the yale philosophy review n3 2007

7/28/2019 The Yale Philosophy Review N3 2007

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Issue III, 2007

Editors-in-Chief

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3/99

EDITORS NOTE

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THEYale Philosophy ReviewU;;-3'UUUM'[RRS

Description in Goethe and Wittgenstein

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Are We Bound to Uphold Rawlsian Justice?

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Possibilism and Freges Puzzle

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#%)'%##%&7343&?'"K'1*&3;'*?;31KN'J3'.&")'?6%?'?63':3#C3*G3$'%;:3C?'%&$'?63':*C?-#3'C%&&"?'23'?63';%43'?6*&7M';"')3'4-;?'&$'#""4'K"#'*?'*&'%&"?63#'$*43&;*"&'"K'1"7*C%1';:%C3N'8"'J*??73&;?3*&M'?63':3#C3*G3$'%;:3C?'C%&&"?'3G3&'23'%&"?63#'?A:3'"K':*C?-#3M'2-?';"43?6*&7'"K'%'K-&$%43&?%11A'$*KK3#3&?'&%?-#3N'863'%&%1"7A'63'-;3;'jLUM'UU'nW*M'[RR/[R_k'*;'?6%?'*4%7*&%#A'&-423#;'%#3'K-&$%43&?%11A'$*KK3#3&?'K#"4'#3%1'&-423#;'3G3&'*K'?63A'%#3'C"&&3C?3$'?"'#3%1'&-423#;'2A'?63';g-%#3'#""?'":3#%?*"&M'%&$'?6*;'$*KK3#3&C3'*;'4%&*K3;?3$'*&'6")'?63#3'*;'&"'#""4'K"#'*4%7*&%#A'&-423#;'%1"&7'?63'$*43&;*"&'"K'?63'#3%1'&-423#'1*&3M'T-;?'1*.3'6")'?63#3'*;'&"'#""4'*&'"-#'


13/99

C"&C3:?-%1'%::%#%?-;'K"#'?#3%?*&7'43&?%1'*4%73;'1*.3'%&"?63#'?A:3'"K':*C?-#3')*?6"-?'

%2-;*&7'?63'G3#A'&"?*"&'"K'%'43&?%1'*4%73N'U4%7*&%#A&-423#;'%#3'&"?'T-;?'%&"?63#'?A:3'"K'#3%1'&-423#M'%&$'*?'*;'K"#'%';*4*1%#'#3%;"&'?6%?'?63'43&?%1'*4%73;')3'6%G3')63&':3#C3*G*&7'%;:3C?;'%#3'&"?'T-;?'%&"?63#'?A:3'"K':*C?-#3N'

J*??73&;?3*&')"-1$'#37%#$']"3?63Q;'%#7-43&?'K"#'?63'3W*;?3&C3'"K'%#C63?A:3;'%;'%&'3W%4:13'"K'?63'4*;-;3'"K':*C?-#3;'*&'"-#'%&%1"7*3;'%2"-?'6")')3'?6*&.N'U&'%')%AM']"3?63'7"3;'3G3&'K-#?63#'?6%&'J*??73&;?3*&Q;'?%#73?;'*&'?63'C#*?*g-3;'3W:1%*&3$'%2"G3M' K"#' ]"3?63Q;' :*C?"#*%1*E%?*"&' "K' "-#' %2*1*?A' ?"' #3C"7&*E3' &%?-#%1' K"#4;' *;'4"#3'3W:1*C*?1A':*C?"#*%1'?6%&'?63'?63"#*3;'?6%?':";?-1%?3':*C?-#3;'*&'"-#'4*&$;N'5'

