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3'ournal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1993;56:599-604

REVIEW

The neurological founding fathers of the NationalSociety for Epilepsy and of the Chalfontfor Epilepsy

JW A S Sander, J Barclay, S D Shorvon

AbstractThe National Society for Epilepsy is thelargest epilepsy charity in the UnitedKingdom, and administers the ChalfontCentre for Epilepsy. The Society wasfounded in London in 1892 and its firsttask was to establish an agriculturalcolony where people with epilepsy couldlive and work; and this was the origin ofthe Chalfont Centre. Recently, details ofthe early history ofthe Society have cometo light showing that neurologists fromthe National Hospital, Queen Squarewere instrumental in its foundation. Themeeting in which the society was consti-tuted was held in the house of ThomasBuzzard, chaired by David Ferrier, andits first resolution was proposed by JohnHughlings-Jackson. Other neurologistsassociated with its early history includeWilliam Gowers, Victor Horsley, HowardTooth, and W Aldren Turner. In thispaper we review the society's history andthe light it throws on the attitudes toepilepsy and neurology in London in thisexciting late Victorian period.

(7 Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:599-604)

Epilepsy ResearchGroup, Institute ofNeurology, NationalHospital forNeurology andNeurosurgery, QueenSquare, LondonWClN 3BGJW A S SanderS D ShorvonChalfont Centre forEpilepsy, GerrardsCross, Bucks SL9 ORJJW A S SanderJ BarclayS D ShorvonCorrespondence to:Dr JW A S Sander, NationalHospital, Chalfont Centrefor Epilepsy, GerrardsCross, Bucks SL9 ORJReceived 16 June 1992and in revised form25 August 1992.Accepted 4 September 1992

The National Society for Epilepsy (NSE) isthe largest epilepsy charity in the UnitedKingdom, and administers the ChalfontCentre for Epilepsy, a specialised epilepsycentre on the outskirts of London. TheSociety was founded in the spring of 1892 inLondon as the National Society for theEmployment of Epileptics and it is thereforealso one of the oldest epilepsy societies in theworld. In this paper we review the early histo-ry of the Society with special emphasis on itsconnection with the neurological establish-ment at the National Hospital, QueenSquare, basing our review largely on historicaland archival documents, including a series ofbooks of minutes of the Society that were un-

covered during the preparations for the Soci-ety's first centenary. This original materialthrows new light on the evolution of epilepsysocieties in late nineteenth century Britain.We have also included as an appendix briefbibliographical sketches of the neurologistsinvolved in the foundation of the Society.The Society's first task was to establish an

agricultural colony where people with epilepsycould live and work, hence the origin of theChalfont Centre. The roads and houses at theChalfont Centre for Epilepsy are named afterseveral British philanthropists from the late1800s, who were generally perceived as theSociety's founding fathers. Our researches ofthe early history of the Society show, how-ever, that neurologists from the NationalHospital, Queen Square, were instrumental inits foundation and early running; indeed, itwas their impetus which interested others insetting up the Society. After several years,however, differing opinions on whetherepilepsy should be viewed as a medical condi-tion or a social problem led to the prematurerupture of the relations between the neurolo-gists and lay persons on the executive com-mittee, and the resignation of the former.Only in the last two decades have neurologistsregained influence in the running and plan-ning of the Society's activities so that medi-cine and research flourished.

The National HospitalThe National Hospital for the Paralysed andEpileptics (now the National Hospital forNeurology and Neurosurgery), the first spe-cialist neurological hospital in the world, wasopened at Queen Square in 1860. True to itstitle, the hospital accepted patients from allover the country, the majority of them withepilepsy. Its establishment was a great stepforward for the sufferers of epilepsy; in the1870s as many of 50% of the inpatients andan even higher proportion of the outpatientshad epilepsy, and its consumption of brom-ides, then the only effective drug for epilepsy,was 2-5 tons annually.' John HughlingsJackson24 was on the staff from 1862 andamong his colleagues were Thomas Buz-zard,56 William Gowers,78 David Ferrier,90and Howard Tooth."

