The 1996 IChennE Research Event —

Second European Conference for YoungResearchers in Chemical Engineering

A two-day symposium held at the University of Leeds, 2-3 April 1996.

Organising Committee

Professor E.A. Foumeny (Chairman)Professor R.W.K. Allen

Dr H. Benkreira

Dr K.J. CarpenterDrA.K. Goel

Professor P.J. HeggsMr D. Houlton

Professor C. McGreavyProfessor D.A. ReayDr M. Slater

DrM. Usher

University of Leeds

University of Sheffield

University of Bradford

Zeneca

Manrochem

UMIST

Allied Colloids

University of Leeds

Heriot-Watt University

University of Bradford

University of Hull

Copyright© 1996 Institution of Chemical EngineersA Registered Charity

ISBN 0 85295 374 7

Published by:Institution of Chemical Engineers165-189 Railway Terrace

RUGBY

Warwickshire

CV21 3HQ, UK

Printed in the UK by Chameleon Press Ltd, 5-25 Burr Road, Wandsworth, London SW18 4SG

UB/TIB Hannover114 075 336

89

Contents — Volume 1

Plenary Lecture

The importance of process research and improvement in the chemical industry.D.A. Hammersley (Flexsys N.V., Belgium)

Expert Briefings

Life cycle assessment and its application to process design and waste management.R. Clift (University of Surrey, UK)

Computational fluid dynamics: theory and trends.

E.A. Foumeny (University of Leeds, UK)

Bioprocessing/Biochemica! Engineering

Keynote

1. Future directions in membrane applications to biotechnology.J.A. Howell (University of Bath, UK) 12

Oral

2. A non-aseptic Aspergillus niger fermentation for characterising a dual-impellerprotofermenter: a feasibility study.

W. Bujalski, A.H. John, R. Sharpe, R.S. Badham, D. Bowden, P.W. Cox, T. Eddleston,

R. Haddock, H.R. Jennings, D. Webb, D. Patel, G. Riley, R. Schmitz, G.L Solomons,

C.R. Thomas and A.W. Nienow (University of Birmingham, UK) 13

3. Breakage of filamentous fungi in aggregates and the freely dispersed form.

P. Justen, G.C. Paul, A.W. Nienow and C.R. Thomas (University of Birmingham, UK) 16

4. Studies into the indentification of the fouling mechanism in the crossflow filtration of

yeast fermentation broths.

R.C. Lake and D.B.F. Faraday (University of Surrey, UK) 19

5. Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of gluten.S. Abd-Aziz, G. Marshall and R.W. Lovitt (University of Wales, Swansea, UK) 22

6. The influence of laminar flow and surface type on bacterial adhesion.

M.G. Brading, J. Boyle and H.M. Lappin-Scott (University of Exeter, UK) 25

Posters

7. A comparison of two methods of ethanol extractive fermentation.

A.J. Wright and D.L. Pyle (University of Reading, UK) 28

8. A method for the determination of Michaefis-Menten kinetic parameters for

immobilised enzymes.

H.K. Kang, C.Webb (UMIST, UK) and A.R. Ozdural (Hacettepe University, Turkey) 31

9. A protocol for determining cleaning characteristics of microfiltration membranes fouled

with yeasts.C.J. Shorrock, M.R. Bird and J.A. Howell (University of Bath, UK) 34

v

10. A thermodynamic parameter for estimating biomass yield.

E. Garcfa-Calvo and M. Tobajas (University ofAlcala, Spain) 37

11. Adsorption and desorption kinetics of Cephalosporin-C on amberlite XAD-2 and

XAD-4 resins.

S.A. Yang, I.N. Whitehall and F. Addo-Yobo (University of Reading, UK) 40

12. An acoustic investigation of bioreactors.

J.W.R. Boyd and J. Varley (University of Reading, UK) 43

13. An anaerobic biological reactor treating high ammonia leachate.

A. Lallai, G. Mura and A. Scrugli (University of Cagliari, Italy) 46

14. An experimental optimisation study of Dunaliella salina microalgae production.

M. Pires, P. Saraiva (University of Coimbra, Portugal) and G. Sousa (College of

Biotechnology, Portugal) 49

15. An investigation of the disruption of micro-organisms using a new type of cell homogeniser.

S. Collins, C. Attouche, C. Yau, M. Jones and R.W. Lovitt (University of Wales, Swansea, UK) 52

16. An investigation of the role for aqueous two phase systems in the processing of

cc-glucosidase PI inclusion bodies expressed in recombinant E. coli.

