Nikephoros

Xanthopoulos and On His Own Compositions 13 To His Nephew the Protoasekretis

lt Leon Bardales gt and On Their Earlier Way of Life 14 To Himself On the Difficulties in

His Affairs 15 To Himself Again and On the Difficulties of His Existence 16 To HimselfAgain and On the Ebb and Flow of Lifes Affairs 17-20 To Himself After the Turn of His

Fate

2 M Treu Dichtungen des Gross-Logotheten Theodoros Metochites [ = Programm Vic

toriamdashGymnasiums Potsdam Ostern 1895] (Potsdam 1895) Excerpts from our Poem 4

have been published on at least three occasions cf John Boivin in the Bonn edition of

Nikephoros Gregoras Hist 2 (1830) 1226 Guilland Les poeacutesies ineacutedites (as in this

note below) 269-78 and I Sevampnko Storia letteraria Seminario 3deg in La civiltagrave bizan tina dal XII alVXV secolo [Corsi di Studi-3 1978] (Bari 1981) For a discussion of

Metochites Poems cf R Guilland Le palais de Theacuteodore Meacutetochite Revue des Etudes grecques 35 (1922) 82-95 (on Poem 19 unreliable) idem Les poeacutesies ineacutedites de

Theacuteodore Meacutetochite Byzantion 3 (1926) 265-302 (reprinted without Greek texts in



2 THE GREEK ORTHODOX THEOLOGICAL REVIEW

We also hope to append a succinct commentary on the Poems for thetime being that function must be assigned to our translation

The reader facing Metochites and his convoluted writings for the firsttime may turn to ample secondary literature on both for much has beenwritten on our author in the last thirty years from a brilliant assessmentof his Miscellaneous Essays by Professor Beck to a recent one-pagevignette aiming at a general public For the understanding of the generaldrift of the two Poems published here it should be sufficient to state thatthe grande carriegravere of Metochites began in 1305 when he became primeminister or rather chief intermediary (microεσάζων) of the Emperor

Andronikos II a key post which he held for twenty983085three years He fellfrom power in 1328 with the fall of his imperial protector who wasousted by his grandson Andronikos III at the end of a protracted civil

war (13219830851328) Metochites was banished to Didymoteichos for twoyears and was later allowed to return to Constantinople and to settle inhis monastery of Chora There he reread his works and wrote somemore in which he bemoaned his fate He died in 1332

As a politician Metochites was a man of action But he was more thanthat he was also a prolific writer It was his Eulogy of Nicaea pro-nounced in front of the Emperor who stopped in that city during a

voyage of inspection that brought the twenty983085year983085old youth to An-dronikos IPs attention in 1290 Metochites continued writing until thelast years of his life His output was thus considerable and covered anumber of scientific and literary genres Commentaries on Aristotleone983085hundred983085and983085twenty Miscellaneous Essays Introduction to

Astronomy eighteen Speeches and as we already know twenty Poems

We still possess most of this bulk amounting to some 1900 folios We

only regret the loss of his Correspondence which perished in the fire ofthe Escurial in 1671

Metochites was proud of his literary productionmdashone had but to readPoem 4 to realize thismdashand even more of his scientific feat the renewalof the knowledge of astronomy By this he meant having written atreatise offering a restatement of Ptolemys Almagestmdasha genuineachievement since Ptolemys is a complicated and technical workmdashandhaving transposed Ptolemys tables to a new epoch of 1283 the first year

of the rule of Andronikos II This latter rearrangement we consider



THEODORE METOCHITES 3

trivial Metochites was of a different opinion and alluded to it amongother places in his Poem 4 (257-62)

Throughout his political career Metochites was aware of the tensionbetween the active life which provided him with wealth and power andthe vita contemplativa of a scholar and man of letters which as he sayssomewhere he abandoned in mid-stream He frequently alluded to thisplight in his writings he had dreadedmdashand foreseenmdashhis fall for sometime before it occurred and wrote on the instability of life As time wentby he turned more and more to the thought of retiring and living in quietcontemplation Much of Poem 3 especially lines 43-75 and 115-128 with

their wistful and somewhat jealous admiration for his addresseesangelic way of life in a monastery bears witness to these longings StillMetochites never brought himself to solve the dichotomy of his ex-

istence it was solved for him by the catastrophe of 1328The reader of our Poems might keep two more points about

Metochites in mind In the first place he strove for immortality in thisworldmdashan ambition which strikes us as non-mediaevalmdashand disguisedthis quest of his as a general trait of human nature (cf Poem 4 237-41

310-22) He tried to realize this ambition for himself both by writing andby restoring and lavishly decorating the monastery of Christ Savior of

Chora his own residence toward the end of his life and as Poem 4 informs us the dwelling place of his proteacutegeacute Nikephoros GregorasMetochites succeeded on both counts his works are still studied and theChora now a museum is among the Byzantine treasures of modernIstanbul

Secondly Metochites was a book collector and a lover of books of de

luxe editions of his own writings to be sure but also of works of theClassics and of the Church Fathers At Chora he assembled the bestprivate library in the capital and he reminded the addressee of Poem4mdashas he did other addresseesmdashof his anxious concern for the welfare ofhis collection

It is easy to criticize Metochites verses for while he had poetical ambitions he ignored or disdained conventional rules of versification and iftruth be told lacked poetical talent A learned man of the preceding

generation Maacuteximos Planudes wrote much more correct hexametersthan those churned out by our author and in the subsequent generationNi h l K b il b h h i di i H b h




θαλάσσης (122) έδητύος ήδέ ποτήτος (173) άχνύmicroενον κήρ (248)πρόmicroον (274) θυmicroός άνωγεν (Poem 4 24)

Soon however we discover small discrepancies and near misses for we read microηδενόσωρα of no account (9) while Iliad 8178 hasούδενόσωρα microέθυ for wine (122) or τολυπεύοντας meaning to be

busy (181) rather than to accomplishΜέροπας ανθρώπους is to be sure a Homeric formula but it is ab-

sent from Homer in the accusative for reasons of meter We also meet with expressions that sound Homeric but are not such as ές βυθόνpoundι983085πτουσι ταρταρόεντα (130) with which compare ίgtίψω ές τάρταρονήερόεντα of Iliad 813 Or else all the building blocks of an expression

may be attested in Homer in the exact form in which they are used by ourpoet but the result is far removed from the Homeric perception of the world such are the formulae for the turbulent life path of life orthe sea of life πολυφλοίσβοιο βιότοιο (123) βιότοιο κέλευθον (58and 99) and βιότοιο θάλασσαν (204)

A number of Metochites poetic words come from later Epic or fromTragedy rather than from Homer such are άστυφέλικτος (217 andelsewhere) used by Nonnos in the fifth century of our Era άπόπτολις

(50) or the syncopated forms αίώ for αΙώνα (20 and elsewhere) and είκώfor εΙκόνα (Poem 4 20) One important source for Metochites epic

vocabulary is to be found in the hexameters of Gregory of Nazianzosanother outstanding egocentric of Byzantine letters who too addressedpoems To Himself Thus ύψιmicroέδοντος (51) absent from the Iliad andOdyssey entered Metochites verses not from the Homeric epigrams

where it once occurs or from Hesiod but from Gregory who uses itrepeatedly as the epithet of the Christian God

6 In addition to words

coming from outside the Homeric corpus Metochites forged epic983085sounding neologisms or used false forms άκύρια (181) άmicroφάκτιοςnear the shore (197) σκουπιωρής lookout (192) formed afterσκοπιωρός watcher or άmicroβιώσκων (141) when only the middle

voice βιώσκοmicroαι is attested Since Metochites knew that Homeremployed Aeolisms such as οmicromicroιν or Ionisms such as ένθευτεν he usedthem too (68 83 200 293) but went further and formed Aeolisms ab-sent from the Epic such as έχοισαν or διδοΐσαν (Poem 4 176)moreover his verses are interspersed with Dorisms φαντί (8) άρετάν

(64) ήδονας (99 119) τάνδ (143) or δίκαν (298)The metric system of Metochites is still unclear to us except for the




syllables especially in the last foot He knew of the epic lengthening andmade a general use of the device even where it would not occur in

Homer λοϋγος (40) βρουτοΐσιν (46) ποϋθον (53) πουλλάς (104)microουνάν (145 lengthening and Dorism) πουθή (153) άφρούντιστον(163) As however he had no feeling for the long vowels he would prac-tise false elision as in IgraveOgraveV δκαστα for Ιδίςι δκαστα (214)

All this amounts to saying that Metochites who used Homer only as aguide and who was not inhibited by a philologists rigorous approachcreated an epic language of his own Today we like our Byzantinescholarly predecessors advocate close adherence to the classical canon in

versification We therefore consider Metochites attempt to have been afailure and understand the sentiments of a Jean Boi vin who in 1702called him the worst of versifiers or of a Charles-Benoicirct Hase who inthe past century found that as a poet Metochites was too inept forwords We would be disposed to overlook our authors technical imperfections if his hexameters struck us as poetry instead we perceivethem as versified rhetorical prose7mdashincidentally a reproach which canalso be levelled at one of Metochites models Gregory of Nazianzos8

This versified prose is abstract cerebral and difficult to unravel andthe challenge Metochites verses present to the modern editor is that of adouble-crostic Having established a poems text the editor must not besatisfied with a mere paraphrase but must provide a full translationThis not only to help the reader but also to make sure that the editorhimself has gotten the texts drift correctly Once deciphered themessage of Metochites verses is the same as that of his prosemdashtranspositions of phrases from the Speeches or the Miscellaneous Essays into hexameters or explicit references to his own oratorical writings are the out

ward intimation of this Almost one half of the Poems consist of themusings of a widely-read man conscious of his intellectual achievementsand of his political power a man who is proud of his wealth andmunificence and therefore overbearing but who is tormented besetwith doubts about the course taken by his life and feels threatened Thethreat comes both from the anticipated revolt of those exploited by thereacutegime he came to represent and from the challenge of the new generation hungry for power and disputing it with Metochites his friends and

the old emperor We listen to a self-centered man to be sure presentinghis egocentricity as a universal trait of human nature but also to a man




plight of our nation to foreseemdashsomewhat prematurelymdashthe imminent collapse of the remnants of the Byzantine Empire and to be deeplydistressed by that prospect

Modern mediaevalists are turning to the study of group mentalitiesmdashfor Byzantium a virtually virgin and therefore exciting subjectThose who stay behindmdashand that includes students of mentalities of individual members of the Byzantine eacutelitemdashmay strengthen themselves bythe thought that they have a job to finish publishing Metochites remaining poems is a part of this job

II

Of the two Poems presented here one Poem 3 is addressed toMetochites literary friend and fellow member of the old emperorscamp Gregory the former archbishop of All Bulgaria the otherPoem 4 is an appeal directed to the future historian NikephorosGregoras Metochites proteacutegeacute disciple and spiritual heir

We know a great deal about Nikephoros Gregoras (12926-135861)A friend or enemy of three emperors he was a major figure in the intellectual movement and religious controversies between the late twentiesand the fifties of the century In his earlier years he was a teacher either

as a professor in a school of his own where he taught the quadrivium oras a preceptor of imperial and high society ladies He left a considerable oeuvre as author of imperial Encomia Funerary Speeches and ofdialogues reflecting squabbles among intellectuals as astronomer andcomputist as tireless letter writer hagiographer anti-Palamitetheologian and above all historian

10 Cf Poem 16 Parisinus Graecus 1776 fol 204r 18 γένεος ήmicroετέροιο δαρον δήτρυχοmicroένοιο and fol 204ν 4 where the author entreats God ϊλαθι τωδε γένει κεν σφίσιν