These were heady years for the scientificstudy of epilepsy. In the 1870s Ferrierdemonstrated that activation of specific areasof the cortex of animals could induce seizuresin corresponding parts of the body. 12Hughlings Jackson, whose interest in epilepsymay have been triggered by the fact that hiswife had what is now called "Jacksonianepilepsy,3 made original observations on manyaspects of the condition. In 1873 he presented

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his definition of epileptic seizures "occasionalsudden excessive, rapid and local discharges ofgrey matter","3 a definition still commonlyused. Queen Square became the "Mecca ofneurology"; epilepsy was the condition whicharoused most scientific interest at the hospi-tal, and the large number of patients withepilepsy formed the base of Ferrier's,Jackson's, and Gower's great works on thesubject.

The perception of epilepsyClinical interest in epilepsy was accompaniedby the realisation that people with epilepsyalso experienced social and economic prob-lems. Some of these problems were no differ-ent from those faced by all poor people inthose times, although most arose from pre-vailing attitudes to epilepsy. Epilepsy was stillwidely regarded as a demoniac disease, oneboth contagious and hereditary; people withepilepsy were ostracised and their marriagefrowned upon.'4 Not only were they oftenconsigned to poorhouses, asylums, houses ofcorrection, or gaols but words like degen-erate, lunatic, imbecile, idiot, feckless, andfeeble-minded were used almost interchange-ably with epileptic.'5 The perceived andactual link between epilepsy and lunacy wasparticularly important; an association whichhad always overshadowed the life of peoplewith epilepsy continued even towards the endof the century when the "sane epileptics"became recognised as a special group forwhom, in the opinion of many, asylums andgaols were not appropriate.'6 17To a greater extent than with many other

diseases, at the end of the nineteenth century,those with epilepsy were considered very defi-nitely a class apart. The Victorian answer toproblem groups (even if "sane") was to segre-gate them and pressure grew for institutionsfor epilepsy to provide care and control forlife. These should be situated in the countryaway from the bustle of towns; by utilisingthe inmates' work, they might become self-supporting. Enforced idleness and anxietywere thought to increase epileptic seizures inthis feckless subclass and work was seen as apanacea.18

The SocietyA number of meetings and other activitieswere held during the late 1880s to discuss theneeds of people with epilepsy and other hand-icaps. In July 1890 the Charities OrganisationSociety appointed a commission, whichincluded Thomas Buzzard and David Ferrier,"to consider and report upon the public and char-itable provisions made for the care and training offeeble-minded, epileptic, deformed and crzppledpersons"; this commission eventually lead tothe foundation of the NSE.'8

In April 1892, a meeting was held at thehouse of Thomas Buzzard in 74 GrosvenorStreet in London's West End, with the specif-ic aim of founding a society which would pro-vide employment for patients with epilepsy in

an institution to be modelled on the establish-ment in Bielefeld in Germany, visited byDavid Ferrier in the previous year. People inattendance represented three different bodies.The first were the medical staff from theNational Hospital represented by ThomasBuzzard, John Hughlings Jackson, HowardTooth, William Gowers, Joseph Ormerod,'9Walter Colman,20 and David Ferrier. Thesecond was the Ladies' Samaritans Society ofthe National Hospital, Queen Square, whichwas formed in 1861; some members were thewives of Queen Square physicians (as then,the Ladies' Samaritans still do sterling work).This Society raised money to provide food,clothes, seaside holidays, and other comfortsfor poor patients from the National Hospital,Queen Square; employed lady almoners; rana convalescent home at Finchley (now theNational Hospital Rehabilitation Unit); andstarted a pension scheme for incurablepatients. The third was the CharityOrganisation Society which had been set upin 1869 by a group of philanthropists, manyof whom had connections with the JewishBoard of Guardians, to prevent begging andthe abuse of charity. Its members pridedthemselves on their scientific rather than sen-timental approach to poverty and both thepaid officials and voluntary members stronglyupheld the work ethic and approved schemesthat encouraged people to be self-supporting.The Charity Organisation Society was againststate intervention in social affairs, believingthat it would lead to less accountability andexpenditure on unproductive schemes forfeckless people.21 At this meeting the NSEwas constituted, and its first resolution, pro-posed by Hughlings Jackson, to create "ahome for such epileptic persons as are capable ofwork but unable to obtain regular employment onaccount of their liability to fits" was unanimous-ly accepted (fig 1). The second resolutionproposed by David Ferrier and seconded byHoward Tooth and also approved unani-mously was "that it is expedient to establish inEngland an industrial colony for epilepticscapable of work, on the same lines, so far ascircumstances should render advisable, as thecolony near Bielefeld in Germany".The Society was quickly established and by