S.G. Walker and A. Lyddiatt (University of Birmingham, UK) 55

17. Bioreactor mixing studies using two flow follower techniques.

R. Schmitz, CM. McFarlane and C.R. Thomas (University of Birmingham, UK) 58

18. Characterisation of colloidal gas aphrons for protein recovery.

P. Jauregi and J. Varley (University of Reading, UK) 61

19. Characterisation of magnetic properties of adsorbent solid phases assembled for use

in magnetically stabilised fluidised beds.

J. Eade, G. Gilchrist, B. Henstock, M. Slaski, A. Lyddiatt (University of Birmingham, UK),M. Davies and I. Bruce (University of Greenwich, UK) 64

20. Chemically induced flocculation of Dunaliella salina microalgae.M. Patricio, S. Machado, P. Saraiva (University of Coimbra, Portugal) and G. Sousa

(College of Biotechnology, Portugal) 67

21. Construction and characterisation of molecular probes for the monitoring of the partition

behaviour of biomolecules in aqueous two phase systems.

B. Lebreton, J. Huddleston, C.J. Dale and A. Lyddiatt (University of Birmingham, UK) 70

22. Continuous foaming for the recovery of [3-casein.A.K. Brown, A. Kaul and J. Varley (University of Reading, UK) 73

23. Continuous production of a generic fermentation feedstock from gluten free wheat flour

R.H. Wang and C. Webb (UMIST, UK) 76

24. Controlled fluidised bed protein recovery using hydrophobic matrices: the in situ recovery

of bacterial a-amylase using an integrated fluidised bed.

M. Burns and A. Lyddiatt (University of Birmingham, UK) 79

25. Development of a real time expert system for monitoring and controlling commercial

beer fermentations.

M.R. Yorke, B. Buxton and S.M. Keith (University of Teesside, UK) 82

26. Disruption of yeast cells using high-pressure carbon dioxide.

E.A. McLean and C.J. Schaschke (University of Strathclyde, UK) 85

27. Dynamic surface tension, surface dilational modulus and measurements of foam stabilityfor BSA solutions.

K. Haywood and J. Varley (University of Reading, UK) 88

VI

28. Effect of microwave-assisted convective air drying on the shrinkage behaviour

of potatoes.M.A.M. Khraisheh, T.J.R. Cooper and T.R.A. Magee (The Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 91

29. Electrostatic spraying phenomena applied to lipase catalysed hydrolysis.E. Jones, L.R. Weatherley and W.R. Murphy (The Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 94

30. Electrostatically enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of vegetable oil.

M.J. van Niekerk, L.R. Weatherley and D.W. Rooney (The Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 97

31. Enzymatic production of antimicrobial agents from olive leaves.

M. Maremonti, G. Greco Jr., L. Gianfreda and R. Capasso (Universita Federico II, Italy) 100

32. Experimental and modelling studies related to fluid-particle aseptic processing.B.P. Kelly, T.R.A. Magee and M.N. Ahmad (The Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 103

33. Extrusion induced defects.

A.T.J. Domanti and J. Bridgwater (University of Cambridge, UK) 106

34. Fluid mechanics of a high-pressure homogenizer.A.R. Kleinig and A.P.J. Middleberg (The University of Adelaide, Australia) 109

35. Gas dispersion performance of a newly designed impeller in the transitional flow regime.N.G. Ozcan-Taskin, R.S. Badham, K.N. Dyster, Z. Jaworski, I.P.T. Moore, A.W. Nienow,M. L. Wyszyns ki (University of Birmingham, UK) and J. McKemmie (APV Baker Ltd, UK) 112

36. Hydrodynamics and mass transfer studies in external loop airlift reactors.

L. Jones and F. Benyahia (University of Teesside, UK) 115

37. Integrated bioprocess design.N.J. Samsatli and N. Shah (Imperial College, UK) 118

38. Lactic acid fermentation of waste squid for the extraction of chitin and the productionof silage.C.H. McLean and P.A. Addison (University of Otago, New Zealand) 121