?A:*C%1':#":"&3&?'"K'*&&3#'43&?%1':*C?-#3;'4*76?';%A'?6%?')3';33'?63'*&&3#':*C?-#3')*?6'"-#'4*&$Q;'3A3N']"3?63M'6")3G3#M'%;;*7&;'%'7#3%?3#'43%;-#3'"K'#3%1*?A'?"'?63'%#C63?A:3M'K"#'*?'*;'&"?'T-;?';"43?6*&7'?6%?'63':3#C3*G3;')*?6'6*;'4*&$Q;'3A3M'2-?M'%;'63';%*$'?"'=C6*113#M';"43?6*&7'?6%?'63'C%&';33')*?6'6*;':6A;*C%1'3A3;N'J6%?']"3?63'6%;'$"&3M'?63&M'*;'?"'3W:1%*&'?63'hK331*&7i'"K'#3C"7&*?*"&')3'73?')63&')3';33'%':1%&?'%&$'#3%1*E3'?6%?'*?'*;'%':1%&?'2A'*&?#"$-C*&7'%'.*&$'"K':*C?-#3'"K'%':1%&?N'P&1*.3'J*??73&;?3*&Q;'*$3%'"K')6%?'43&?%1'*4%73;'%#3'*&'#31%?*"&'?"'"#$*&%#A':*C?-#3;M'?63'%#C63?A:3'*;'%';"1-?*"&'?6%?'*;'%1"&7'?63';%43'$*43&;*"&'%;'"#$*&%#A':*C?-#3;N'U?'

4%A'6%G3';:3C*%1'g-%1*?*3;'?6%?'"#$*&%#A':*C?-#3;'$"'&"?M'2-?'*?;'&%?-#3'*;';?*11'?6%?'"K'%':*C?-#3M'%&$'*&$33$'*?'*;'*?;':*C?"#*%1'&%?-#3'?6%?'4%.3;'*?';"'%??#%C?*G3'%'&"?*"&N'U?;':*C?"#*%1'&%?-#3'%11");'*?'?"'23'$#%)&M'%&$'63&C3'%11");'-;'?"'%::#363&$'*?')*?6'"-#';3&;3;'%;'$*#3C?1A'%;')3')"-1$'%&A'"?63#':*C?-#3M'?"';33'%11':";;*213':1%&?;'23K"#3'"-#'3A3;N'U?;':*C?"#*%1'&%?-#3'7*G3;'*?'%&'*443$*%CA'%&$'G*G%C*?A'?6%?'%2;?#%C?'?63"#*3;'1%C.N'U?'*;'?63'4";?'*4:"#?%&?'#3;:3C?'*&')6*C6'?63'P#:%&E3'6%;'%&'3$73'"G3#'?63'.*&$'"K'%2;?#%C?'?63"#AM'*&'?63'?#%$*?*"&'"K'B3)?"&Q;'?63"#A'"K'C"1"#;M'?6%?']"3?63')"-1$'6%G3'"2T3C?3$'?"N'U?'*;'%1;"'?63'#3;:3C?'*&')6*C6'*?'*;'K-&$%43&?%11A'

%&?*?63?*C%1'?"'J*??73&;?3*&Q;':6*1";":6AN'B"?'"&1A'$"3;']"3?63'34:1"A'%'?%C?*C'?6%?'J*??73&;?3*&'*;'#3%C?*&7'%7%*&;?M'?6%?'"K'?#%&;K3##*&7'?63'*$3%'"K'%':*C?-#3'*&?"'#3%14;')63#3'*?'$"3;'&"?'231"&7M'63'%1;"'%4:1*3;'?63'*$3%'"K'%':*C?-#3'*&?"';"43?6*&7'1*.3'%';-:3#/:*C?-#3'%&$'?#3%?;'?6*;'%;'?63'2%;*;'K"#'"-#'#3C"7&*?*"&'"K'2*"1"7*C%1'?A:3;N'

86*;'6%;'%';*7&*C%&?'23%#*&7'"&']"3?63Q;'C"&C3:?*"&'"K'?63';C*3&?*C'43?6"$'%&$' 6*;' T-;?*C%?*"&' K"#' ?63' 3W*;?3&C3' "K' %#C63?A:3;N' ]"3?63Q;' #%?*"&%13' K"#' %'$3;C#*:?*G3'#%?63#'?6%&'3W:1%&%?"#A';C*3&C3'*;'"KK3#3$'%;'%&'%1?3#&%?*G3'?"'B3)?"&*%&'43?6"$"1"7AM'2-?'*?'*;'%&'%1?3#&%?*G3'?6%?'*;'%1"&7'?63';%43'$*43&;*"&'%;'B3)?"&*%&'

_[ D*6-*',*


14/99

;C*3&C3N'UK')3'?6*&.'"K'B3)?"&*%&';C*3&C3'%;'%'#3%1'&-423#M']"3?63Q;'43?6"$')"-1$'