έπίσχεο δεινόν The use of γένος for the Byzantine nation (attested in this sense as earlyas the thirteenth century) is one of Metochites rare concessions to the usage current in histime (both in low and high style writings) and foreshadows modern developments Forγένος = our nation in high style cf Manuel II Letters 3922 and 40 4 eacuted G T DennisThe Letters of Manuel II Palaeologus [= Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 8](Washington DC 1977) 105-107 The non-classicizing contemporary of MetochitesPatriarch Athanasios I has γένος frequently in his correspondence cf A983085M MaffreyTalbot The Correspondence of Athanasius I (Washington DC 1975) especially thenote to Letter 58 46 with bibliography Cf John Kananos in his treatise on the Siege ofConstantinople in 1422 PG 15673B 77A and Doukas Hist chap 405 and 4214

11 As early as 1897 K Krumbacher Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteraturt 554 an-nounced an edition of Metochites remaining poems by M Treu (with a study of their

i t t diti l d t i ) N thi f thi diti I 1967 M




Gregoras early career in the Capital developed largely underMetochites patronage He was born in Heracleia on the Pontos (today

Karadeniz Eresisi) in the last decade of the thirteenth century the exactdate of his birth is controverted It was in Heracleia that he received agood first education under the tutelage of his uncle John who wasMetropolitan of that city Gregoras arrived in Constantinople very likely in the company of his uncle probably in his late teens We do knowthat by the age of twenty or twenty-one he was already in the Capitaland was a frequent visitor to the literary salon of Patriarch John Glykys(1315-1319) The Patriarch and Metochites were old friends thus it was

in all likelihood through him that the promising youth from the provinces was introduced to the Emperors right-hand man some twenty-fiveyears his senior By 1316 or thereabouts Gregoras was assistingMetochites in the work of restoration undertaken in the ChoraMonastery which Metochites had just taken over From then on the relations between patron and proteacutegeacute grew progressively closer and contributed to Gregoras rapid social ascent He taught Metochites sonswith indifferent success and his daughter with good results He per

suaded Metochites to initiate him into technical astronomy and about1324 was able to propose a reform for computing the date of EasterScientifically this was a reasonable idea but it was not accepted forpolitical reasons Some two years before 1324 when he was twenty-seven he was introduced by Metochites to the Emperor and to the imperial scholarly circle

By Gregoras own testimony Metochites treated him almost as one ofhis children The close relationship between the two withstood the test

of the fateful year of 1328 In that year Gregoras too suffered loss ofproperty but was not banished remaining in the Chora Monasterywhere his protector had installed him earlier After some two to fouryears of eclipse Gregoras came into the good graces of the new reacutegimeincluding the prime minister John Kantakouzenos and the new EmperorAndronikos HI but he remained faithful to the memory of his benefactor on the pages of his History and in an Epitaph in elegiac verse Only intwo respects of interest to us did Gregoras assessments differ from thoseof Metochites he reports that far from desiring and being most anxious to teach him the whole astronomy (Poem 4 187-89) Metochiteswas initially reluctant to share with him the tenets of this science which




bishop of All Bulgaria that is of Ochrid is a more shadowy figure In1926 Rodolphe Guilland provided Gregory with a cursory notice and aslate as 1948 the almost infallible Franz Doumllger thought that nothing wasknown about him16 In fact we do know quite a few details concerningthis prelate17 Gregory a Byzantine coming from the Capital becameArchbishop of Ochrid shortly before June 1312 he was certainly inOchrid in 1314 when he built or restored the Exonarthex of theCathedral Church of Saint Sophia in that city a feat which he commemorated by a brick inscription composedmdashor perhaps adaptedmdashforthe occasion 8 He may have been residing in Ochrid in 1315 or shortly

16 R Guilland Eacutetudes byzantines (as in note 2 above) 179-80 F Doumllger Aus den

Schatzkammern des Heiligen Berges (Munich 1948) 12317 Best to date is the entry in Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit fase 2(1977) nr 4482 We enlarge somewhat upon that entry in the present article We were ableto read a part of the unpublished doctoral dissertation on Ochrid defended by Cvetan Groz-danov in Belgrade in 1979 namely its chapter I Ochrid i ohridska arhiepiskopija u XIVveku Politiche i crkvene prilike We wish to thank both the author and Professor BozidarFerjancleacute for making the typescript of that chapter available to us

18 Best reproduction of the inscription in Cvetan Grozdanov Prilozi proucavanju SvSofije ohridske u XIV veku Zbornik za likovne umetnosti 5 (1969) after p 50 (photoand tracing) The inscription in dodecasyllables is unfortunately damaged according to

Grozdanov it runs + MQCHC Ο ΓΡΗΓΟΡΙΟ [ ] ΓΑ ΝΕΩ CKHNHN ΕΓΕΙΡΑΟ TONΘΕΟΓΡΑΦΟΝ NOMON ΕΘΝΗ TA MYCQN EKAIAACKEI ΠΑΝΟΟΦΩΟ + ET(ους) fflszligKB (= 131314) In the first line Grozdanov marks ΓΑ as not sure and JIvanov BUumllgarski starini iz Makedonija (2nd ed 1931) 34 read these letters as Ι∆ Thismakes the reading of these two letters as ΗΛ possible Now in a Canon in honor of Cle-ment of Ochrid Demetrios Chomatianos Archbishop of All Bulgaria (thirteenth century)calls his hero a νέος Μωσής new Moses and a Μωσαϊκή πέτρα Mosaic rock likenshis Slavic flock to νέονΊσραήλ asks him one last time to teach in the confines ofBulgaria and praises him for having erected (ήγειρας) churches In his Short Life of Cle-ment (the so983085called Ochrid Legend) Chomatianos reports that Clements writings wererevered no less than ΜωσαϊκαΙ θεογραφοι πλάκες έκεΐναι those Divinely written tablets

of Moses (incidently θεόγραφος is a rare word) in his teachings Clement explained themost lawful (εύνοmicroώτατον) way of life to the Bulgarians In another Canon attributedto Theophylaktos of Ochrid (eleventh century) Clement has guided έθνη Μυσών the My983085sian peoples to the faith he is also the teacher (διδάσκαλόν) of the peoples of Mysia CfG Balasegraveev Kliment episkop slovenski i sluiacutebata mu pograve star slovenskiprevod (Sofigravea1898) 13 31 12 18 8 9 22 27 37 43 In the light of these parallels we propose thefollowing reconstruction of the inscription Μωσής oacute Γρηγόριο ltς Ίσραgt ήλ νέφ σκηνήν έγείρας τον θεόγραφον νόmicroον έθνη τα Μυσων έκδιδάσκει πανσοφωςlt Like gt Moses Gregory having erected a tabernacle for the New Israel teaches the My983085sian peoples the Divinely written Law in an all983085wise fashion

We avoid interpreting ΝΕΩ as νεώ the temple for we do not expect an accent on the

ultimate in a fourteenth983085century dodecasyllable By σκηνήν tabernacle Gregory musthave meant the Exonarthex After σκηνήν one might expect θεογράφων νόmicroων a genitiveafter the pattern of σκηνή microαρτυρίου a term quite frequent in the Septuagint thus taber-




thereafter about that time the future Metropolitan of Ephesos ManuelGabalas wrote from Philadelphia to the Metropolitan of Bulgaria and

referred to the long and dangerous journey which the bearer of his letter was undertaking to reach the addressee19 Gregory retired from hissplendid see (43-46) apparently voluntarily sometime before 1327 andsettled in the Monastery of the Archangel Michael on the Bosporuswhich he had probably received from Andronikos II We learn about thename and location of Gregorys new residence from Poem 3 our only explicit source on this point The monastery was a lofty lookout that isit must have stood on a high ridge Gregory could contemplate the cur

rents of the Bosporus from it conversely those sailing by could see itfrom the water (192-99 208 223-30) The poems information is corroborated by the pathologically verbose epistolographer MichaelGabras it can be deduced from one of his letters to Gregory formerArchbishop of Bulgaria that about 1327 Gregory lived at a spot whichcould be reached by sea or by land and which was situated at a distanceof less than three hours travel from the Capital

It is not easy to determine which of the two shrines dedicated to the

Archangel Michael on the European shores of the Bosporus wasGregorys dwelling place for there is some confusion both in modernscholarship and in the sources between the two We opt for the one atSosthenion (Istinye of today) a locality situated about thirteenkilometers from the Seraglio Point in the City We do it not withouthesitation for we note that if Gabras timed his distances correctlyGregorys Monastery of Saint Michael was more likely the closerMichaelion between Arnavutkoumly and Bebek rather than the more remote

Saint Michael at Sosthenion There was a recent precedent for assigningthe Monastery of the Archangel Michael at Sosthenion (sometimesdisconcertingly called Saint Michael at Anaplous) to prelates living awayfrom their see in 1278 Michael VIII awarded it to the Patriarch

19 Text in J Gouillard Apregraves le schisme arseacutenite la correspondance du Pseudo-JeanChilas Acadeacutemie Roumaine Bulletin de la section historique 24 (1943 pubi 1944)202-03 letter 5 esp line 18 ταλαιπορίαν όδοο καΐ κινδύνου τοσούτου To be sure thereference to the difficulties of the journey may apply to the stretch between Philadelphiaand the Capital The addressees of Ps983085Chilas other letters resided in Constantinople

Pseudo983085John Chilas was identified with Manuel Gabalas (the same person as MatthewMetropolitan of Ephesos) by St I Kourouses Μανουήλ Γαβαλας είτα Ματθαίος




Athanasios of Alexandria it must have been a desirable residence forabout 1305 it became a bone of contention between that Patriarch and

his namesake Patriarch Athanasios I of Constantinople ThusMetochites may be believed when he describes Gregorys monastery asall-beautiful famed and lovely a delightful sight and of great expanse (145 223-28 230-31) By 1347 Gregory is referred to as deceased

For years Gregory was a favorite and a supporter of Emperor An-dronikos II Metochites puts a great deal of emphasis on the close relationship between the two friends (268-271) and parallel evidence bearshim out In June 1312 the Emperor issued a Prostagma forbidding im

perial officials to interfere with the property of any deceased Archbishopof Ochrid or any deceased bishop of that diocese or to molest peoplehaving served them24 The Prostagma of 1312 was promulgated inresponse to a submission by an unnamed Archbishop of Ochrid but it issafe to see in it an act of the Emperors personal favor on behalf of ourGregory recently installed upon the archieacutepiscopal throne Since by thattime Metochites was the all-powerful prime minister issuing imperialprivileges for money to strangers andmdashwe hope sine pecuniamdashto hisfriends we may surmise that he was instrumental in arranging for the actof 1312 We learn from documents of 1347-49 that at an unknowndatemdashpossibly before 1312mdashAndronikos II awarded the Monastery ofVirgin Psychosostria in Constantinople to Gregory that Gregory en

joyed founders rights there and that he added to the Monasterys property The two icons now at the National Museum of Ochrid that of theVirgin Psychosostria and that of Christ Psychosostes may have beenbrought by Gregory from the Capital to his see These two jewels of earlyPalaeologan art vouch for the taste and opulence of the Monasterys

22 Combine Pachymeres Hist 2 203 6-8 with 579 16-18 Bonn In the latter passagePachymeres speaks of Saint Michael at Anaplous In the wake of Pargoire Janin La

geacuteographie eccleacutesiastique (as in the preceding note) 362 localized the Michael Monasterygiven by Michael VIII to Athanasios of Alexandria as that at Sosthenion For other patriarchs residing in that monastery cf Pargoire Anaple (as in the preceding note) 88 96

23 Cf eg Maffry-Talbot Correspondence (as in note 10 above) 385-86 withreferences who puts that monastery between Anavutkoy and Bebek against Pargoire andJanin

