thelen: cardiac imaging - thieme medical publishers · breathing in mr coronary angiography...

283

A

A-mode ultrasound 35abdominal aorta

angiography (aortography) 61balloon fenestration, intravascular ultra-sound 65

acipimox in FDG-PET 72acoustic quantification 35

chronic CAD 190acute aortic syndrome 271-80acute coronary syndrome, pathogenesis

172-3adenosine, perfusion MRI 113

in chronic CAD 190Agatston calcium score 76, 77, 178, 181ammonia, 15N-labelled, for PET 72amyloidosis 222Anderson–Fabry disease 224anesthesia, cardiac catheterization 59aneurysm

aortic 267-71imaging 29-30, 86-7, 268-71

cardiac 22, 198-200, 234, 242radiography 22ventricular 198-200

coronary, in Kawasaki disease 127pulmonary artery 262

angina pectoris 3, 188angiography 63, 64in aortic stenosis 156in mitral stenosis 147stable 188vasospastic 201

angiocardiography, conventional 59-61complications 62indications/contraindications 62selective 61-2

angiography 59-67conventional 59-67coronary see computed tomographic angiog-raphyMR see magnetic resonance angiography

angioplasty, percutaneous transluminal coronary see percutaneous balloon translu-minal angioplasty

angiosarcoma 234, 238-9angioscopy, atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic

plaque 173, 176aorta (thoracic and in general)

angiography (aortography)conventional 61CT 86-7MR 131-2

disorders and abnormalities 264-82acquired 265-80

see also specific abnormalities e.g. aneurysm; coarctation; dissection; sclerosis; traumatic aortic injury

congenital 28, 88, 264-5echocardiographic determination, diame-ter 42FDG-PET of inflammatory changes 74intravascular ultrasound, diagnostic and therapeutic use 65radiography 28-30

aorta angusta 29aortic sinus (sinus of Valsalva), aneurysm 242aortic valve 155-61

bicuspid 161, 267, 272, 275in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 219insufficiency/regurgitation 158-61

in aortic dissection 275clinical features 159etiology 158imaging 48, 50, 110, 159-61mitral insufficiency combined with 162mitral stenosis combined with 162pathophysiology 158-9

MRI of normal valve 97stenosis 155-8

clinical features 156etiology 155imaging 110, 156-8mitral insufficiency combined with 162mitral stenosis combined with 162pathophysiology 155

aortitis 280aortocoronary bypass grafts 201, 205apical ballooning syndrome 227aplasia, pericardial 250-1arrhythmias 3-4arrhythmogenic RV dysplasia/cardiomyopathy

23, 215, 225-7epidemiology/pathophysiology/clinical features 225-6imaging 226-7

radiography 23arterial grafts for coronary bypass 201, 203arterial sclerosis see atherosclerosisarteriovenous malformations, pulmo-

nary 260MR angiography 132-3

ascending aortaanatomy 264angiography 61

asymmetric echo, MR angiography of great vessels 128

atheroma 171, 172atherosclerosis/arterial sclerosis

aortic 28, 29, 265-7, 277, 278-9coronary 171-81

imaging 116, 174-81, 174pathogenesis 171-3plaque see plaquesubclinical signs 171-81

atrioventricular connections, concordant vs discordant, MRI 102-3

atrium/atriaenlargement

both, in restrictive cardiomyopathy 221LA, radiograph 9-10RA, radiograph 8

fibrillation, catheter ablation 261lymphoma, LA 239septum

aneurysm 242defect 141-3 fatty infiltration/lipomatous hypertrophy 234, 236

situs 102volume, LA, echocardiographic estima-tion 43

attenuation correction (myocardial scintigra-phy) 68

autoregulation, coronary vessels 65-6axial cine-steady-state free precession 96

B

3

2

41

2

1 4

3

B-mode ultrasound 25bacterial endocarditis see endocarditisballoon dilatation, percutaneous see percuta-

neous balloon transluminal angioplastyballoon fenestration of abdominal aorta,

intravascular ultrasound 65Behçet disease 252bicuspid aortic valve 161, 267, 272, 275bioprosthetic valves 166, 168biopsy, endomyocardial see endomyocardial

biopsybiventricular pacing in dilated cardiomyopa-

thy, echocardiographic criteria 216-17blood flow/pressure see flow; pressurebolus timing, contrast-enhanced MRA of great

vessels 130brachial artery approach to coronary angiogra-

phy 63breathing in MR coronary angiography

breath-hold 121, 123-4free 124

breathlessness (dyspnea) 3bright-blood sequences (MRI) 92

morphological imaging 98“bright is dead” rule 196broadband scattering 34bronchial artery position in atrial situs 102bronchial carcinoma invading pulmonary

arteries 261-2bypass grafts in CAD 201-8

�ndex

To view the use of specific modalities in specific clinical conditions, the reader is advised to locate and read the specific conditions. This is be-cause all but the least common imaging or most specialized imaging mo-dalities and techniques are mentioned repeatedly under each clinical condition in the section on “heart disease.” References to the modalities in that section, generally, have not been included in the index (with cer-tain exceptions where they have also been mentioned in the “modali-ties” section). Under main entries for individual modalities, the reader

will only find page references from the “modalities section” (detailing general principles and applications). Under the main entries for specific diseases and conditions the reader will find references to specific modal-ities, only if they have been mentioned in the “modalities” section. Fig-ures and tables are comprehensively referred to from the text. Therefore, significant material in figures and tables has only been given a page ref-erence in the absence of their concomitant mention in the text referring to that figure. “vs” indicates the differential diagnosis of conditions.