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

43?6"$"1"7A'*?'#3C"443&$;'K"#'%??%*&*&7';C*3&?*C'?#-?6M'2-?'*?'*;'%'43?6"$"1"7A'?6%?';?*11':-;63;';C*3&C3'*&'?63';%43'73&3#%1'$*#3C?*"&'%;'23K"#3N'51?6"-76']"3?63'?6*&.;'?6%?';C*3&?*C'?#-?6'*;'?"'23'$3#*G3$':#*4%#*1A'?6#"-76'$3;C#*:?*"&'#%?63#'?6%&'3W:1%&%?*"&M'63'$"3;'&"?'7*G3'-:'?63'*$3%'"K'-&$3#1A*&7':#*&C*:13;'236*&$'&%?-#3N'U&$33$M']"3?63';"43?*43;')#*?3;'*&'6":3'"K'%'?*43')63&'h)3')*11'$*;C"G3#'?63'?#-3'-&$3#1A*&7':#*&C*:13;'"K'4%??3#i'jhFWC3#:?'K#"4'8")%#$'%'863"#A'"K'J3%?63#'iM'*&'=C*3&?*C'=?-$*3;M'_bRkN'U&'C"&?#%;?M'J*??73&;?3*&'*;':";*?*G31A'%113#7*C'?"'%11'%??34:?;'%?'$*;C"G3#*&7'-&$3#1A*&7':#*&C*:13;'*&':6*1";":6AN'86*;'*;')6A']"3?63'

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


15/99

$33:3#'#3%;"&'?6%?'%??34:?;'?"'3W:1%*&'?63':63&"43&%'63')%;'C"&C3#&3$')*?6'%#3M'

?"'2"##")'%'?-#&'"K':6#%;3'K#"4'?63':6A;*C*;?'J"1K7%&7'L%-1*M'&"?'3G3&')#"&7M';%*$'%??34:?;'23*&7'2%;3$'"&';-C6'%'$33:1A'4*;?%.3&'G*3)'"K':6*1";":6A'?6%?'?63A'C%&&"?'3G3&'23'C"&;*$3#3$'%;'C%&$*$%?3;'K"#'%&'%::#"%C6'?")%#$;':6*1";":6AN'U&'C"&?#%;?M']"3?63'?6"-76?'?6%?'B3)?"&*%&';C*3&C3')%;')#"&7l'?6%?'*?')%;'?%.*&7'?63')#"&7'$*#3C?*"&M'2-?')*?6*&'%'C"&?3W?')63#3'*?'%?'13%;?'6%$'?63':";;*2*1*?A'"K'23*&7'#*76?'"#')#"&7N'U&'$#%)*&7'*&;:*#%?*"&'K#"4']"3?63%&'$3;C#*:?*"&'?"'K"#4-1%?3'6*;'%1?3#&%?*G3'?"'?#%$*?*"&%1':6*1";":6AM'J*??73&;?3*&'3KK3C?*G31A'%::#":#*%?3$')6%?')%;'43%&?'?"'23'%'43#3'?""1'K"#'"?63#'"2T3C?*G3;'%&$'313G%?3$'*?'?"'23'?63'"&1A'"2T3C?*G3N'

U?'*;'%;'?6"-76'63'6%$'C-1?*G%?3$M'K#"4'%';33$'"K']"3?63Q;'?6"-76?M'%' C"4:13?31A'%1*3&':1%&?M'"&3'?6%?'C3#?%*&1A'$*$'&"?'?'%&A':#33W*;?*&7'%#C63?A:3N

_^ D*6-*',*


16/99

Works Cited

' ]"3?63M'!"6%&&'JN'GN'Italian JourneyN'8#%&;N'JN'IN'5-$3&'%&$'FN'>%A3#N'' '' ' =%&'H#%&C*;C"m'L%&?63"&'D"".;M'_a`[N'' OOON'Scientic StudiesN'8#%&;N'"#:6"1"7AiN'U&'Goetheand Wittgenstein: Seeing the Worlds Unity in its VarietyM'3$N'H#*?E'' '