24 Cf Joh and Pan Zepos lus Graecoromanum 1 (Athens 1931) 537-38 and FDolger Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des ostromischen Reiches 1 4 (1960) 57-58 nr2336




patronmdashor its imperial donor if they are Andronikos presents toGregory For Andronikos II made at least one precious gift to his

favorite The inscription embroidered on the luxurious epitaphios keptin Ochrid until 1916 addresses the shepherd of the Bulgarians and askshim to remember the ruler Andronikos Palaiologos during the liturgyThe epitaphios is therefore to be dated to 1312 or shortly thereafter2

Gregory remainedmdashat least ostensiblymdash28in the camp of AndronikosII until the very end Late in 1327 that is in the final stages of the civilwar he was the ranking member of a delegation between eight andtwenty-eight men strong which Andronikos II sent to Rhegion(Kuccedilukccedileccedilmece) west of the Capital to investigate the accusations levelled at his grandson the future Emperor Andronikos III29 One of thedelegations members was Theodore Xanthopoulos the addressee ofMetochites Poem 11 dating from the late thirteen-twenties Thus we seeGregory as a member of a closely knit group whose interests were linkedto those of the old emperor

Poem 3 is not the only piece of evidence attesting to Gregorys contactswith Metochites in a letter dating from after 1321 the Archbishop requested his powerful friends help in a delicate matter a nunmdashor abbessmdashhad been involved in some anti-governmental talk and her landedproperty had been confiscated Gregory asked Metochites to interveneso that the property would be restored to the woman30

Gregory was able to appreciate Metochies works (25-39) for he was a

27 For the epitaphios cf D Stojanovieacute Umetnifki vez u Srbiji od XlV-og du XlX-ogveka (1952) 41 with bibliography to which add G Millet Broderies religieuses de style

byzantin (Paris 1947) 89-90 and PI 178 and P Johnstone The Byzantine Tradition inChurch Embroidery (London 1967) 117-18 and fig 93 During discussion at the Dumbar

ton Oaks Symposium of May 1979 one of us connected the epitaphios with Gregory ofBulgaria and proposed the year 1312 or thereabouts as its date we are pleased to discover

that Grozdanov makes the same connection in his typewritten dissertation of 1979 (as in

note 17 above) 6 The usual date given for the epitaphios is 1295 The sole reason for this

dating seems to be the fact that since at least 1519 the epitaphios was kept in Saint Clement

(Virgin Peribleptos) at Ochrid a church which was dedicated in 1295 It is however more

than likely that originally the embroidery had nothing to do with Saint Clement but was

moved there from Saint Sophia of Ochrid when Saint Clement became the archieacutepiscopal

see (ca 1500)mdash According to I Snegarov Istorija na oxridskata arxiepiskopija 1 (Sofia

1924) 213 Gregory erected an ambo in the church of Saint Sophia of Ochrid it had four

monograms two of which read Γρηγόριος

28 It is noteworthy that Andronikos IIs enemy John Kantakouzenos should sing the




man of learning a friend of letters and even something of a classicistHe too wrote hexameters and shared Metochites admiration forGregory of Nazianzos Kantakouzenos praised Gregory for his culture

and wisdom31 but only a few of his writings remain to confirm this judgment three epigrams a few letters an unpublished Canon on theSeventh Ecumenical Synod of Nicaea and stichera preserved only in aChurch Slavonic translation in honor of Clement disciple of the Slavicapostles Cyril and Methodios and a missionary bishop who died inOchrid in 916

32 When Metochites mentioned psalms and supplicatory

hymns to God both public and private among Gregorys efforts(8298308584) he may have been alluding to Gregorys sacred poetry rather

than to his singing hymns during the serviceIll

If our present view on the make983085up of the Parisinus Graecus ill 6 iscorrectmdashthat it initially consisted of the first sixteen poems and was ex-ecuted in this form shortly before Metochites fallmdashthen both our Poemsshould be earlier than 1328 Beyond this we are reduced to guesses basedon the text of the Poems themselves and our datings can be only approx-imate In Poem 3 Gregory is presented as a retired prelate unfortunate-

ly we do not know the date of this retirement The Emperor whomGregory loves so much has been beset by all kinds of tribulations formany years (249) and is in need of Gregorys prayers and of Divineassistance (244983085292) that Emperor is a meticulous keeper of oaths (265)The tribulations besetting Andronikos II must be those of the civil warand when Metochites insists on the Emperors fidelity to oaths he mayhave in mind the mutual accusations of breaking the terms of the truce of1323 which both sides in the civil war swore to keep inviolate These

mutual accusations that began soon after 1323 became especially stri-dent in the fall of 132734

31 Hist 1 226 1198308513 Bonn

32 For the two four983085liners in hexameter on a volume of poems by Gregory of Nazianzoscf S Cyrillus (Cirillo) Codices GraeciRegiaeBibl Borbonicae 1 (Naples 1826) 6798308568for the Epitaph in iambics on the oikonomos of Saint Sophia Alexios Kappadokes cf EMiller Manuelis Philae carmina inedita 2 (Paris 1857 reprint Amsterdam 1967) 372 forthe Canon on the Seventh Synod cf Sp Lambros Catalogue of the Greek Manuscripts onMount Athos 2 (Cambridge 1900) 230 nr 4962 5 = Ιβήρων 842 for the three letters cfSp Lampros Νέος Έλληνοmicroνήmicroων 14 (1917) 34298308546 text of the stichera in Balasampv

Kliment episkop (as in note 18 above) 4 89830859 The epigram and letters are certainly by ourGregory as for the Canon and the stichera they are most probably by him




In Poem 4 Metochites refers to his astronomical treatise as to a com-pleted work (it was finished by 131617) Gregoras has already made use

of this treatise dealing with the affairs of the sun the moon and theother stars in his own astronomical calculations (26598308566 277)Gregoras first major venture in the field of astronomy his proposedreform of the computing of the date of Easter was submitted about 1324if Gregoras calculations should also have involved eclipses this might bring us to the time subsequent to Metochites fall for the first solareclipse Gregoras is known to have predicted was that of September 231329 and the first lunar one that of January 5 1330 However

Metochites is not explicit on this point moreover we believe that he wasstill in power when he was writing Poem 4 for there he claimed (29198308593)that numerous people could attest to his prominence both in affairs andin literary endeavors and could do it now Metochites did refer to theprospect of death twice in Poem 4 (300331) but he did so as early as histenth Speech written about 1305 There is no mention of the calamitiesthat have befallen either the author of Poem 4 or his addressee In sum we now suggest that Poems 3 and 4 were written in the mid9830851320sperhaps a year or two later but we cannot be sure

Our treatment of accents breathings and apostrophes in the Poemspublished here is a compromise between the need to offer a readable textand a desire to give an idea of Metochites own orthographic practiceThus we have accentuated enclitics in a conventional way wrote δρδωνfor έρδων (Poem 4162) standardized such cases as στύλοι into στύλοινούον into vooumlov microούρον into microοϋρον and ϊφι (the usual spelling in themanuscript) into Ιφι (on the strength of the single example of Ιφι in Poem4 136) and ignored the accents moved backward in elided words of

Poem 4 (43 Ισχύρ 150 Λογίκ 250 Φυσίκ 329 άγάθ) On the otherhand we have kept the fluctuation between 983085microεν and microεν in the epic in-finitive endings before vowels as well as the manuscripts hesitation be-tween ftp and ftp before a vowel and between αν άν (the standardform) and ftv for ανά We also kept αϋτως for αϋτως (Poem 3 6 and169) the iota subscripts in epic dative endings in 983085ηφι and have leftunusual accents untouched such as τόλmicroαται (Poem 3 40 seemingly aperfect rather than an error for τόλmicroαται) στάθmicroα for σταθmicroά (ac-

cusative plural Poem 3 264) and άποώσας (2nd person singular Poem3 152) where one would expect άπόωσας Homer less epic thanM t hit h ά ώ Fi ll i t d th j t ϊ f



THE GREEK ORTHODOX THEOLOGICAL REVIEW

51v ΕΙΣ ΓΡΗΓΟΡΙΟΝ TON ΧΡΗΜΑΤΙΣΑΝΤΑ ΑΡΧΙΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΝ ΠΑΣΗΣ ΒΟΥΛΓΑΡΙΑΣ Γ

Γρηγόρι9 άmicroφϊ microάλ

9 εΐραmicroαι θεράπον Χριστού)

νυν έπε άδρανέος τάδ9 άρ

9 άπο νοός γ ένέπειν σοι

φίλτάτα microοι κεφαλή ήδυεπές αγάτιmicroεσουφίας είραστά της θ

9 άmicroετέρας της τ έκτος

5 πάντα γαρ ά κεν ίmicroερτά γίνατ 9 άνδρεσσι βρουτοϊς

εύ γε microάλ9 από έθεν βαλες ήύτ

9 δναρ φάσmicro

9 αοτως

άνούσιον έπισχέmicroεν ήέ τε καπνού σκιήν

52Γ ώς κε παλαιοί φαντί λόγοι βιότοιο πάνταπρήγmicroατα microηδενόσωρα δεικνυντες σαόφροσιmiddot

10 πρόφρων τ ούκ άέκων φύγες οονεκ9 άνακτος Χρίστου

oumlv πάντων άνθείλεο καί τε microόνφ οί ζώειςάτροπος άπάντεων microή τεύ νύ τ

9 άλεγίζων

ouml microέροπας έπί σφεα άνστροφάα microάλα τ 9 ϊσχει

άψύκτοισι πέδησι διαmicroπερές άρρήκτοισι15 τάς κε τίς άν φύγησιν άεθλοφόρος ποδάρκης

κράτει πουλύ microέγ9 άσχετος ήνορέηφι πεποιθώςκατ

9 άρ

9 έκασθ

9 άmicroα αήττητος βλεmicromicroεαίνων

άτάρ τάδε συ πάντα παρέδραmicroες ύψόσ 9 όράων

ούρανίους ές θησαυρούς θεού πολυδότευο

20 άρρητ 9 άνονόmicroαστα έάων πλήθε

9 άν

9 αΐώ

πάντα διαρκέα microήποτε παυλαν έχονθ9 ύστάταν

άmicroφΐ δ9 άρα microόνον άέξουσαν παιδείας αΐέν

κτήσιν ακάmicroατος άεθλεύεις άσχολον ήτορ

γλυκερον άmicroφιπονέων ήmicroατα δια πάντα

25 Τοϋνεκα δή κάπ9 έmicroείο λόγων microογήmicroασι τοϊσδε

οίς άρ9 εκάστοτε πάρ τίνα συντάττοιmicroεν χρείαν

52ν άmicroφικέχυται σεΐο κέαρ Ιφι γηθόσυνονοϊς δτι πουθός χ

9 ήmicroέας ϊσχει δς νύ σε ϊσχει

καί τ 9 άρ άmicroφαγαπάζεις τάmicroα σύ ήύτε πατήρ

30 παιδος έοΐο παργάννυτ 9 έσθλοϊς τεκέεσσν

δττι κεν άρ σοι λούγοι φίλτατ 9

έασιν απάντωνκαί τε λόγων δαmicroιουργοί microέτρι

9 δπως ποτ

9 έχοντες

9




[fol 51v] 3 TO GREGORY SOMETIME ARCHBISHOPOF ALL BULGARIA

O Gregory servant of Christ now I dearly desire to speakthese words from my weary mind to you dearest eloquentand venerable one lover of wisdom both sacred and profane (5) You have cast completely away from yourself allthe objects of mortal desire even as lt one does gt a meredream that phantom without essence lt impossible gt to

[fol 52r] grasp because it is a shadow of smoke just as writings of

old [Ps 1434] affirm which have shown how the things ofthis world are but vanity to the wise (10) With what aneager not an unwilling mind have you fled from the worldfor the sake of the Lord Christ Whom you have chosenabove all others You live for Him alone heedless of aughtelse you trouble yourself not with any of those things whichdivert mortals and hold them in inescapable utterly unbreakable fetters (15) from which what fleet-footed champion confident in strength and irrepressible vigor so vaunt-ful of his inconquerability in all may escape But you haveescaped all these things gazing above at generous Godsheavenly treasures (20) riches unnameable and indescribable in their plenitude everlasting unceasing andwithout end With a relentless heart unwearied you contend solely for the ever-increasing acquisition of culturelaboring sweetly every day