the end of May 1892 the provisional commit-tee (later the executive committee), whichincluded all Queen Square's physicians (fig 2)present at the inaugural meeting, also co-opted into the Society a number of influentialmedical people. These included VictorHorsley,22-24 William Broadbent,25 JohnBurdon Sanderson,'6 James Crichton-Browne,'7 Joseph Lister, James Paget,Andrew Clark,28 Henry Bastian,'9 and CharlesBeevor.Y Some of these doctors had joinedthe Society with a special interest, social orprofessional, in the fate of people with epi-lepsy and others, like James Crichton-Brownea "keen eugenicist", joined because suchcolonies helped prevent epileptics marrying.27

Further meetings of the Society were heldat the house of David Ferrier or at theNational Hospital, Queen Square until a

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to buy a farm where its "epileptic colony"could be established. In October 1892 twosubcommittees were created; the first to

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Figure 2 The minute book entiy (11 April 1892) listing thefirst provisional committee(later the executive committee) of the Society; in the left hand corner there are the medicalmen (Drs Hughlings Jackson, Buzzard, Ferrier, Gowers, Ormerod, Tooth, and Colman),in the right the lay members (Lieut Col Montefiore, Mr Gaskell, Mr Pearman, the LadyTaunton, Mrs Buzzard, Mrs Femier, Mrs SelfLennard, Mrs Paget, Miss Parker, MrsRaddiffe, and Mrs Silva).

launch an appeal to raise money and the sec-ond to find a suitable farm. A suitable farmwas deemed to "be within an hour and a half ofLondon, which was in a healthy situation, had acommodious farmhouse, 100 acres of availableland, mixed soil and a good water supply".The appeal subcommittee organised a

series of events. The highlight of these, ameeting in January 1893 at the MansionHouse, the official residence of the LordMayor of London, was well attended, andwas reported in the medical and lay press.31-35David Ferrier, one of the speakers, stated thatprovision would be made for all classes of thecommunity, not only the poor; the Societydid not expect to be self-supporting, butexpenses would be defrayed by payment fromthe patients, either from their own resourcesor as a product of their labour. ThomasBuzzard, another speaker, stressed that theywere not planning a hospital for epilepsy-theNational Hospital successfully carried outthat role, but rather were making provisionsfor a particular type of patient. He com-plained about the outrageous incarceration ofepileptics in institutions for the incurable, andemphasised that patients referred for admis-sion to the colony would require a mental andphysical examination, as the colony wouldnot provide for the insane.

Monies were raised from various sources,including families and individuals well knownfor their charitable works-Mr Passmore-Edwards, the Rothchilds, the BurdonSandersons, and the Monteflores. The farmsubcommittee had visited several farmsaround London and eventually in November1893 chose and bought Skippings Farm, onChalfont Common, 21 miles northwest fromLondon. A year later, the colony was officiallyopened amid the habitual Buckinghamshiredownpour of rain and howling wind and inthe presence of a number of guests. Theopening address was delivered by ThomasBuzzard.A committee of the Honoary Medical Staff

to the Society, which included many of thesenior staff at Queen Square, was set up inJune of 1893. Their brief was to look into allmedical issues that might arise at the colony.The arrangements for the medical cover werefinalised in a meeting at the house of ThomasBuzzard in October 1893. It was establishedthat emergencies would be covered by thelocal general practitioner, Dr Charles Brooks,and that a neurologist would pay a monthlyvisit to the colony. The two junior neurolo-gists at Queen Square at the time, WilliamAldren Turner36 and Walter Colman (afounding member of the Society), were nomi-nated as visiting physicians, and would taketurns for the monthly visits. It was also decid-ed that the medical staff should determine thesuitability of any candidate for admission tothe colony, and was empowered to dischargeany "colonist" on medical or other grounds.The medical staff would also be responsiblefor all dietary requirements and medical treat-ment. These arrangements persisted until1910, although Walter Colman (who had