Buch_Thelen.indb 283 30.09.2008 12:30:22 Uhr

aus: Thelen, Cardiac Imaging (ISBN 9783131477811), � 2009 Georg Thieme Verlag

284 Index

CC-reactive protein test 180calcifications

cardiac, radiography 5, 6coronary 171

intravascular ultrasound 65stented vessel 209

calcium, coronary 171determination 76-8, 81

cancer see malignant tumorscapillary hemangioma, pulmonary 259-60carcinoma, bronchial, invading pulmonary

arteries 261-2cardiac disease and function see heart disease

and specific functional parameters e. g. ejection fraction; output; rate

cardiomyocytes in chronic CAD 188cardiomyopathies 215-27

dilated see dilated cardiomyopathyhypertrophic see hypertrophic cardiomyopa-thyinfiltrative 222-4radiography 22-3restrictive see restrictive cardiomyopathiesunclassified and secondary 23, 215, 216, 227

catheter ablation, atrial fibrillation 261catheterization

for angiocardiography 59-62for intravascular ultrasound 64

chambers, cardiacenlargement see enlargementradiographs 5-10

chest painaortic syndrome (incl. dissection) 271, 272differential diagnosis 3ischemic/cardiac see angina pectoris

Chiari network 242chordae tendinae rupture 150cine sequences, ventricular aneurysm 199cine steady-state free precession (SSFP)

sequence 100axial 96

clinical manifestations of heart disease 3-4coarctation, aortic 28-9, 265

MR angiography 131-2coherent motion in tissue Doppler echocar-

diography 45collateral vessels in myocardial ischemia and

infarction 181-3collimation, CT coronary angiography 81color Doppler 45

transmitral inflow 47color kinesis 35

chronic CAD 190, 195computed tomographic angiography

coronary vessels 80-4great vessels 84-8renal failure contraindicating 254

computed tomography 76-90multislice see multislice spiral CTpericardial 243principles 80see also positron emission tomography/CT

concordant motion in tissue Doppler echocar-diography 46

congenital cardiovascular anomalies (and congenital heart disease) 101-2, 141-6aorta 28, 88, 264-5CT angiography

coronary vessels 84great vessels 88

MR angiographycoronary vessels 126great vessels 131-3

MRI 101-2pulmonary vessels 260-1

radiography, great vessels (incl. aorta) 28tumors vs 242

congestion, pulmonary 12, 18, 21consent, informed

cardiac catheterization 59CT coronary angiography 80

constrictive pericarditis 27, 247-50anatomy/pathophysiology/clinical fea-tures 247hypertrophic cardiomyopathy vs 221

continuity equation 50continuous-wave Doppler 44contractility (myocardial)

in ischemia 180-1LV, echocardiographic assessment 52

contrast echocardiography 37contrast mechanisms in MRI

in coronary MR angiography 124-5with pathological 98

contrast media/agentconventional angiography, test injection 60CT angiography of coronary vessels 81

adverse events 80CT angiography of great vessels 84, 85echocardiography 37MR angiography

coronary vessels 125-6great vessels 129-30

MRI 113administration in delayed-enhancement imaging 120

contrast radiography, esophagus 5cor pulmonale 15-16, 25coronary angiography

conventional 63-4CT 80-4MR 121-7

coronary angioplasty see percutaneous balloon transluminal angioplasty

coronary arteryaneurysms in Kawasaki disease 127angiography see coronary angiographyanomalies see congenital cardiovascular anomaliesatherosclerosis see atherosclerosiscalcium see calcifications; calciumplaque see plaquestenosis see stenosis

coronary artery disease (CAD; coronary heart disease; CHD) 22-3, 171-214chronic (incl. chronic myocardial ischemia and late sequelae of MI) 187-201

cardiomyopathy in 217clinical features 188diagnosis 188-200pathophysiology 187

early detection 171imaging 171-214

CT angiography 83-4Doppler intravascular ultrasound 65-6intravascular ultrasound 65, 174, 193myocardial scintigraphy 70-1 postoperative and postinterven-tional 201-10radiography 22-3

prevention 176-81see also acute coronary syndrome

coronary stent 201, 208-10crista terminalis 242cross-sectional area of valve orifice 50cyanosis 3cysts, pericardial 244-5