(25) Therefore greatly is your joyous heart concerned withthese literary works of mine whenever I compose them

[fol 52v] on account of some need and because a longing seizes meThis longing seizes you too and you love my works even asa father boasts over (30) noble offspring of his own sonliterary works are the dearest of all things unto you as well

as the creators of literary works even though these works beof modest merit if only they contain some traces of ancientknowledge And you deem not to be utterly devoid of these




καί τε νεmicroεσητά αν έη έρρ9 Αδράστεια

ήδέ γε βάσκανος έρρέτω νόος ήδ9 οΰατα

άλλ9

δ γ έφάmicroην πάντα σύ άσχετος έκ microάλα φυγώνολβον άρίτιmicroον ίερον οψος θώκον εκείνον

45 κύδιmicroον οίο κλεϊος άπάντεσσι περίφαντον53Γ άνά γε άνδρεσσι βρουτοΐσιν άοίδιmicroον αΐέν

δόξαν οπαδούς λαον ύπεικάθοντα πολλόνκυmicroαίνοντα θέατρα βασιλήός τ έρίηραmicroάλ

9 όmicroιλήmicroατα τον microάλα καυτός σύ γ έράας

50 αύτάρ έπειτα microόνος γ άπόπτολις ήσυχα βιούς

Χριστού) προπάροιθεν ύψιmicroέδοντος αΐείδν γ άλλάξαο πάντων σουφίας ϊmicroερον έmicroπηςάτροπον αίέν έχεις κού λίπες τόνδ

9 άρα ποϋθον

ουδέ σέ γ9 ουδέν πρήγmicroα τόνδ

9 άπο κεΐαρ άρατο

55 άλλ9 δ γ

9 έρηmicroίαν ήν σύ γ

9 εϊλεο τάνδ

9 ήδύνει

τόνδε τε σύν γ9 έπίκουρον άνά λατρείαν Χρίστου

άγεις microάλα τ 9 αγαθόν παραφράδmicroονα ών χρή

παρ βιότοιο κέλευθον τάνδε φίλην Χριστφάκάmicroατον δέ σοί γε σπούδασmicro

9 άmicroφότερ

9 είσί

60 πρόσκτησις σοφίας λατρεία τ 9 αεί θεοΐο

ώ microακάριε σύ γ9 ώνθρωπε τώνδ

9 άmicroφοτεράων

δς κ9 έρασ

9 αυτών δς κ

9 έράων είτ

9 ούκ άτευκτεΐς

αλλά τε πολλόν άεΐ προβιβάεις έκάτερθεν αυτόςήmicroέν άρετάν ές γ

9 δτι περ πλεϊν εύ microάλα άνύτων

53ν καί τ 9 άmicroοιβαδον άγχι πρόσθεν Ιών θεοϊο

ήδέ τ 9 άέξων κτήσιος αΐεΐ ίmicroερτής λούγων

παιδείας τε πάσης της θ9 ηmicroετέρας της τ

9 έκτος

δττι κεν αυ κάνθεϋτεν έπειτ 9 όνίναιτ 9 άν τιςΕήιστ

9 εύπετέως άν

9 όδον θεωρίας δντως

70 δή microάλ9 Ιών άπρόσκοπος άτειρής δούγmicroατα

πάντα θεοϊο άνακτος πίστιος άγνοτάταςήύτε δή καί προύτερον άνδρες microάκαρες άλλοικάρτ

9 άρ

9 εκείνοι ήγεmicroονήες δή περίφαmicroοι

θειοσεβίης Χρίστου καί τ 9 εκκλησίας αύτου

75 στύλοι ήύτε θείmicroεθλ9 άρραγέα πάντ

9 αίώ

Τοις microέν άρ αυτός θεΐ9

άνερ εΐκάθων σέ γ9

αυτόν




may even be reproachable but away with envy Andaway with malicious minds and ears too Even as I have

said relentlessly you have fled away from everythingfrom illustrious fortune from the sacred height of that

[fol 53r] splendid See of yours (45) whose renown is conspicuousamong all and forever celebrated by mortals fromglory from companions from the obedient throngfrom overflowing audiences and from trusting conversations with the Emperor whom you love (50) Andthereafter have you lived alone without the City in

quiet forever in the presence of Christ the lofty Rulerfor Whom you have exchanged everything and havekept your constant desire for wisdom You have not lostthis longing nor has any matter taken it from yourheart (55) it sweetens this wilderness which you havechosen and you bring it as a helpmate in the worship ofChrist and as a good councillor of the things necessaryin this way of life dear to Christ Wearilessly you pursue

both these things (60) the acquisition of wisdom andthe continual worship of God O blessed one man ofboth these occupations who love them who desirethem and fail not in gaining them You make greatstrides in both you achieve utmost virtue in aught

[fol 53v] you do (65) and in turn draw nigh unto God whilstalways increasing that part of the lovely acquisition ofliterature and of all culture both sacred and profanefrom which everyone may profit with the greatest easeThus you swiftly move along the road of contemplatingall the doctrines of the faith most pure of the Lord God(70) unwearied and without stumbling even as lt did gtthose other blessed men of old those famed leaders ofthe worship of Christ (75) and pillars of His Church unshakable foundations forever

Whilst committing yourself to these things O divine

man to the pursuit of virtue and to the craving forwisdom you have set forth as your first task the wor




85 γλυκερά microάλ9 έρίηρ

9 όmicroιλήmicroατα τέρποντα κήρ

ήδονάν άφατον ήν αυτός γ9 οίδας καί θ ot περ

κατ 9

άρ ώς κε σύ πείρανταν άλλήλοιν microάρτυροιϋmicromicroες δ

9 έστέ βέβηλοι δ

9 ήmicroέες άmicroφΐ πύλας δή

κλειmicroένας έσταmicroεν έξω φάντασmicro9 άνστρέφοντες

90 πλάνον άνήνυτον είν νφ ήδονάς οϋνεχ9 ήmicroείων

ήτοι τάδε microέν ώς έφάmicroην τελέθει microερόπεσσινήmicroέν δσοι κατ

9 δρα σέ γ

9 άτρεκέως ήδονται

άγνοτάταν διαmicroπερές ήδονάν άmicroιγέα τεπάmicroπαν όϊζύος απάντων τ

9 έπειτ

9 άλεγεινών

95 ήδέ θ

9

οσοι κόσmicroον τόνδ

9

άνστροφέονθ

9

ύλης τεβένθεσι πουλυπλάγκτοισί τε παλιρροίησιmicroάψ φορέοντ

9 ένθα καί ένθ

9 άχέεσσι πουλλοϊς

ξύmicromicroιγα τειρόmicroενοι κούδέν γ9 ελεύθερον οίον

άκρατον ήδονας άmicroπνϋντές τ 9 ανά βιότοιο

100 τούδε κέλευθον ενίοτε microάλ9 εύδαίmicroονές αυτών

έmicromicroεν9 ένιοι κρινόmicroενοι ίgtοήmicroασι τύχης

πουλυδότιδος έάων άρίτιmicroοι πουλυκλεεΐς

54ν καί τε πουλύολβοι καθάπαξ ήδεσθάφορmicroάςπουλλάς έχειν δοκέοντες οϊς όράοντέπιπουλής105 αυτοί γ

9 έν σφίσιν αύτοΐς δειλάmicroονές τ

9 άθλιοι

microάλ9 έπιδευεΐς οίκτου δακρυόφιν άξιοι

ήύτε τάφοι τά γ9 έξω πολύκοσmicroοι λαmicroπροί

εύπρεπέες γ9 δσσοισιν άτάρ ος άνοίγνυσι πολλής

ένδον αηδίας αυτοί πλήρεις σήψιος όδmicroής

110 ή κεν άθρόον αύτόθεν άντιάατ 9 άνύποιστος

Τοϊά γ9 έασ

9 άνθρώποις πολλοΐσι δοκέοντα

πρήγmicroατα microακάρια πολύ γ9 είρατά πουλύζηλα

τά δ9 άmicroέας άχθηδόσι δάmicroνει συνεχέεσσι

ήτορ άεΐ καί τ 9 ολλυσι γηθοσύναν άρ

9 άπασαν

115 άλλα σύ γ9 άνερ άριστε θεοΐο θεράπων Χρίστου

έκ τε φυγών έριδος καί φθούνων έκ τε κυδοιmicroουέκ τ

9 αύ δόξης ή νύ τ

9 άmicroφαδίην κρύφα τε

φυλόπιδος πτερόεντες έπιτοξάζοντ 9 όϊστοί

έκ τ 9 Ιαχής έκ θ9 ήδονας άmicroυδις έκ θ9 απάντων120 τόνδε microονήεντα βίον εΐλεο νηνεmicroόεντα




(85) as well as sweet and lovely sermons [] which gladden the heart with ineffable delight whereof you know

yourself as well as those like you who have experienced them Thereof you are witnesses to one anotherbut we profane ones stand without closed doors turningfantasies (90) and useless wanderings in our minds forour pleasures sake Indeed as I lt just gt have said thefollowing happens with mortals there are some likeyou who revel in the purest delights untainted by griefor by any other troublesome thing whatsoever (95) and

there are others who go about in this world and aredashed meaninglessly hither and thither by manifoldgriefs and aimlessly wander through the depths of matter and are carried along by it as it swells back andforth They are beset by all manner of woes nor breathethey anything free any pure joy lt as they pass gt along(100) the path of this life though some of them be considered blessed by the currents of generous Fortune Un

to them who observe these men on the surface they ap-[fol 54v] pear to be venerable and glorious and fortunate and tohave a great many reasons to rejoice (105) yet withinthemselves they are miserable and wretched they needpity they deserve tears even as tombs they are splendidand pleasing to the eye from without but within if oneopen them they are full of disgusting matter of foul(110) and insufferable reek which overcomes one forth

with

Such are the matters which unto many men appear tobe felicitous and are greatly striven after but which besetour hearts always with continuous griefs and destroy allrejoicing (115) But you O best of men servant of Christour God you have fled away from strife from jealousiesfrom tumult and even from glory at which both patent

ly and secretly the speeding arrows of strife are aimedaway from the war-cry from pleasure from everything




at κεν έπειγοmicroέναν άεΐ παρκλάουσ 9 αύταί

130 ές βυθον έσθ9 δτε ίgtιπτοϋσι ταρταρόεντα

κατά δ άρ έχραναν agravevagrave τέλmicroασι βορβόροιοσύνοχα πιλναmicroένην άεικελίησιν άmicroουρφοναίσχίον

9 ούράαν ουδέν ελεύθερον άmicroπνείουσαν

Άλλ άρα σύ βέλτιστ 9 ανδρών σαόφρονι νούφ

135 tgtsV άταρ ήπειτ 9 άφέλεο ψυχαν άρίτιmicroον

τήν σήν τήσδ9 από παντοίας κακότητος άνουσον

τα σφέτερ9 αυτής έοικότ

9 άνετον άmicroπονέουσαν

κάρτα σύν ήδονςΐ βίοτον ίmicroερόεντ 9 ανύτουσαν

εύ γ άπέλαστον άπάντεων άλεγεινών τά κεν

140 είν βιότοιο πέδησιν άνάφυρται microάλα πουλλά55ν τάων κάποτετείχισ

9 άσχετος άmicroβιώσκων

ώς κέ τις άτρεκέως αυτοκράτωρ έωυτουάmicroφιέπων microονόεσσαν τάνδ

9 αϋλειον ίmicroερτήν

άβατον έχθίστοισιν άπασι microόνην σέο βατήν145 άγνοτάταν Ιδιάζουσαν περικαλλέα microουνάν