39. Membrane attached biofilms: growth models and experimental verification.

L.M. Freitas dos Santos, P. Pavasant, E.N. Pistikopoulos and A.G. Livingston(Imperial College, UK) 124

40. Model based observer control of fermentation processes.

S.M.M. Araujo, D.B.F. Faraday and N.F. Kirkby (University of Surrey, UK) 127

41. Modelling and optimisation of Dunaliella microalgae production reactors.

I. Enes and P. Saraiva (University of Coimbra, Portugal) 130

42. Modelling ion exchange chromatography of egg white proteins for process control purposes.M.A. Khan and F. Addo-Yobo (University of Reading, UK) 133

43. Modelling of forced convection heating of foods in a commercial oven using CFD.

P. Verboven, B.M. Nicolai'and J. De Baerdemaeker (Katholieke Universiteit

Leuven, Belgium) 136

44. Modelling to control the production of xanthan gum in a stirred bioreactor.

N.H. Abraham and C.A. Kent (University of Birmingham, UK) 139

45. Modification of polystyrenic matrices for the purification of proteins.D.C. Nash, G.E. McCreath and H.A. Chase (University of Cambridge, UK) 142

46. Numerical simulation of the transient self-heating of dairy powders.L.V. Chong and X. Dong Chen (The University of Auckland, New Zealand) 145

47. Optimisation of a semi-batch chromatographic reactor.

CM. West and E.L. Smith (Aston University, UK) 148

VII

48. Osmolarity effect on yeast cell strength and cell size.

T. Srinorakutara, Z. Zhang and C.R. Thomas (University of Birmingham, UK) 151

49. Partitioning of denatured lysozyme into reverse micelles using a mixed denaturant system.

S. Mall, J.B. Chaudhuri (University of Bath, UK) and J.E. Fitton (Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, UK) 154

50. Performance of bead-encapsulated cells in an airlift fermenter.

J. Crawford and A. McGregor (University of Edinburgh, UK) 157

51. Phaffia rhodozyma as source of the red pigment astaxanthin for farmed salmon.

D. Harvey and V.F. Larsen (University of Strathclyde, UK) 160

52. Production and recovery of soluble and insoluble protein: an economic perspective

in bioprocessing.J-F.P. Hamel, J. King, C.L. Cooney (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA)

and G. Dervakos (UMIST, UK) 163

53. Property prediction methods for biochemical synthesis and design.

S.M. Agena, P. Wai and D.L. Bogle (University College London, UK) 166

54. Purification of chitin from shellfish waste by lactic acid fermentation.

Z. Zakaria, G.M. Hall and G. Shama (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 169

55. Shear rate estimation in mechanically agitated and aerated shear thinning model

fermentation broths.

S. Cropper, N.G. Ozcan-Taskin and M. Whitton (BHR Group, UK) 172

56. Simple staged aqueous two-phase fractionation of biological suspensions: albumin

recovery from waste whole bovine blood.

M. Rito-Palomares, CJ. Dale and A. Lyddiatt (University of Birmingham, UK) 175

57. Simultaneous chemical and biological oxidation of ferrous sulphate using T. ferrooxidans

immobilized in activated carbon coated polyurethane foam BSPs.

M. Nemati and C Webb (UMIST, UK) 178

58. Structured model for D-glutamic acid formation in Escherichia coli.

E. Garcia Calvo, M.J. Guardia and P. Leton (University of Alcala, Spain) 181

59. The dynamics and the model based control of a batch bioreactor containing yeast culture.

M. Alpbaz, N. Bursali, H. Alimci, U. Mehmetoglu, H. Oguz (Ankara University, Turkey) and

A.G. Abilov (Institute of Petrochemical Processes, Azerbaijan) 184

60. The effect of water on removing starch deposits formed during baking.R.A. Din and M.R. Bird (University of Bath, UK) 187

61. The estimation of the optimum amount of solid support in an immobilized cell bioreactor.

S.D. Goldfarb and H.A. Chase (University of Cambridge, UK) 190

62. The mathematical modelling of a fed-batch fermentation system.G.C Ngoh, M.N. Ahmad and C.R. Holland (The Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 193

