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Theme 5. Old English Theme 5. Old English GrammarGrammar
Aims: Aims: •perceive grammatical terminology of the Old perceive grammatical terminology of the Old English period;English period;•be able to identify the distinction between be able to identify the distinction between lexical and grammatical categories;lexical and grammatical categories;•be able to recognize the morphological and be able to recognize the morphological and syntactic features of the Old English synthetic syntactic features of the Old English synthetic language.language.
Points for discussionPoints for discussion
• IntroductionIntroduction• 1.General tendencies of the Old English 1.General tendencies of the Old English
MorphologyMorphology• 2.Declension of Nouns in Old English 2.Declension of Nouns in Old English • 3.The pronoun and article classification3.The pronoun and article classification• 4.Declension of Adjectives in Old English. The 4.Declension of Adjectives in Old English. The
degrees of comparisondegrees of comparison• 5.The verb classification. The Old English 5.The verb classification. The Old English
Conjugation SystemConjugation System• 5.1. Development of the Finite Forms of the 5.1. Development of the Finite Forms of the
English VerbEnglish Verb• 5.2. Development of the Non-Finite Forms of the 5.2. Development of the Non-Finite Forms of the
English VerbEnglish Verb• ConclusionConclusion
Key Terms to KnowKey Terms to Know
• paradigm conjugationparadigm conjugation• category strong declensioncategory strong declension• synthetic languagesynthetic language
morphological structure morphological structure • declension suppletive verbsdeclension suppletive verbs• vocalic stems anomalous verbsvocalic stems anomalous verbs• consonantal stemsconsonantal stems• root stemsroot stems• strong verbsstrong verbs• weak verbsweak verbs
LITERATURELITERATURE
•• ObligatoryObligatory• Elly van Gelderen. A History of the English Language.- Elly van Gelderen. A History of the English Language.-
Amsterdam/ Philadelphia, 2006. -PP. 55-72Amsterdam/ Philadelphia, 2006. -PP. 55-72• Valery V. Mykhailenko. Paradigmatics in the evolution of Valery V. Mykhailenko. Paradigmatics in the evolution of
English. - Chernivtsi, - 1999.-English. - Chernivtsi, - 1999.- PP. 51-88; 89-115PP. 51-88; 89-115• T.A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English. - Moscow, 1983. - T.A. Rastorguyeva. A History of English. - Moscow, 1983. -
PP. 92-131PP. 92-131• L.Verba. History of the English language. - Vinnitsa, 2004. - L.Verba. History of the English language. - Vinnitsa, 2004. -
PP. 38-89PP. 38-89• AdditionalAdditional• Аракин В. Д. История английского языка. - М., 1985. - C. Аракин В. Д. История английского языка. - М., 1985. - C.
43-9243-92
Old English GrammarOld English Grammar
•Grammatical meanings expressed Grammatical meanings expressed by:by:
• Grammatical endings,Grammatical endings,
• Sound interchanges in the root,Sound interchanges in the root,
• Grammatical prefixes,Grammatical prefixes,
• Suppletive formationSuppletive formation
A synthetic, or, inflected type of language
Parts of Speech in Old English:Parts of Speech in Old English:
the adjective,
the pronoun,
the numeral
the noun,
nominal parts (nomina)
the verb,
the adverb,
the proposition,
the conjunction,
the interjection
Grammatical CategoriesGrammatical Categories
Nominal categories Verbal categories
Number
Case
Gender
Degrees of comparison
Category of definiteness/
indefiniteness
Tense
moodVerbal categories
proper
Number
personAgreement
between the
Predicate/subject
– –
The Old English grammatical system
appeared in texts of the 9th and 10th c.(mainly West Saxon dialect):
THE CǼDMON STORY-the extract is from an Old
English translation of Bede ́s Ecclesiastical History(Book 4, Ch.24),--tells the story of
CǼDMON the unlettered cowherd who became
England ̉s first Christian poet, sometime in the
Late 7th century.The translation dates from the
Late 9th century.
• WWæs he se mon in weoruldhade geseted oð Þa tide Þe heæs he se mon in weoruldhade geseted oð Þa tide Þe he• Was he the man in secular life settled until the time that Was he the man in secular life settled until the time that
hehe• Wæs gelyfdre ylde, ond he næfre nænig leoð geleornode, Wæs gelyfdre ylde, ond he næfre nænig leoð geleornode,
ond heond he• Was of- advanced age, and he never any poem learned, Was of- advanced age, and he never any poem learned,
and heand he• For Þon oft in gebeorscipe, Þonne Þær wæs blisse For Þon oft in gebeorscipe, Þonne Þær wæs blisse
intingaintinga• Therefore often at banquet, when there was of-joy Therefore often at banquet, when there was of-joy
occasionoccasion• Gedemed, Þæt heo ealle sceolden Þurh endebyrdnesse Gedemed, Þæt heo ealle sceolden Þurh endebyrdnesse
be hearpanbe hearpan• Decided that they all should by arrangement with harpDecided that they all should by arrangement with harp• Singan, Þonne he geseah Þa hearpan him nealecan, Singan, Þonne he geseah Þa hearpan him nealecan,
Þonne aras heÞonne aras he• To sing when he saw the harp him approach, then arose To sing when he saw the harp him approach, then arose
hehe• For scome from Þæm symble,ond ham eode to his huse. For scome from Þæm symble,ond ham eode to his huse.