τήνδ άρ άπόπροθι πούλιος άνακτος microεγάλοιοmicroάλ9 άσπάσιος άντιλαβών microάλα ποθεινόςοΐκέων πάντων άδεής ών πάσι χρειώανθρώπων τ

9 άνθρωπείων τε πρηγmicroάτων microάψ

150 καί θ9 οίς πάντες έκαστοι microάλα κεν ΐσχοντ

9 έmicroπης

άλλα σέ γ9 οοτις ίκάνει χρειώ δττι κεν άmicroα

πάντ 9 άποώσας έωυτου κοοτινος ϊσχεο τών περ

άλλοισι δέεται καί σφιν microάλα τώνδ9 έα πουθή

άρκιος ήσθα γάρ ot θ9 αύτω πάνθ

9 ήmicroατα microουνος

155 ούχ9 όπαόνων σύ γάρ δεύεο ού θεραπόντωνούτ

9 άρ έδητύος άmicroφιπόλοιο ουδέ ποτήτος

ού κτεάτεσσι microέmicroηλας ούκ άρόσεσσι βουώνούτ

9 άρ οίνοπέδησι microέθυ βλυάουσιν άγανόν

ούτε βοτοϊσιν έπειτ 9 ούδ

9 ίπποτρουφίησιν

56Γ ού καθάπαξ άπανθ9 οσ

9 άναστροφάονται βρουτοί

φροντίδα σεΐο φέρονται δή τίνα πουλυmicroέριmicroνονζώεις δ

9 ήύτ

9 άνέστιον άσχετον πετεεινον

κοοφον άνενδεές ώς τύχε βιόον άφρούντιστονάmicroπνεΐόν κεν ελεύθερον ήέρα γλυκερον αΐέν




ered by the weight of matter lt still gt the latter alwaysdiverts the soul though it strive lt upward gt (130) and

sometimes casts it into the abyss of Tartarus and befoulsit as it wallows in the slime of the mire and becomesdisfigured too shameful to behold and breathesnothing free

But you O best of men have with a prudent mind(135) easily withdrawn your venerable soul from allwickedness unscathed as it labours without strife upon

the things appropriate to itself and greatly enjoys aserene existence having completely cast away all themany griefs which (140) are entwined in the fetters

[fol 55v] of this life From these you have walled yourself off living unconstrained even as one who is wholly his ownmaster dwelling in this solitary abode the lovely (145)and most holy and remote and all-beautiful monasterytrodden only by your foot and inaccessible to all

enemies With great welcome and longing did youreceive this place away from the City from [] the greatruler and it you inhabit careless of the things of whichall have need of men and the foolish things of men(150) to which each and every one of them clings Youare beset by no need for you have thrust awayeverything from yourself and cling to naught of thethings which others crave and for which they have great

longing You have been sufficient unto yourself everyday (155) and have not required companions or attendants or a server of food or drink nor have youbothered about estates or plowings with oxen orvineyards gushing forth with smooth wine or aboutgrazing beasts or moreover horse-breeding (160) nor

[fol 56r] once and for all do as many of the things which mortalsstrive after stir any of your careful thoughts You live

even as an unrestrained flitting bird without fixedabode that lives in just any manner without wants or




παντ 9 ήρα microαγκανεύmicroατ

9 έδητύος ήδέ ποτήτος

εΐτώσια διαmicroπερές άmicroφΐ microηδέν υγιές

175 φρουντίσmicroατα δοκεύmicroενος έξ άρ

9

άπειροκάλοιονουος άεθλεύοντος άβέλτερα microάψ αλόγισταένθ

9 όλίγη πέλετ

9 άναγκαίη καί τ

9 άρ δmicroεινον

δς κεν όλιγώρως τωνδΐ βιόων νόον αΐέν56ν ύψόσ

9 άνω φέρετ

9 άσχολον άπαλλάξας ένθεν

180 τα φέρετ 9 άλλως δή πουλύπλανα παρόραων

καί θ9 άmicroέας όράων ακύρια τολυπεύοντας

ψάmicromicroαθον άνά τέ γ9 Ιδρύοντας δουmicroήmicroατα

poundεϊ9 ανέmicroων παίγνια microεταβάλλοντ

9 ές φθοϋρον

εύτε δοκευσι πεπηχθαι πιπτάοντ 9 αύτόθεν ώκα185 δια δ

9 άήτησι πασι στροφαλιζόmicroεν

9 αϊψα

microήποτ 9 oumlp έσταότ

9 άτροπά τ

9 έmicroπεδα διαρκουντα

παρ βραχύ τι microέγεθος χρόνου καθάπαξ άσεισταπαλιρροίησι δ

9 άναντα καταντά δι

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all concoctions of food and drink to be vain thoughtsabout utterly unhealthy things (175) the products of a

mind ignorant of good a mind that strives after thingsfoolish silly and irrational whereof there is little needBetter is the life of him who disregards these things

[fol 56v] and soars on high with a mind free from cares havingbetaken himself thence (180) paying no heed to thingswhich wander about aimlessly and at random whilst hebeholds us men who busy ourselves about ineffectualmatters as we build our houses upon the sand These are

but trifling playthings of the winds and suffer ruin evenwhen they appear to stand fast they swiftly collapseforthwith (185) and are overturned by all manner ofgales they never stand unturned or endure nor remainthey completely steadfast for even a short span of timethey are utterly unsteady and by the flowings upwardsand downwards are they all forever borne about thesetwisting unsettled things which turn about in all direc

tions (190) some lt move gt from this point to that somefrom another to the very opposite

From this lofty lookout this monastery which youhave chosen to inhabit you have perceived all thesethings one after another they are never the same (195)always in a state of random movement always contradicting one another Perhaps when you observe the

swells of the waters of the narrow Bosporus upon[fol 57r] whose bank lies this monastery wherein you love to

dwell you therefrom (200) take a lesson and reminderand in your mind compare these swells with the unsettled currents of this life churning turbulent waves theyare all of them now rushing straightforward with rapidforce along this watery sea of life which (205) hasnothing reliable lt in itself gt no firm hold and now

again swelling up in the other direction unexpectedlyand astoundingly Perhaps you may obtain this wise in




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225 πάντων δγγελον οι πολυάριθmicroοι περ έασιν

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from all worldly concerns you devote your whole mind[fol 57v] unto Christ our God seeking voluntary refuge un

disturbed by any of the things which constantly overtake us things which have nothing firm in themwhereupon ones mind may rest (220) but ratherlt display gt a multitude of constant changes from onestate to another in turn easily misleading us with noorder or reason As for yourself you contemplatethings wisely and sweetly as you dwell in this gloriousmonastery and serve Michael the chiefest (225) among

all the angelsmdashtheir number is countless mdashfrom whomthis famed and lovely monastery derives its name It is asweet and most delightful sight to gaze upon in itself []bringing joy to the mind and he who beholds themonastery whilst sailing past (230) is seized with greatwonder and ineffable delight at both its magnitudemdashforits expanse is greatmdashand its peaceful beauty Insensibleand wanting of love and good things is he who has

beheld the monastery and not forthwith poured forthhis heart in rejoicing (235) and has not been possessedof a holy remembrance a pricking of the heart pleasing

[fol 58r] unto God and an uplifting longing for Christ the Lordand lofty Ruler Who is the ultimate desire of alllt men gt It was He Who inflamed your heart andlighted the inward flame of love for Him that great andmightily burning flame (240) and all the while from on

high He breathes bright favourable breezes into soulsthat hearken unto Him of these you have had experience as no one else of any time of old or of latewho has made a vow unto God

But pray you (245) that the Lord Christ be mercifulyes merciful and well-disposed toward your dearestEmperor who is overwhelmed by many griefs which

every day everywhere one after the other in turn havecontinually for many years cruelly beset and eaten away




260 6κ τε πάσης κακότητος έκ τ άνιηρών πουλλώνκαί τε microάλ

9 οϋς άδικ

9 εύσεβέας δάmicroνησι λυγρά

ήύτ 9

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9 οφθαλmicroών

αΐέν δπιν έχοντα θεοΐο δίκης τε στάθmicroα265 πουλυmicroέριmicroνον ές δρκων άσφαλέα τήρησιν

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9 ανδρών

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λυγράν οϊζύν άπειρέσιά τ 9

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9 έπίδηλον έη microή τι microάλα πόρρω

λήθεσθαι θεόν ώστε τίειν θεράποντας έοϊο295 τοις κεν υπέρ δίκαν άντιάσειεν άφαρ άνιηρά

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(260) all evil and from many troubles especially thosemiseries which unjustly oppress pious men like my

godly-minded Emperor the friend of good the meek-spirited lover of Truth he who has the veneration ofGod always in his sight the scales of justice (265) thescrupulous and sound keeping of oaths he feels pity formortals beset by woes he is compassionate and sharesthe grief of them which suffer Therefore do you lovehim much O best of men for it is fitting to love such aone as he (270) one such as yourself you have a com

mon way of life both in virtue and with respect to allearthly goods Thus would it behoove you to beseechChrist to ward off the Emperors overwhelming griefsAnd in your prayers unto the Lord God have as yourchampion (275) the chiefest angel Michael he who isalso the divine leader of the other angelic spirits likehimself he whose dearly beloved suppliant you have remained whilst tending this glorious temple of his

venerable along with all the other numerous temples(280) in this great city both ancient and new beautifulto behold are they delightful in their many charmsmarvels to gaze upon

Send you this leader Michael himself to make entreatyconstantly on high before the Lord Christ (285) thatHe ward off from my Emperor all baneful grief and allthe countless dreadful woes which constantly oppresshis grieving heart Therefore eagerly help him throughyour supplications unto God that the Emperorspublic and private (290) affairs may altogether changefor the better having swiftly brought joy to hisweary heart and having delivered him from all mis-

[fol 59v] chiefs that for the time to come it may be manifestalso from this case that God is nigh and that he requitesHis servants (295) who have had experience of evils

beyond their deserts especially when ruin befalls themany and evil obtains licence and glory But the justice




59v ∆ ΕΙΣ TON ΣΟΦΟΝ ΝΙΚΗΦΟΡΟΝ TON ΓΡΗΓΟΡΑΝ ΥΠΟΘΗΚΑΙ ΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΟΙΚΕΙΩΝ ΣΥΝΤΑΓΜΑΤΩΝ

Φίλα Νικηφόρε microοι κεφαλά τον έγωγ εϊραmicroαικατ άρ εmicroάς σοφίης ήτις ποτ άν έη λιπέσθαιέξ άρα διάδοχον πάντων άσυλου κλήροιοκρέσσονος ών άρ microοι θεός απάντων πόρε πουλλών

5 σο τάδ έπιτάγmicroατα έπιτέλλοmicro είν έπέεσσιν60Γ ήύτ έθος microερόπεσσι βρουτοΐσι πέλεθ ήmicroΐν

είν διαθήκαις τά κε δοκευmicroεν άmicroείνω τέκνοις

παρτιθέεσθ έξείης άν βίοτον άπανταmicroάλα φυλαττέmicroεν ώς κε διατετάχαθ έκαστα

10 σοΙ γουν τάδ έπιτέλλοmicro ά microοι δοκέει βέλτισταάmicroφί τ έmicroών βιβλίων άmicroφί τε σουφίας αυτήςής έmicroέθεν microάλα σύ γ εϋχεαι δή τυχέmicroεν αύτουήτοι τους microέν έγώ γέννησ άπηύρα microευ θεόςάmicroφί σοφίαν έmicromicroεν αγαθούς ώς microάλ έραον