63. Thermal agglomeration of polyhydroxybutyric acid granules.N.A. Bailey, K. Niranjan, J. Varley (University of Reading, UK) and N. George

(Zeneca Bioproducts, UK) 196

64. Transport properties during the air-drying of starch gels.W.A.M. McMinn and T.R.A. Magee (The Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 199

65. Validation of filtration models for hollow fibre cartridges: consequences on bioreactor design.D. Mignard, D.H. Glass and K.I.T. Wright (University of Edinburgh, UK) 202

66. Whole broth ethanol extraction: partition studies.

N. Carolan, R. Sloan and L.R. Weatherley (The Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 205

VIII

Efficient Use of EnergyKeynote

67. Implementing R&D in energy efficiency — why, how, who and when.

J. Huddleston (ETSU, UK) 208

Oral

68. A comparison of the film and equilibrium methods of condenser design.D.R. Webb (UMIST, UK), M. Fahrner and R. Schwaab (Universitat Stuttgart, Germany) 211

69. An investigation into the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of trapezoidal ducts

using CFD.

C.I. Adderley (Rolls Royce and Associates, UK), E.A. Foumeny and H.E. Griffin

(University of Leeds, UK) 214

70. Design and operation of a novel heat exchanger for a high temperature absorptionheat transformer.

J.S. Currie and C.L. Pritchard (University of Edinburgh, UK) 217

71. Oxidation of heavy oil in consolidated porous media; effect of oxidant flux and heating rate.

R.A. Kazi, J.S. Oklany, R. Hughes and D. Price (University of Salford, UK) 220

72. The use of wide boiling refrigerant mixtures in water chiller units for power saving.R. Lamb, E.A. Foumeny and G.G. Haselden (University of Leeds, UK) 223

Posters

73. Condensate sub-cooling in vertical and horizontal condensers.

A.J. Dell, J.L. Alcock, D.R. Webb and R.W. Stevenson (UMIST, UK) 226

74. Constrained utility targeting curve for retrofit.

K.A. Amminudin, X.X. Zhu and N.D.K. Asante (UMIST, UK) 229

75. Differential condensation in horizontal shell and tube condensers.

S.J. Roudaki, R.W. Stevenson and D.R. Webb (UMIST, UK) 232

76. Evaluation of heat transfer characteristics of a packed-bed storage for solar

heating systems.K. Abbaspour-sani and E.A. Foumeny (University of Leeds, UK) 235

77. Heat and mass transfer on the surface of rotating fan blades.

S.D. White and A. Hossainpour (University of Paisley, UK) 238

78. Heat transfer enhancement to viscous Newtonian flows by the use of tube inserts.

G.W. Milton and D.R. Oliver (University of Birmingham, UK) 241

79. Liquid side fouling measurements on Caledonian wire pit liquor.A. Jenkins, J. Howarth (National Engineering Laboratory, UK), D.T. Hughes (University of

Surrey, UK) and T.R. Bott (University of Birmingham, UK) 244

80. Packed bed heat exchangers: aspects of scale-up.S. Afandizadeh, L. Bailey and E.A. Foumeny (University of Leeds, UK) 247

81. Pyrolysis of UK oil shale in a semi-continuous fluidised bed reactor.

J.M. Nazzal and P.T. Williams (University of Leeds, UK) 250

82. Scaled experiments of tertiary oil recovery by micellar flooding.S. Thomas, N.H. Thomas (University of Birmingham, UK) and S.M. Farouq Ali (Universityof Alberta, Canada) 253