' ' D#3*?6%-:?M'@*C6%#$'@%%?E;C6M'%&$'D3??*&%'9#3423#7N'H#%&.K-#?m'' '

' ' L3?3#',%&7M'[RRsN

' J*??73&;?3*&M',-$)*7N'Philosophical InvestigationsN'8#%&;N']N'FN'>N''' '' ' 5&;C"423N'XWK"#$m'D1%C.)311'L-21*;63#;M'_absN'

' OOON'Remarks on the Philosophy of PsychologyN'['G"1;N'8#%&;N']N'FN'>N'' '' ' 5&;C"423N'(6*C%7"m'P&*G3#;*?A'"K'(6*C%7"'L#3;;M'_aoRN'

'


17/99

Are We Bound to Uphold Rawlsian Justice?

51*C3'FG%&;P&*G3#;*?A'"K'B"??*&76%4

A Theory of Justice'4%*&?%*&;'?6%?')3'%#3'4"#%11A'2"-&$'?"'K-#?63#'?6";3'*&;?*?-?*"&%1'%##%&7343&?;'?6%?';-::"#?'?6";3':#*&C*:13;'?6%?')"-1$'6%G3'233&'%7#33$'?"'2A'C"&?#%C?*&7':%#?*3;'*&'?63'"#*7*&%1':";*?*"&N'I")3G3#M';"43'C#*?*C;'6%G3'#3T3C?3$'?63'*4:1*C*?':#34*;3'?6%?'6A:"?63?*C%1'C"&?#%C?;'A*31$'

C"&?#%C?-%1'"21*7%?*"&;N'D-?'?6*;'C#*?*g-3'*;'4*;:1%C3$'%CC"#$*&7'?"'%'$*KK3#3&?'*&?3#:#3?%?*"&'"K'?63'C"&?#%C?Q;'#"13N'@%)1;'%#7-%21A'C1%*4;'?6%?'T-;?*C3'*;'2*&$*&7'%&$'?6%?'*&'G*#?-3'"K';:3C*KA*&7'?63'C"&?3&?'"K'T-;?*C3'?63'6A:"?63?*C%1'C"&?#%C?'*;'1*.3)*;3'2*&$*&7N'8"'$3?3#4*&3')63?63#')3'%#3'2"-&$'?"'-:6"1$'@%)1;*%&'T-;?*C3M'U';6%11'$*;C-;;'2"?6'%::#"%C63;'%&$'?63&'K-#?63#'%&%1A;3'C6%#73;'"K'?#*G*%1*?AM'C*#C-1%#*?AM'%&'%11373$';*4*1%#*?A'?"'*&?-*?*"&*;4'%&$'?63'C"&?#%C?%#*%&'#32-??%1'"K'-?*1*?%#*%&*;4N

The Contractual Interpretation

,3?'-;'#;?'C"&;*$3#'?63'contractual'*&?3#:#3?%?*"&N'L3#6%:;')3'%#3'C"&?#%C?-%11A'2"-&$'?"'-:6"1$'?63'?3#4;'"K'@%)1;Q;'6A:"?63?*C%1'C"&?#%C?'23C%-;3':%#?*%11A'G3*13$'C"&?#%C?"#;')"-1$'6%G3'%7#33$'?"'*?;'?3#4;'*&'?63'"#*7*&%1':";*?*"&N'D-?'


18/99

5#3'J3'D"-&$'8"'P:6"1$'@%);1*%&'!-;?*C3V _S

&3C3;;%#A'K"-&$%?*"&;'K"#'C"&?#%C?-%1'"21*7%?*"&N'5'K-#?63#'":?*"&')"-1$'23'?"'%#7-3'

?6%?M'%;'%'&3C3;;%#A'?#-?6M'C"&?#%C?;'$"'7*G3'#*;3'?"'"21*7%?*"&;N'D-?':";*?*&7'?6*;':#34*;3M'*&'$3K3&C3'"K'@%)1;M';334;'*#"&*CM'7*G3&'?6%?'C"&?#%C?%#*%&*;4'*;'"KK3#3$'%;'%';"1-?*"&'?"'?63'%::%#3&?'-&%G%*1%2*1*?A'"K';-C6'?#-?6;'*&'3?6*C;_N'="'?6%?')6*C6'*;'#3g-*#3$'K"#' C"&?#%C?;' ?"'7*G3'#*;3' ?"'"21*7%?*"&;'%::3%#;'*&C"&;*;?3&?')*?6'?63'%;;-4:?*"&;'"K'@%)1;Q;'C"&?#%C?%#*%&*;4N'