Figure 1 Page one of thefirst book of minutes of thesociety, dated 11 April,1892, in which theestablishment of theChalfont Centre wasproposed by Drs HughlingsJYackson and DavidFerrier.

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resigned from Queen Square) was laterreplaced by Farquhar Buzzard.37 38 In theinterim W Aldren Turner carried out the roleof visiting physician alone.W Aldren Turner was responsible for the

first clinical research carried out at theChalfont Colony. He published a series ofpapers of his findings,3- culminating in1907 with the publication of an authoritativebook entitled Epilepsy-a study of the idiopath-ic disease.46 Turner gave the Morison lecturesto the Royal College of Physicians ofEdinburgh, a considerable honour, on epi-lepsy; these were based partly on his experi-ence at Chalfont.47 Turner also carried outthe first "clinical trial" at Chalfont, on theinfluence of salt deprivation on seizure con-trol (30% effectiveness!). After Turner'spublications there was a lull of over 50 yearsbefore another research paper was publishedfrom the Chalfont colony.49

David Ferrier, who served on the executivecommittee and the honorary medical staffcommittee, had strong connections with thecolony. Dr Ferrier and his wife were instru-mental in finding and choosing the site forthe colony, near their own country house. Hevisited the colony very often, and in 1897started to build his new country home inHorn Hill, less than one mile away. Thishouse, High Trees, which featured in thearchitectural press at the time of its inaugura-tion in 1904,50 was built by the labour of the"colonists" in one of their first external enter-prises. The house, designed by the Ferrier'sarchitect son, Claude, who also designedmost of the Colony buildings, is currently theheadquarters of the British NaturistAssociation. Mrs Ferrier, who also served onthe executive committee, took a keen interestin the running of the colony, a relationshipwhich soured slightly because of her practiceof commandeering colony nurses to performmassages at High Trees.

The schismSoon after the inauguration of the colony,tensions arose between lay members of theexecutive committee, most with connectionswith the Charity Organisation Society, andthe medical members. The central issue waswhether the patients should be treated as"sick" or as "welfare cases". This debate epit-omises the question that has dogged the his-tory of epilepsy-do people with epilepsyprimarily constitute a health or social prob-lem, should medical or welfare support takepriority? In 1908 a large donation was madeto the Society by the estate of Mr CA Tate(the sugar baron and a son of the founder ofthe Tate Gallery, London) and when the bestuse of this money was debated, the HonoraryMedical Staff committee called for the con-struction of a hospital building, a mortuary,and the appointment of a resident medicalsuperintendent in charge of all administrativeas well as clinical affairs. This was stronglyopposed by the lay members of the executivecommittee who favoured the construction of

new houses, including a children's home.They carried the vote by five to two, the dis-senting voices being those of the Ferriers.The issue was not resolved and in early 1910,the Honorary Medical Staff committee oncemore demanded the appointment of a "a resi-dent medical superintendent with complete andentire control over every department, both medicaland administrative of the Colony, including con-trol of the farm operations." The executivecommittee, assembled in June 1910, votedagainst this suggestion. Furthermore, itaccepted a proposal from Mr Micholls, thechairman of the committee, that the localgeneral practitioner be contracted to visit thecolony three times a week (and when neces-sary), and be given the title of MedicalOfficer to the Colony. After the result of thevote was announced, W Aldren Turner ten-dered the resignation of the entire HonoraryMedical Staff. Shortly after this, ThomasBuzzard and James Crichton Browne (whohad earlier retired from the executive com-mittee) resigned in protest from the Council,the consultative body of the Society. It is pos-sible that Hughlings Jackson, Ferrier, andCrichton Browne saw Chalfont as potentiallyno less fertile ground for scientific work thanthe West Riding Asylum in Wakefield whereall three originally met, and which for a shortperiod in the history of neurology was acentre of original thought and ideas.A compromise might have been found had