83. Sensitivity study on the effect of porosity and thermal conductivity on the performanceof in situ combustion.

J.S. Oklany, R. Hughes and D. Price (University of Salford, UK) 256

IX

84. Solvent extraction of Nigerian tar sand.

N. Ahmad and P.T. Williams (University of Leeds, UK) 259

85. Study of minimum film boiling at different metal surfaces in KOH solutions and pure water.

H. Sarac, A. Bolukbasi and A. Kurtbas (Ataturk University, Turkey) 262

86. The combustion of oils derived from the pyrolysis of scrap tyres.

R.P. Bottrill and P.T. Williams (University of Leeds, UK) 265

87. The effect of heat treatment on the grindability of coals.

P.C. Harrison and N.A. Rowson (University of Birmingham, UK) 268

88. The use of dielectric heating to alter minerals properties.

P.C. Harrison and N.A. Rowson (University ofBirmingham, UK) 271

Separation processes

Oral

89. An experimental study of gas-liquid separation in vane-type demisters.

E. Brunazzi, G. Nardini and A. Paglianti (Universita degli Studi di Pisa, Italy) 274

90. Fluid mechanical studies of structured distillation packings.

J.S. Howe and K.E. Porter (Aston University, UK) 277

91. High performance size exclusion chromatography media as versatile chromatographic

supports for the analysis of process feedstocks.

C.J. Dale and A. Lyddiatt (University of Birmingham, UK) 280

92. Modelling and simulation of the simultaneous absorption of CO2 and H2S by an aqueous

solution of DEA and MDEA.

E. Rascol, M. Meyer and M. Prevost (ENSIGC, France) 283

93. Size distribution and zeta potential effects in dissolved air flotation.

A.S. Ward, J.I.T. Stenhouse, B. Jefferson and J. Ponting (Loughborough University

of Technology, UK) 286

Posters

94. A comparison of methods of separating chromite and silica sands for reclamation and

reuse in the foundry industry.

.

J. Pocock, J.P.K. Seville (University of Birmingham, UK) and T.J. Veasey

(National University of Science & Technology, Zimbabwe) 289

95. A physical model to describe fouling and cleaning synergy.

M. Bartlett, M.R. Bird and R.W. Field (University of Bath, UK) 292

96. A study on the surface-modification of porous ceramic (a-Alumina) for increased

gas selectivity.

E. Gobina, Y. Yildrim and R. Hughes (University of Salford, UK) 295

97. Dissociation extractive crystallization: separation of o- and p-chlorobenzoic acids.

A. Lashanizadegan and N.S. Tavare (UMIST, UK) 298

98. Excess and partial specific volumes in crude oil/light hydrocarbon mixtures.

S.J. Ashcroft, J.C.R. Turner (University of Exeter, UK) and D.R. Booker

(AEA Technology, UK) 301

99. Experimental evidence on the mechanism of enhancement of ultrafiltration with

gas sparging.Z.F. Cui (Oxford University, UK) ,K.I.T. Wright and D.H. Glass (Edinburgh University, UK) 304

x

100. Extraction of useful products from micro algae.R. Santos, T. Lu and M.B. King (University of Birmingham, UK) 307

101. Flux enhancement in hollow fibre membrane systems.S.R. Bellara, Z.F. Cui (University of Oxford, UK) and D.S. Pepper (Scottish Blood

Transfusion Service, UK) 310

102. Gravity-enhanced superconducting magnetic (HGMS) separation.S. Zhou, E.S. Garbett and R.F. Boucher (University of Sheffield, UK) 313

103. Liquid distributor effects in a tilted packed column.

R.K. Tanner, S.A. Baker, M.K. Millar and B. Waldie (Heriot-Watt University, UK) 316

104. Mass transfer at the rotating gold electrodes.

I. Ceyhun, H. Sarac, Z. Karagolge and S. Colak (Ataturk University, Turkey) 319

105. Metal extraction processes using supercritical fluids.

N.G. Smart (British Nuclear Fuels, UK), Y. Lin and CM. Wai (University of Idaho, USA) 322

106. Methodology to study the salting-out effect in liquid-liquid equilibria: application to

the system water-ethanol-acetone-sodium chloride.