15 άτάρ έmicroοί φίλον άνθετ όπάονα κάρτ έπίmicroουνον

κάρτ έράοντα νόον προσέχειν διαmicroπερές εδ microοικαί τε κυδαίνονθ άmicroα πρήγmicroατα πάνθ έκασταmicroάλα γ έmicroής σοφίηςmiddot σέ γ άριστε φίλων ανδρώντοονεκα καυτός έγών άmicroφί σε microέmicroηλα πολλόν

20 καί σέ γ έmicroής σοφίης είκώ νυν τ αΰ έσέπειταπρουβέβληmicro άριδείκετον έmicroφερέα περίφαντονπάσι microέροψι βρουτοΐσι τάmicro άναδεικνυσανοϊς άρα παιδείας κραδίην πολύς ίmicroερος ϊσχει

Καί τά microέν ώς άρ έχει άτάρ ά microοι θυmicroός άνωγεν60ν άκούοις φίλος ήδηmiddot άmicroφί microέν εΰστοmicroον αύδήν

φροντίδ έχειν έρίηρ άνύτουσαν εύόρατονκαί τε χαρίεσσαν έρmicroηνείαν νοός ώς κενΡήτορες άνδρες έπιmicroελέες γ έασι πρότεροί τεκείνοι έξ άρα τ εκείνων microέχρι νυν αίεΐ πουλλοί

30 ή microάλα φωνής άmicroφιπονευντες δήτ άσκησινποικιλότροπα microηχανόοντες γλωττοδαίδαλοιώς κεν έρεΐν ψυχάοντες ά ^ηmicroάτια φαντίχάριν έπίθετον άν νόον έξωθ άστράπτουσαν




[fol 59v] COUNSELS TO THE WISE NIKEPHOROS GREGORASAND CONCERNING HIS OWN COMPOSITIONS

O dearest Nikephoros mine you whom I desire toleave as successor to my wisdom such as it may be thatinheritance lt to remain gt unscathed in all ways betterthan all the many other things God has granted me (5) I

[fol 60r] charge you with these commands in verse just as thecustom has been established among us mortals to bequeath to our children in testaments those things we

deem best to be preserved lt by them gt forever according to the dispositions made about each and every oneof them (10) You I charge therefore with these thingswhich seem best to me in the matter of both my booksand my wisdom itself which you boast to have receivedfrom me Verily has God deprived me of my ferventwish that those which I begat might excel in wisdom(15) but unto me has He given a dear companion ex

ceeding steadfast who desires to devote his mind whollyunto me and who exalts each and every work of mywisdommdashI mean you O best of friends Whereforehave I taken great care of you (20) and have set youforth now and forever as a splendid and faithful andconspicuous image of my wisdom that you may displaymy works to all those whose hearts greatly crave learning

[fol 60v] So stand these matters but hearken you now (25) asa dear friend to what my spirit urges Take thought mytrusty one for eloquent speech which elegantly effectsa seemly and graceful expression of thought even asmany assiduous orators have done from those of oldand their successors down to those of the present (30)who have taken great pains in the practice of speechClever tongues have these who contrive intricate ways

and do animate so to speak the words they utter witha grace all-effulgent added to their meaning they invest




ή γ9 έτι σώmicroα microέν εϊσω βριαρός άmicroφΐ δέ τ έξω

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50 άθρόον Ιφι θάλουσα ΐmicroερον άmicroφοράουσινίείσα πολύν ένδοθι κεϊαρ τερπάζοντα

πασιν έπειτ

9

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55 iquestgtεΐα θυmicroον τάχ9 άνδρόmicroεον προς γε σφών αυτών

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70 λέξατ 9 Ισως άmicroείνονα φωνής εύγενέ

9 έξιν

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even as one mighty in body within and clad in stur-[fol 61r] dy all-splendid armor without So it is best since

neither lt inward nor outward grace gt alone is lt considered gt sufficient among men (45) but rather incomplete and even shameful Therefore you are to takegreat pains for both nor are you to neglect to makeyour speech as noble and fluent as can be for in the eyesof the many and in public such speech is wont to win theprize [] (50) it flourishes with much vigor and greatlycharms onlookers And this charm then forthwith gladdens the hearts of the audience since men live their lives

very much after what is conspicuous and pleasingthings which someone might have seen in the past (55)easily attract the human spirit toward themselves indeed few who take sight for these things have been theworse for it

Wherefore you are to take constant pains in practicekeeping your gaze upon traces of the shrewdness of menof old and following them as eagerly as you can (60)

And even if later you should be compelled to engage insome other occupation cease not altogether from inter

pol 61v] course with those best of men whose great glory reachesto our own day on account of their lovely eloquenceFor if one would strive mightily (65) keeping his mindupon these men in order to obtain impressions of themupon his heart and would imitate them he would becapable of great accomplishment but he who would

keep away too long and become a stranger to their conversation would forget and lose whatever (70)superiority of noble speech he might have previously acquired A tongue watered by continuous drafts doesturn speedily and deftly this way and that but ifremoved from the sources it be too long withoutmoisture it is thereafter left motionless (75) Thereforeone must persist in study and must be engaged throughconstant intercourse with those men who are best atOratory in habitual practice of eloquence (80) Fromthe very beginning as the saying goes [] of the work of




85 φιλοσόφων ανδρών σπουδάσmicroασι κάρτ 9 έπιmicroέmicroβλων

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62ν Τοϊος έρως άνθρώποις γείνατο φιλοσοφίαν

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όράοντες έκαστατοί microέν άνυτον άρ ούτι γ

9 έτι πλέον έκ τ

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9 άνοές τε

τοί δέ τ 9 έπειτα microέγ

9 άmicroφοράοντες άραντό γ

9 ένθεν

σκέmicromicroα πολύπονον ού γαρ άπέχρη σφιν microόνον ούρανάλλα τε καύτόθεν άmicroφί γ

9 έταζέmicroεν ά κεν δρφεν

ώς άρ9 έχουσι τίνος ποτ

9 έασι φύσιος έκαστα

110 πώς άρα γέντο τίνα δι9

άρ αίτίαν έmicroπεδα microίmicroνειταύτοφυά τά γε ταύτοφυα τά δέ κάλλοϊ

9 άεί

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9 έτεροΐον

ξυmicromicroιγέα τ 9 αmicroιγή τε διάνδιχά θ

9 ένοειδήmiddot

άνά τε λοιπόν τάδε πόνον πολύν άmicroφελόντες115 πάντα microάλα ποθέοντες φρούlt ν gtτισαν εΐκότι λούγφ

έσταότα διαρκέα πάνσοφ9 άπηγέεσθαι

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πουλλον άσειστά θ9

άmicroα τε γενέσθαι microεΐναί θ9

έξηςτοΰνεκα δή συνήγορον άρατο φιλοσοφία

63Γ ύ9

ά ί θ ϊ άδ9

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philosophers (85) concerning the Theory of Being givingyour careful attention to them and being inspired by that

which is more perfect even as it is the Law of Nature in allof lt its gt works to progress reasonably from lesser togreater things For Philosophy is the supreme part of culture (90) and it has erected a great work one outstandingand glorious and all-sublime while God forever thinksthoughts [] concerning matters of Nature whatever theymay be [] we though lt we be gt only men inquire of themind of the Lord Creator and the lofty Ruler of all things(95) and strive to demonstrate that lt things gt are

reasonable [] and that nothing came into being by accident or without the agency of the wise Prime-Mover whoin the beginning created everything in harmony withreason and who from then until now has managed allthings (100) even as it is best for them in accordance withmeasures well-fixed

[fol 62v] Such is the striving which bore Philosophy unto menNow among mortals who behold everything some donothing more than this and live out their lives in mereperception of things (105) even as the souls of animalswhich are by nature without reason or thought but otherscarefully examine things and thus have initiated lt the practice of gt assiduous reflection It was not enough for themmerely to behold things they had to inquire forthwithabout whatever they saw what each thing is what nature ithas (110) how it came into being through what cause

things which are the same by nature remain the samealways whilst others undergo constant change One particular character of things is always unchangeable yetanother always changes lt some gt things are compositelt others gt simple lt some gt are multiple lt others gt uniform Once they had taken great pains upon such reflections (115) and exhibited much love of them these menundertook to explain through probable arguments thatthings are permanent and eternal and wisely lt arranged gt

since it is not meet that things orderly only by accidentshould have been created in a permanent manner and




ώς κε πέφυκε λελαχέmicroεν ουσίας ήδ9 ϊστασθαι

διά θ έκάστην ολαν έοικυΐάν τε τέλος τε

130 χρήσιmicroον οΰ γ έκατι κίνησ αγαθός θεός αρχήνπάντα διαπρεπέα microή τευ άνευ λόγοιοβελτίονος σκοπον άνυσιmicroον κάνα τ

9 άναγκαίην

microάλα γ έπίχρεον αύτόθεν δστις δέρκετ 9 έχοντος

Τφ γ9 άρα καΐ σύ δίδευ πόνον αΐέν φιλοσοφία

135 τοις τε παλαιοίς κείνοις ών microέγ9 ές ήmicroέας ήκει

κλείος αρίτιmicroον άσχολον Ιφι νόον προσίσχων

καί τ 9

Άριστοτέλει πλέον άmicroα τ 9

οίκοθεν αυτόςδττι κεν έξη προστιθείς γονίmicroφ peacutea νούφ

63ν τα microέν άρ δσσ 9 έχοmicroεν προτέρων ανδρών δή κείνων

140 πάντα microέλειν σοι πολλόν Αριστοτέλους δ9 έκατι

τί τίς έρεΐ δσον ανδρός δνειαρ τοϋδέ γ9 επαρκεί

παρ βίοτον microερόπεσσιν άνδράσι τοί γε σοφίηςκάρτ

9 έράουσι microέλει δέ σφιν θεωρία κόσmicroου

είς δδ9 άνήρ πολλών αντάξιος άλλων βρουτοΐς

145 φέρτατος άτρεκέως ή κεν πάντες πρό τ

9

έόντεςκαί τε microεθύστερον ανδρός τουδ9 άρα φύντες αυτοί

ήτοι τούδε microέν ouml συντάξαθ9 άπαντα πάνυ τοι

θωυmicroάσ 9 άξια νουος άρ έκτόκια microεγάλοιο

καί σέ γ9 6καστ

9 έπιτέλλοmicro

9 άπαντ

9 εύ microαθεϊν τάνδρόςmiddot

150 άτάρ δσα Λογικ9 άmicroφεπονήσατο καί τε Φυσικά

κάρτα microέλειν γέ σοι τάδ9 έχειν ένΐ φρεσίν αΐέν

δττι κεν άνήρ είς δτι microάλα δήτα πέφυκε

βέλτιον άνυσ

9

έπιmicroελέως έξίκετο microοϋνοςφιλοσοφίας εϊδεα τάδε παρεάσας ουδέν

155 ών κεν έην έρέειν άmicroφΐ τάδε ή microέγα θαύmicroαπώς ποτ

9 έπειτ

9 αυτός πρό τ

9 έόντων γειναmicroένων τε

πάντων έξης τάδε σοφίης ϊκετ 9 ές άκρον

64Γ συν τ 9 έπέρανε τάων ούκ έστι πλεϊν έννουεϊν

φουράν όνήσιmicroον ώς ει τις έτερος τ 9 είν βίφ

160 τάνδε γ9 ένείκας έπωφελέα microερόπεσσι βρουτοΐςmiddot

Τοιγάρ δναιο φίλων ανδρών έmicroοί βέλτιστετώνδ

9άρα συντάξιων πεπνυmicroέν

9έρδων αυτός




things have been arranged well and in good order thatthey have obtained essence and permanence on account of

their appropriate material lt composition gt and advantageous (130) purpose lt and gt for the sake of what Godmoved all things in the beginning appropriately lt and gtnot without some superior reason which pursues if onelooks lt properly gt an effectual and necessary and needfulpurpose