the parties not become too polarised. Themedical men were anxious to ensure goodtreatment of the patients; it could not bedenied that having a hospital, a mortuary,and above all a resident medical superinten-dent in charge of all aspects of the colony life,would have been a terrific boost to medicalresearch and influence within the Society. Forthe non-medical members of the Society, onthe other hand, the expense of a residentphysician was not justified. For them runninga colony was like running a very large house-hold, in which everyone's place was deter-mined. Adding strength to this view was thelack of urgency about a cure given the pooremployment prospects outside, the need tosegregate the "unfit", and finally the need ofmiddle class people to feel in control of thecolonists who came mainly from the workingclass. Perhaps if a compromise had beenreached, Chalfont would have a BuzzardHouse, a Hughlings Jackson Avenue, and aFerrier Lane, as well as a Tate House, aMicholls Avenue, and a Penn-Gaskell Lane.It is also interesting to speculate on how themedical and research potential of the colonymight have been exploited in the excitingmiddle decades of the twentieth century,when great advances were being made in themedical treatment of epilepsy.

The Society nowThe wheel has now turned full circle. TheSociety plays a leading role in UnitedKingdom clinical epilepsy research; a verysuccessful NHS unit is now run jointly with

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the National Hospital for Neurology andNeurosurgery, and as it enters its second cen-tury, medical and administrative relations areextremely cordial even to the extent ofappointing a distinguished professor ofneurology as chairman of the board of gover-nors.

Appendix1 John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911),born in Yorkshire, attended the YorkMedical School and qualified at StBartholomew's Hospital in 1856.Appointed assistant physician to theNational Hospital, Queen Square in1862, becoming full physician in 1867; heshed light on several aspects of neurology,becoming known as the "father of Englishneurology".2A Epilepsy became his essen-tial interest and his work in this subject isstill enormously influential. Early paperswere those published from the WestRiding Asylum in Wakefield. A quiet andwithdrawn man who married his cousin,he had no known hobbies.

2 Thomas Buzzard (1831-1919), born inLondon, attended and qualified at King'sCollege School of Medicine in 1857. Aman of many occupations, he was presentat the siege of Sebastopol, as army doctorand war correspondent for the DailyNews. After working as general practition-er and as a journalist for the Lancet for sixyears, he became a consultant at theNational Hospital, Queen Square, in1867. He was a keen water colourpainter, with many friends among theleading artists of his day.56

3 Sir William Richard Gowers (1845-1915), born in London, attended Oxfordand qualified at University College in1862. He became registrar at theNational Hospital, Queen Square, in1870, assistant physician in 1873, andphysician in 1880. He wrote extensivelyon many aspects of neurology, including atextbook of neurology (known as "theBible" to generations of subsequentBritish neurologists), seminal works onepilepsy, ophthalmoscopy, and spinalcord. His chief hobbies were etching (heillustrated many of his books and papersand exhibited at the Royal Academy), thestudy of mosses, and shorthand.78

4 Sir David Ferrier (1843-1928), born inAberdeen, qualified at Edinburgh in1868. He went into general practice inEast Anglia, but after a few years joinedMiddlesex Hospital as a lecturer in physi-ology. He became a staff physician at theNational Hospital, Queen Square, in1880. His experimental work opened anew era for the understanding of brainfunction and he was instrumental inlocalising cases for early brain surgery. Hewas present at Victor Horsley's first surgi-cal case. He was a lover of classic litera-ture and the sea.9 10

5 Howard Henry Tooth (1856-1925) bornin Howe, attended Cambridge and quali-

fied at St Bartholomew's Hospital in1880. He became an assistant physicianat the National Hospital, Queen Square,in 1887 and staff physician in 1907. Hewas also an army doctor, having served inSouth Africa during the Boer War. Hewas a talented musician, an accomplishedworker in metal and wood, and a keencyclist."