A.N. Garcia, A. Marcilla and F. Ruiz (Universidad de Alicante, Spain) 325

107. Natural gas separation processes.

P.A. Nazir, K.E. Porter and J.D. Jenkins (Aston University, UK) 328

108. Operating batch distillation in sequential steady state mode.

I.M. Mujtaba (University of Bradford, UK) 331

109. Separation of natural oil components from mixtures dissolved in supercritical solutions bypreparative chromatography.D.R. Butler, O.J. Catchpole and M.B. King (University of Birmingham, UK) 334

110. Solvent screening for extractive distillation.

G. Felber (University of Veszprem, Hungary) 337

111. Systematic construction of dynamic models for packed distillation columns.

M. Alpbaz, Y. Cabbar, H. Hapoglu, S. Karacan, A.Y. Bilgesu (Ankara University, Turkey)and A.G. Abilov (Institute of Petrochemical Processes, Azerbaijan) 340

112. The ASID distillation simulation model.

B.R. Daly and G.L Quarini (University of Bristol, UK), A.G. Walton and J.P. Fletcher

(Aston University, UK) 343

113. The effect of intermediate weirs on the two phase flow on a rectangular distillation tray.R.N. Khan, J.P. Fletcher and K.E. Porter (Aston University, UK) 346

114. The extraction and recovery of chemicals from biomass derived fast pyrolysis liquid.CM. Dick and A.V. Bridgwater (Aston University, UK) 349

Applied RheologyOral

115. CFD modelling of molten metal flows in a novel induction furnace.

J.-P. Sherlock, P.N. Sharratt (UMIST, UK) and P.J. Hayes (EA Technology, UK) 352

116. Flow of power law fluids through sudden expansions.

N. Dombrowski, E.A. Foumeny and A. Riza (University of Leeds, UK) 355

117. Flow visualisation for paste extrusion.

A.S. Burbridge and J. Bridgwater (University of Cambridge, UK) 358

XI

118. The effect of nucleating agent on the mechanical properties of extruded polypropylene sheet.

N. Macauley, E. Harkin-Jones and W.R. Murphy (The Queen's University of

Belfast, UK)361

Posters

119. Breakage of emulsion using hydrophilic membrane microfiltration.

S.H. Piatt, J.B. Chaudhuri, T.C. Arnot (University of Bath, UK) and K.J. Carpenter

(Zeneca Fine Chemicals, UK) 364

120. Flow field analysis of the trilobar elements region within an intermeshing co-rotating

twin-screw extruder.

M.P. Wilson, S. Al-Malaika and D.P. Bruce (Aston University, UK) 367

121. Imposition of slip wall boundary conditions in viscous flow models.

E. Ghassemieh, J. Petera and V. Nassehi (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 370

122. Infra-red heating of plastics.H. Benkreira, F. Marrand and H. Vestergaard (University of Bradford, UK) 373

123. Optimization and model based control of batch polymerization reactor of styrene.

M. Ozdemir, A.R. Karagoz, G. Ozkan, G. Alpbaz, M. Sacak, A.G. Abilov (Ankara University,

Turkey) and S. Erdogan (Gazi University, Turkey) 376

124. Power requirement and heat transfer in the metering zone of a modular intermeshing

co-rotating twin screw extruder.

S. Tenge and D. Mewes (University of Hannover, Germany) 379

125. The mixing of low viscosity fluid additives into viscous materials using a cavity transfer mixer.

H. Benkreira and R. Patel (University of Bradford, UK) 382

126. Using density measurement techniques to examine gas hold-up in Newtonian and

non-Newtonian liquids.D.T. McLaughlin and L.R. Weatherley (The Queen's University of Belfast, UK) 385

Process Safety and Loss Prevention

Keynote

127. Research into process safety — the hunting of the snark?

M.J. Pitt (University of Sheffield, UK) 388

Oral

128. Computer simulation of safety and environmental hazards of process deviations.

M.J. Pitt (University of Sheffield, UK), J.R. Flower and M.K. Ben-Emhmmed (Universityof Leeds, UK) 391

129. Integrated safety case data management using ISO 10303 STEP.

L.P. McAlinden and P.W. Norman (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) 394

Posters

130. A conceptual model for acute process hazards: validation (1).C.A. Bryson and S. Ruhemann (University of Bradford, UK) 397

131. Assessment of major accident hazards to the environment.

A.J. Wilday (Health and Safety Laboratory, UK) and M.W. Ali (University of Sheffield, UK) 400

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132. Electromagnetic processing of water systems as a way of prevention of loss in

chemical technologies.M. Davidzon (State University of Ivanovo, Russia) 403

133. Formal methods for ensuring safe plant operation.V.D. Dimitriadis, N. Shah and C.C. Pantelides (Imperial College, UK) 406