DDallas criteria 227dark-blood sequences (MRI) 92

morphological imaging 98, 99DeBakey classification of aortic dissection 30,

271, 272degenerative disorders/change

aorta 265-71aortic valve 155, 158mitral valve 150, 154

delay time, myocardial return to start position in MRI 99, 100

delayed-enhancement MRI see late enhance-ment MRI

descending (thoracic) aortaanatomy 264dissection (=type B) 271, 272, 273, 274-5right 28, 264

dextrocardia, mirror-image 17dextroposition 17dextroversion 17diabetes, myocardial scintigraphy 71diameter

cardiac see sizecoronary stent 209

diastoleechocardiographic studies in

pulmonary arterial pressure 51ventricular function/dysfunction 54-5

in restrictive cardiomyopathy, severe dys-function during 221

dilatation see enlargementdilated cardiomyopathy 23, 24, 215, 215-18

epidemiology/pathophysiology/clinical features 215-16imaging 216-18

radiography 23, 24dipyridamole, perfusion MRI 113

in chronic CAD 193dissection, aortic 30, 271

CT angiography 86-7intravascular ultrasound 30radiography 30traumatic see traumatic aortic injury

diverticula, pericardial 244-5dobutamine stress

in chronic CAD 188-9, 191, 194, 195-6echocardiography 38MRI 107

perfusion studies 113Doppler ultrasound

heart (Doppler echocardiography) 44-7hemodynamic assessment 48, 49, 50reference values 46systolic LV function 52

intracoronary 65-6tissue see tissue Doppler

double aortic arch 28, 264double-disk valves 166, 168, 169double-oblique sections of the heart (MRI) 92dual-source CT 80DuBois formula 104dyskinesia, ventricular aneurysm 198, 199dyspnea 3dysrhythmias 3-4

EECG see electrocardiographyechocardiography 34-58

basic principles 34-6examination techniques 40-2pericardial 243quantification using 41-3specific applications 37-40

Echovist-300 37edema 3

myocardial (ischemic-reperfused myocar-dium) 184pulmonary, in chronic heart failure 18



285Index

effusionspericardial 25, 26, 27, 245, 246

in aortic dissection 275imaging 27, 243, 244, 246, 247

pleural see pleural effusionsejection fraction, MRI determination 104electrocardiography (ECG)

in CT angiographycoronary vessels 81great vessels 86

in MRI 91ECG-triggered sequences 105, 105-6

sarcoidosis 223electrocardiography-gated myocardial scintig-

raphy 68-9electron beam CT of coronary vessels 80, 180

calcium determination 76-8elongation, aortic 29emboli, pulmonary 21, 252-6

acute 252-5clinical classification 252clinical features 252diagnosis 252pathophysiology 252-3risk factors 252

chronic recurrent 20, 21, 255-6imaging 253-5

CT angiography 87-8, 253-4radiography 20, 21

see also microemboli; thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, chronic

endocardial tumors 232endocarditis (infective/bacterial)

aortic valve 160mitral valve 152prosthetic valve dysfunction 166, 169

endocrine causes of hypertension 24endomyocardial biopsy

cardiomyopathies 215sarcoidosis 223

myocarditis 227endomyocardial disease 224-5enlargement/dilatation

aorta 29chambers 5-10

atria see atriumdiseases leading to 11, 18, 20radiographs 5-10, 11

enzyme replacement therapy in Anderson—Fabry disease 224

esophaguscontrast radiography 5echocardiography via 39, 40-1

EuroSCORE 181exercise stress imaging

echocardiography 38MRI 107

perfusion studies 113

Ffailure, heart 17-21

acute 17, 20causes 13, 17

chronic 17-21causes 12, 17radiography 17-21

global 21left 19right 20

fast low-angle shot (FLASH) MRI 105, 106fast spin-echo sequences see turbo spin-echo

sequencesfat suppression

MR coronary angiography 125MRI 98

fatty infiltration (lipomatous hypertrophy) of atrial septum 234, 236

fatty streaks 171, 172FDG see fluorodeoxyglucosefemales with coronary heart disease, myocar-

dial scintigraphy 71femoral artery catheterization

coronary angiography 63intracardiac angiography 59-60

fibrinous pericarditis 26, 245fibroatheroma 171fibroelastoma 233, 236fibroma 233, 238fibrosis

endomyocardial 225pericardial, in constrictive pericarditis 247

Fick method, cardiac output measurement 60, 61

filling pressures, LV, echocardiographic studies 50, 55-6

first-pass perfusion MRI 112FLASH MRI 105, 106flow (blood)

in coronary bypass graft 206Doppler echocardiography studies 44, 45

reference values for flow velocity 46, 47Doppler studies in coronary vessels 65-6MRI

flow compensation 105measurement 108-9regional myocardial flow as indicator of perfusion 111

pulmonary, decreased 15shunt, echocardiographic studies 49

fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET 71-2, 72hibernating myocardium 73, 195plaque imaging 73, 74

fluoroscopy, preliminary 5foramen ovale, patent 143-4four-chamber view (MRI) 94Fourier techniques, MR angiography of great

vessels 128fractional echo, MR angiography of great

vessels 128fractional flow reserve (FFR), myocardial 66Framingham Study 176, 181free-breathing in MR coronary angiography