Þa heÞa he
THE CǼDMON STORY
– For shame from the feast and home went to his house. For shame from the feast and home went to his house. When heWhen he
– Þæt Þa sumbe tide dyde, Þæt he forlet Þæt hus ÞæsÞæt Þa sumbe tide dyde, Þæt he forlet Þæt hus Þæs– That a certain time did, that he left the house of theThat a certain time did, that he left the house of the– Gebeorscipes, ond ut wGebeorscipes, ond ut wæs gongende to neata scipeneæs gongende to neata scipene– Banquet, and out was going to of-cattle stallBanquet, and out was going to of-cattle stall– Þara heord him wæs Þære neahte beboden, Þa he ða Þara heord him wæs Þære neahte beboden, Þa he ða
ÞærÞær– Of which keeping him was that night entrusted.Of which keeping him was that night entrusted.
The Cædmon Story (continued)
The Old English NounThe Old English Noun
CategoriesCategories
case number gender
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Singular
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Morphological structure of a nounMorphological structure of a noun
root stem-suffix
+
+ inflection
e.
e. g. Ім-ен –і, ім-ен –ем, ім-ен –а, etc.
stem
Morphological Classification of OE Morphological Classification of OE NounsNouns
• Vocalic stemsVocalic stems
• (strong declension)(strong declension)
A-stems(and their variants)Ja-stems,wa-stems
Ō-stems (jō-stems, wo-stems)
i-stems
U-stems
Consonantal stems
w(
(weak declension)
N-stems
Root-stems
Minor-stems:R-, s-, nd-
A-stem declensionA-stem declension
• N. stān “stone”N. stān “stone”• G. stānesG. stānes• D. stāneD. stāne• A. stānA. stān• N. stānasN. stānas• G. stānaG. stāna• D. stānumD. stānum• A. stānasA. stānas
• scip “ship”scip “ship”• scipesscipes• scipescipe• scipscip• scipuscipu• scipascipa• scipumscipum• scipuscipu
Sg.
Pl.
Masculine Neuter
O-stem declensionO-stem declension
“ “care”care” “journey”“journey”
• N.carufōr N.carufōr fōre fōre
• G. care fōreG. care fōre
• D. care fōreD. care fōre
• A. care A. care
• cara fōracara fōra
• cara fōracara fōra
• carum fōrumcarum fōrum
• cara fōra cara fōra
Singular Plural
N-stem declensionN-stem declension
• N. nama “name” tunge “tongue” ēage N. nama “name” tunge “tongue” ēage “eye”“eye”
• G. naman tungan ēaganG. naman tungan ēagan
• D. naman tungan ēaganD. naman tungan ēagan
• A. naman tungan ēageA. naman tungan ēage
• N. naman tungan ēaganN. naman tungan ēagan
• G. namena tungena ēagenaG. namena tungena ēagena
• D. namum tungum ēagumD. namum tungum ēagum
• A. naman tungan ēaganA. naman tungan ēagan
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Sg.
Pl.
Root-stems nounsRoot-stems nouns
•Masculine Feminine
Sg. N.
G.
D.
A.
Pl. N.
G.
D.
A.
Fōt
Fōtes
Fēt
Fōt
Fēt
Fōta
Fōtum
fēt
“foot” Mūs
Mŷs, mūse
Mŷs
mūsMŷs
Mūsa
Mūsum
mŷs
“mouse”
Old English noun classesOld English noun classes
•
Like stan: aÞ “oath”,coss “kiss”, cyning “king”, dom judgement”, hlaf “loaf”, hund “dog”, Þeof “thief”, weall “wall”, weg “way”,wer “man”
Like word: bearn “child”, deor “animal”, folc “people”, gear
“year”, land “land”, sceap “sheep”, sweord “sword”, weork
“work”, wif “woman”
Like lufu: faru “journey”, giefu “gift”, racu “narrative”,sceadu “shade”, scolu “troop”Like sunu: lagu “lake”, medu “mead”, wudu “wood”
( Elly van Gelderen 2006:62)
Old English PronounsOld English Pronouns
personal
demonstrative interrogative
indefinite
other groups – relative, possessive and reflexive – were as yet not fully developed and separated from
the four main classes.