134. How is safety perceived? Industry answers.B.R. Daly (University of Sheffield, UK) 409

135. Pressure relief sizing for gas generating runaway reactions.

J. Singh (University of Sheffield, UK) and J. Wilday (Health and Safety Laboratory, UK) 412

136. Risk assessment of the potable water disinfection process: a brief overview.

M.L. Wilson, J.E. Strutt (Cranfield University, UK) and P.L. Johnson (BHR Group Ltd, UK) 415

Miscellaneous

Oral

137. A numerical investigation of turbulent flow through a cascade of plane symmetricchannel expansions.

E.A. Foumeny, D.B. Ingham and A.J. Walker (University of Leeds, UK) 418

138. Crossflow microfiltration incorporating rotational flow to reduce levels of oil in water.

I.D. Smith, R.G. Holdich and I.W. Cumming (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 421

139. Deposition patterns in activated carbon filters.

J. Thompson, M.D. Wright, I. Pengelly, D. Wake, R.A. Broughton and R.C. Brown (Healthand Safety Executive, UK) 424

Posters

140. A two dimensional model for particle sedimentation in narrow tilted channels.

S.J. McCaffery, L. Elliott, D.B. Ingham (University of Leeds, UK) and A.T. Unwin

(Schlumberger Cambridge Research Limited, UK) 427

141. Air flow around three dimensional deposition gauges.N. Dombrowski, E.A. Foumeny, J.H. Huang and D.B. Ingham (University of Leeds, UK) 430

142. Air injection into waterflooded light oil reservoirs.

T.J. Young, J. Tingas, A.T. Sager, S. El-Usta, M. Greaves and R.R. Rathbone

(University of Bath, UK) 433

143. An axial-dispersion meter.

P.A. Addison and L.C Osborne (University of Otago, New Zealand) 436

144. Distillation design and operation with graphics.C. McGreavy and Z. Jiang (University of Leeds, UK) 439

145. Enhanced recovery of light oil in heterogeneous reservoirs using air injection//^ situ

combustion (ISC).A. Wilson, M. Al-Honi and M. Greaves (University of Bath, UK) 442

146. Experimental and modelling studies of heat transfer in annular packed beds.

E.A. Foumeny and A. Vitani (University ofLeeds, UK) 445

147. Free convection from impulsively heated surfaces embedded in a porous media.

R. Bradean, D.B. Ingham (University of Leeds, UK), P.J. Heggs (UMIST, UK) and I. Pop(University of Cluj, Romania) 448

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148. On developing computer-aided instruction/learning tools for engineering education.

M. Benayoune, S. Harous and L. Khezzar (Sultan Qaboos University, Oman) 451

149. The effect of formation type on fuel oxidation relevant to the in situ combustion process for

the recovery of heavy oil.

R.A. Kazi, J.S. Oklany, R. Hughes and D. Price (University of Salford, UK) 454

150. The mixed convection flow of fluids with temperature dependant viscosities in a vertical

rectangular duct.

J. Wood, L. Elliott, D.B. Ingham (University of Leeds, UK) and A.T. Unwin (Schlumberger

Cambridge Research Ltd, UK) 457

151. The shear-induced diffusion occuring within a suspension entering a horizontal fracture.

I. Miskin, L. Elliott, D.B. Ingham (University of Leeds, UK) and P.S. Hammond

(Schlumberger Cambridge Research Limited, UK) 460

Chemical Reaction Engineering

Oral

152. A comparison of the performance of catalytic membrane reactors for the process of

steam reforming.J.S. Oklany, E. Gobina and R. Hughes (University of Salford, UK) 463

153. Catalysed methanol synthesis from CO2/H2 and CO2/H2 over Cu/ZnO/Al203: kinetics

and deactivation.

J.T. Sun, M. Sahibzada and I.S. Metcalfe (Imperial College, UK) 466

154. Catalytic wet oxidation of organic pollutants from manufacturing processes.

D. Mantzavinos, A.G. Livingston and I.S. Metcalfe (Imperial College, UK) 469

155. Structural characteristics of shell-side packing.

E.A. Foumeny and A. Ahmad (University of Leeds, UK) 472

156. The reductive alkylation of fatty nitrile to symmetric secondary amines in a RF reactor.

S. Zhou and J.R. Walls (University of Bradford, UK) 475

Posters

157. An assessment of the performance of a catalytic membrane reactor during reaction assisted

mass transport compared to purely mass transfer driven transport.