124frequency-encoding direction, MR angiography

of great vessels 128frontal radiograph see posteroanterior radio-

graph

Ggadolinium (paramagnetic)-enhanced MR

studies 113late see late enhancement MRIMR angiography

coronary 125-6great vessels 129-30

gamma cameras for SPECT 68gastroepiploic artery for coronary bypass 203gated myocardial scintigraphy 68-9gelatin solution in contrast echocardio-

graphy 37glucose metabolism, myocardial 72gradient-echo (GE) sequences 92

coronary bypass 203functional imaging 105, 106-7great vessels 128intracardiac thrombi 241

great vessels 252-63CT angiography 84-8MR angiography 127-33

guidewire

cardiac catheterization 59intracoronary Doppler 65

Hheart disease (in general)

clinical manifestations 3-4pulmonary vascular pressure changes due to 12see also specific types of disease/disorders/dysfunction e.g. arrhythmias; coronary heart disease; failure

heart function/physiology see specific parame-ters e.g. ejection fraction; output; rate

Heinz—Nixdorf Recall Study 180helical CT see spiral CThemangioma

cardiac 233, 237pulmonary vascular 259-60

hemochromatosis, cardiac 216hemodynamics 48-51

coronary, Doppler studies 65, 66echocardiographic assessment 48-51pulmonary

pulmonary vascular changes due to alterations in 13radiography 11-12

in restrictive cardiomyopathies 221hemorrhage or hematoma

aortic intramural 277coronary plaque 172, 173

heterotaxy syndrome 102histology, virtual, atherosclerotic plaque

175-6history-taking, coronary CT angiography 80horizontal long axis of LV (MRI) 94Hounsfield units/scale 80Hughes–Stovin syndrome 252hyperemia, pulmonary 15hypereosinophilic syndrome 225hyperplasia of atrial septum, fatty 234hypertension 3, 23-5

pulmonary arterial see pulmonary arterial hypertensionsystemic/arterial 4, 23-5

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 23, 215, 218-21epidemiology/pathophysiology/clinical features 218imaging 23, 218-21obstructive 215, 218, 219

hypertrophyatrial septum, lipomatous (=fatty deposits) 234, 236ventricular 11

hypoplasia of aortic arch, congenital 264hypotension, cardiac 4

�incoherent motion in tissue Doppler echocar-

diography 45indium-111-labelled monoclonal antibody,

myocarditis 229inertial mass 50infections

endocardial see endocarditismyocardial 228, 229

inflammatory activity, reperfused myocardium 184

inflammatory aortic disease 280inflow tract of ventricles, MRI

LV 95positional anomalies 102



286 Index

informed consent see consentintegrated scatter 34-5interstitial pulmonary edema 18intima

tear and flap in aortic dissection 272, 273, 274, 274-5, 275thickening 171, 172

detection 65, 180intracardiac echocardiography 39-40intracardiac pressure evaluation

catheterization techniques 60echocardiographic techniques 50-1see also ventricles

intracardiac shunts see shuntsintraoperative echocardiography 39intravascular ultrasound 64-6

CAD 65, 174, 193myocardial bridging see myocardium

invasive imaging techniques 64-6coronary artery disease, review of 174

inversion (and situs inversus), cardiacMRI 101-2radiography 17

inversion pulse (MRI)delayed-enhancement imaging 117, 118morphological studies 98, 99perfusion studies 112

inversion-recovery sequences 117, 120in coronary MR angiography 125-6of intracardiac thrombi 241phase-sensitivity 118

inversion timedelayed-enhancement imaging 118perfusion MRI 112

iodine concentration of contrast medium in CT coronary angiography 81

ischemia, myocardial see myocardial ischemiaischemic cardiomyopathy 217

JJudkins technique 63

KKawasaki disease, coronary MR angiography

127Kerley A and B lines 19kidney see entries under renal

Llate (delayed) enhancement MRI 116-21

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 219-20infiltrative cardiomyopathies

amyloidosis 222sarcoidosis 223-4

myocardial hibernation 194-5myocardial scar/chronic infarction 196myocarditis 229-30

lateral radiograph 4-5atrial enlargement, right 9ventricular enlargement

left 8right 6

leiomyosarcoma, pulmonary vascular 256-9Levovist 37lipoma 233, 234-6lipomatous (fatty) infiltration of atrial septum