Old English Personal PronounsOld English Personal Pronouns
•categories
3 persons
first person
second person
third person
3 numbers
singular
dual
plural
3 genders
masculine
feminine
neuter
4 cases
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Old English Personal PronounsOld English Personal Pronouns
•Singular Dual Plural
First Nom. Ic wit wē
Gen. mīn uncer ūre
Dat. m unc ūs
Acc. Mē/mec uncit ūsic, ūs
Second Nom. Þū git gē
Gen. Þīn incer ēower
Dat. Þē inc ēow
Acc. Þēc, Þē incit, inc ēowic, ēow
ē
Old English Personal PronounsOld English Personal Pronouns
•
declension continued
Third Singular Plural
M. F. N. All genders
Nom. hē hēo, hīo hit hīe, hī, hŷ, hēo
Gen. his hire, hiere his hira, heora, hiera, hyra
Dat. him hire, hiere him him, heom
Acc. hine hīe, hī, hŷ hit hīe, hī, hŷ, hēo
Demonstratives in Old EnglishDemonstratives in Old English
•Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nom. sē, se sēo Þæt Þā
Gen. Þæs Þǽre Þæs Þāra, Þǽra
Dat. Þǽm Þǽre Þǽm, Þām Þām, Þǽm
Acc. Þōne Þā Þæt Þā
The Old English AdjectiveThe Old English Adjectivecategories
3 genders
masculine
feminine
neuter
2 numbers
singular
plural
5 cases
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental( Instr.—lŷtle werede “with (the help of) a small troop”
Strong and Weak Declension ofStrong and Weak Declension ofAdjectivesAdjectives
•Pronouns NounsPronouns Nouns• n-stems n-stems ō-stems n-stemsō-stems n-stems
• (weak)(weak)
•Strong Weak
Adjectives
The adjective The adjective “good“good” in Old ” in Old EnglishEnglish
• Strong Weak
Sg. M F N M F N
Nom. god god god goda gode gode
Gen. godes godre godes godan godan godan
Dat. godum godre godum godan godan godan
Acc. godne gode god godan godan gode
Instr. gode godre gode godan godan godan
The adjective The adjective “good“good” in Old ” in Old EnglishEnglish
•
(continued)
Strong Weak
Plural M F N All genders
Nom. gode goda god godan
Gen. godra godra godra godra/godena
Dat. godum godum godum godum
Acc. gode goda,-e god godan
Instr. godum godum godum godum
The Old English VerbThe Old English Verb
•categories
2 tenses
present
past (preterite)
3 moods
Indicative
Subjunctive
(conjunctive)
imperative
2 numbers
singular
plural
3 persons
Morphological Classification of Old Morphological Classification of Old EnglishEnglishVerbsVerbs
•Strong Weak Minor groups
Seven classes with Three classes with Preterite-
different gradation different stem- presents
series suffixes Suppletive
Anomalous
Principal Parts of the Principal Parts of the Old English Old English VerbVerb
I – the Infinitive
II – the Singular Past Indicative
III– the Plural Past Indicative (and the Past Subjunctive)
IV-- Participle II
Strong Verbs in Old EnglishStrong Verbs in Old English
•(form their past tense stems by gradation (ablaut) of the
root vowel)I II III IV
Class IĪ ā I i
Wrītan “write” wrāt writon writen
Class II ēo ēa u o
Flēogan “fly” flēag flugon flogen
Strong verbs in Old EnglishStrong verbs in Old English
•(continued)
Class III
b)I a u u
drincan”drink” drank druncon druncenb) E ea u o
helpan “help” healp hulpon holpen
c) Eo ea u o
steorfan “die” stearf sturfon storfenClass IV
e æ ǽ ostelan “steal” stæl stǽlon stolen
Strong verbs in Old EnglishStrong verbs in Old English
•
continued)
Class VE æ ǽ e
Tredan “tread” træd trǽdon treden
Class VIa ō ō a
dragan “draw” drōg drōgon dragen
Class VIIcnāwan “know” cnēow cnēowon cnāwen
feallan “fall” feoll feollon feallen
Weak Verbs in Old EnglishWeak Verbs in Old English
•
Classes Infinitive Past Tense Participle II NE I -an/ -ian -de/ede/-te -ed/-d/-t
styrian styrede styred stir
temman temede temed tame
dēman dēmde dēmed deem
cēpan cēpte cēped keep
tellan tealde teald tell
Þγncan Þūhte Þūht think
II -ian -ode -od
lōcian lōcode lōcod look
III -an -de -d
libban lifde lifd live
Conjugation of Old English Strong Conjugation of Old English Strong VerbsVerbs
ī Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present ic drīfe ic drīfe --
Þū drīfest Þū drīfe drīf
hē/o drīf(e)Þ hē/o drīfe
wē, gē, hīe drīfaÞ drifen gē drīfaÞ
Past ic drāf ic drife
Þū drife Þū drife
hē/o drāf hē/o drife
wē, gē, hīe drifon drifen
Past Participle (ge)drīfen
Conjugation of Old English Weak Conjugation of Old English Weak VerbsVerbs
•Present Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
ic fremme “do” ic fremme
Þū fremme Þū fremme freme
hē/o, hit frem(e)Þ hē/o, hit fremme
wē, gē, hīe fremmaÞ fremmen fremmaÞ
Past ic fremede ic fremede
Þū fremedest Þū fremede
hē/o, hit fremede hē/o, hit fremede
wē, gē, hīe fremedon fremeden