Therefore bestow your labor always upon Philosophy(135) Keep your mind with constant vigor upon thosemen of old whose great glory reaches to our own day anddevote yourself especially to Aristotle adding as much asmay be possible of your own by means of your produc-

[fol 63v] tive mind Give you then much attention to (140) all theworks that have come down to us from those men of oldbut in the case of Aristotle what might one say thatwould do justice to the profit that this man has affordedin the life of mortals who are greatly desirous of wisdom

and who give their attention to the contemplation of theUniverse This one man is worth many other mortals(145) he is indeed better than all those born before orafter him All the works this man composed the productsof a great mind are worthy of marvel and I charge youlearn well each and every one of them (150) But give youparticular attention to his works on Logic and Physicsand keep your mind on them always for this man alonehas completed the assiduous study of these branches ofPhilosophy to the very limits of possible achievementand has not overlooked anything (155) that one might sayabout them O great wonder that he should ever havereached the place paramount in these branches of wisdomamong those before him and those born after him and

[fol 64r] reached limits beyond which nothing can be imaginedfor he has brought forth this useful (160) contribution tothe advantage of mortals as no one else ever alive

Thus best of friends you would derive profit from




ύψόσ 9 ές άριδείκετον έκλείπουσαν πάλαι

φάος άνα microερόπεσσι βρουτοΐς πολλά microογήσας

έκ τ ολίγων εmicroπορευmicroάτων φλουγα microεγίστηντήσδ άρα σουφίης περίφαντον έκηα λαmicroπράν

175 λαmicroπετόοσσαν έmicroοί τιmicroάν άνά τε νυν άνά θ9 έξης

ύστερον ήπειτα διά πάντ 9 αΐώ διδοΐσαν

64ν οττι κεν αυτός χρήmicroα τόδ9 έξοχον άπ

9 άρα πάσης

κτήσιος άρχήθέν τ 9 άχρι ές δευρο σοφίης

καίνισα πόλλ9 έτε

9 οίχόmicroενον microετ

9 άνθρώποισι

180 καί σοι άmicroφ9 ΐmicroερόν τ

9 ώρσα περιώσιον άφαρ

κτήσασθ9

είν γε πόνοισι τήνδε σοφίην πολλοίςάτάρ έπειτα κτήσαο δι

9 ftp δέγmicroενος εύ γε

καί τ 9 ίφι πάντα microυήσαο βένθεα τήσδε σοφίηςmiddot

έσσυmicroένως γαρ έγών άπηγεόmicroην σύ δ9 άκουες

185 πάντα δόγmicroατα τήσδε σοφίης εύ microάλ9 άνύτων

κτήσαο microήν άρ πάντα γ9 έράων άφθον

9 έmicroείο

παν γαρ άπήεν βάσκανον έξ έmicroέθεν γ9 αύτοϊο

microάλα δέ τ 9 ήραον ήδ

9 άρ έην πρόθυmicroος τ

9 άmicroφΐ σέ

ώς κεν άπαντα διδάξη καί σ 9

ουδέν φευξεΐται190 τήσδ

9 άρ

9 επιστήmicroης λαβύρινθά τ

9 εϋστρουφά τε

ούδαmicroά νουάmicroατα τερπάζεο δ9 άπανθ

9 άmicroα

κεΐαρ έσωθ9 έχων microάλα δή πολύπουνα σουφά

άρίτιmicro9 ίmicroερόεντα πολυmicroέριmicroνα πόνοισιν

ούκ όλίγοισι κατατρύχοντα τους γ9 έράοντας

195 κτώmicroενος ώς κεν έοις περίφαmicroος άνά πάντεσσιν65Γ δσσοι νυν έασι σοφίας έρασταί βρουτοί

9 Αλλ

9 ήτοι σύ microέν ώς γ

9 έραες τύχες άττ

9 έπόνεις δήν

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9 άρ έmicroεΐο κλεΐος

ύψόσ 9 άναείρας δτι σεΐό γε καίρι

9 έτυχον

200 εύmicroαθέος πολύ άκροατού κούκ άρ9 άmicroαρτον

σεΐο microάτην πονέων είς ουδέν δνειαρ έmicroοί τεκούδέν έλλατον σοί άτάρ άmicroφοτέροισι πόνησακερδόσυνά τ

9 έπίηρά τε κύδιmicroά θ

9 έξης άmicromicroιν

σύ γάρ έmicroεΐο τιmicroά σέο δ

9

αυτός δττι γ

9

έκαστα205 παντ 9 έmicroέθεν διδάχαο πιτυχώς εύ microάλ

9 άνύσας

φ γ9

άρα καυτός άmicroφαδίην αίρεύmicro9

ές έmicroεΐο




science which was waning before into a conspicuouslight among mortals From a few embers I lighted a

great flame of this science a flame conspicuous andresplendent which gives unto me (175) shining renown[fol 64v] now and forever and into every age to come For I have

renewed this thing the most excellent of all in the fieldof acquisition of wisdom from the very beginning untilnow a thing which had been lost to men for manyyears (180) I also roused in you great desire to learn thisscience with much labor and at last you have learnt ithaving taken it over thoroughly and have been well initiated into all the depths of this science For eagerly Itaught you and you hearkened to (185) all the doctrinesof this science succeeding well indeed You have lovingly amassed all this wealth of mine For all envy departedfrom me and I desired and was most anxious that youshould learn everything and that (190) naught of thisscience should escape you none of its labyrinthine andcomplex notions and you delighted in keepingeverything at once in your breast having learnt thesedifficult and wise and glorious and lovely andwearisome things which exhaust in many labors all whodesire them (195) in order that you might be celebrated

[fol 65r] among all mortals of our day who are lovers ofwisdom

You have fared even as you desired whatever youhave labored long upon you have reaped you also exalted my glory on high for I have been fortunate inyou (200) an able disciple Nor did I devote unto youvain labour to no profit to myself or to you by mis

judgement of you but rather I have wrought things ofuse and pleasure and glory to both of us You are myprize and I yours since (205) you have learnt

everything from me with great success Thereforepublicly I choose you lt as heir gt to my wisdom a lovely




65v microήποτ 9 έρωήσι χρόνοιο παραρρύαντα

ήύτε πάνθ9 δmicroαδις χρόνος δ τ έσθλά δ τ

9 άρα microή

ίgtείων άσχετα παρασύρητ

9

αν βένθεσι λήθηςαλλ9 δρ

9 έγώ σε microέγαν πολυωρον άν

9 ήmicroετέροισι

τοϊσδε τέκεσσ 9 έπιτέλλοmicro

9 ύστατίοισιν έτεσσιν

220 έmicromicroεν9 έπιmicroελέα φρουντιστήν ώς κε σαώσεις

ή microάλ9 άτειρέα τιmicroήεντ

9 έσουmicroένοισι

τα microέν έγών ώς έλποmicro9 ίσως άληθέ

9 οΐων

ίσως δ9 οϋ άλλ

9 Ελποmicro

9 έγών ούτωσί γ

9 έmicroπης

ώς κεν έmicroοιγε τα βιβλί9 έσεΐται άντερα λώβης

225 καί τ 9 αζήmicroι

9 έπειτα διαmicroπερές όψιγόνοισιν

ού microόνον εϊνεκα σεΐο microάλιστ 9 επίτηδες γνώmicroας

προυνοίας τ 9 άπερυκέmicroεν όλλϋντα φθόνον αυτών

αλλ9 έτι γ

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9 άδεώς έρέω τά microε θυmicroός

ανώγει δοκέειν έξ άρα τί γ9 έστ

9 δνειαρ

230 αύτάων σοφίης έράουσι πολυτmicroήτοιοεΐδεα ποϋλλ

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παρ microερόπεσσι βρουτοϊς οίς νόος εστί σαόφρων

Παντοίοισι γαρ άνα κόmicromicroασι χαραχθέντα66Γ παιδείας ήνεικα πονάmicroατα πουλυmicroαθίας235 κύδιmicroα δείγmicroατα δόξαν έπειγόmicroενος κτάασθαι

άmicroφΐ λόγους microεγάλην ήν οϋτις όνούσαιτ 9 ανήρ

εύ microάλα είδώς φύσιος άνδροmicroέου φίλαυταώς κεν δπαντες ταρπόmicroεθ

9 άρικύδιστ

9 έmicromicroεν

ή δοκέειν έmicromicroεν πανδέξιοι πδσαν δρα240 σουφίαν έργα πάνθ

9 δmicroαδις δ πονευσ

9 δνθρωποι

πάντα πρήγmicroατα πουλύ microάλ9 ΐδριες απαράmicroιλλοιτω γ

9 άρα κάmicroε θυmicroός νύ τ

9 άνωγε δι

9 εΐδεα πάντα

σουφίας άmicroφαδίην πουνάmicroατα εΐνέγκασθαιmiddotκαί τ

9 έπόνησα τά microέν φήτρας τ

9 εύφωνίης τε

245 δείγmicroατα microουνον άν9 ίmicroερόεσσαν άρ

9 άσκησιν

γλώττης φρουντίδ9 έχοντ

9 έρατεινήν microάλα καθ

9 ώραν

τά δ9 άπ

9 άρ

9 εκλόγιmicroα φιλοσουφίας απλοϊκά τε

δίχα τε πάσης λέξιος ώραν έχούσης τερπνήν

εΐαρί κεν φωνής θαλέθουσαν άτάρ άκοmicroψα250 άmicroφί τε Φυσικ

9 Αριστοτελήια πουλύστρουφα




[fol 65v] (215) lest they be dragged off by the currents of timeeven as time in its unceasing flow drags off everything

be it noble or not to the depths of oblivion I chargeyou be the greatly watchful and careful guardian ofthese children of mine unto the end (220) that you maypreserve them unharmed held in honor by futuregenerations So do I hope perhaps with reasonperhaps not but I continue to hope nevertheless thatmy books will escape violation and (225) will remainundamaged for later men This not only on account of

your own thought and foresight in keeping jealous ruinfrom these books but alsomdashthat I may thus proclaimfreely what my spirit urges me to thinkmdashsince they willbe of some profit (230) to those desirous of diversewisdom which has all manner of branches each ofthem a trusty companion [] to mortals with prudentminds

I have brought forth works about all the various[fol 66r] branches of culture glorious (235) masterpieces of

erudition they are for I desired to gain great renownwhich no man might reproach I know well theselfishness of human nature we all delight to thehighest degree in excelling or seeming to excel in everybranch (240) of wisdom and in being knowledgeable

and unrivalled in everything that men do Whereforemy spirit too urged me to publish works touchingupon all branches of wisdom and I toiled atshowpieces of euphonious eloquence (245) takingthought only for graceful practice in speech lovely andtimely [] and also at choice pieces of Philosophywhich were simple and unpretentious and without anybeautiful and charming style which blossoms as it

were with the Spring of Oratory (250) I have laboredover Aristotles complicated Physics his intricate findi i hi d f N d




microάλ9 έπεοικότα διατιθείς pea τοις νϋν χρόυνοις

260 χ ώς τ άπονώτερον απηγεύmicroενος έντι χρήσθαι

δι ftp 6καστα σεληναίας καί θ ήελίοιοτων τ άλλων νυν τ 9 άστρων πρήγmicroατα microάλ