234, 236

liposarcoma 238local anesthesia, cardiac catheterization 59Löffler syndrome 225lumen in aortic dissection

false 272, 274true 274

Luminiti 37lungs

carcinoma invading pulmonary arteries 261-2congestion 12, 18, 21edema in chronic heart failure 18perfusion mapping with CT 254

lymphangioma 233, 238lymphatic system 16lymphoma, primary 234, 239

MM-mode echocardiography 35

color Doppler 45LV function 51quantification using 41

magnetic resonance angiography 121-33coronary arteries 121-7great vessels 127-33

magnetic resonance imaging 91-137clinical applications 110function 104-10gradient-echo see gradient-echo sequencesmorphology 98-103pericardial 243-4planning the examination 91-7spin-echo see spin-echo sequences

malignant tumorscardiac 232, 238-40

MRI signal characteristics 234pericardial 238-9, 239-40, 240, 250secondary see metastases

pulmonary vascular 256-9, 261-2malposition

MRI 101-2radiography 17

mammary artery, internal, for coronary bypass 201, 203

mass (pathological lump)neoplastic see tumorsnonneoplastic 240-2

mass (physical quantity)calcium, determination 77-8myocardial see myocardium

maximum intensity projection, contrast-enhanced MR angiography 130

mechanical heart valves 166, 167medial thickening 180mesothelioma, pericardial 234, 239-40metabolism, ischemic myocardium 180-1metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scinti-

graphy 73metastases, cardiac 232, 234, 240

pericardium 240, 250MIBG scintigraphy 73microemboli, coronary 176mirror-image dextrocardia 17mitral valve 147-54

annulus velocity, Doppler studies 46-7defects (in general) 147-54

radiography 9flow velocity, Doppler studies 46, 47in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 219insufficiency/regurgitation 150-4

aortic insufficiency combined with 162aortic stenosis combined with 162etiology 150imaging 49, 50, 110, 152-4pathophysiology 150-1

MRI of normal valve 96, 97

orifice area, echocardiography studies 49, 50prolapse 150, 151prosthetic 168, 169stenosis 147-50

aortic insufficiency combined with 162 aortic valve insufficiency combined with 162clinical features 147echocardiographic studies 49, 50, 148-9etiology 147insufficiency accompanying 151MRI 250pathophysiology 147radiography 9

motioncardiac/ventricular wall

in acute ischemia 186 in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy 226 artifacts due to, CT coronary angiography 82in chronic ischemia 189, 198 compensation in MR coronary angiogra-phy for 122echocardiographic studies 52-4MRI studies 104-7, 186with ventricular aneurysm 198

respiratory, compensation in MR coronary angiography for 123-4

multiplanar reformation 82pulmonary embolism 254

multislice spiral (helical) CTcoronary vessels 80

bypass grafts 202-3calcium determination 78-9in chronic CAD 193, 200stents 208, 209-10

great vessels 86mural thrombosis 173myocardial infarction 181

delayed-enhancement MRI, acute and chronic MI 120infarct size and its determinants 181-3late sequelae see coronary artery disease, chronicradiography (acute and chronic) 22

myocardial ischemia 181-201acute 181-6

pathophysiology 181-3chronic see coronary artery disease, chronicimaging 181-6

perfusion MRI 114, 186reperfusion following see reperfusionreview of invasive and noninvasive tests 174

myocarditis 227-30epidemiology/pathophysiology/clinical features 227-8imaging 228-30

myocardiumbridging 201

intravascular ultrasound 65, 66, 201contractility see contractilityedema (ischemic-reperfused myocardium) 184fractional flow reserve (FFRmyo) 66hibernation 184, 187, 194-5, 200

imaging 73, 194-5, 195mass determination 104

LV, echocardiographic estimation 41metabolism in ischemia 180-1metastases 240motion see motionperfusion see perfusion; reperfusionprimary disease see cardiomyopathiesscar 185, 188, 195-8, 200

imaging 73, 195-8, 198scintigraphy see scintigraphystrain 47stunning 184, 194



287Index

tagging 107-8viability, assessment 71, 72, 73, 184, 198wall see wall

myxoma 233-4

Nneoplasms see tumorsneurocardiogenic stunning 227nitrogen-15-labelled ammonia for PET 72nuclear medicine 68-75

chronic CAD 193, 195Nyquist limit 44

Ooblique views, technique 5obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

215, 218, 219offline reconstruction in 3D echocardiography

35-6optical coherence tomography 173Optison 37osteosarcoma 238ostium primum 141ostium secundum 141outflow tract

LVDoppler studies of flow velocity 46 echocardiographic studies of gradient across 51MRI 95 obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopa-thy 215, 218, 219

RV, MRI 97output, cardiac

cardiac catheterization assessment 60-1echocardiographic assessment 48

oxygen saturation measurements, catheteriza-tion methods 60

oxygen-15-labelled water for PET 72

Ppacing in dilated cardiomyopathy, echocardio-

graphic criteria 216-17pain, chest see chest painpapillary fibroelastoma 233, 236papillary muscle rupture 150, 152parallel imaging