R. Hughes, E. Gobina and K. Hou (University of Salford, UK) 478

158. An efficient iterative method for the determination of the optimal operating parameters in a

discontinuous system: application to the esterification of butanol and propanol with acetic acid.

J.V. Preza-Mayo and J.L. Houzelot (CNRS-ENSIC, France) 481

159. Aspects of design and optimisation of packed bed systems.K. O'Neill and F. Benyahia (University of Teesside, UK) 485

160. Catalytic upgrading in the fast pyrolysis of biomass.

L.A. Cooke and A.V. Bridgwater (Aston University, UK) 488

161. Characterisation of polluting by-products in fuel rich combustion process by

optical techniques.G. Gambi (Universita di Napoli, Italy) and P. Miniutolo (Instituto di Ricerche sulla

Combustione, Italy) 491

xiv

162. Comparative study of batch and semibatch emulsion polymerisation of vinyl acetate andbutylacrylate with monomer feed at starved conditions.

S. Sajjadi and B.W. Brooks (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 494

163. Dispersion phenomenon in fixed beds: effects of flow and structural non-uniformities.M. Azhar, E.A. Foumeny and J. Ma (University of Leeds, UK) 497

164. Effect of radial pore size distribution in hydrodemetallation catalyst pellets.A. Gavriilidis (University College London, UK), S. Melis and G. Cao (University ofCagliari, Italy) 500

165. Evaluation of the kinetics of the combustion of coked oil sands from non-isothermalexperiments.S. Indrijarso, J.S. Oklany, R. Hughes and D. Price (University of Salford, UK) 503

166. Experimental study on the carbothermic reduction of composite chromite pellets.Y.L. Ding and N.A. Warner (University of Birmingham, UK) 506

167. Galvanostatic transient study of the electrocatalytic behaviour of yttria stabilised zirconia

supported platinum.R.J.C. Luke, D.A. Emery and I.S. Metcalfe (Imperial College, UK) 509

168. Improvements in direct coal liquefaction using coal fractions obtained by froth flotation.

J. Barraza, M. Cloke and A. Belghazi (University of Nottingham, UK) 512

169. Inverse microsuspension polymerisation of acrylic acid using water-soluble redox initiators.

B.W. Brooks and Z. Liu (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 515

170. Kinetic modelling on self-alkylation of fatty primary amines to symmetric secondary amines.S. Zhou and J .R. Walls (University of Bradford, UK) 518

171. Micromixing sensitivity of fast reactions.

I.A. Pearce, C.H. Phillips and S.J. Hearn (BHR Group Ltd, UK) 521

172. Numerical prediction of bulk temperature Nusselt number in packed beds.

E.A. Foumeny, N. Saghatoleslami and J. Ma (University of Leeds, UK) 524

173. Polymerisation in semi-batch reactors.

B.W. Brooks and F.E. Powell (Loughborough University of Technology UK) 527

174. Pyrolysis of pretreated and normal feedstocks for the production of liquids and chemicals.G.V.C. Peacocke, R.A. Hague and A.V. Bridgwater (Aston University, UK) 530

175. Synthesis of environmentally friendly high octane gasoline blending component.J. Hancsok and A. H0II6 (University of Veszpre'm, Hungary) 533

176. The basic mechanism of coking pressure generation and the identification of dangerouslycoking coals.

A.R. Walker, J.W. Patrick and A. Walker (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 536

177. The effect of coal macerals on direct coal liquefaction.K. Idrees, J.W. Patrick and A. Walker (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 539

178. The production and stability of ligninase: studies using purified enzyme.R.W. Lovitt, S. Abd-Aziz, H. Lechat, I. Bodereau and A. Pelter (University of Wales, UK) 542

179. The role of PVAs as suspension stabilisers in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride.

M.D. Horrill and B.W. Brooks (Loughborough University of Technology, UK) 545

xv