5 επιτυχώς

ού microέν τις ονόσαιθ9 όράων ή χρώmicroενος ώς κεν

αυτός έγών νόmicroισα παρ9 έκαστα microηχανάασθαι

265 καί τε σύ γ9 οίσθα κατ

9 έmicroά πολλάκι νούmicroιmicroα poundέξας

εΰ γε τυχών microάλα τ 9 άσφαλέως νύ θ

9 εκάστοτε poundέξας

άτάρ δήθ9 έλε

9 έξείης διαmicroπερές αυτός

τοϊς γ9 έmicroέθεν ίgt

9 αύτοΐο νόmicroοισιν αεί χρέεσθαι

πάρ τίνα δή καλέουσαν εκάστοτε νύ τευ χρείαν270 εύ είδώς ένθεν φέα τάχιστ

9 άνύτειν εύ

ώνπερ άρ9 οονεκά τις άmicroφί σ

9 ίκάνει δή χρειώ

67Γ Τοΰνεκα δήτ 9 έπεί τί microέν άζόmicroενός γ

9 ίφι τάmicroα

τί δέ τ 9 άmicroείνον

9 όΐων ώς άρα νούmicroισ

9 έγωγε

χράασθ9 άmicroφί έκαστ

9 Άστρουνοmicroίης νύ κεν έργα

275 τάχεος είνεκα εύπετέος τε χρήσιος ένθενήέ καθά Πτολεmicroαίος διατετάχαται πρίνείλεο κατ 9 άρ εmicroάς παρφάσιας άmicroφιπονεΐσθαιτά κεν εκάστοτε θυmicroός άνώγει διζέεσθαιτης γ

9 Αστρουνοmicroικής σοφίης χρειώδε

9 έκαστα

280 εύ microάλα τήρεέ microοι τάδ9 έmicroά συντάγmicroατ

9 αυτός

microούνιmicro9 άτειρέα ^εύmicroασιν άφθιτ

9 αεί χρόνοιο

ώς κεν ϊσως βιότοιο έπειτ 9 άρ

9 δνειαρ εϊη

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9 άπ

9 άρα σφιν έρύκουσα φθόρον αΐέν

285 σοΙ γάρ έγών έάω πάρ φύλακι τάδ9 έmicroά πάνταφίλτατα ψυχής έκτόκια πολυπούθητά microοικαί σ

9 έπιτάρροθον ήδέ τ

9 έπίτροπον άmicroφ

9 άρα σφιν

παρτίθεmicroαι microελεδωνόν τ 9 αύ από λοιγον έέργειν

σφείων δττι κεν οφλεις τάδ9 ftp έmicroοιγε πουλλών

290 οονεκα καυτός έρέεις σύ ήδέ τε πάντες δσοισιν67ν ήmicroέες έσmicroέν άρίγνωτοι έασι δέ γε συχνοί

οι τάmicroα τίmicroια τ 9 έmicroφανέα τ

9 επιεικώς νυνί

πρήγmicroασι πάσι λόγοισί τε παντοίοισι γνόντεςπάρ γ

9 όπάοντα νύ τ

9 αύτόθεν Τσασι microάλ

9 άτmicroητα




veniently adjusting them to the present time (260) andexplaining how one may handle them with great success

in all matters of the Moon the Sun and the other starsNo one who has observed or used lt this work gt in accordance with the procedures I have prescribed for eachcase could possibly find fault with it (265) You knowthis for you have often worked in accordance with myprescriptions and have met with sure success on each occasion Henceforth choose always to follow my procedures whenever any needful matter may call for it

(270) for you know that in this way you will solve swiftlywhatever problem you may have

[fol 67r] Wherefore in as much as partly because you stood ingreat awe of my works and partly because you thoughtit to be better to follow my prescriptions on allastronomical operations than lt to follow gt the olddispositions of Ptolemy (275) for reasons of speed and

convenience you chose to work in accordance with myrules whenever your spirit urged you to seek out thenecessary facts lt in the field gt of the science ofAstronomy (280) keep you forever these compositionsof mine intact and unworn and unscathed from theravages of time that they may perhaps be of profit tofuture generations Your constant protection of them0 best of friends will be unto them even as a bulwark

warding off foul ruin forever (285) I make you guardian of all these dearly beloved offspring of my soul and1 charge you as their defender and protector and tenderto keep mischief from them You owe me this in returnfor a great many (290) things as you yourself will concede as well as all those which know us well Many

[fol 67v] there are at present who have come to know my honoredand exalted position lt obtained gt through all manner of

practical deeds and literary works and who know thatyour fortunes followed mine closely from the very




άσυλα τ αλώβητα τε παντάπασ 9 αζήmicroια

ού microέν άρα microόνα τά γ άmicroφ9 Άστρονοmicroίαν έασιν

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δσα σύνταγmicro9

αυτός305 διάφορ

9 ούκ ολίγα σοι παρτίθεmicro

9 άπανθ

9 έξης

ώς κε σαώσεις άφθιτ 9 ανά βίοτον microερόπεσσι

τά microέν άρ όψιγόνοισιν έmicroεϋ όπάσουσι βρουτοϊςmicroνηmicroοσύναν ϊσως microάλα κεν πολύδοξον ίmicroερτήνδι

9 άρ

9 έκάστοις άνθρώποισι πολύ γ

9 έρίηρα

68Γ τίς δέ κε δυνάmicroενος γ9 άτελεύτητον κλέος εύρεΐν

ού πρόθυmicroος microάλ9 έπείγετ

9 ανά τόδε πουλύ έράων

καν εΐ microηδέν αΐοι τής έρατ 9

αυτός δόξηςτυχών ήτε θανών πάρος ήτ

9 απόδηmicroος άοπτος

τηλόθ9 έών αδόκητος θ

9 ούράαν ούράασθαί τε

315 τοϊσιν έρατ 9 άνθρώποις κάρτ

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άλλ9 άρ

9 δmicroως τοίος πέλετ

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Ιφι όριγνόmicroενος δόξης κ9 εΐ microηδέν άΐει

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Τοϋνεκά microοι 9

γαθέ πουνέειν των έκατ 9 έπιτέλλω

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325 βιβλία τάmicroα τά microοι πρό γε πάντων άρίτιmicro9 έσθλών

ών τύχον ή δράσα παρ βίοτον microάλ9 άνύτων τόνδε

ού microέν άmicroεινον αν αυτός έκρινα ούτε χάριενέκ σέθεν ές γ9 έmicroέ ει κεν επίτροπος παισί microοι

68ν λειφθείς νηπιάχοις άγαθ9 έδρασας δν σφίσιν αύτοις

330 ήέ πόνους microοι τούσδ9 άρα καί τέκεα φίλτατα

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from harm and mischief and damage until the end oftime I bequeath to you not only the books on

Astronomy but in addition to these also all of (305)the many and various other works that I have composed that you henceforth may preserve them unspoiltfor mortals Perhaps these works will make my memorysplendid and all-glorious to late-born generations sincethey will be pleasing to all men (310) For what man

[fol 68r] who is able to attain immortal glory does not desire andmightily strive to achieve this even if he naught perceive

the renown for which he longed once he has acquired itbe he dead beforehand or else far away absent and invisible where he expects neither to see nor to be seen(315) by those men amongst whom he longed to behonored Such is the mind of men always it graspsfuriously at renown even if it naught perceives themwhich honour it Wherefore we mortals desire to beglorious and famous even after our demise (320)

delighting now in visions of a future when we see notnor hear as before but have become ethereal in abodiless state

Therefore my good one work you hard at all thethings which I commend to you and take carefulthought for the preservation (325) of my books themost precious of all the good things I have acquired and

accomplished during my successful lifetime If you were[fol 68v] left a guardian of my helpless little ones and would treatthem well I should not consider your lt service gt untome better done or more pleasing (330) than if youwould keep safe these works and dear children of mineafter my death In the name of God of friendship ofGod all-wise deprive me not of what I desire what Icommend to you but save the books which I broughtforth in pangs (335) save them with your foresightthat they may endure unspoilt I entrust them to you asguardian for safe-keeping in all confidence for you




σεΓ άπερύκουσαν ανά βίοτον atei τόνδεή σύ γ άπότροπον άπ

9 άρα πάντων δχλων ζωήν

69Γ άmicroβιόεις άmicro9 άτειρέ9 άσχολον άmicroφΐ σοφίη

Τοονεκα καΐ σύ τάδ9 έκτόκια σοφίης άmicroεδαπής

350 δέχνοιο ήύτε χώρ εύλίmicroενος άν9 άρα πάντα

έξείης άπειρέσιόν γ αίών5 έρύκουσα

φθούρον άεικέα τώνδ9 έπιγιγνόmicroενον φθονόεντα

δσσα τε πόλλ9 έτερα βιβλί

9 άγήοχα τήδε

ήmicroέν ίρά ήδ9 αύ σοφίης της Έλληνίδοςmiddot

355 τούτο microέν άmicroφΐ Ρητορικής άεθλεύmicroατατούτο δ άρ άmicroφΐ φιλουσοφίας θεάmicroατα σεmicroνάτούτο δ

9 άρ άmicroφί γε ποήσιος ίmicroερτά πολλον

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9 άmicroφίεπε τη microονςί σώα

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είρασταΐ σοφίης έρίηρος έσονται βρουτοί

Ι sect and J F




it shelters from all storms and griefs throughout yourearthly life here you abide free from all annoyances in

devotion to wisdom

[fol 69r] Therefore receive you these products of my wisdom(350) even as a keep (chora) endowed with a safe harbor sheltering them for countless ages to come fromfoul and envious ruin that may threaten them as well asall the many other books that I have collected in thisplace of both sacred and profane wisdom (355) Here

are contests of Oratory here sacred visions ofPhilosophy here exceeding lovely works of Poetrybound in each and every metre With a willing mindkeep you all these too safe in the monastery (360)both for my sake and for that of all lovers ofwisdommdashthat trusty companionmdashwho shall be bornhereafter

JFandlS



Λ

^m rltr|laquostirar1i983085u szligfr n laquoJt ίmiddotraquo

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KlaquoJ t itWitHM ltlaquo laquoailaquo Tiquest aacute r iacute ^ raquo

Parisinus Graecus 1776 fols 59v-60r



^ s

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We also hope to append a succinct commentary on the Poems for thetime being that function must be assigned to our translation

The reader facing Metochites and his convoluted writings for the firsttime may turn to ample secondary literature on both for much has beenwritten on our author in the last thirty years from a brilliant assessmentof his Miscellaneous Essays by Professor Beck to a recent one-pagevignette aiming at a general public For the understanding of the generaldrift of the two Poems published here it should be sufficient to state thatthe grande carriegravere of Metochites began in 1305 when he became primeminister or rather chief intermediary (microεσάζων) of the Emperor

Andronikos II a key post which he held for twenty983085three years He fellfrom power in 1328 with the fall of his imperial protector who wasousted by his grandson Andronikos III at the end of a protracted civil

war (13219830851328) Metochites was banished to Didymoteichos for twoyears and was later allowed to return to Constantinople and to settle inhis monastery of Chora There he reread his works and wrote somemore in which he bemoaned his fate He died in 1332

As a politician Metochites was a man of action But he was more thanthat he was also a prolific writer It was his Eulogy of Nicaea pro-nounced in front of the Emperor who stopped in that city during a

voyage of inspection that brought the twenty983085year983085old youth to An-dronikos IPs attention in 1290 Metochites continued writing until thelast years of his life His output was thus considerable and covered anumber of scientific and literary genres Commentaries on Aristotleone983085hundred983085and983085twenty Miscellaneous Essays Introduction to

Astronomy eighteen Speeches and as we already know twenty Poems

We still possess most of this bulk amounting to some 1900 folios We

only regret the loss of his Correspondence which perished in the fire ofthe Escurial in 1671

Metochites was proud of his literary productionmdashone had but to readPoem 4 to realize thismdashand even more of his scientific feat the renewalof the knowledge of astronomy By this he meant having written atreatise offering a restatement of Ptolemys Almagestmdasha genuineachievement since Ptolemys is a complicated and technical workmdashandhaving transposed Ptolemys tables to a new epoch of 1283 the first year

of the rule of Andronikos II This latter rearrangement we consider














































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Λ




A








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theodore metochites 1981 greek orthodox theological review

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