The Moral Interpretation

5';"1-?*"&'?"'?6*;':#"2134'4*76?'23'?"'$3&A'?6%?')3'%#3'2"-&$'?"'-:6"1$'?63'?3#4;'"K'?63'6A:"?63?*C%1'C"&?#%C?'*&'G*#?-3'"K'C"&?#%C?-%1'"21*7%?*"&N'863#3'*;';-2;?%&?*%1'?3W?-%1';-::"#?'K"#'?63'%1?3#&%?*G3N'@%)1;'4%*&?%*&;'?6%?')3'6%G3'%'&%?-#%1'$-?A'"K'T-;?*C3'?"'-:6"1$')6%?3G3#'*;'%7#33$'-:"&'*&'?63'"#*7*&%1':";*?*"&'23C%-;3'?6%?';*?-%?*"&'t23;?'3W:#3;;3;'?63'C"&$*?*"&;'?6%?'%#3')*$31A'?6"-76?'#3%;"&%213'?"'*4:";3'"&'?63'C6"*C3'"K':#*&C*:13;Q[N'U&'G*#?-3'"K'?63;3':#*&C*:13;'3W:#3;;*&7'?63'C"&?3&?'"K'T-;?*C3M')3'%#3'4"#%11A'2"-&$'?"'-:6"1$'?63*#'?3#4;M'"#';"'@%)1;')"-1$'C1%*4N

86*;' *&?3#:#3?%?*"&' 3G%$3;' ?63' %K"#343&?*"&3$' C#*?*C*;4' "K' ?63' C"&?#%C?%#*%&'

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The Case for the Moral Appropriateness of the Original Position

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Reasonable People and Triviality

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A Rawlsian Reply

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N'

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933&' ?"' 3&;-#3' ?6%?' ?63' :#*&C*:13;' "K' T-;?*C3' %#3' C6";3&' *4:%#?*%11AM' @%)1;';?*:-1%?3;'?6%?'C"&?#%C?"#;'6%G3'&"'.&")13$73'"K'?63':#"2%2*1*?*3;'"K'?63*#'-&G3*13$';31G3;' 23*&7' *&' %&A"&3Q;' :";*?*"&[N' D-?' *4:%#?*%1*?A' )"-1$' %1;"' 23' "2?%*&3$' *K'C"&?#%C?"#;'?6"-76?'?6%?'?63A'6%$'%&'3g-%1'C6%&C3'"K'23*&7'*&'%&A"&3Q;':";*?*"&sN'D-?M' %;' @%)1;' %$4*?;M' t?6*;' *$3%' "K' ?63' *&*?*%1' ;*?-%?*"&' 13%$;' &%?-#%11A' ?"' ?63'%G3#%73'qP?*1*?%#*%&r':#*&C*:13QN'86*;'*;'23C%-;3'-&$3#';-C6'C"&$*?*"&;'"K'#*;.M'"&3Q;'t:#";:3C?;'%#3'*$3&?*C%1')*?6'?63'%G3#%73'-?*1*?A'K"#'3%C6';"C*3?AQ ^N''I3&C3'*?')"-1$'23'#%?*"&%1'K"#'C"&?#%C?"#;'?"'C6"";3':#*&C*:13;')6";3'%CC3:?%&C3')"-1$'4%W*4*;3'

?63' %G3#%73' 13G31' "K' )311/23*&7N' ]*G3&' ?6*;' :#"K3;;3$' 3&?%*143&?M' @%)1;' 4-;?'$3K3&$'6*;';?*:-1%?*"&'"K'-&C3#?%*&?AM'#%?63#'?6%&'#*;.M';"'%;'?"'T-;?*KA'?63'C1%*4'?6%?'?63'6A:"?63?*C%1'C"&?#%C?"#;')*11'C6";3'&"&/-?*1*?%#*%&':#*&C*:13;N'I3'C"-1$'%::3%1'?"'6*;'3%#1*3#'C1%*4'?6%?'C3#?%*&'K"#4-1%'C%&'23'#3T3C?3$'*K'?63*#'*4:1*C%?*"&;'%#3'?""