6 Joseph Arderne Ormerod (1848-1925),born in Norfolk, attended Oxford, quali-fying at St Bartholomew's Hospital in1871. Became an assistant physician tothe National Hospital, Queen Square in1880, and a staff physician in 1890. Hewas registrar to the Royal College ofPhysicians from 1908 to 1925.19

7 Walter Stacy Colman (1864-1934), bornin Norfolk, attended EdinburghUniversity, qualifying at UniversityCollege, London in 1886. He became aresident medical officer at the NationalHospital in 1888, an assistant physicianin 1896 resigning in 1898 to become alecturer at St Thomas's Hospital. In hisleisure time he was a keen archaeologistand freemason.20

8 Sir Victor Horsley (1857-1916), born inLondon, qualified at University Collegein 1880. He became surgeon at theNational Hospital, Queen Square, in1886 and was an outstanding figure in thedevelopment of neurosurgery. He carriedout the first neurosurgical operation forepilepsy in 1886, on James B, a case ofpost-traumatic epilepsy. The patient wasshown at a meeting in Brighton later inthe year, at which Hughlings Jackson andCharcot were present, and both congratu-lated Horsley on his skill.22 At a concert atthe Albert Hall a few years later,Horsley's son had a first epileptic seizureand was subsequently operated on by hisfather. Horsley then suddenly abandonedhis work at the National Hospial andbecame an active political militant andorganiser, an antivivisectionist, a support-er of women's suffrage, and a fanaticalcrusader against alcohol.2324 He died dur-ing the First World War in Mesopotamiahaving volunteered for the Tigris cam-paign.

9 Sir James Crichton-Browne (1840-1938)qualified in Edinburgh with DavidFerrier. In 1866, he was appointed super-intendent of the West Riding Asylum,which Hughlings Jackson and Ferrier alsoattended, and a series of important paperswere published in the journal, Reports ofthe West Riding Lunatic Asylum. In 1878,he founded Brain with David Ferrier andJohn Hughlings Jackson. He was afounder member of the EugenicsEducation Society.27

10 Henry Charlton Bastian (1837-1915),born in Truro, qualified at UniversityCollege, London, in 1863. He becameassistant physician at the NationalHospital, Queen Square in 1868 and astaff physician in 1887. He was made a

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fellow of the Royal Society at the age of31 for his work on parasitology. Hismajor contribution to neurology was hisresearch into speech disorders.29

11 Charles Edward Beevor (1854-1908),born in London, qualified at UniversityCollege, London in, 1878. He becameassistant physician at the NationalHospital, Queen Square in 1880 and astaff physician in 1883. He worked withVictor Horsley on problems of cerebrallocalisation but his major contribution toneurology was his research into the pre-cise morphology and distribution of thearteries of the brain.30

12 William Aldren Turner (1864-1945) wasborn in Edinburgh, where he qualified in1887. He became an assistant physicianat the National Hospital in 1892 and afull physician in 1900. He was an armydoctor serving in France during the FirstWorld War. He had an extensive know-ledge of British and continental spas, hewas also interested in antiques, andowned a fine collection of old prints.36

13 Sir Edward Farquhar Buzzard(1871-1945), born in London, the son ofThomas Buzzard, attended Oxford andqualified at St Thomas's in 1898. Hebecame a resident medical officer at theNational Hospital, Queen Square, in1900 and a full physician in 1905. Acolonel in the army medical corps duringthe First World War, he became physi-cian to the Royal Family in 1924 andregius professor of medicine at Oxford in1928.3738

1 Holmes G. The National Hospital, Queen Square; 1860-1948. London: Livingstone, 1948.

2 Brown GH. Munk's roll of the Royal Colege of Physicians ofLondon. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955:161-3.

3 Chartered Society of Queen Square. Queen Square and theNational Hospital; 1860-1960. London: Edward Arnold,1960:74-5.

4 Reynolds EH. Hughlings Jackson-a Yorkshireman's con-tribution to epilepsy. Arch Neurol 1988;45:675-8.

5 Brown GH. Munk's roll of the Royal Colege of Physicians ofLondon. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955:209.