Past Participle (ge)fremed
The forms of the verb The forms of the verb to beto be
• Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
Present ic eom/beo sie/beo
Þū eart/bist sīe/bēo wes/bēo
hē/o is/biÞ sīe/bēo
wē, gē, hīe sint, bēoÞ sīen, bēon wesaÞ, bēoÞ
Past ic wæs wǽre
Þū wǽre
hē/o wæs
wē, gē, hīe wǽron wǽren
The forms of the verb The forms of the verb to beto becontinued
Future Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
ic bēo
Þū bist
hē/o biÞ
wē, gē, hīe beoÞ
Participles wesende/beonde/gebeon
Old English Preteritive PresentsOld English Preteritive PresentsPreterit-present (or preteritive presents)—
Their present tense forms followed the preterit
(past tense) pattern of strong verbs
E.g.: Sg. Ic wāt “know”
Pl. wē witon
In OE—12 preterit present verbs.
6 of them have survived in Mod.E:
owe, ought, can, dare, shall, may, must
Old English VerbalsOld English Verbals
Infinitive Participle I Participle IIbindan bindende ge-bunden “bind”
ā-drencan ā-drencende ā-drenced
“drown”
Old English SyntaxOld English Syntax 2 major conditions:
The nature of OE morphology the relations between
the spoken and the
written forms of the
language
The syntax was relatively simple:coordination
prevailed over
subordination
Old English synthetic Old English synthetic characteristics:characteristics:
• lack of prepositionslack of prepositions
• free word orderfree word order
• omission of subject pronounsomission of subject pronouns
• lack of auxiliarieslack of auxiliaries
• frequent use of coordinate structuresfrequent use of coordinate structures
• use of adverbs as discourse markers use of adverbs as discourse markers
• placing of the negation placing of the negation nene or or –n–n before the verb before the verb
Conclusion
Old English morphologic Old English morphologic characteristics:characteristics:• an elaborate pronominal system as a result of casean elaborate pronominal system as a result of case• no real articles, only demonstrativesno real articles, only demonstratives• nouns have endings depending on whether they nouns have endings depending on whether they
are are • subjects or objects, they can be masculine, subjects or objects, they can be masculine,
feminine or neuter in genderfeminine or neuter in gender• adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in
case, number, and gender ; and are either weak case, number, and gender ; and are either weak or strongor strong
• verbs are marked depending on whether they are verbs are marked depending on whether they are weak or strongweak or strong
Questions for Self-ControlQuestions for Self-ControlExplain why OE can be called a “synthetic” or “inflected”
Language.Speak on the differences between the categories of
Case, number and gender in nouns, pronouns and
Adjectives.
Explain the difference between the grouping of nouns
Into declensions and the two declensions of adjectives.
Find instances of “breaking” in the principal forms of
Strong and weak verbs?
Questions for Self-Control (continued)Questions for Self-Control (continued)
• What parts of speech were there in OE? What parts What parts of speech were there in OE? What parts of speech did it lack? of speech did it lack?
• What morphological categories did the OE Noun What morphological categories did the OE Noun have? have?
• What types of declensin did the noun have? What types of declensin did the noun have? • What classes of pronouns were ther in OE? What classes of pronouns were ther in OE? • What morpholodical categories did the OE personal What morpholodical categories did the OE personal
pronoun have? pronoun have? • What did the possessive pronoun develop from? What did the possessive pronoun develop from? • What morphological categories did the What morphological categories did the
demonstrative pronouns have in OE? demonstrative pronouns have in OE? • What part of speech develop from the What part of speech develop from the
demonstrative pronoundemonstrative pronoun??
Questions for Self-Control (continued)Questions for Self-Control (continued)
• How were the degrees of comparison built How were the degrees of comparison built in OE? in OE?
• What classes of verbs were there in OE? What classes of verbs were there in OE? • What were the characteristic features of What were the characteristic features of
strong verbs, weak verbs, preteristrong verbs, weak verbs, preterite-te- •
present verbs and irregular verbspresent verbs and irregular verbs??• What categories did the verb have in OE? What categories did the verb have in OE?