MR angiography of great vessels 129MRI 113

paramagnetics in MRI see gadoliniumpartial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage

261partial (fractional) echo, MR angiography of

great vessels 128percutaneous approach to cardiac catheteriza-

tion 59percutaneous balloon transluminal angioplasty

(PTCA) 201with stent 201, 208-10

perfusion, myocardial 111-16assessment 111-16, 186

in chronic CAD 191, 191-3MRI 111-16, 186, 191-3nuclear imaging 71, 72, 72-3

physiology 111-12see also reperfusion

perfusion, pulmonary, CT imaging 254pericarditis 25, 26, 245-7

constrictive see constrictive pericarditispathophysiology and clinical features 25, 26, 245-6

pericardium 25-7, 243-51anatomy 243effusions see effusionsimaging modalities 243-4non-neoplastic disorders 244-50, 250-1tumors 232, 250

angiosarcoma 238-9lymphangioma 238mesothelioma 234, 239-40metastases 240, 250teratoma 238

PET see positron emission tomographypharmacological stress imaging

in chronic CAD 188-9, 191, 193, 194, 195-6echocardiography 38MRI 107

perfusion studies 113myocardial scintigraphy 68

phase-sensitive inversion-recovery sequences 118

pheochromocytoma 233, 237pigtail catheter, angiography 59PISA method see proximal isovelocity surface

areaplain films see radiographyplanimetry, aortic valve 157plaque, atherosclerotic

aortic 277, 278coronary vessels and in general

complicated 172-3, 175-6CT angiography 84FDG-PET 73-4formation 171, 172, 172-3intravascular ultrasound 65, 175, 177other imaging methods 175-6rupture 172-3, 175-6 rupture susceptibility of unstable/vulner-able plaques 176

pleural effusions 16-17in aortic dissection 275-6pericardial effusions vs 243

positional abnormalities see malpositionpositron emission tomography (PET) 71-3

basic principles 68myocardial scar 198plaque imaging 73

positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT), plaque 74

posteroanterior (frontal radiograph) 4atrial enlargement, right 8technique 5ventricular enlargement

left 6-8right 5-6

postoperative imaging, CAD 201-8pressure (blood)

abnormal see hypertension; hypotensiongradients, echocardiographic studies 49half-time, echocardiographic studies 49intracardiac see intracardiac pressure; ventriclesintracoronary 65-6

Doppler studies 65-6, 66transstenotic 66

pulmonary arterial see pulmonary arteriespressure overload 11

causes 12right-side heart failure due to 20

pressure wire, intracoronary 66preventive cardiology (CHD prevention) 176-

81PROCAM (Prospective Cardiovascular Munster

Heart) study and score 176, 181prosthetic valves 166-9proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA)

method 48-9

mitral valve orifice area 153mitral valve prosthesis 169

pseudoaneurysm of aorta 267pseudocoarctation of aorta 265PSIR sequences 118pulmonary angiography

conventional 62MR 130, 132-3

pulmonary arterial hypertension 252, 256with atrial septal defect 142chronic thromboembolic see thromboem-bolic pulmonary hypertension,radiography 11, 15-16, 25

pulmonary arteries 252-6bronchial carcinoma invasion 261-2disorders 252-6

aneurysms 262embolism see embolisarcomas (PAS) 256, 257

position in atrial situs 102pressure

echocardiographic calculation 51high see pulmonary arterial hypertension

pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measure-ment 60

pulmonary non-vascular problems see lungspulmonary valve

combined disease of tricuspid and 165insufficiency 165

MRI 110MRI of normal valve 97stenosis 165

pulmonary veinsdisorders 260-1

congestion 12, 18, 21sarcomas (PVS) 256, 257

flow velocity, Doppler studies 46incompletely opacified (in CT angiography), vs pulmonary embolism 254

pulmonary vessels (in general) 252-63angiography see pulmonary angiographydisorders 252-63

neoplastic 133, 256-60, 261-2radiography 11-16

pulsation artifacts, CT angiography of great vessels 86

pulse sequencesMR angiography

coronary 123great vessels 128-9

MRI 91-2delayed-enhancement imaging 117-19functional imaging 105morphological imaging 98perfusion imaging 112-13

pulsed Doppler 44

Qqualitative perfusion MRI analysis 114-15quantitative perfusion MRI analysis 116

RR wave, MRI and 99radial artery approach to coronary angiogra-

phy 63radiofrequency (RF) ablation, atrial fibrillation

261radiofrequency (RF) data, tracking in 47radiography, conventional (plain films/X-rays)