6 Chartered Society of Queen Square. Queen Square and theNational Hospital; 1860-1960. London: Edward Arnold,1960:108.

7 Brown GH. Munk's roUl of the Royal Colege of Physicians ofLondon. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955:264.


9 Brown GH. Munk's roUl of the Royal College of Physicians ofLondon. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955:246-7.


11 Brown GH. Munk's ro1l of the Royal College of Physicians ofLondon. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955:331.

12 Ferrier D. Experimental researches in cerebral physiologyand pathology. Rep West Riding Lunatic Asylum 1873;3:30-96.

13 Jackson JH. On the anatomical, physiological and patho-logical investigation of epileptics. Rep West RidingLunatic Asylum 1873;3:315-39.

14 Temkin 0. The falling sickness: a history of epilepsy from theGreeks to the beginning of modern neurology. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins Press, 1971.

15 Berrios GE. Epilepsy and insanity during the 19th cen-tury-a conceptual history. Arch Neurol 1984;41:978-81.

16 Russel JSR. The management and education of idiots andepileptics at the Bicetre Hospital in Paris. BMJ 1891;i:1247.

17 Rhodes JM. The treatment of imbeciles and epileptics.The North Midlands District Poor Law Conferences 1898;318-9.

18 The Special Committee on Epileptics of the CharityOrganisation Society. The epileptic and crippled child andadult. London: Swan Sonnerschein, 1893.

19 Brown GH. Munk's roUl of the Royal College of Physicians ofLondon. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955:304-5.

20 Brown GH. Munk's roll of the Royal College of Physicians ofLondon. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL,1955:393.

21 Webb B. My apprenticeship. London: Longman & Green,1938:177.

22 Horsley V. Brain surgery. BMJ 1886;ii:670-5.23 Chartered Society of Queen Square. Queen Square and the

National Hospital; 1860-1960. London: Edward Arnold,1960:84-5.

24 Taylor DC. One hundred years of epilepsy surgery: SirVictor Horsley's contribution. J Neurol NeurosurgPsychiatry 1986;49:485-8.

25 Brown GH. Munk's roll of the Royal College of Physicians ofLondon. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955:169-70.


27 Farrall LA. The origin and growth of the English EugenicMovement. PhD Thesis, Indiana University, 1970:214.


29 Brown GH. Munk's roll of the Royal College of Physicians ofLondon. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955:174.


31 Anon. The National Society for the Employment ofEpileptics. Lancet 1893;i:39.

32 Anon. The National Society for the Employment ofEpileptics. Lancet 1893;i:165.

33 Anon. Employment of epileptics. Lancet 1893;i:217.34 Anon. National Society for the Employment of Epileptics.

BMJ 1893;i:31-2.35 Anon. Employment of epileptics. BMJ 1893;i: 194.36 Brown GH. Munk's roll of the Royal College of Physicians of

London. Volume IV. 1826-1925. London: RCPL, 1955:390-1.


38 Chartered Society of Queen Square. Queen Square and theNational Hospital; 1860-1960. London: Edward Arnold,1960:109.

39 Turner WA. A statistical inquiry into the prognosis andcurability of epilepsy based upon the results of treat-ment. Med Chir Trans 1903;86:259-91.

40 Turner WA. A statistical inquiry into the prognosis andcurability of epilepsy based upon the results of treat-ment. Lancet 1903;i:1650-7.

41 Turner WA. The mental condition in epilepsy in relationto prognosis. Med Chir Trans 1904;87:349-71.

42 Turner WA. The mental condition in epilepsy in relationto prognosis. Lancet 1904;i:982-6.

43 Turner WA. The nature and treatment of epilepsy. Lancet1905;i:706-1 1.

44 Turner WA. The influence of stigmata of degenerationupon the prognosis of epilepsy. Lancet 1905;i:426.

45 Turner WA. The influence of stigmata of degenerationupon the prognosis of epilepsy. Med Chir Trans 1905;88:127-45.

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