then… ….and now. 2 old growth second growth stand age vs. percent of juvenile wood when trees...
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Then…
….and Now
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Old growth Second growth
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Stand age vs. percent of juvenile wood
When trees grow rapidly so that they are of harvestable size when relatively young, the percentage of juvenile wood increases dramatically (data shown for Loblolly pine).
(Zobel & van Buijtenen)
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ForestryManagementOptions
AcceptanceFor End Use
TreeGrowth
WoodProperties
TechnicalPerformance
Size
PriceCost of managementand silviculture
influences influences
influences influences
influences influences
determines determines
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Forest Management/Silvicultural options – effects on Wood Quality
Objective
To maximize the value of a plantation over a short rotation.
Value of logs and lumber depend upon:
Logs - large diameters - long lengths - clear faces
Lumber - premium lengths and widths - absence of knots and other defects
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Softwood Lumber Pricing ($/MBF)
Product Length (ft)
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
2 x 4 215 245 245 240 270 260 270
2 x 6 215 245 240 235 265 260 270
2 x 8 220 240 255 240 275 270 290
2 x 10 195 200 290 300 300 315 300
Note: Prices are not from 2015
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Forest management/silvicultural options and wood quality
Improve site• Cultivate• Irrigate• Fertilize
Manipulate crop• Planting stock• Planting distance• Juvenile space• Thin• Prune• Rotation age (harvest)
Foresters’ options
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These actions influence the growth of the crown and roots which in turn influence:
• Stem size and form
• Ring structure (relative ew/lw proportions)
• Branch size and number
• Juvenile wood (amount and proportion)
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Growth rate effect on ring structure
Ring porous hardwoods Diffuse porous hardwoods Softwoods
Rapid grown
Slow grown
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Growth rate effect on ring structure
Ring porous hardwoods
Rapid grown Slow grown
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Growth rate effect on ring structure
Diffuse porous hardwoodsRapid grown Slow grown
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Growth rate effect on ring structure
SoftwoodsRapid grown Slow grown
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Forest management/silvicultural options and wood quality
Improve site• Cultivate• Irrigate• fertilize
Manipulate crop• Planting stock• Planting distance• Juvenile space• Thin• Prune• Rotation age
Foresters’ options
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Effects of initial spacing distance at time of plantingWide spacing
(400-750 stems/ha)• Increased vegetative
competition• Trunk with large branches• Maximize piece size• Encourage lower density of
mature wood• Lower % of juvenile wood
Narrow spacing
(1500 stems/ha)• Maximize stand volume• Fewer and smaller branches• Encourage higher density of
mature wood• Higher % of juvenile wood
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Juvenilewood
MaturewoodNarrow spacing
Wide spacing
Effect of tree spacing on juvenile wood production
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How to overcome disadvantagesof wide spacing
• Plant genetically selected stock
• Chemical or mechanical brush control
• Plant close together initially, then thin
• Prune
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Tree improvement programs
• Select high volume producers
• Reject low wood density selections
• Select straight trees
• Select small branches (perpendicular)
• Reject extreme spiral grain
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Thinning
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http://www.forestryforum.com/board/index.php?topic=39179.0%3Ball
Before After
Loblolly pine plantation – 20% stem removal
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Thinning
19http://www.forestryforum.com/board/index.php?topic=39179.0%3Ball
Take-out row for skidder access
Skidder with grapple full of thinnings
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LightThin
HeavyThin
NoThin
10 in.
13 in. 16 in. 24 in.
48 yrs.
A
18 yrs.
48 yrs.
B 48 yrs.
C
Effect of Thinning on Stem Development at Breast Height
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Pruning
• Reduces number of branches (knots)
• Reduces juvenile wood formation
• Reduces taper
• Possibly reduces growth rate
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Pruning
http://www.country-works.co.uk/weblog.aspx
http://trimblefoundation.org.nz/images/trimble_trees.jpg
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Pruning
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Pruning
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Old-growth log quality zones and products value
1. Clear $1,250-4,000/Mbfm2. Near Clear $ 600-1,000/Mbfm3. Appearance merch. $ 450-800/Mbfm4. Structural lumber $ 350-500/Mbfm5. Low grade $ 200-350/Mbfm
(Josza)
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Maximum knot sizes allowed on the edge and the centre-line of 2x4, 2x8 and 2x12 lumber
(Josza)
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Fertilizing
• Increase growth rate
• Reduce wood density
• Even out earlywood-latewood differences in wood density
• Relatively short term effect (3-5 years)
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Effect of fertilization on wood density
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Practical consideration for wood quality control
• Economics of clear wood, high wood density, large log diameter
• Tree improvement programs• Control of juvenile wood
– Spacing (planting, juvenile spacing, thinning)– Rotation age
• Develop clear wood by pruning