3-33anatomy 4-33



288 Index

pericardial 243technique 5

radionuclide imaging see scintigraphy; single-photon emission computed tomography

radiotracersmyocardial scintigraphy 69-70PET 72-3

rate, heart, CT coronary angiography 80-1regurgitant volume

in aortic insufficiency 158, 161in aortic stenosis 155echocardiographic assessment 48-9in mitral valve insufficiency 150, 151, 153, 154

remodelling in coronary atherosclerosis 171-2negative 172, 177positive 172, 177

renal disorders, hypertension due to 24renal failure, CT angiography contraindicated

in 254reperfusion 184

injury on 183, 184repetition times (TR) 98

MR angiography of great vessels 128respiratory artefacts vs pulmonary embolism

(on CT angiography) 254respiratory distress (dyspnea) 3respiratory motion in MR coronary angiogra-

phy, compensation angiography for 123-4re-stenosis with coronary stents 208, 209restrictive cardiomyopathies 23, 215, 221-5

imaging 221-2radiography 23

resynchronization therapy in dilated cardio-myopathy, echocardiographic criteria 216-17

revascularization procedures 201-10rhabdomyoma 233, 237rhabdomyosarcoma 234, 240rheumatic fever 147risk factors for CHD, preventive strategies

related 176-81rubidium-82 for PET 72-3

Ssaline, contrast echocardiography 37sarcoidosis 222-4sarcomas

cardiac 238-9MRI signal characteristics 234

pulmonary vascular 256-9saturation time, perfusion MRI 112scar

myocardial see myocardiumpericardial, in constrictive pericarditis 247

scatter/scatteringbroadband 34integrated 34-5

scintigraphy, myocardial 68-71myocarditis 228, 229

sclerosis, arterial see atherosclerosisscreening, CHD risk levels 176-81semiquantitative analysis of perfusion MRI

images 115septum

atrial see atriumcardiac catheterization across 59ventricular see ventricles, septal defect

sestamibi 69, 70shock, cardiogenic, causes 13short-axis views (MRI) 92-4shunts

intracardiacangiocardiographic detection 61echocardiographic studies of flow 49MRI studies 110

pulmonary arteriovenous 260signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio in MRI 91

MR angiography of great vessels 128myocardial perfusion studies 112

signs and symptoms of heart disease 3-4single-photon emission computed tomography

(SPECT)basic principles 68hibernating myocardium 195myocardial 68-9

single-shot IR-SFFP sequences 118-19single-shot turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequences

100coronary bypass 204

single-slice image acquisition 77sinus of Valsalva, aneurysm 242sinus rhythm for CT coronary angiography

80-1sinus venosus 141situs ambiguus 102situs inversus see inversionsize (incl. diameter), cardiac

echocardiographic determination 42LV 51

radiographic determination 10small-disk summation method 199software, MR angiography of great vessels 128Sones method 63SonoVue 37SPAMM 107spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM)

107speckle tracking 47, 47-8SPECT see single-photon emission computed

tomographyspin-echo (SE) sequences 92

coronary bypass 204morphological imaging 98

spiral (helical) CTgreat vessels 84multisliice see multislice spiral CT

spoiled sequences, great vessels 128SSFP see steady-state free precessionStanford classification of aortic dissection 30,

271, 272steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequence

100cine see cine steady-state free precessionof coronary bypass 203-4coronary MR angiography 125functional imaging 106-7morphological imaging 96, 100single-shot IR- 118-19

steal phenomenon, coronary bypass graft stenosis 206

stenosiscoronary 200-1

CT angiography 83differential diagnosis 200-1Doppler studies 65, 66myocardial scintigraphy 70

coronary bypass graft 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208pulmonary vein, complicating catheter ablation in atrial fibrillation 261valvular, MRI 110

see also specific valvesvascular (in general), MRI 110see also re-stenosis

stent, coronary 201, 208-10stent-graft, aortic, intravascular ultrasound for

implantation of 65stethoscope, ultrasound 36strain rate imaging 47

chronic CAD 190, 195stress cardiomyopathy 227stress imaging

in chronic CAD 188, 188-9, 189-90, 191, 193, 194, 195-6echocardiography 38

wall-motion abnormalities 53, 54

MRI 107perfusion studies 113

myocardial scintigraphy 68, 70stress-strain relationships, tissue Doppler

imaging 46, 53-4stroke volume, echocardiographic assessment

48subclavian artery, aberrant right 264subendocardial vs transmural infarction or

scar 196, 197surgery

pulmonary vascular tumors 259ventricular aneurysm 199

Svensson classification of aortic dissection 271, 272-80class 1 272-6class 2 277class 3 277class 4 278-9class 5 279-80

symptoms and signs of heart disease 3-4synchrotron radiation, atherosclerosis

174, 177syncope 4syndrome X 200-1syphilitic aortitis 280systole

cardiac function in, echocardiographic assessment 52pulmonary arterial pressure in, echocardio-graphic calculation 51

TT1-weighted images 98T2-weighted images 98tachycardias 3-4Takayasu arteritis 280Tako Tsubo cardiomyopathy 227tamponade, pericardial, in pericarditis 245-6,