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Five problems

@3?-#&*&7'?"'?63'g-3;?*"&'"K')63?63#')3'%#3'4"#%11A'2"-&$'?"'-:6"1$'@%)1;*%&'T-;?*C3M'?63#3';334'?"'23'G3':#"2134;l'C-4-1%?*G31A'13;;3&*&7'?63':1%-;*2*1*?A'"K'?63'#3g-*#3$':#34*;3'?6%?'?63'?3#4;'"K'@%)1;Q;'6A:"?63?*C%1'C"&?#%C?';:3C*KA'?63'C"&?3&?'"K'T-;?*C3N'H*#;?1AM'@%)1;Q;'T-;?*3;'6*;'C"&C3:?*"&'2A'%::3%1*&7'?"'*&?-*?*"&;'2-?M'63'"&1A'C"-&?;'?6";3'63'$334;'t#3%;"&%213QN'@%)1;*%&'T-;?*C3'*;'?63&'?#*G*%11A'T-;?*3$N'

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:";*?*"&M'@%)1;'K%*1;'?"';6")'?63'4"#%1'#313G%&C3'"K'?63'6A:"?63?*C%1'C"&?#%C?'%&$'*&'?-#&'K%*1;'?"';6")'*?';:3C*3;'?63'C"&?3&?'"K'T-;?*C3N'=C%&1"&'1*.3)*;3'C"443&?;'?6%?'t6")3G3#'*&?3#&%11A'C"63#3&?'q@%)1;Q;'?63"#A'4%A'#3&$3#r'"-#'4"#%1'231*3K;M'q)*?6"-?'%&A'3W?3#&%1'G%&?%73':"*&?r' ?63'&%77*&7'$"-2?'4%A'#34%*&'?6%?'?63#3'*;'&"?6*&7'?"'?634'%?'%11Q[N'U&'#3:1AM'@%)1;Q;':#"K3;;3$'%42*G%13&C3'"G3#'43?%/3?6*C%1'

C1%*4;s

';-773;?;'?6%?'6*;'C"&C3:?*"&')%;'&"?'*&?3&$3$'?"'23'?#%&;C3&$3&?%1'2-?'#%?63#';-KC*3&?'?"'3&;-#3'%')311/"#$3#3$';"C*3?AM'2"-&$'?"'-:6"1$'C3#?%*&'K-&$%43&?%1':#*&C*:13;N'

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_U2*$N':N'_o[Scanlon, T. M. Contractualism and Utilitarianism, in Sen. A. , and Williams, B. Utilitarianism and Be-

yond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. p. 106.s@%)1;M'!NM'_aaaN':N'_a

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)*11'&"?'6%G3';6")&'?6%?'?63'?3#4;'"K'?63'6A:"?63?*C%1'C"&?#%C?';:3C*KA'?63'C"&?3&?'"K'T-;?*C3'%&$'63&C3')*11'&"?'6%G3';6")&'?6%?';-C6'?3#4;'%#3'4"#%11A'2*&$*&7N'

H*K?61AM'3G3&'*K')3'%#3'2"-&$'?"'-:6"1$')6%?3G3#'?3#4;'%#3';:3C*3$'2A'?63'6A:"?63?*C%1'C"&?#%C?'*?'*;'&"?'C13%#'?6%?'?6";3'?3#4;'%#3'@%)1;*%&'#%?63#'?6%&'%G3#%73'-?*1*?%#*%&*;4M'7*G3&'?6%?'@%)1;Q;';?*:-1%?*"&'"K'-&C3#?%*&?A'#%?63#'?6%&'#*;.'%::3%#;'%#2*?#%#AN']*G3&'?6%?'tq@%)1;Q;r':#*&C*:13;'"K'T-;?*C3'6%G3'?63*#'T-;?*C%?*"&'*&'?63'K%C?'?6%?'?63A')"-1$'23'C6";3&Q_'2-?'*?'&")'?#%&;:*#3;'?6%?';-C6':#*&C*:13;'&33$'&"?'23'C6";3&M'?63'C"&?3&?'"K'@%)1;*%&'T-;?*C3'*;'?63#32A'-&T-;?*3$N

Conclusion

U'6%G3'%#7-3$'?6%?'*K')3'%#3'2"-&$'2A'?63'6A:"?63?*C%1'C"&?#%C?'*?'*;'3*?63#'*&'G*#?-3'"K'*?;'G%1*$'C"&?#%C?-%1'K"#4%?*"&M'4%.*&7'-;'C"&?#%C?-%11A'2"-&$M'"#'"K'*?;'C%:%C*?A'?"';:3C*KA'?63'C"&?3&?'"K'T-;?*C3M'4%.*&7'-;'4"#%11A'2"-&$N'863'1%??3#'*&?3#:#3?%?*"&'%G"*$;'?63':#"2134'"K'6")'C"&?#%C?;'4*76?'7*G3'#*;3'?"'2*&$*&7'"21*7%?*"&;'2-?'@%)1;' 6%;' &"?' ;6")&' ?6%?' ?63' 6A:"?63?*C%1' C"&?#%C?' *;' 4"#%11A' #313G%&?N' 863'

C6%#73;'"K' ?#*G*%1*?AM'C*#C-1%#*?AM'*&?-*?*"&*;4'%&$'%#2*?#%#*&3;;'C-4-1%?*G31A'4%.3'*?'*4:1%-;*213'?6%?'?63'6A:"?63?*C%1'C"&?#%C?';:3C*3;'?63':#*&C*:13;'"K'T-;?*C3M'3G3&'2A'@%)1;Q;'")&';?%&$%#$;'"K'T-;?*C%?*"&N'H-#?63#4"#3M'3G3&'*K'?63'C"&?#%C?')3#3'4"#%11A'2*&$*&7M'*?;'?3#4;'&33$'&"?'23'@%)1;*%&M'#%?63#'?6%&'%G3#%73'-?*1*?%#*%&*;4N'U&';-4M'*?';334;'*4:1%-;*213'?6%?'%&A"&3'*;'2"-&$'?"'-:6"1$'@%)1;*%&'T-;?*C3N

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28/99

Works Cited

' D1""4M'511%&N'h!-;?*C3m'!"6&'@%)1;'G;N'?63'8#%$*?*"&'"K'L"1*?*C%1'' ' '' ' L6*1";":6Ai'*&'The American Political Science Review'`a'j_aSbkM'''' ' ::N'`^o/``[

' N'h@%)1;Q;'863"#A'"K'!-;?*C3OUi'*&'The PhilosophicalQuarterlyM'\"1N'[sM'B"N'a_N'j5:#*1'_aSskM'::N_^^/_bbN

'' B"E*C.M'@"23#?N'Anarchy, State and UtopiaN'D1%C.)311'L-21*;6*&7m'XWK"#$M''

' ' [RRsN

' L%#?M'


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' OOON'h9%&?*%&'("&;?#-C?*G*;4'*&'>"#%1'863"#ANi'U&'The Journal of

Philosophy'SS'j_aoRkN

' @"2*&;M'>N'IN'hL#"4*;;"#A'X21*7%?*"&;'%&$'@%)1;Q;'("&?#%C?%#*%&*;4Ni'U&''' ' AnalysisM'\"1N's`M'B"N'^N'j!-&3'_aS`kM':N'_abN

' =%$-#;.*M'J"TC*3C6M'h("&?#%C?%#*%&*;4'%&$'U&?-*?*"&Ni'U&'AustralasianJournal of PhilosophyM'\"1N'`_M'B"N's'j=3:?3423#'_aosk':N''' '

' ' [s_/[^SN

' =C%&1"&M'8N'>N'h("&?#%C?-%1*;4'%&$'P?*1*?%#*%&*;4Ni'U&'=3&M'54%#?A%'%&$'' '' ' J*11*%4;M'D3#&%#$N'Utilitarianism and BeyondN'(%42#*$73m'' '' ' (%42#*$73'P&*G3#;*?A'L#3;;M'_ao[N

' =C6%3K3#M'


30/99

Possibilism and Freges Puzzle

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2. Possibilist Reduction of Intensional Entities

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3. Possibilism and Fregean Semantics

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40/99

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the yale philosophy review n3 2007

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