246, 247technetium-99m-labelled tracer (sestamibi)

69, 70Tei index 52teratoma 233, 238tetrofosmin 70thallium chloride 69thermodilution methods, cardiac output

measurement 60-1thermography, atherosclerotic plaque 176thoracic aortic aneurysm 30three-chamber views (MRI) 95three-dimensional echocardiography 35-6

atrial volume, left 43ventricular wall motion studies 53

three-dimensional MR angiography of great vessels 128, 130

thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, chronic 255-6CT angiography 86MR angiography 133

thrombosisintracardiac 240-1

ventricular 200plaque 172, 173, 175venous, leading to pulmonary embo-lism 252

tilting-disk valves 166, 168time-delayed excitation 34time-resolved contrast-enhanced MRA 130tissue Doppler echocardiography 45

in chronic CAD 190, 195mitral insufficiency 153prosthetic valves 169reference values 46-7ventricular wall-motion studies 53-4

total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage 260-1



289Index

tracersin FDG-PET 72-3radioactive see radiotracers

tracking in RF data (strain rate imaging) 47transesophageal echocardiography 39, 40-1transfemoral approach to catheterization see

femoral artery catheterizationtransmural vs subendocardial infarction or

scar 196, 197transposition of great vessels 102transseptal cardiac catheterization 59transthoracic echocardiography 40transvalvular flow velocity, Doppler studies

46, 47traumatic aortic injury/rupture 279-80

CT angiography 87radiography 30

tricuspid valvecombined disease of pulmonary and 165insufficiency 163-4MRI 96, 97stenosis 162-3systolic regurgitant jet across 50

tumorscardiac 232-42, 250

benign 232diagnostic techniques 233malignant see malignant tumors

pulmonary vascular 133, 256-60, 261-2turbo (fast) spin-echo (TSE/FSE) sequences

92, 98-100morphological imaging 98, 98-100single-shot see single-shot turbo spin-echo

two-chamber view (MRI) 95two-dimensional echocardiography 35

LV function 52quantification using 42-3

UUhl anomaly 226ulcers (atheromatous plaque-associated)

aorta 278-9coronary arteries 172

ultrasoundbasic principles 35-6cardiac see echocardiographyintravascular see intravascular ultrasound

ultrasound stethoscope 36

VValsalva’s sinus, aneurysm 242valves (cardiac) 141-69

acquired disease 141-69vegetations 234

Doppler studies of flow velocity across 46echocardiographic assessment

orifice area 49regurgitant volume 48-9

MRI 96-7insufficiency and stenosis 110

prosthetic 166-9see also specific valves

vascular anomalies, congenital see congenital cardiovascular anomalies

vasodilation induction in echocardiography 38

vasospastic angina pectoris 201vegetations, valvular 234venous congestion, pulmonary 12, 18, 21venous grafts for coronary bypass 201, 203venous thrombosis leading to pulmonary

embolism 252ventricles

aneurysms 198-200angiography

LV 61RV 61

arrhythmogenic RV dysplasia/cardiomyopa-thy see arrhythmogenic RV dysplasia/cardiomyopathyenlargement/dilatations

LV 6-8, 11radiographs 5-8RV 5-6

function, echocardiographic assessment 51-6LV 51-2LV, in aortic dissection 275RV 52-3

function, MRI assessment in chronic CAD 191hypertrophy 11inflow tract see inflow tractisolated non-compaction of LV 227motion see motionMRI

of anomalies 102, 103LV 94, 95RV 96, 97

muscle mass, LV, echocardiographic estima-tion 41nuclear imaging of LV 68, 72, 73outflow tract see outflow tractpressure, LV

echocardiographic studies of filling pressure 50, 55-6echocardiographic studies of rise and fall 52

pressure, RV, echocardiographic studies 50, 51pressure and/or volume overload

LV 11RV 12

septal defect 144-6echocardiographic studies 50-1, 145

thrombosis 200volume see volumewall see wall

vertical long axis (MRI)LV 95RV 96

viral infections, myocardial 228, 229virtual histology, atherosclerotic plaque 175-

6visual analysis of perfusion MRI images 114-

15volume, chambers

echocardiographic estimationLA 43, 43LV 41, 43RV 43

MRI, ventricles 104see also regurgitant volume; stroke volume

volume calcium score 77volume overload 11

causes 12heart failure due to 20

volume rendering technique 82coronary bypass 202, 204

Wwall

aortic, increased tension causing dissection 272cardiac/myocardial/ventricular

motion see motionthickness determination 195

water, 15O-labelled, for PET 72WHO classification of cardiomyopathies 22-3,

215whole-heart MR coronary angiography 121Williams–Bueren syndrome 264women with coronary heart disease, myocar-

dial scintigraphy 71World Health Organization of cardiomyopa-

thies 22-3, 215

XX-rays

in CT 80for plain films see radiography

Zzero filling, MR angiography of great vessels

128-9



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